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Purpose: To find out the method of optimal activity administration and scanning parameters to fulfil guidelines and diagnostic reference levels and to reach a maximal contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) in bone imaging. We also investigate the influence on CNR and bladder activity in well-hydrated patients. Methods: A total of 225 patients were included. The first group of 101 patients was used to find out the optimal method to administer activity in terms of optimized CNR. The next two groups with 62 patients each were hydrated with 1500 ml water in two different time periods. CNR, bladder area and content were calculated. Results: An administrated activity per metre body height gave the highest CNR (5.43). A standard activity had the lowest percentage (2%) of images with <1.5 million counts. Early hydration decreased CNR from 5.41 to 4.85 (P = 0.06), with late hydration to 5.29 (NS). Studies with too few pulses were increased from 2 to 11% to a level of 15-26% and 11-21%, respectively. Early hydration reduced the bladder activity from 20.7 to 10.1 MBq (P<0.01), late hydration to 14.8 MBq (P = 0.08). The bladder size was enlarged from the no hydrated group (1406 mm2) to the early hydrated group (2406 mm2, P<0.000) and between the early and late hydrated group (3183 mm2, P<0.05). Conclusion: A standard activity in sufficient quantity is the most practical method, in addition to have the lowest percentage of images with too few pulses. A high fluid intake is not recommended because of problems with disturbing bladder content.

English: The aim of the study was to synthesize several novel Co(II)-, Co(III)- and Cr(III) complexes using an O,O-bidentate ligand, methylene diphosphonate, and to characterize these complexes by various means. Characterization of the complexes was done by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), single X-ray crystallography and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The methylene diphosphonate ligand was selected as it is a ligand employed in a bone imaging agent in the radiopharmaceutical sector. Little is known about the structure and coordination chemistry of metal complexes with methylene diphosphonate. Single crystal X-ray crystallographic structure determinations of six new structures were completed: (1) Pyridinium diaquabis(methylenediphosphonato)chromate(III) tetrahydrate (2) Potassium diaquabis(methylenediphosphonato)cobaltate(III) (3) Potassium diaquadihydroxy(methylenediphosphonato)cobaltate(III) (4) Diammonium diaquabis(methylenediphosphonato)cobaltate(II) (5) Disodium diaquabis(methylenediphosphonato)cobaltate(II) dihydrate (6) Dicesium diaquabis(methylenediphosphonato)cobaltate(II) Each complex has a slightly distorted octahedral geometry. The cobalt or chromium ion in each complex is coordinated to four oxygen atoms derived from two methylene diphosphonate ligands, except for K[Co(CH4O6P2)(OH)2(H2O)2] which has two oxygen atoms from one methylene diphosphonate ligand coordinated to it. In addition each complex has two aqueous molecules which are coordinated to the metal center. Two phosphonate oxygen atoms from the ligand, methylene diphosphonate define the equatorial plane, whereas the water molecules reside in the axial positions. See Table in full text PDF. These complexes correlate with other similar complexes but the occurrence of similar structures in literature is very limited, showing that this field is open to further study. We were unable to perform any meaningful studies on these complexes, Afrikaans: Die doel van die studie was die sintese van verskeie oorspronklike Co(II)-, Co(III)- en Cr(III) komplekse met die gebruik van `n O,O-bidentate ligand, metileen difosfonaat, en die karakterisering van hierdie komplekse deur verskillende tegnieke. Karakterisering van die komplekse is gedoen deur elementele analise, infrarooi spektroskopie, kernmagnetieseresonans (KMR) spektroskopie, enkelkristal X-straal kristallografie asook X-straal foto-elektron spektroskopie (XPS). Die metileen difosfonaat ligand is gekies aangesien dit gebruik word as `n ligand in `n been beeldingsagent in die radiofarmaseutiese bedryf. Die struktuur en koördinasiechemie van metaalkomplekse met metileen difosfonaat is redelik onbekend. Enkelkristal X-straal kristallografiese struktuurbepalings van ses nuwe strukture is voltooi: (1) Piridinium diakwabis(metileendifosfonato)chromaat(III) tetrahidrate (2) Kalium diakwabis(metileendifosfonato)kobaltaat(III) (3) Kalium diakwadihidroksie(metileendifosfonato)kobaltaat(III) (4) Diammonium diakwabis(metileendifosfonato)kobaltaat(II) (5) Dinatrium diakwabis(metileendifosfonato)kobaltaat(II) dihidrate (6) Disesium diakwabis(metileendifosfonato)kobaltaat(II) Elke kompleks het `n effens verwronge oktahedriese geometrie. Die kobalt of chroom ioon in elke kompleks is aan vier suurstofatome gekoördineer; afkomstig van twee metileen difosfonaat ligande, behalwe vir K[Co(CH4O6P2)(OH)2(H2O)2] wat twee suurstofatome van een metileen difosfonaat ligand daaraan gekoördineer het. Benewens die bogenoemde het elke kompleks twee akwa molekule aan die metaalsenter gekoördineer. Twee fosfonaat suurstofatome van die ligand, metileen difosfonaat definieer die ekwatoriale vlak, terwyl water molekule die aksiale posisies betrek. Sien Tabel in volteks PDF. Hierdie komplekse stem ooreen met ander soortgelyke komplekse maar die voorkoms van soortgelyke strukture in die literatuur is baie beperk, wat aantoon dat hierdie veld oop is vir verdere studiemoontlikhede. Geen be, University of the Free State, National Research Foundation (NRF)