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This chapter describes a multi-level adaptive network model for mental processes making use of shared mental models in the context of organisational learning in team-related performances. The chapter describes the value of using shared mental models to illustrate the concept of organisational learning, and factors that influence team performances by using the analogy of a team of match officials during a game of football and show their behavior in a simulation of the shared mental model. The chapter discusses potential elaborations of the different studied concepts, as well as implications of the research in the domain of teamwork and team performance, and in terms of organisational learning.

Bakgrund Fotboll är Sveriges populäraste sport och har över en halv miljon utövare. Det står för en tredjedel av hela den svenska idrottsrörelsen. Med ett stort antal aktiva fotbollsspelare behövs även domare. Domare har inte alltid varit en självklar del av spelet utan introducerades först när fotbollen professionaliserades. Likt fotbollsspelare, drabbas även fotbollsdomare av skador. Syfte Syftet med studien var att undersöka skadepanorama hos fotbollsdomare. Metod Studien genomfördes genom en retrospektiv enkätundersökning med 265 (N=265) fotbollsdomare. Resultat Totalt deltog 265 domare varav 214 män och 51 kvinnor. Totalt rapporterade 103 av 265 domare att de drabbats av skador (68 män och 23 kvinnor). Domarna drabbades främst av överbelastningsskador (80 domare) men akuta skador rapporterades också av 20 domare. Smygande debut var den vanligaste skademekanismen men muskelsträckning och muskelbristning rapporterades också. Domare drabbades främst av skador i nedre extremitet såsom hamstrings, vader, knän. Det fanns ingen signifikant skillnad mellan typ av skador i förhållande till nivån som domaren dömer. Både domare och assisterande domare drabbades i samma utsträckning av skador och hade samma skadelokalisation. Diskussion Vid retrospektiva undersökningar finns svårigheter att återge skador som har hänt bakåt i tiden. Val av annan undersökningsmetod hade därför kunnat tydliggöra och differentiera de skador som domarnas drabbas av. Konklusion Resultaten av studien är i linje med tidigare studier om skador hos fotbollsdomare. Många domare drabbas av överbelastningsskador med smygande debut främst i nedre extremitet såsom hamstring, vader och knän. Utifrån resultatet i den här studien rekommenderas utveckling, implementering och utvärdering av evidensbaserade skadeförebyggande träningsprogram såsom FIFA 11+., Background Football is Sweden's most popular sport and has over half a million athletes. It accounts for a third of the entire Swedish sports movement. With a large number of active football players, referees are also needed. Referees have not always been an obvious part of the game but were only introduced when football was professionalized. Like football players, football referees also suffer from injuries. Purpose The purpose of the study was to investigate the injury panorama in football referees. Method The study was conducted through a retrospective survey with 265 (N = 265) football referees. Results A total of 265 referees participated, of which 214 men and 51 women. A total of 103 out of 265 reported that they had suffered from injuries (68 men and 23 woman). The referees were mainly affected by overload injuries (80 referee) but acute injuries were also reported (20 referee). Gradually occurred injuries is stated as the most common injury mechanism but muscle sprain and strain were also common. Referees suffered mainly from injuries to the lower extremities such as hamstrings, calves and knees. There were no significant results between the type of injuries in relation to the level of refereeing. Both referee and assistant referee suffered from injuries to the same extent and on the same location of the body. Discussion In retrospective examinations, there are difficulties in reproducing injuries that have occurred back in time. The choice of another examination method could therefore have clarified and differentiate the referee’s injuries. Conclusion The results of the study are in line with previously reported injury-related complaints. Many Referees were affected by overuse injuries that occurred gradually, mainly in the lower extremity. Based on the results of this study, the development, implementation and evaluation of evidence-based injury prevention training programs such as FIFA 11+ are recommended.

Bakgrund Fotboll är Sveriges populäraste sport och har över en halv miljon utövare. Det står för en tredjedel av hela den svenska idrottsrörelsen. Med ett stort antal aktiva fotbollsspelare behövs även domare. Domare har inte alltid varit en självklar del av spelet utan introducerades först när fotbollen professionaliserades. Likt fotbollsspelare, drabbas även fotbollsdomare av skador. Syfte Syftet med studien var att undersöka skadepanorama hos fotbollsdomare. Metod Studien genomfördes genom en retrospektiv enkätundersökning med 265 (N=265) fotbollsdomare. Resultat Totalt deltog 265 domare varav 214 män och 51 kvinnor. Totalt rapporterade 103 av 265 domare att de drabbats av skador (68 män och 23 kvinnor). Domarna drabbades främst av överbelastningsskador (80 domare) men akuta skador rapporterades också av 20 domare. Smygande debut var den vanligaste skademekanismen men muskelsträckning och muskelbristning rapporterades också. Domare drabbades främst av skador i nedre extremitet såsom hamstrings, vader, knän. Det fanns ingen signifikant skillnad mellan typ av skador i förhållande till nivån som domaren dömer. Både domare och assisterande domare drabbades i samma utsträckning av skador och hade samma skadelokalisation. Diskussion Vid retrospektiva undersökningar finns svårigheter att återge skador som har hänt bakåt i tiden. Val av annan undersökningsmetod hade därför kunnat tydliggöra och differentiera de skador som domarnas drabbas av. Konklusion Resultaten av studien är i linje med tidigare studier om skador hos fotbollsdomare. Många domare drabbas av överbelastningsskador med smygande debut främst i nedre extremitet såsom hamstring, vader och knän. Utifrån resultatet i den här studien rekommenderas utveckling, implementering och utvärdering av evidensbaserade skadeförebyggande träningsprogram såsom FIFA 11+., Background Football is Sweden's most popular sport and has over half a million athletes. It accounts for a third of the entire Swedish sports movement. With a large number of active football players, referees are also needed. Referees have not always been an obvious part of the game but were only introduced when football was professionalized. Like football players, football referees also suffer from injuries. Purpose The purpose of the study was to investigate the injury panorama in football referees. Method The study was conducted through a retrospective survey with 265 (N = 265) football referees. Results A total of 265 referees participated, of which 214 men and 51 women. A total of 103 out of 265 reported that they had suffered from injuries (68 men and 23 woman). The referees were mainly affected by overload injuries (80 referee) but acute injuries were also reported (20 referee). Gradually occurred injuries is stated as the most common injury mechanism but muscle sprain and strain were also common. Referees suffered mainly from injuries to the lower extremities such as hamstrings, calves and knees. There were no significant results between the type of injuries in relation to the level of refereeing. Both referee and assistant referee suffered from injuries to the same extent and on the same location of the body. Discussion In retrospective examinations, there are difficulties in reproducing injuries that have occurred back in time. The choice of another examination method could therefore have clarified and differentiate the referee’s injuries. Conclusion The results of the study are in line with previously reported injury-related complaints. Many Referees were affected by overuse injuries that occurred gradually, mainly in the lower extremity. Based on the results of this study, the development, implementation and evaluation of evidence-based injury prevention training programs such as FIFA 11+ are recommended.

This paper describes a multi-level adaptive network model for mental processes making use of shared mental models in the context of organizational learning in team-related performances. The paper describes the value of using shared mental models to illustrate the concept of organizational learning, and factors that influence team performances by using the analogy of a team of match officials during a game of football and show their behavior in a simulation of the shared mental model. The paper discusses potential elaborations of the different studied concepts, as well as implications of the paper in the domain of teamwork and team performance, and in terms of organizational learning.

[ES] El arbitraje en el fútbol demanda una elevada implicación neuromuscular que puede producir un importan-te acúmulo de fatiga y limitar el rendimiento físico de los árbitros. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron: 1) describir el rendimiento en un test incremental en tapiz y en la capacidad de salto vertical (SV) bilateral y unilateral de árbitros de fútbol y 2) analizar la variación en la capacidad de SV, después de realizar un test incremental máximo de resistencia con respecto a los valores iniciales. Antes y después de la realización de una prueba incremental en tapiz de laboratorio, se midió la capacidad de SV de 12 árbitros de fútbol de alto nivel que arbitraban en las categorías de mayor nivel del futbol español. Por un lado, no se produjo el efecto potenciación post activación (PAP) ya que la mejora de la capacidad de SV fue trivial-baja (p > 0,05; ∆ = 0,10-2,19%; d = 0,01-0,21). Por otro lado, debido a que las asociaciones entre la variación de SV y los valores máximos en el test incremental fueron en la mayor parte de los casos bajas (r=-0,25/0,24), no parece evidenciarse que la fatiga producida en el test máximo incremental esté asociada a una pérdida de rendimiento en la capacidad de salto en los árbitros de fútbol de alto nivel., [EN] Soccer refereeing demand a high neuromuscular implication which it could produce accumulative fatigue and keep down the physical performance of soccer referees. The aims of this study were 1) to descri-be the performance in an incremental maximum test and in the bilateral and unilateral vertical jump (VJ) capacity in soccer referees, and 2) to analyze the variation on the VJ capacity after performing a maximum incremental test. Before and after performing a cardiovascular incremental test, VJ capacity was measured in 12 high-level soccer referees who officiated at high Spanish competitive-level. On one side, post activation potentiation (PAP) effect was not produced because the improvement of VJ was trivial-small (p > 0,05; ∆ = 0,10-2,19%; d = 0,01-0,21). On the other side, due to the associations between VJ variation and maximum values on the incremental test were small in many cases (r=-0,25/0,24), it could happen that the fatigue induced by the incremental maximum test is not associated to a loss of performance in the vertical jump capacity in high-level soccer referees.

[ES] El arbitraje en el fútbol demanda una elevada implicación neuromuscular que puede producir un importan-te acúmulo de fatiga y limitar el rendimiento físico de los árbitros. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron: 1) describir el rendimiento en un test incremental en tapiz y en la capacidad de salto vertical (SV) bilateral y unilateral de árbitros de fútbol y 2) analizar la variación en la capacidad de SV, después de realizar un test incremental máximo de resistencia con respecto a los valores iniciales. Antes y después de la realización de una prueba incremental en tapiz de laboratorio, se midió la capacidad de SV de 12 árbitros de fútbol de alto nivel que arbitraban en las categorías de mayor nivel del futbol español. Por un lado, no se produjo el efecto potenciación post activación (PAP) ya que la mejora de la capacidad de SV fue trivial-baja (p > 0,05; ∆ = 0,10-2,19%; d = 0,01-0,21). Por otro lado, debido a que las asociaciones entre la variación de SV y los valores máximos en el test incremental fueron en la mayor parte de los casos bajas (r=-0,25/0,24), no parece evidenciarse que la fatiga producida en el test máximo incremental esté asociada a una pérdida de rendimiento en la capacidad de salto en los árbitros de fútbol de alto nivel., [EN] Soccer refereeing demand a high neuromuscular implication which it could produce accumulative fatigue and keep down the physical performance of soccer referees. The aims of this study were 1) to descri-be the performance in an incremental maximum test and in the bilateral and unilateral vertical jump (VJ) capacity in soccer referees, and 2) to analyze the variation on the VJ capacity after performing a maximum incremental test. Before and after performing a cardiovascular incremental test, VJ capacity was measured in 12 high-level soccer referees who officiated at high Spanish competitive-level. On one side, post activation potentiation (PAP) effect was not produced because the improvement of VJ was trivial-small (p > 0,05; ∆ = 0,10-2,19%; d = 0,01-0,21). On the other side, due to the associations between VJ variation and maximum values on the incremental test were small in many cases (r=-0,25/0,24), it could happen that the fatigue induced by the incremental maximum test is not associated to a loss of performance in the vertical jump capacity in high-level soccer referees.

Soccer refereeing demand a high neuromuscular implication which it could produce accumulative fatigue and keep down the physical performance of soccer referees. The aims of this study were 1) to describe the performance in an incremental maximum test and in the bilateral and unilateral vertical jump (VJ) capacity in soccer referees, and 2) to analyze the variation on the VJ capacity after performing a maximum incremental test. Before and after performing a cardiovascular incremental test, VJ capacity was measured in 12 high-level soccer referees who officiated at high Spanish competitive-level. On one side, post activation potentiation (PAP) effect was not produced because the improvement of VJ was trivial-small (p > 0,05; ∆ = 0,10-2,19%; d = 0,01-0,21). On the other side, due to the associations between VJ variation and maximum values on the incremental test were small in many cases (r=-0,25/0,24), it could happen that the fatigue induced by the incremental maximum test is not associated to a loss of performance in the vertical jump capacity in high-level soccer referees., El arbitraje en el fútbol demanda una elevada implicación neuromuscular que puede producir un importante acúmulo de fatiga y limitar el rendimiento físico de los árbitros. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron: 1) describir el rendimiento en un test incremental en tapiz y en la capacidad de salto vertical (SV) bilateral y unilateral de árbitros de fútbol y 2) analizar la variación en la capacidad de SV, después de realizar un test incremental máximo de resistencia con respecto a los valores iniciales. Antes y después de la realización de una prueba incremental en tapiz de laboratorio, se midió la capacidad de SV de 12 árbitros de fútbol de alto nivel que arbitraban en las categorías de mayor nivel del futbol español. Por un lado, no se produjo el efecto potenciación post activación (PAP) ya que la mejora de la capacidad de SV fue trivial-baja (p > 0,05; ∆ = 0,10-2,19%; d = 0,01-0,21). Por otro lado, debido a que las asociaciones entre la variación de SV y los valores máximos en el test incremental fueron en la mayor parte de los casos bajas (r=-0,25/0,24), no parece evidenciarse que la fatiga producida en el test máximo incremental esté asociada a una pérdida de rendimiento en la capacidad de salto en los árbitros de fútbol de alto nivel.

[ES] El arbitraje en el fútbol demanda una elevada implicación neuromuscular que puede producir un importan-te acúmulo de fatiga y limitar el rendimiento físico de los árbitros. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron: 1) describir el rendimiento en un test incremental en tapiz y en la capacidad de salto vertical (SV) bilateral y unilateral de árbitros de fútbol y 2) analizar la variación en la capacidad de SV, después de realizar un test incremental máximo de resistencia con respecto a los valores iniciales. Antes y después de la realización de una prueba incremental en tapiz de laboratorio, se midió la capacidad de SV de 12 árbitros de fútbol de alto nivel que arbitraban en las categorías de mayor nivel del futbol español. Por un lado, no se produjo el efecto potenciación post activación (PAP) ya que la mejora de la capacidad de SV fue trivial-baja (p > 0,05; ∆ = 0,10-2,19%; d = 0,01-0,21). Por otro lado, debido a que las asociaciones entre la variación de SV y los valores máximos en el test incremental fueron en la mayor parte de los casos bajas (r=-0,25/0,24), no parece evidenciarse que la fatiga producida en el test máximo incremental esté asociada a una pérdida de rendimiento en la capacidad de salto en los árbitros de fútbol de alto nivel., [EN] Soccer refereeing demand a high neuromuscular implication which it could produce accumulative fatigue and keep down the physical performance of soccer referees. The aims of this study were 1) to descri-be the performance in an incremental maximum test and in the bilateral and unilateral vertical jump (VJ) capacity in soccer referees, and 2) to analyze the variation on the VJ capacity after performing a maximum incremental test. Before and after performing a cardiovascular incremental test, VJ capacity was measured in 12 high-level soccer referees who officiated at high Spanish competitive-level. On one side, post activation potentiation (PAP) effect was not produced because the improvement of VJ was trivial-small (p > 0,05; ∆ = 0,10-2,19%; d = 0,01-0,21). On the other side, due to the associations between VJ variation and maximum values on the incremental test were small in many cases (r=-0,25/0,24), it could happen that the fatigue induced by the incremental maximum test is not associated to a loss of performance in the vertical jump capacity in high-level soccer referees.

The aims of this study were on the one hand, to describe the performance in a laboratory cardiovascular test and in a repeated sprint ability (RSA) test, and on the other, to analyze the association between the results obtained in both test. Twelve high-standard soccer referees (1st, 2nd y 2nd B Divisions, 28,8±5,1 years, 73,2±6,6 kg, 1,8±0,1 m and 22,82±1,38 kg·m-2 ) participated in this study. Soccer referees obtained 59,50±4,56 ml·kg-1 ·min-1 of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max). Mean time (RSAMedia) spent to perform the repeated sprints in 15 and 30 m distances was 2,54±0,09 s and 4,43±0,14 s, and total time (RSATotal) was 15,26±0,53 s and 26,60±0,82 s, respectively. Fatigue indexes (RSASdec and RSACambio) in 15 and 30 m distances were 2,25±1,05% and 3,33±1,59%, and 3,45±2,92% y 6,31±4,63%, respectively. Positive associations were found between cardiovascular variables and RSA time variables. On the other side, oxygen consumption at ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1) and ventilatory threshold 1 (VT2) and fatigue index (RSASdec) correlated negatively. Despite a higher cardiovascular capacity in soccer referees may generate a negative effect on the time spent in RSA, it also minimize the fatigue during repeated sprints. Physical trainers should focus the training of soccer referees on the cardiovascular capacity and they should implement acceleration specific training., Los objetivos de este estudio fueron por un lado, describir el rendimiento en una prueba de rendimiento cardiovascular realizada en laboratorio y en otra de esprints repetidos (RSA) en árbitros de fútbol de alto nivel, y por otro lado, analizar la asociación entre los resultados obtenidos en ambas pruebas. Doce árbitros de fútbol de alto nivel (Divisiones 1ª, 2ª y 2ª B, 28,8±5,1 años, 73,2±6,6 kg, 1,8±0,1 m 22,82±1,38 kg·m-2 ) participaron en el estudio. Los árbitros obtuvieron un consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2max) de 59,50±4,56ml·kg-1 ·min-1. El tiempo medio de los esprints repetidos (RSAMedia) en 15 y 30 m fue de 2,54±0,09 s y 4,43±0,14 s, respectivamente, tardando 15,26±0,53 s y 26,60±0,82 s en completar los seis esprints (RSATotal). Los índices de fatiga en 15 y 30 m fueron de 2,25±1,05% y 3,33±1,59% (RSASdec) y de 3,45±2,92% y 6,31±4,63% (RSACambio). Se obtuvieron asociaciones positivas entre distintas variables cardiovasculares y de tiempo en RSA. Por el contrario, el consumo de oxígeno en las intensidades de umbral ventilarorio 1 (VT1) y umbral ventilatorio 2 (VT2) correlacionó negativamente con el índice de fatiga RSASdec. Una mayor capacidad cardiovascular en árbitros de fútbol, a pesar de poder producir un efecto negativo sobre el tiempo empleado en el RSA, puede minimizar la fatiga durante los esprints repetidos.