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This study is focused on exploring tomato by-products to provide ingredients rich in bioactive compounds with higher functional value through applying innovative techniques (microwave and spiral flash dryer) and conventional techniques (freeze-drying and hot air-drying) to the dehydration of industrial tomato pomace. The effect of the drying method on the bioactive composition of the tomato by-products (phenols, lycopene and soluble dietary fiber) was analyzed. The phenolic composition was determined using a targeted chromatographic approach based on UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS. Large amounts of naringenin (194.7¿949.4 mg/kg) were detected, together with quercetin, caffeic acid, coumaric acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. Microwave dehydration improved the retention of flavanone-like compounds, especially naringenin, and lycopene, while tomato products dehydrated with Spiral Flash dryer showed higher concentrations of flavonols and phenolic acids. The results showed that the industrial application of drying processes using Spiral Flash, and especially with microwaves, could be promising for producing high added-value ingredients from tomato by-products.

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se uradi procena kvaliteta plodova paradajza različitih boja. Za analizu je odabrano sedam genotipova paradajza (svetložuti, tamnožuti, narandžasti, žuto-zeleni, crveno-zeleni, crveno-žuti i crveni). Kvalitet plodova paradajza je okarakterisan na osnovu ukupne rastvorljive čvrste materije (TSS), titrabilne kiselosti (TA), sadržaja likopena i ukupne antioksidativne aktivnosti (TAA). Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da ima značajnih razlika između testiranih genotipova u analiziranim parametrima. Genotip sa žuto-zelenim plodom imao je najbolji ukus zbog visokih vrednosti TSS, TA i njihovog odnosa (indeksa ukusa), ali nizak sadržaj likopena i TAA. Najveću vrednost TAA imao je genotip sa svetložutom bojom ploda, verovatno zbog prisustva ß-karotena i nekih antioksidanata iz grupe polifenola, jer je sadržaj likopena bio nizak. Takođe, visoke vrednosti TAA imali su genotipovi sa crvenom bojom ploda i kombinacijom crvene sa zelenom i žutom bojom, zbog visokog sadržaja likopena., The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of tomato fruits of different colors. Seven tomato genotypes (light yellow, dark yellow, orange, yellow green, red green, red yellow and red) were selected for analysis. Tomato fruit quality was characterized based on total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), lycopene content and total antioxidant activity (TAA). The obtained results showed that there are significant differences between the tested genotypes in the analyzed parameters. The genotype with yellow green fruit had the best taste due to the high values of TSS, TA and their ratio (taste index), but low content of lycopene and TAA. The genotype with light yellow fruit color had the highest TAA value, probably due to the presence of ß-carotene and some antioxidants from the polyphenol group, as the lycopene content was low. Genotypes with red fruit color and a combination of red with green and yellow color also had high TAA values, due to the high lycopene content.

Cells undergo autophagy to save themselves from injury, but progressive autophagy can cause cell death. This study characterized and compared the effect of grape (resveratrol) and tomato (lycopene) extracts and their combination on modulating autophagy-related miRNA and its target gene in squamous cell carcinoma cell line. Docking analysis for extracts and selected genes was performed. Methyl Thiazol Tetrazolium assays were used to assess the cytotoxicity of extracts and their combination toward HEp-2 cells. qRT-PCR was used to quantify changes in gene expression. Data were statistically analyzed. miRNA-20a was identified as a potential effector in laryngeal cancer, and sequestosome-1 (SQSTM1) was its target gene. Docking analysis showed that resveratrol interacted with miRNA-20a and showed less affinity toward SQSTM1. Hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions were predicted. In contrast, lycopene showed less affinity toward miRNA-20a than resveratrol. Increasing doses of resveratrol, lycopene, and their combination induced a statistically significant reduction in mean percent viability and mean fold changes of miRNA-20a and SQSTM1 expression in treated HEp-2 cells. Pearson’s correlation showed a statistically significant positive correlation between miRNA-20a and SQSTM1 (R=0.812, p≤0.001). Grape and tomato extracts and their combination display promising cytotoxicity against HEp-2 cells in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. Both extracts reduce the expression of miRNA-20a and SQSTM1 with subsequent inhibition autophagy and promotion of apoptosis in HEp-2 cells., Las células se someten a autofagia para salvarse de lesiones, pero la autofagia progresiva puede provocar la muerte celular. Este estudio caracterizó y comparó el efecto de los extractos de uva (resveratrol) y tomate (licopeno) y su combinación en la modulación de miARN relacionado con la autofagia y su gen diana en la línea celular de carcinoma de células escamosas. Se realizó análisis de acoplamiento para extractos y genes seleccionados. Se utilizaron ensayos de metil tiazol tetrazolio para evaluar la citotoxicidad de los extractos y su combinación frente a las células HEp-2. qRT-PCR se utilizó para cuantificar los cambios en la expresión génica. Los datos fueron analizados estadísticamente. El miARN-20a se identificó como un efector potencial en el cáncer de laringe y el secuenciasoma-1 (SQSTM1) fue su gen diana. El análisis de acoplamiento mostró que el resveratrol interactuaba con miRNA-20a y mostraba menos afinidad hacia SQSTM1. Se predijeron enlaces de hidrógeno e interacciones hidrofóbicas. Por el contrario, el licopeno mostró menos afinidad hacia el miARN-20a que el resveratrol. El aumento de las dosis de resveratrol, licopeno y su combinación indujo una reducción estadísticamente significativa en el porcentaje medio de viabilidad y los cambios medios en la expresión de miRNA-20a y SQSTM1 en las células HEp-2 tratadas. La correlación de Pearson mostró una correlación positiva estadísticamente significativa entre miRNA-20a y SQSTM1 (R=0,812, p≤0,001). Los extractos de uva y tomate y su combinación muestran una citotoxicidad prometedora contra las células HEp-2 de forma dependiente de la dosis y el tiempo. Ambos extractos reducen la expresión de miRNA-20a y SQSTM1 con la posterior inhibición de la autofagia y promoción de la apoptosis en células HEp-2.

Carotenoderma is a yellow-orange coloration of the skin caused by high levels of serum carotenoids, mostly due to the excessive intake of carotenoid-rich foods. The yellowish coloration is typically observed on the palms, soles, and nasolabial folds. Although the physical appearance is prominent, the condition itself is benign and harmless. Diagnosing carotenoderma is not difficult because of its unique manifestations, but its pathophysiology remains unclear. We report a relatively rare case of carotenoderma due to lycopenemia caused by the excessive intake of lycopene-rich vegetables and fruits. Lycopene is a carotenoid component that is distinguished by the high absorption of light around 488nm. Given these characteristics, we examined a hematoxylin-eosin-stained specimen from the patient and tape-stripped samples by fluorescent microscopy with 488 nm wavelength emission and compared them with normal skin samples. Notably, the patient's samples showed a weaker autofluorescence in the stratum corneum and sweat glands. Furthermore, we measured carotenoid concentrations in the patient's skin noninvasively with Vegecheck (R) and found a higher score than the average of 24 healthy volunteers. These results support the long-held hypothesis that carotenoids are secreted in sweat and are deposited in the stratum corneum. To the best of our knowledge, no previous reports have measured skin carotenoid levels nor detailed the pathological findings of carotenoderma patients. This case further highlights that the excessive intake of lycopene causes carotenoderma and demonstrates that carotenoid deposition is particularly pronounced in the stratum corneum of the skin.

Copper (Cu) is an essential micronutrient for plants because it functions as a redox-active cofactor in vital processes inside the cells. Arable lands are often deficient in micronutrient contents and require the application of enriched fertilisers, whose overuse poses a high risk for human health, the environment and the food safety. Here, we aimed to decipher the effects of Cu deficiency during fruit growth on Cu and other micronutrients contents and on the fruit nutritional value and quality of tomato, the most consumed fruit worldwide, throughout the maturation process. Changes in the contents of important micronutrients for fruit physiology and human health, such as Fe and Mn, occurred in response to Cu deficient growing conditions at different fruit ripening stages, while lower Cu levels were detected in those fruit along the whole maturation process. Cu deficiency delayed changes in lycopene content and fruit colour, but increased acidity, and advanced the rise in antioxidant capacity and vitamin C content during fruit colour change from green to light red in the Moneymaker tomato; although this time lag eventually caught up in the most mature fruit stage. Cu deficiency also increased total phenolic and flavonoid contents only in green fruit.

Bone loss, common in women after menopause, is characterized by reduced bone mineral density with disruption of bone microarchitecture, leading to higher fracture risk and osteoporosis. There are few treatments, and most have adverse side effects. Intervention studies have shown protective effects of lycopene against bone loss in animal models. Lycopene is a lipid-soluble carotenoid found mainly in tomatoes. The molecule exists in all-trans- and a variety of cis- configurations; and cis- lycopene isomers have been reported to be more bioavailable than all-trans-. ‘Moonglow’, an orange heirloom tomato, contains >90% of its lycopene in cis- isomeric form and thus may be a better source of naturally bioavailable lycopene than red tomato, which contains all-trans- lycopene. We hypothesised that consumption of moderate daily doses of whole ‘Moonglow’ tomato would reduce bone loss more effectively than red tomato in rat and cell models of osteoporosis. In vivo, ‘Moonglow’ tomato supplementation delivered physiologically relevant plasma lycopene concentrations within four days of feeding. The post-ovariectomy rat model was successful in accelerating bone loss. ‘Moonglow’ tomatoes delivered a higher plasma lycopene concentration than red tomatoes and were beneficial in reducing a bone turnover marker compared to red tomatoes, even when fed after initiation of bone loss, but did not improve bone mineral density. Ovariectomy reduced gut bacteria abundance; compared to red, ‘Moonglow’ tomato feeding restored the numbers of Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Bacteroides and E. coli. In vitro cell culture studies showed that both red and ‘Moonglow’ tomato hexane extracts induced a significant decrease in the number of bone-resorbing TRAP-positive osteoclasts at 10 µmol/L lycopene concentration. In conclusion, there were slight differences in bone measurements between red or 'Moonglow' tomato feeding, except for the significant reduction of one bone turnover marker. This suggests that

Background: The application of microorganisms as bioestimulants in order to increase the yield and/or quality of agricultural products is becoming a widely used practice in many countries. In this work, five plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), isolated from cultivated rice paddy soils, were selected for their plant growth-promoting capacities (e.g., auxin synthesis, chitinase activity, phosphate solubilisation and siderophores production). Two different tomato cultivars were inoculated, Tres Cantos and cherry. Plants were grown under greenhouse conditions and different phenotypic characteristics were analysed at the time of harvesting. Results: Tres Cantos plants inoculated with PGPR produced less biomass but larger fruits. However, the photosynthetic rate was barely affected. Several antioxidant activities were upregulated in these plants, and no oxidative damage in terms of lipid peroxidation was observed. Finally, ripe fruits accumulated less sugar but, interestingly, more lycopene. By contrast, inoculation of cherry plants with PGPR had no effect on biomass, although photosynthesis was slightly affected, and the productivity was similar to the control plants. In addition, antioxidant activities were downregulated and a higher lipid peroxidation was detected. However, neither sugar nor lycopene accumulation was altered. Conclusion: These results support the use of microorganisms isolated from agricultural soils as interesting tools to manipulate the level of important bioactive molecules in plants. However, this effect seems to be very specific, even at the variety level, and deeper analyses are necessary to assess their use for specific applications.

Background: The application of microorganisms as bioestimulants in order to increase the yield and/or quality of agricultural products is becoming a widely used practice in many countries. In this work, five plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), isolated from cultivated rice paddy soils, were selected for their plant growth-promoting capacities (e.g., auxin synthesis, chitinase activity, phosphate solubilisation and siderophores production). Two different tomato cultivars were inoculated, Tres Cantos and cherry. Plants were grown under greenhouse conditions and different phenotypic characteristics were analysed at the time of harvesting. Results: Tres Cantos plants inoculated with PGPR produced less biomass but larger fruits. However, the photosynthetic rate was barely affected. Several antioxidant activities were upregulated in these plants, and no oxidative damage in terms of lipid peroxidation was observed. Finally, ripe fruits accumulated less sugar but, interestingly, more lycopene. By contrast, inoculation of cherry plants with PGPR had no effect on biomass, although photosynthesis was slightly affected, and the productivity was similar to the control plants. In addition, antioxidant activities were downregulated and a higher lipid peroxidation was detected. However, neither sugar nor lycopene accumulation was altered. Conclusion: These results support the use of microorganisms isolated from agricultural soils as interesting tools to manipulate the level of important bioactive molecules in plants. However, this effect seems to be very specific, even at the variety level, and deeper analyses are necessary to assess their use for specific applications.

Background: Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) represents the largest cultivated member of the Cucurbitaceae family, showing great relevance from the economic point of view and largely consumed around the world accounting for about 7% of the world area dedicated to the production of vegetables, with 67% of the total quantity produced in China. It is characterized by several bioactive compounds, showing different chemical structures, such as carotenoids, xanthophylls, phenolic compounds, citrulline, and unsaturated fatty acids. The good amount of total polyphenols, vitamin C, citrulline and the excellent supply of lycopene, about 40% compared to raw tomatoes, give a measure of the importance of this fruit respect to the other crops considering the beneficial effects of these compounds on human health. Scope and approach: In the last decades, this great interest towards natural bioactive compounds led many researchers to study watermelon as natural source of bioactive compounds, mainly when considering some biological properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities, inhibition or induction of enzymes, inhibition of receptor activities, together with induction/inhibition of gene expression. However, the most of scientific literature on this topic was based on in vitro assays, thus limiting the comprehensive understanding of the real health-promoting outcomes. Key findings and conclusions: Therefore, the aim of this review was to present the up-to-date research carried out on watermelon phytochemicals, showing the most important biological activities reported from both in vitro and in vivo trials. Besides, the potential exploitation of watermelon by-products in the green circular economy and food-waste valorization has been discussed.

We carried out a phase II study to investigate the activity of docetaxel plus lycopene in advanced castrate resistant adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Patients were chemotherapy and biological therapy naive. Docetaxel 75 mg/m2 was given every 21 days with daily oral lycopene 30 mg. The primary endpoint was a ≥50% reduction in PSA. Secondary endpoints were median time to PSA progression, duration of response and overall survival. Thirteen patients were initiated on protocol therapy. Median age was 77 (range 55-90). Twelve patients (92%) had bone metastases. Four patients (30%) had both bone and visceral metastases. PSA response was seen in 10 patients (76.9% [95% confidence interval (CI), 46.2-94.9%]). Two patients had stable disease (SD), yielding a disease control rate of 92%. Median time to PSA progression was 8 months [95% CI, 3.5-8.7]. Median duration of response (DOR) was 7.3 months [95% CI, 4.8-13.2]. Median overall survival at 5 years was 35.1 months [95% CI 25.7-57.7]. No new safety signals were noted. No patients experienced grade 3 or above anemia. One patient (7%) experienced febrile neutropenia. A PSA response rate of 76.9% and median survival of 35.1 months compares favorably to the 45% PSA response rate and 17.4 months median survival reported for the TAX 237 trialists. While our study was limited due to small sample size, our results suggest that the combination of docetaxel and lycopene merits further study.

Background: The application of microorganisms as bioestimulants in order to increase the yield and/or quality of agricultural products is becoming a widely used practice in many countries. In this work, five plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), isolated from cultivated rice paddy soils, were selected for their plant growth-promoting capacities (e.g., auxin synthesis, chitinase activity, phosphate solubilisation and siderophores production). Two different tomato cultivars were inoculated, Tres Cantos and cherry. Plants were grown under greenhouse conditions and different phenotypic characteristics were analysed at the time of harvesting. Results: Tres Cantos plants inoculated with PGPR produced less biomass but larger fruits. However, the photosynthetic rate was barely affected. Several antioxidant activities were upregulated in these plants, and no oxidative damage in terms of lipid peroxidation was observed. Finally, ripe fruits accumulated less sugar but, interestingly, more lycopene. By contrast, inoculation of cherry plants with PGPR had no effect on biomass, although photosynthesis was slightly affected, and the productivity was similar to the control plants. In addition, antioxidant activities were downregulated and a higher lipid peroxidation was detected. However, neither sugar nor lycopene accumulation was altered. Conclusion: These results support the use of microorganisms isolated from agricultural soils as interesting tools to manipulate the level of important bioactive molecules in plants. However, this effect seems to be very specific, even at the variety level, and deeper analyses are necessary to assess their use for specific applications.

Background: The application of microorganisms as bioestimulants in order to increase the yield and/or quality of agricultural products is becoming a widely used practice in many countries. In this work, five plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), isolated from cultivated rice paddy soils, were selected for their plant growth-promoting capacities (e.g., auxin synthesis, chitinase activity, phosphate solubilisation and siderophores production). Two different tomato cultivars were inoculated, Tres Cantos and cherry. Plants were grown under greenhouse conditions and different phenotypic characteristics were analysed at the time of harvesting. Results: Tres Cantos plants inoculated with PGPR produced less biomass but larger fruits. However, the photosynthetic rate was barely affected. Several antioxidant activities were upregulated in these plants, and no oxidative damage in terms of lipid peroxidation was observed. Finally, ripe fruits accumulated less sugar but, interestingly, more lycopene. By contrast, inoculation of cherry plants with PGPR had no effect on biomass, although photosynthesis was slightly affected, and the productivity was similar to the control plants. In addition, antioxidant activities were downregulated and a higher lipid peroxidation was detected. However, neither sugar nor lycopene accumulation was altered. Conclusion: These results support the use of microorganisms isolated from agricultural soils as interesting tools to manipulate the level of important bioactive molecules in plants. However, this effect seems to be very specific, even at the variety level, and deeper analyses are necessary to assess their use for specific applications.

Background: The application of microorganisms as bioestimulants in order to increase the yield and/or quality of agricultural products is becoming a widely used practice in many countries. In this work, five plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), isolated from cultivated rice paddy soils, were selected for their plant growth-promoting capacities (e.g., auxin synthesis, chitinase activity, phosphate solubilisation and siderophores production). Two different tomato cultivars were inoculated, Tres Cantos and cherry. Plants were grown under greenhouse conditions and different phenotypic characteristics were analysed at the time of harvesting. Results: Tres Cantos plants inoculated with PGPR produced less biomass but larger fruits. However, the photosynthetic rate was barely affected. Several antioxidant activities were upregulated in these plants, and no oxidative damage in terms of lipid peroxidation was observed. Finally, ripe fruits accumulated less sugar but, interestingly, more lycopene. By contrast, inoculation of cherry plants with PGPR had no effect on biomass, although photosynthesis was slightly affected, and the productivity was similar to the control plants. In addition, antioxidant activities were downregulated and a higher lipid peroxidation was detected. However, neither sugar nor lycopene accumulation was altered. Conclusion: These results support the use of microorganisms isolated from agricultural soils as interesting tools to manipulate the level of important bioactive molecules in plants. However, this effect seems to be very specific, even at the variety level, and deeper analyses are necessary to assess their use for specific applications.

Background: The application of microorganisms as bioestimulants in order to increase the yield and/or quality of agricultural products is becoming a widely used practice in many countries. In this work, five plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), isolated from cultivated rice paddy soils, were selected for their plant growth-promoting capacities (e.g., auxin synthesis, chitinase activity, phosphate solubilisation and siderophores production). Two different tomato cultivars were inoculated, Tres Cantos and cherry. Plants were grown under greenhouse conditions and different phenotypic characteristics were analysed at the time of harvesting. Results: Tres Cantos plants inoculated with PGPR produced less biomass but larger fruits. However, the photosynthetic rate was barely affected. Several antioxidant activities were upregulated in these plants, and no oxidative damage in terms of lipid peroxidation was observed. Finally, ripe fruits accumulated less sugar but, interestingly, more lycopene. By contrast, inoculation of cherry plants with PGPR had no effect on biomass, although photosynthesis was slightly affected, and the productivity was similar to the control plants. In addition, antioxidant activities were downregulated and a higher lipid peroxidation was detected. However, neither sugar nor lycopene accumulation was altered. Conclusion: These results support the use of microorganisms isolated from agricultural soils as interesting tools to manipulate the level of important bioactive molecules in plants. However, this effect seems to be very specific, even at the variety level, and deeper analyses are necessary to assess their use for specific applications.

Apple production generates large amounts of apple pomace including seeds, leading to high transportation costs, public health hazards and undesirable odor. A new reuse strategy of this kind of waste could solve environmental issues and/or create unconventional sources of health beneficial products. In total, seeds from 75 apple cultivars grown in Norway (both domestic and international) have been analyzed for the first time for oil content and fatty acid profile together with tocopherols and carotenoids quantification in defatted seeds. Seeds from cultivar Håkonseple had the highest oil content (22.10%), with linoleic, oleic acid, and palmitic acid as the most abundant fatty acids. The levels of β-carotene and lycopene carotenoids and α-tocopherol were the highest in defatted seeds of the cultivar Sureple Grøn. Principal component analysis separated cultivars according to the total oil content. The Norwegian apple cultivars Håkonseple, Kviteple, Tolleivseple, Vinterrosenstrips, and Tokheimseple are recommended for obtaining vegetable oil due to their high oil contents, while cultivar Sureple Grøn can be separated due to its high levels of β-carotene, lycopene and total tocopherols.

Apple production generates large amounts of apple pomace including seeds, leading to high transportation costs, public health hazards and undesirable odor. A new reuse strategy of this kind of waste could solve environmental issues and/or create unconventional sources of health beneficial products. In total, seeds from 75 apple cultivars grown in Norway (both domestic and international) have been analyzed for the first time for oil content and fatty acid profile together with tocopherols and carotenoids quantification in defatted seeds. Seeds from cultivar Håkonseple had the highest oil content (22.10%), with linoleic, oleic acid, and palmitic acid as the most abundant fatty acids. The levels of β-carotene and lycopene carotenoids and α-tocopherol were the highest in defatted seeds of the cultivar Sureple Grøn. Principal component analysis separated cultivars according to the total oil content. The Norwegian apple cultivars Håkonseple, Kviteple, Tolleivseple, Vinterrosenstrips, and Tokheimseple are recommended for obtaining vegetable oil due to their high oil contents, while cultivar Sureple Grøn can be separated due to its high levels of β-carotene, lycopene and total tocopherols.

ABSTRACT Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally and the presence of ≥1 cardiovascular risk factors elevates total risk. Lycopene, a carotenoid with high antioxidant capacity, may be protective. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analyses is to determine the efficacy of consuming dietary and/or supplemental lycopene on cardiovascular risk factors. Using the PRISMA guidelines, 4 databases were systematically searched from inception: Medline, Cinahl, Proquest, and Scopus. Intervention trials assessing dietary or supplemental lycopene on CVD outcomes were included. The Cochrane Risk-of-Bias tool was used to assess the quality of the included papers. Pooled analysis was conducted using outcomes with available data. Forty-three studies were included. Lycopene interventions were highly variable (supplement with or without food, based as tomato juice/paste/raw product, or combined with olive oil), the dose ranged from 1.44 to 75 mg lycopene/d and was not reported in 11 of 43 included studies. Studies reported conflicting findings for the effect of lycopene on cardiovascular risk factors, This was supported by meta-analyses where there were no significant differences between lycopene intervention and control groups for blood pressure and lipids (total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides). This was observed for overall groups and in subgroup analyses for individuals with elevated risk factor concentrations at baseline. Lycopene interventions for cardiovascular risk factors were highly variable across studies in both the dosage provided and the mode of delivery (supplement or food based). As such, there are conflicting findings regarding the efficacy of lycopene to improve cardiovascular risk factors. This systematic review was registered with PROSPERO as CRD42018112174.

No data exist on the associations of dietary tomato and lycopene consumption with total and cause-specific mortality. Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 1999–2010, we evaluted the long-term impact of tomato and lycopene intake on total and cause-specific (CHD and cerebrovascular disease) mortality. We also assessed the changes in cardio-metabolic risk factors according to tomato and lycopene intake. Vital status to 31 December 2011 was ascertained. Cox proportional hazard regression models (followed by propensity score matching) were used to investigate the link between tomato and lycopene consumption total, CHD and cerebrovascular mortality. Among the 23 935 participants included (mean age = 47·6 years, 48·8 % men), 3403 deaths occurred during 76·4 months of follow-up. Tomato intake was inversely associated with total (risk ratio (RR) 0·86, 95 % CI 0·81, 0·92), CHD (RR 0·76, 95 % CI 0·70, 0·85) and cerebrovascular (RR 0·70, 95 % CI 0·62, 0·81) mortality. Similar inverse associations were found between lycopene consumption, total (RR 0·76, 95 % CI 0·72, 0·81), CHD (RR 0·73, 95 % CI 0·65, 0·83) and cerebrovascular (RR 0·71, 95 % CI 0·65, 0·78) mortality; these associations were independent of anthropometric, clinical and nutritional parameters. Age and obesity did not affect the association of tomato and lycopene consumption with total, CHD and cerebrovascular mortality. C-reactive protein significantly moderated the link between lycopene and tomato intake with total, CHD and cerebrovascular mortality. ANCOVA showed that participants with a higher tomato and lycopene consumption had a more cardio-protective profile compared with those with a lower intake. Our results highlighted the favourable effect of tomato and lycopene intake on total and cause-specific mortality as well as on cardio-meta

Functional foods containing dispersible phytosterols (DPs) are recommended to reduce cholesterol absorption in humans. However, only a few studies have been conducted on the effect of DP vehicles on carotenoid bioaccessibility and uptake by intestinal cells. On a previously developed fermented maize product containing both DPs and carotenoids, we aim to evaluate the effect of DPs encapsulated by maltodextrin on the carotenoid/phytosterol/cholesterol interactions during gastro-duodenal digestion. Thanks to maltodextrin properties, β-carotene and lycopene bioaccessibilities were significantly improved by 40.2 ± 1.4% while that of β-cryptoxanthin decreased by 14 ± 0.1%. Additionally, the presence of DPs reduced the cholesterol micellarization by 51.8 ± 4.2%. Despite a slight decrease in carotenoid uptake caused by the DP vehicle, related to micelle size, an inhibition of cholesterol accumulation by Caco-2 cells was observed. These results highlighted the key role of maltodextrin as a vehicle of DPs on carotenoid and cholesterol absorption.

Cherry tomatoes are rich sources of carotenoids. The carotenoids are known to be precursors of vitamin A and also act as an antioxidant. It is important to visually judge the tomato surface color for higher β carotene content since this is the major provitamin AA carotenoid. Estimation of carotenoids by HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) and spectrophotometric methods in tomatoes are very expensive and time consuming. Therefore, colorimeters can be used to describe the color and determine the carotenoid content in a relatively easy and inexpensive manner. The objective of this study was to determine, if the carotenoid content within cherry tomatoes measured by conventional method could correlate with colorimetric CIE (Commission International del’Eclairage) L*, a*, b* color space values. Strong correlations were found between color surface value a* and total carotenoids (0.82) and lycopene content (0.87). We also observed positive correlation for the b* color value with β carotene (0.86). The L* value was negatively correlated (-0.78) with an increase in carotenoids. These close associations between color space values L*, a*, b* and carotenoids will help the breeders to quickly screen large germplasm/ breeding lines in their breeding program for improvement in carotenoid content through this time saving, inexpensive and nondestructive method at fully ripe stage.

Pink lemon is a spontaneous bud mutation of lemon (Citrus limon, L. Burm. f) characterized by the production of pink-fleshed fruits due to an unusual accumulation of lycopene. To elucidate the genetic determinism of the altered pigmentation, comparative carotenoid profiling and transcriptional analysis of both the genes involved in carotenoid precursors and metabolism, and the proteins related to carotenoid-sequestering structures were performed in pink-fleshed lemon and its wild-type. The carotenoid profile of pink lemon pulp is characterized by an increased accumulation of linear carotenoids, such as lycopene, phytoene and phytofluene, from the early stages of development, reaching their maximum in mature green fruits. The distinctive phenotype of pink lemon is associated with an up-regulation and down-regulation of the genes upstream and downstream the lycopene cyclase, respectively. In particular, 9-cis epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase genes were overexpressed in pink lemon compared with the wild-type, suggesting an altered regulation of abscisic acid biosynthesis. Similarly, during early development of the fruits, genes of the carotenoid-associated proteins heat shock protein 21, fibrillin 1 and 2 and orange gene were overexpressed in the pulp of the pink-fleshed lemon compared to the wild-type, indicating its increased capacity for sequestration, stabilization or accumulation of carotenes. Altogether, the results highlighted significant differences at the transcriptomic level between the pink-fleshed lemon and its wild-type, in terms of carotenoid metabolism and the capacity of stabilization in storage structures between the two accessions. Such changes may be either responsible for the altered carotenoid accumulation or in contrast, a metabolic consequence.

Aging process contributed with poor of lifestyle and photodamage can induced wrinkles formation because of extracellular matrix destruction. To investigate the potential of tomato as antiaging sources particularly as the hyaluronidase inhibitor. This study used H2O2 scavenging activity for antioxidant assay and hyaluronidase inhibition activity for the antiaging property. The Solanum lycopersicum L. extract (SLE) has lower antioxidant activity (221.30 ± 1.94) compared with lycopene (208.37 ± 4.87) through H2O2 scavenging activity. The Solanum lycopersicum L. (119.81 ± 14.23) has lower antiaging activity particularly as anti-hyaluronidase activity compared with lycopene (81.65 ± 5.95). Our findings suggest that the Solanum lycopersicum L. has weak antioxidant activity and moderate antiaging activity, particularly as a hyaluronidase inhibitor. Solanum lycopersicum L. can be used as an antiaging source, particularly as hyaluronidase inhibitor.

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar el extracto de licopeno obtenido de los residuos de diferentes frutas y hortalizas, para su uso en un producto cosmético. En términos generales en la industria cosmética los colorantes son ampliamente utilizados para generar productos con una gran diversidad de tonalidades; sin embargo, muchos de estos contienen sustancias que pueden llegar a generar afectaciones en la salud de sus consumidores; de esta manera se hace necesario recurrir al uso de colorantes naturales, los cuales puedan cumplir con el objetivo deseado por la industria sin generar perjuicios sobre el cliente. Uno de estos compuestos es el Licopeno, el cual además de proporcionar tonalidades rojas, también cuenta con propiedades nutraceúticas y bactericidas, lo que hacen de este compuesto una gran alternativa de uso en la industria cosmética y muchas otras industrias tales como la alimenticia. Teniendo en cuenta esto, a través del desarrollo de este proyecto, se pretende efectuar la extracción de licopeno partiendo de los residuos generados en diversas plazas de mercado tanto mayoristas como minoristas; los cuales no son aptos para el consumo humano, pero aún siguen siendo aprovechables como materias primas para la obtención de colorantes naturales (licopeno).

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar el extracto de licopeno obtenido de los residuos de diferentes frutas y hortalizas, para su uso en un producto cosmético. En términos generales en la industria cosmética los colorantes son ampliamente utilizados para generar productos con una gran diversidad de tonalidades; sin embargo, muchos de estos contienen sustancias que pueden llegar a generar afectaciones en la salud de sus consumidores; de esta manera se hace necesario recurrir al uso de colorantes naturales, los cuales puedan cumplir con el objetivo deseado por la industria sin generar perjuicios sobre el cliente. Uno de estos compuestos es el Licopeno, el cual además de proporcionar tonalidades rojas, también cuenta con propiedades nutraceúticas y bactericidas, lo que hacen de este compuesto una gran alternativa de uso en la industria cosmética y muchas otras industrias tales como la alimenticia. Teniendo en cuenta esto, a través del desarrollo de este proyecto, se pretende efectuar la extracción de licopeno partiendo de los residuos generados en diversas plazas de mercado tanto mayoristas como minoristas; los cuales no son aptos para el consumo humano, pero aún siguen siendo aprovechables como materias primas para la obtención de colorantes naturales (licopeno).

[EN] Spray-drying may be an interesting alternative means of offering consumers high quality, stable, and easy-tohandle fruit. The stability of grapefruit powder formulated with gum Arabic, maltodextrin and whey protein isolate was studied. The changes during powder storage at 20 degrees C of the vitamin C (VC), total phenolics (TP), lycopene (Lp), antioxidant activity (AOA), color and mechanical properties were studied at different relative humidities (RH), from 0 to 56% for up to 9 month, either exposed to light or in darkness. Results showed that TP were the most stable compounds and Lp the most unstable. The properties studied with grapefruit powder were relatively stable when stored at 20 degrees C, in darkness or light, at RH <= 23.1% and for no more than 6 months. With these conditions, losses of 32, 3, 23-68 and 90% were observed for TP, VC, AOA and Lp, respectively, and the powder maintained its flowability and color.

Aging process contributed with poor of lifestyle and photodamage can induced wrinkles formation because of extracellular matrix destruction. To investigate the potential of tomato as antiaging sources particularly as the hyaluronidase inhibitor. This study used H2O2 scavenging activity for antioxidant assay and hyaluronidase inhibition activity for the antiaging property. The Solanum lycopersicum L. extract (SLE) has lower antioxidant activity (221.30 ± 1.94) compared with lycopene (208.37 ± 4.87) through H2O2 scavenging activity. The Solanum lycopersicum L. (119.81 ± 14.23) has lower antiaging activity particularly as anti-hyaluronidase activity compared with lycopene (81.65 ± 5.95). Our findings suggest that the Solanum lycopersicum L. has weak antioxidant activity and moderate antiaging activity, particularly as a hyaluronidase inhibitor. Solanum lycopersicum L. can be used as an antiaging source, particularly as hyaluronidase inhibitor.

Aging process contributed with poor of lifestyle and photodamage can induced wrinkles formation because of extracellular matrix destruction. To investigate the potential of tomato as antiaging sources particularly as the hyaluronidase inhibitor. This study used H2O2 scavenging activity for antioxidant assay and hyaluronidase inhibition activity for the antiaging property. The Solanum lycopersicum L. extract (SLE) has lower antioxidant activity (221.30 ± 1.94) compared with lycopene (208.37 ± 4.87) through H2O2 scavenging activity. The Solanum lycopersicum L. (119.81 ± 14.23) has lower antiaging activity particularly as anti-hyaluronidase activity compared with lycopene (81.65 ± 5.95). Our findings suggest that the Solanum lycopersicum L. has weak antioxidant activity and moderate antiaging activity, particularly as a hyaluronidase inhibitor. Solanum lycopersicum L. can be used as an antiaging source, particularly as hyaluronidase inhibitor.

Aging process contributed with poor of lifestyle and photodamage can induced wrinkles formation because of extracellular matrix destruction. To investigate the potential of tomato as antiaging sources particularly as the hyaluronidase inhibitor. This study used H2O2 scavenging activity for antioxidant assay and hyaluronidase inhibition activity for the antiaging property. The Solanum lycopersicum L. extract (SLE) has lower antioxidant activity (221.30 ± 1.94) compared with lycopene (208.37 ± 4.87) through H2O2 scavenging activity. The Solanum lycopersicum L. (119.81 ± 14.23) has lower antiaging activity particularly as anti-hyaluronidase activity compared with lycopene (81.65 ± 5.95). Our findings suggest that the Solanum lycopersicum L. has weak antioxidant activity and moderate antiaging activity, particularly as a hyaluronidase inhibitor. Solanum lycopersicum L. can be used as an antiaging source, particularly as hyaluronidase inhibitor.

The degradation of carotenoids (lycopene and β-carotene) and total antioxidant activity was investigated after one- year storage of pasteurized tomato juice. Tomato juice, thermally treated for 7 min at 100°C, was subjected to one-year storage a) in the light at 20°C; b) in the dark at 20°C and c) in the dark at 4°C. β-Carotene had the fastest dynamics of degradation and was dissolved in the largest quantities, regardless of the storage conditions. For all investigated components the fastest decomposition was observed in the first two months, when the sample was stored in the light at 20°C. Lycopene was most stable in the sample stored in the dark at 40C. Partial regression coefficients for all researched traits proved a significant difference of ratio for storing in the light (20°C) compared to the variants stored in the dark at 20°C and 4°C, lycopene p=0.0041**, p=0.0304**; β-carotene, p=0.0009** and p=0.0183**; antioxidative activity p lt 0.0001** and p=0.009**.

[EN] Spray-drying may be an interesting alternative means of offering consumers high quality, stable, and easy-tohandle fruit. The stability of grapefruit powder formulated with gum Arabic, maltodextrin and whey protein isolate was studied. The changes during powder storage at 20 degrees C of the vitamin C (VC), total phenolics (TP), lycopene (Lp), antioxidant activity (AOA), color and mechanical properties were studied at different relative humidities (RH), from 0 to 56% for up to 9 month, either exposed to light or in darkness. Results showed that TP were the most stable compounds and Lp the most unstable. The properties studied with grapefruit powder were relatively stable when stored at 20 degrees C, in darkness or light, at RH <= 23.1% and for no more than 6 months. With these conditions, losses of 32, 3, 23-68 and 90% were observed for TP, VC, AOA and Lp, respectively, and the powder maintained its flowability and color.

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar el extracto de licopeno obtenido de los residuos de diferentes frutas y hortalizas, para su uso en un producto cosmético. En términos generales en la industria cosmética los colorantes son ampliamente utilizados para generar productos con una gran diversidad de tonalidades; sin embargo, muchos de estos contienen sustancias que pueden llegar a generar afectaciones en la salud de sus consumidores; de esta manera se hace necesario recurrir al uso de colorantes naturales, los cuales puedan cumplir con el objetivo deseado por la industria sin generar perjuicios sobre el cliente. Uno de estos compuestos es el Licopeno, el cual además de proporcionar tonalidades rojas, también cuenta con propiedades nutraceúticas y bactericidas, lo que hacen de este compuesto una gran alternativa de uso en la industria cosmética y muchas otras industrias tales como la alimenticia. Teniendo en cuenta esto, a través del desarrollo de este proyecto, se pretende efectuar la extracción de licopeno partiendo de los residuos generados en diversas plazas de mercado tanto mayoristas como minoristas; los cuales no son aptos para el consumo humano, pero aún siguen siendo aprovechables como materias primas para la obtención de colorantes naturales (licopeno).

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar el extracto de licopeno obtenido de los residuos de diferentes frutas y hortalizas, para su uso en un producto cosmético. En términos generales en la industria cosmética los colorantes son ampliamente utilizados para generar productos con una gran diversidad de tonalidades; sin embargo, muchos de estos contienen sustancias que pueden llegar a generar afectaciones en la salud de sus consumidores; de esta manera se hace necesario recurrir al uso de colorantes naturales, los cuales puedan cumplir con el objetivo deseado por la industria sin generar perjuicios sobre el cliente. Uno de estos compuestos es el Licopeno, el cual además de proporcionar tonalidades rojas, también cuenta con propiedades nutraceúticas y bactericidas, lo que hacen de este compuesto una gran alternativa de uso en la industria cosmética y muchas otras industrias tales como la alimenticia. Teniendo en cuenta esto, a través del desarrollo de este proyecto, se pretende efectuar la extracción de licopeno partiendo de los residuos generados en diversas plazas de mercado tanto mayoristas como minoristas; los cuales no son aptos para el consumo humano, pero aún siguen siendo aprovechables como materias primas para la obtención de colorantes naturales (licopeno).

Lycopene and green tea consumption have been observationally associated with reduced prostate cancer risk, but the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. We investigated the effect of factorial randomisation to a 6‐month lycopene and green tea dietary advice or supplementation intervention on 159 serum metabolite measures in 128 men with raised PSA levels (but prostate cancer‐free), analysed by intention‐to‐treat. The causal effects of metabolites modified by the intervention on prostate cancer risk were then assessed by Mendelian randomisation, using summary statistics from 44,825 prostate cancer cases and 27,904 controls. The systemic effects of lycopene and green tea supplementation on serum metabolic profile were comparable to the effects of the respective dietary advice interventions (R² = 0.65 and 0.76 for lycopene and green tea respectively). Metabolites which were altered in response to lycopene supplementation were acetate [β (standard deviation difference vs. placebo): 0.69; 95% CI = 0.24, 1.15; p = 0.003], valine (β: −0.62; −1.03, −0.02; p = 0.004), pyruvate (β: −0.56; −0.95, −0.16; p = 0.006) and docosahexaenoic acid (β: −0.50; −085, −0.14; p = 0.006). Valine and diacylglycerol were lower in the lycopene dietary advice group (β: −0.65; −1.04, −0.26; p = 0.001 and β: −0.59; −1.01, −0.18; p = 0.006). A genetically instrumented SD increase in pyruvate increased the odds of prostate cancer by 1.29 (1.03, 1.62; p = 0.027). An intervention to increase lycopene intake altered the serum metabolome of men at risk of prostate cancer. Lycopene lowered levels of pyruvate, which our Mendelian randomisation analysis suggests may be causally related to reduced prostate cancer risk.

Aging process contributed with poor of lifestyle and photodamage can induced wrinkles formation because of extracellular matrix destruction. To investigate the potential of tomato as antiaging sources particularly as the hyaluronidase inhibitor. This study used H2O2 scavenging activity for antioxidant assay and hyaluronidase inhibition activity for the antiaging property. The Solanum lycopersicum L. extract (SLE) has lower antioxidant activity (221.30 ± 1.94) compared with lycopene (208.37 ± 4.87) through H2O2 scavenging activity. The Solanum lycopersicum L. (119.81 ± 14.23) has lower antiaging activity particularly as anti-hyaluronidase activity compared with lycopene (81.65 ± 5.95). Our findings suggest that the Solanum lycopersicum L. has weak antioxidant activity and moderate antiaging activity, particularly as a hyaluronidase inhibitor. Solanum lycopersicum L. can be used as an antiaging source, particularly as hyaluronidase inhibitor.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an efficient host for natural-compound production and preferentially employed in academic studies and bioindustries. However, S. cerevisiae exhibits limited production capacity for lipophilic natural products, especially compounds that accumulate intracellularly, such as polyketides and carotenoids, with some engineered compounds displaying cytotoxicity. In this study, we used a nature-inspired strategy to establish an effective platform to improve lipid oil-triacylglycerol (TAG) metabolism and enable increased lycopene accumulation. Through systematic traditional engineering methods, we achieved relatively high-level production at 56.2mg lycopene/g cell dry weight (cdw). To focus on TAG metabolism in order to increase lycopene accumulation, we overexpressed key genes associated with fatty acid synthesis and TAG production, followed by modulation of TAG fatty acyl composition by overexpressing a fatty acid desaturase (OLE1) and deletion of Seipin (FLD1), which regulates lipid-droplet size. Results showed that the engineered strain produced 70.5mg lycopene/g cdw, a 25% increase relative to the original high-yield strain, with lycopene production reaching 2.37g/L and 73.3mg/g cdw in fed-batch fermentation and representing the highest lycopene yield in S. cerevisiae reported to date. These findings offer an effective strategy for extended systematic metabolic engineering through lipid engineering.

[Background]: The soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida is a promising platform for the production of industrially valuable natural compounds. In the case of isoprenoids, the availability of biosynthetic precursors is a major limiting factor. In P. putida and most other bacteria, these precursors are produced from pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate by the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, whereas other bacteria synthesize the same precursors from acetyl-CoA using the unrelated mevalonate (MVA) pathway., [Results]: Here we explored different strategies to increase the supply of isoprenoid precursors in P. putida cells using lycopene as a read-out. Because we were not aiming at producing high isoprenoid titers but were primarily interested in finding ways to enhance the metabolic flux to isoprenoids, we engineered the well-characterized P. putida strain KT2440 to produce low but detectable levels of lycopene under conditions in which MEP pathway steps were not saturated. Then, we compared lycopene production in cells expressing the Myxococcus xanthus MVA pathway genes or endogenous MEP pathway genes (dxs, dxr, idi) under the control of IPTG-induced and stress-regulated promoters. We also tested a shunt pathway producing isoprenoid precursors from ribulose 5-phosphate using a mutant version of the Escherichia coli ribB gene., [Conclusions]: The most successful combination led to a 50-fold increase in lycopene levels, indicating that P. putida can be successfully engineered to substantially increase the supply of metabolic substrates for the production of industrially valuable isoprenoids.

The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between the effect of regulated deficit irrigation, cluster, developmental stages and two seasons (autumn 2015 and spring 2016) on the commercial and functional quality (carotenoids and plenolics levels) in ‘Lazarino’ and 'summerbrix’ tomatoes. Autumn had a positive effect on the commercial quality, with larger fruits (22% in 'summerbrix’; 26% in ‘Lazarino’) and higher soluble solids (16% in 'summerbrix’; 12% in ‘Lazarino’). Total carotenoids did not change significantly with irrigation and variety while total phenolics did with the cluster and season. In most cases, the main amounts of carotenoids and phenolic were found in the higher cluster and carotenoids in ripe fruit. Thus, irrigation of such varieties could be reduced drastically (ca. 80%) without affecting considerably the overall quality of their fruits (changes not greater than 30%).

The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between the effect of regulated deficit irrigation, cluster, developmental stages and two seasons (autumn 2015 and spring 2016) on the commercial and functional quality (carotenoids and plenolics levels) in ‘Lazarino’ and 'summerbrix’ tomatoes. Autumn had a positive effect on the commercial quality, with larger fruits (22% in 'summerbrix’; 26% in ‘Lazarino’) and higher soluble solids (16% in 'summerbrix’; 12% in ‘Lazarino’). Total carotenoids did not change significantly with irrigation and variety while total phenolics did with the cluster and season. In most cases, the main amounts of carotenoids and phenolic were found in the higher cluster and carotenoids in ripe fruit. Thus, irrigation of such varieties could be reduced drastically (ca. 80%) without affecting considerably the overall quality of their fruits (changes not greater than 30%).

The family Solanaceae features many popular vegetable crops, mainly belonging to its three major genera Solanum, Capsicum, and Physalis. They have played an important role in human nutrition and health since ancient times, most of them being native to South and Central America, but nowadays domesticated worldwide. Edible fruit, leaves, tubers as well as non-edible plant parts are a valuable source of often unique compounds with multiple biological activities. Despite numerous studies and intensive research, there are still novel compounds being discovered from both cultivated and wild species, that could bring more benefits into treatment of civilisation diseases not only as part of pharmaceutical products, but also as functional foods important in everyday prevention of health problems, especially those related to oxidative stress. Apart from the edible parts, the organic waste from production of these vegetables is a useful source of bioactive substances and extracts that can be used both in the food and pharmaceutical industry. In this chapter, the most important species from three genera are described in detail with emphasis being given on the research studies published within the last two decades. Major bioactive constituents representing each genus and biological activity of extracts and individual compounds, with special attention to the most interesting findings regarding antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activity, are also discussed in the corresponding subsections.

The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between the effect of regulated deficit irrigation, cluster, developmental stages and two seasons (autumn 2015 and spring 2016) on the commercial and functional quality (carotenoids and plenolics levels) in ‘Lazarino’ and 'summerbrix’ tomatoes. Autumn had a positive effect on the commercial quality, with larger fruits (22% in 'summerbrix’; 26% in ‘Lazarino’) and higher soluble solids (16% in 'summerbrix’; 12% in ‘Lazarino’). Total carotenoids did not change significantly with irrigation and variety while total phenolics did with the cluster and season. In most cases, the main amounts of carotenoids and phenolic were found in the higher cluster and carotenoids in ripe fruit. Thus, irrigation of such varieties could be reduced drastically (ca. 80%) without affecting considerably the overall quality of their fruits (changes not greater than 30%).

The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between the effect of regulated deficit irrigation, cluster, developmental stages and two seasons (autumn 2015 and spring 2016) on the commercial and functional quality (carotenoids and plenolics levels) in ‘Lazarino’ and 'summerbrix’ tomatoes. Autumn had a positive effect on the commercial quality, with larger fruits (22% in 'summerbrix’; 26% in ‘Lazarino’) and higher soluble solids (16% in 'summerbrix’; 12% in ‘Lazarino’). Total carotenoids did not change significantly with irrigation and variety while total phenolics did with the cluster and season. In most cases, the main amounts of carotenoids and phenolic were found in the higher cluster and carotenoids in ripe fruit. Thus, irrigation of such varieties could be reduced drastically (ca. 80%) without affecting considerably the overall quality of their fruits (changes not greater than 30%).

Carotenoids have shown an interindividual variability that may be due to genetic factors. The only study that has reported heritability of serum α- and β-carotene has not considered the environmental component. This study aimed to estimate the contribution of both genetic and common environmental effects to the variance of carotenoid concentrations and to test whether their phenotypic correlations with cardiometabolic risk factors are explained by shared genetic and environmental effects. Plasma carotenoid concentrations (α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, lycopene, zeaxanthin, and total carotenoids) of 48 healthy subjects were measured. Heritability estimates of carotenoid concentrations were calculated using the variance component method. Lutein and lycopene showed a significant familial effect (p = 6 × 10−6 and 0.0043, respectively). Maximal heritability, genetic heritability, and common environmental effect were computed for lutein (88.3%, 43.8%, and 44.5%, respectively) and lycopene (45.2%, 0%, and 45.2%, respectively). Significant phenotypic correlations between carotenoid concentrations and cardiometabolic risk factors were obtained for β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, and zeaxanthin. Familial resemblances in lycopene concentrations were mainly attributable to common environmental effects, while for lutein concentrations they were attributable to genetic and common environmental effects. Common genetic and environmental factors may influence carotenoids and cardiometabolic risk factors, but further studies are needed to better understand the potential impact on disease development.

Oxidative stress and antioxidant deficiency play a pivotal role in initiation, development, and outcomes of cardiovascular disease. Pharmacokinetic parameters as well as the impact of highly bioavailable lycopene on cardiovascular variables, markers of inflammation and oxidation were investigated during a 30-day clinical trial in patients with coronary vascular disease. The patients were randomized into two major groups and were supplemented with a single 7mg daily dose of lycopene ingested either in the form of lactolycopene (68 patients) or in the form of lycosome-formulated GA lycopene (74 patients). The endpoints included cardiovascular function parameters, serum lipids, and four markers of oxidative stress and inflammation. Ingestion of lycosome-formulated lycopene increased serum lycopene levels by 2.9- and 4.3-fold, respectively, after 2 and 4weeks of the trial, whereas supplementation with lactolycopene upregulated serum lycopene by half-fold only after 4weeks of ingestion. Lycosome formulation of lycopene resulted by the end of the trial in a threefold reduction in Chlamydia pneumoniae IgG and reduction to the same degree of the inflammatory oxidative damage marker. The decrease in oxidized LDL caused by lycosome-formulated lycopene was fivefold. Moreover, supplementation with lycosome-formulated lycopene was accompanied by a significant increase in tissue oxygenation and flow-mediated dilation by the end of the observational period. In contrast, lactolycopene did not cause any significant changes in the parameters studied. Therefore, enhanced bioavailability of lycopene promotes its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions and endorses a positive effect of lycopene on cardiovascular system.

The family Solanaceae features many popular vegetable crops, mainly belonging to its three major genera Solanum, Capsicum, and Physalis. They have played an important role in human nutrition and health since ancient times, most of them being native to South and Central America, but nowadays domesticated worldwide. Edible fruit, leaves, tubers as well as non-edible plant parts are a valuable source of often unique compounds with multiple biological activities. Despite numerous studies and intensive research, there are still novel compounds being discovered from both cultivated and wild species, that could bring more benefits into treatment of civilisation diseases not only as part of pharmaceutical products, but also as functional foods important in everyday prevention of health problems, especially those related to oxidative stress. Apart from the edible parts, the organic waste from production of these vegetables is a useful source of bioactive substances and extracts that can be used both in the food and pharmaceutical industry. In this chapter, the most important species from three genera are described in detail with emphasis being given on the research studies published within the last two decades. Major bioactive constituents representing each genus and biological activity of extracts and individual compounds, with special attention to the most interesting findings regarding antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activity, are also discussed in the corresponding subsections.

The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between the effect of regulated deficit irrigation, cluster, developmental stages and two seasons (autumn 2015 and spring 2016) on the commercial and functional quality (carotenoids and plenolics levels) in ‘Lazarino’ and ‘Summerbrix’ tomatoes. Autumn had a positive effect on the commercial quality, with larger fruits (22% in ‘Summerbrix’; 26% in ‘Lazarino’) and higher soluble solids (16% in ‘Summerbrix’; 12% in ‘Lazarino’). Total carotenoids did not change significantly with irrigation and variety while total phenolics did with the cluster and season. In most cases, the main amounts of carotenoids and phenolic were found in the higher cluster and carotenoids in ripe fruit. Thus, irrigation of such varieties could be reduced drastically (ca. 80%) without affecting considerably the overall quality of their fruits (changes not greater than 30%).

Red tomatoes and red-fleshed watermelons contain a high level of lycopene. It is well known that lycopene is precursor to vitamin A. In Uganda, and East Africa in general, there are so many tomato and watermelon varieties with little information on their lycopene content. However, no study has been done to estimate the quantity of lycopene in fresh tomatoes and watermelons in Uganda. The objective of this study was to quantify lycopene by using Beer-Lambert Principle. The varieties were bought from Nakulabye market in Kampala, and extracted by using solvent system of acetone/ethanol/ hexane (5ml/5ml/10ml). Stirring on ice was done for 15 minutes. 3 ml of deionized water was added after shaking. Samples were shaken for 5 minutes on ice and then left at room temperature for 5 minutes to allow the separation of phases. The lycopene layer were then separated and scanned in UV-VIS spectrophotometer. The results showed that the lycopene concentration ranged from 27 ?g/g to 115 ?g/g with % relative error ranged from 2.86 to 3.14, the standard error ranged from ± 0.013to ± 0.015,and standard deviation ranged from 7.38 to 29.5. Both watermelons and tomato varieties contain the appreciable quantities of lycopene which is the significant nutrient for human body in daily life.

Nutrition Transition in the latter half of 20th century has prompted profound shift from traditional dietary pattern of fibre rich foods to increased consumption of energy dense, high fat and low fibre foods. Resultant oblivious nutritional environment coupled with physical inactivity has abridged the gap between health and chronic diseases. Consequently, the paradigm of treatment from pharmaceuticals has shifted to neutraceuticals and a large proportion of populace is resorting to cost effective treatments from natural sources that can contribute effectually in combating these dreadful diseases. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of blends of lycopene and rice bran oil (RBO) on alteration in lipid metabolism and oxidative stress biomarkers in high fat high cholesterol diet fed albino rats. The rats were supplemented with lycopene (30mg/kg/day) singly and blend of lycopene (30mg/kg/day) and rice bran oil (100ml/kg/day) for 6 weeks. Results indicate that lycopene enriched diets significantly (p≤0.05) improved altered parameters, however, the effect was more pronounced in animals reared on blends of lycopene and RBO. The therapeutic potential of lycopene and RBO can be tapped as preventive and protective therapy against the detrimental effects of high fat diets consumed globally.

This study aims to evaluate the effects of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) and of cluster position (CI: first and second cluster; CII: third and fourth cluster; CIII: fifth and sixth cluster) on fruit quality parameters, carotenoids and phenolics in tomatoes. Three common (‘Tigerella’, ‘Palamós’ and ‘Byelsa’) and two cherry varieties (‘Lazarino’ and ‘Summerbrix’) were studied. The results showed that the regulated deficit irrigation with reduction of 40 and 50% in the leaf water potential in common and cherry tomatoes did not affect greatly the organoleptic quality of common tomatoes and ʽSummerbrixʼ, while cherry varieties were significantly affected with the cluster position. In most case, significant changes in the levels of carotenoids were observed depending on the treatment and the cluster position in all varieties. Significant changes with the treatment and no change with the cluster position were observed in phenolic compounds. Thus, in general, increased total carotenoid levels and reduced the content of phenolic compounds were observed. Considering the significance of changes in the levels of these groups of compounds it was concluded that ʽLazarinoʼ was more susceptible to water deficit, whereas ʽSummerbrixʼ and ʽPalamósʼ were more resistant. On the other hand, the organoleptic and functional quality changed with the variety.