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La regla del silencio, como estrategia para conciliar las exigencias en pugna que pesan sobre el abogado en el proceso adversarial, debe ser corregida en dos sentidos. Primero, es necesario advertir que el deber de veracidad es sensible a los elementos de juicio que dan sustento a lo que el abogado asevera o niega y al estándar de prueba que utiliza el proceso judicial. Segundo, los elementos de juicio pertinentes para determinar si la exigencia de veracidad ha sido o no satisfecha son aquellos de los que dispone el abogado aun si estos son inadmisibles en el proceso por la existencia de filtros no-epistémicos. La regla revisada impone un deber débil de veracidad que pesa sobre el abogado aun antes que la acción judicial haya sido iniciada. Falta a su deber de veracidad el abogado que al iniciar la demanda o al contestarla realiza aseveraciones sin tener a su alcance elementos de juicio –admisibles o inadmisibles– que las respalden hasta el punto requerido por el estándar de prueba del proceso que pretende iniciar., The rule of silence, as a strategy to reconcile the competing demands on the lawyer in the adversarial process, must be revised in two ways. First, the duty of candor is sensitive to the elements of judgment that support what the lawyer asserts or denies and the standard of proof used in the judicial process. Second, the pertinent elements of judgment to determine whether the duty of candor has been satisfied are those available to the lawyer, even if those elements are inadmissible in the process due to the existence of non-epistemic filters. The revised rule imposes a weak duty of veracity or candor on lawyers, even before the legal action has been initiated. The lawyer who makes assertions without having elements of judgment –admissible or inadmissible– that bring support to them to the extent required by the legal standard of proof, violates the duty of candor.

La regla del silencio, como estrategia para conciliar las exigencias en pugna que pesan sobre el abogado en el proceso adversarial, debe ser corregida en dos sentidos. Primero, es necesario advertir que el deber de veracidad es sensible a los elementos de juicio que dan sustento a lo que el abogado asevera o niega y al estándar de prueba que utiliza el proceso judicial. Segundo, los elementos de juicio pertinentes para determinar si la exigencia de veracidad ha sido o no satisfecha son aquellos de los que dispone el abogado aun si estos son inadmisibles en el proceso por la existencia de filtros no-epistémicos. La regla revisada impone un deber débil de veracidad que pesa sobre el abogado aun antes que la acción judicial haya sido iniciada. Falta a su deber de veracidad el abogado que al iniciar la demanda o al contestarla realiza aseveraciones sin tener a su alcance elementos de juicio –admisibles o inadmisibles– que las respalden hasta el punto requerido por el estándar de prueba del proceso que pretende iniciar., The rule of silence, as a strategy to reconcile the competing demands on the lawyer in the adversarial process, must be revised in two ways. First, the duty of candor is sensitive to the elements of judgment that support what the lawyer asserts or denies and the standard of proof used in the judicial process. Second, the pertinent elements of judgment to determine whether the duty of candor has been satisfied are those available to the lawyer, even if those elements are inadmissible in the process due to the existence of non-epistemic filters. The revised rule imposes a weak duty of veracity or candor on lawyers, even before the legal action has been initiated. The lawyer who makes assertions without having elements of judgment –admissible or inadmissible– that bring support to them to the extent required by the legal standard of proof, violates the duty of candor.

Every year tens of thousands of children and adolescents come in contact with different parts of the justice system in Sweden, as witnesses, victims and suspects. This essay aims at critically examine children’s rights in legal proceedings based on European union legislation and the United nations convention on the rights of the child. Political problems are increasingly being defined at the European level of cooperation and decisions regarding Sweden’s future are more often being made by the EU. In June of 2018, Sweden’s parliament voted for the convention on the rights of the child to become law. This analysis will use systematic literature searches to collect the material and two theories about children’s participation and their possibility to act independently will be applied. The study concludes that Sweden’s work with children in legal proceedings fall short in certain regards while they follow EU: s and UN: s laws and opinions in others. What seems to be largely lacking is commitment and knowledge regarding children’s needs.

Every year tens of thousands of children and adolescents come in contact with different parts of the justice system in Sweden, as witnesses, victims and suspects. This essay aims at critically examine children’s rights in legal proceedings based on European union legislation and the United nations convention on the rights of the child. Political problems are increasingly being defined at the European level of cooperation and decisions regarding Sweden’s future are more often being made by the EU. In June of 2018, Sweden’s parliament voted for the convention on the rights of the child to become law. This analysis will use systematic literature searches to collect the material and two theories about children’s participation and their possibility to act independently will be applied. The study concludes that Sweden’s work with children in legal proceedings fall short in certain regards while they follow EU: s and UN: s laws and opinions in others. What seems to be largely lacking is commitment and knowledge regarding children’s needs.

The article deals with the linguistic analysis of French, English and Russian magazine advertisements in order to estimate the specificities of the advertising genre and values in the three different cultural and linguistic systems. Before writing this article, we conducted a comparative study of the texts of the advertising discourse in English, French and Russian with the purpose of revealing the gender and value features of the advertising text. The choice of this topic is determined by the leading role of advertising in the life of modern societies, its genre diversity, and the development of sociolinguistic approaches to the study of modern language processes. The need to study the specifics of the advertising text also arises in connection with the differentiated treatment of advertising to different categories of recipients. Particularly there is differentiation of advertising depending on its focus on male or female audiences. This is manifested not only in the presentation of the advertised product, but also in the choice of specific language material, depending on the gender and value orientation of advertising.

The article deals with the linguistic analysis of French, English and Russian magazine advertisements in order to estimate the specificities of the advertising genre and values in the three different cultural and linguistic systems. Before writing this article, we conducted a comparative study of the texts of the advertising discourse in English, French and Russian with the purpose of revealing the gender and value features of the advertising text. The choice of this topic is determined by the leading role of advertising in the life of modern societies, its genre diversity, and the development of sociolinguistic approaches to the study of modern language processes. The need to study the specifics of the advertising text also arises in connection with the differentiated treatment of advertising to different categories of recipients. Particularly there is differentiation of advertising depending on its focus on male or female audiences. This is manifested not only in the presentation of the advertised product, but also in the choice of specific language material, depending on the gender and value orientation of advertising.

The article deals with the linguistic analysis of French, English and Russian magazine advertisements in order to estimate the specificities of the advertising genre and values in the three different cultural and linguistic systems. Before writing this article, we conducted a comparative study of the texts of the advertising discourse in English, French and Russian with the purpose of revealing the gender and value features of the advertising text. The choice of this topic is determined by the leading role of advertising in the life of modern societies, its genre diversity, and the development of sociolinguistic approaches to the study of modern language processes. The need to study the specifics of the advertising text also arises in connection with the differentiated treatment of advertising to different categories of recipients. Particularly there is differentiation of advertising depending on its focus on male or female audiences. This is manifested not only in the presentation of the advertised product, but also in the choice of specific language material, depending on the gender and value orientation of advertising.

The article deals with the linguistic analysis of French, English and Russian magazine advertisements in order to estimate the specificities of the advertising genre and values in the three different cultural and linguistic systems. Before writing this article, we conducted a comparative study of the texts of the advertising discourse in English, French and Russian with the purpose of revealing the gender and value features of the advertising text. The choice of this topic is determined by the leading role of advertising in the life of modern societies, its genre diversity, and the development of sociolinguistic approaches to the study of modern language processes. The need to study the specifics of the advertising text also arises in connection with the differentiated treatment of advertising to different categories of recipients. Particularly there is differentiation of advertising depending on its focus on male or female audiences. This is manifested not only in the presentation of the advertised product, but also in the choice of specific language material, depending on the gender and value orientation of advertising.

Since most of the spheres of our life in society are organized in legal terms, knowing those legal terms is fundamental to exercise our legal rights. In this perspective, our purpose is to investigate a specific genre named complaint, from the point of view of its thematic, stylistic and compositional aspects. For that, we reviewed 12 criminal complaints from the police station/court “Vara Crime da Comarca de Mutuípe – BA” and another 10 criminal complaints from other police station/courts retrieved from the Internet. Regarding the concept of discursive genres, we found in Bakhtin (2011) our theoretical support. In the legal framework, our theoretical basis is Felippi Filho (2012), the Código de Processo Penal and in law books. We confirmed the complaint genre is extremely rigid, standardized and not so flexible to individual inputs., Tendo em vista que várias áreas da nossa vida em sociedade estão organizadas em termos legais, conhecer os gêneros jurídicos é de suma importância para que exerçamos nossos direitos. Nessa perspectiva, nosso propósito é investigar um desses gêneros, a denúncia, do ponto de vista de seus aspectos temáticos, estilísticos e composicionais, e também do ponto de vista de suas condições de produção. Para isso, recolhemos 12 exemplares de denúncias da Vara Crime da Comarca de Mutuípe-BA, e outros 10 exemplares da internet, de comarcas diferentes. No que diz respeito ao conceito de gêneros discursivos, encontramos em Bakhtin (2011) o nosso aporte teórico. No âmbito jurídico, nossa base teórica está em Felippi Filho (2012), no Código de Processo Penal e em manuais de Direito. A partir de nossas análises, pudemos constatar que a denúncia é um gênero bastante rígido, padronizado e pouco acomodatício a entradas individuais., Teniendo en cuenta que varias áreas de nuestra vida en sociedad están organizadas en términos legales, conocer los géneros jurídicos es de suma importancia para ejercer nuestros derechos. En esta perspectiva, nuestro propósito ha sido investigar uno de esos géneros, la denuncia, desde el punto de vista de sus aspectos temáticos, estilísticos y composicionales y también desde el punto de vista de sus condiciones de producción. Para ello, recogimos 12 ejemplares de denuncias de la Vara Criminal de la Comarca de Mutuípe-BA, y otros 10 ejemplares de internet, de otras comarcas. En lo que concierne al concepto de géneros discursivos, encontramos en Bakhtin (2011) nuestro aporte teórico. En el ámbito jurídico, nuestra base teórica está en Felippi Filho (2012), en el Código de Proceso Penal y en manuales de Derecho. A partir de nuestros análisis, pudimos constatar que la denuncia es un género bastante rígido y estandarizado y poco acomodaticio a entradas individuales.

The article deals with the linguistic analysis of French, English and Russian magazine advertisements in order to estimate the specificities of the advertising genre and values in the three different cultural and linguistic systems. Before writing this article, we conducted a comparative study of the texts of the advertising discourse in English, French and Russian with the purpose of revealing the gender and value features of the advertising text. The choice of this topic is determined by the leading role of advertising in the life of modern societies, its genre diversity, and the development of sociolinguistic approaches to the study of modern language processes. The need to study the specifics of the advertising text also arises in connection with the differentiated treatment of advertising to different categories of recipients. Particularly there is differentiation of advertising depending on its focus on male or female audiences. This is manifested not only in the presentation of the advertised product, but also in the choice of specific language material, depending on the gender and value orientation of advertising.

The article deals with the linguistic analysis of French, English and Russian magazine advertisements in order to estimate the specificities of the advertising genre and values in the three different cultural and linguistic systems. Before writing this article, we conducted a comparative study of the texts of the advertising discourse in English, French and Russian with the purpose of revealing the gender and value features of the advertising text. The choice of this topic is determined by the leading role of advertising in the life of modern societies, its genre diversity, and the development of sociolinguistic approaches to the study of modern language processes. The need to study the specifics of the advertising text also arises in connection with the differentiated treatment of advertising to different categories of recipients. Particularly there is differentiation of advertising depending on its focus on male or female audiences. This is manifested not only in the presentation of the advertised product, but also in the choice of specific language material, depending on the gender and value orientation of advertising.

The article deals with the linguistic analysis of French, English and Russian magazine advertisements in order to estimate the specificities of the advertising genre and values in the three different cultural and linguistic systems. Before writing this article, we conducted a comparative study of the texts of the advertising discourse in English, French and Russian with the purpose of revealing the gender and value features of the advertising text. The choice of this topic is determined by the leading role of advertising in the life of modern societies, its genre diversity, and the development of sociolinguistic approaches to the study of modern language processes. The need to study the specifics of the advertising text also arises in connection with the differentiated treatment of advertising to different categories of recipients. Particularly there is differentiation of advertising depending on its focus on male or female audiences. This is manifested not only in the presentation of the advertised product, but also in the choice of specific language material, depending on the gender and value orientation of advertising.

The article deals with the linguistic analysis of French, English and Russian magazine advertisements in order to estimate the specificities of the advertising genre and values in the three different cultural and linguistic systems. Before writing this article, we conducted a comparative study of the texts of the advertising discourse in English, French and Russian with the purpose of revealing the gender and value features of the advertising text. The choice of this topic is determined by the leading role of advertising in the life of modern societies, its genre diversity, and the development of sociolinguistic approaches to the study of modern language processes. The need to study the specifics of the advertising text also arises in connection with the differentiated treatment of advertising to different categories of recipients. Particularly there is differentiation of advertising depending on its focus on male or female audiences. This is manifested not only in the presentation of the advertised product, but also in the choice of specific language material, depending on the gender and value orientation of advertising.

Since most of the spheres of our life in society are organized in legal terms, knowing those legal terms is fundamental to exercise our legal rights. In this perspective, our purpose is to investigate a specific genre named complaint, from the point of view of its thematic, stylistic and compositional aspects. For that, we reviewed 12 criminal complaints from the police station/court “Vara Crime da Comarca de Mutuípe – BA” and another 10 criminal complaints from other police station/courts retrieved from the Internet. Regarding the concept of discursive genres, we found in Bakhtin (2011) our theoretical support. In the legal framework, our theoretical basis is Felippi Filho (2012), the Código de Processo Penal and in law books. We confirmed the complaint genre is extremely rigid, standardized and not so flexible to individual inputs., Tendo em vista que várias áreas da nossa vida em sociedade estão organizadas em termos legais, conhecer os gêneros jurídicos é de suma importância para que exerçamos nossos direitos. Nessa perspectiva, nosso propósito é investigar um desses gêneros, a denúncia, do ponto de vista de seus aspectos temáticos, estilísticos e composicionais, e também do ponto de vista de suas condições de produção. Para isso, recolhemos 12 exemplares de denúncias da Vara Crime da Comarca de Mutuípe-BA, e outros 10 exemplares da internet, de comarcas diferentes. No que diz respeito ao conceito de gêneros discursivos, encontramos em Bakhtin (2011) o nosso aporte teórico. No âmbito jurídico, nossa base teórica está em Felippi Filho (2012), no Código de Processo Penal e em manuais de Direito. A partir de nossas análises, pudemos constatar que a denúncia é um gênero bastante rígido, padronizado e pouco acomodatício a entradas individuais., Teniendo en cuenta que varias áreas de nuestra vida en sociedad están organizadas en términos legales, conocer los géneros jurídicos es de suma importancia para ejercer nuestros derechos. En esta perspectiva, nuestro propósito ha sido investigar uno de esos géneros, la denuncia, desde el punto de vista de sus aspectos temáticos, estilísticos y composicionales y también desde el punto de vista de sus condiciones de producción. Para ello, recogimos 12 ejemplares de denuncias de la Vara Criminal de la Comarca de Mutuípe-BA, y otros 10 ejemplares de internet, de otras comarcas. En lo que concierne al concepto de géneros discursivos, encontramos en Bakhtin (2011) nuestro aporte teórico. En el ámbito jurídico, nuestra base teórica está en Felippi Filho (2012), en el Código de Proceso Penal y en manuales de Derecho. A partir de nuestros análisis, pudimos constatar que la denuncia es un género bastante rígido y estandarizado y poco acomodaticio a entradas individuales.

The paper considers the problem of understanding the legal process. The modern procedural legislation is analyzed for the existence of a legal process definition. The complexity and multifacetedness of the legal process manifestation was noted. The authors analyzed the current state of the problem on determining the essence of the legal process. The scientific works of Russian and foreign scientists devoted to the study of the nature of the legal process have been studied. Traditional (narrow) and universal (wide) scientific approaches to understanding the object of research are noted. The analysis of the legal process features identified in the legal science is carried out. The paper takes into account the legal science achievements and the peculiarities of the procedural and legal activity, on the basis of which the authors updated the idea of the modern legal process. As a result of the work, the main features of the legal process are identified, and its essence is determined. The essence of the legal process is presented as a system of basic features that give it a qualitative certainty. A study of this problem was conducted to establish a unified approach to understanding the legal process that ensures the unambiguity and certainty of the concept used. It is necessary to introduce into the procedural legislation its official definition with a view to eliminating in the practical activity the confusion of the legal process with related phenomena of legal reality: a jurisdictional process, a judicial process, and legal proceedings.

En el ámbito del derecho probatorio la relación entre derecho y verdad ha sido un debate abandonado en los últimos treinta años. Se ha aceptado que existe una conexión entre ambos la cual se traduciría en que el derecho es un medio de averiguación de la verdad de los hechos alegados. La tesis reconstruida en este trabajo ha sido presentada por el profesor Jordi Ferrer quien justifica la relación entre derecho y verdad en términos de necesidad para que el derecho pueda motivar la conducta de los ciudadanos. A esta tesis la denomino la teoría de la cláusula estructural de la verdad. En este trabajo se presenta una reconstrucción de esta teoría, dos objeciones a las que se debe enfrentar y cinco posibles interpretaciones de la relación entre derecho y verdad., In the field of Evidence Law the relation between truth and law has been a somewhat non-debated topic in the past years. It is a given that such connection exists and, it is understood as the notion of the ascertainment of truth of disputed questions of fact through legal evidence. The thesis that I have reconstructed in this paper has been presented by the Prof. Jordi Ferrer who grounds the connection between truth and law in the role of the legal system as a tool for guiding the behaviour of the governed. I call this thesis the theory of the structural clause of truth. In this paper I shall present a possible reconstruction of this theory, I shall raise two objections against it and I shall present five possible interpretations of the relation between truth and law.

En el ámbito del derecho probatorio la relación entre derecho y verdad ha sido un debate abandonado en los últimos treinta años. Se ha aceptado que existe una conexión entre ambos la cual se traduciría en que el derecho es un medio de averiguación de la verdad de los hechos alegados. La tesis reconstruida en este trabajo ha sido presentada por el profesor Jordi Ferrer quien justifica la relación entre derecho y verdad en términos de necesidad para que el derecho pueda motivar la conducta de los ciudadanos. A esta tesis la denomino la teoría de la cláusula estructural de la verdad. En este trabajo se presenta una reconstrucción de esta teoría, dos objeciones a las que se debe enfrentar y cinco posibles interpretaciones de la relación entre derecho y verdad., In the field of Evidence Law the relation between truth and law has been a somewhat non-debated topic in the past years. It is a given that such connection exists and, it is understood as the notion of the ascertainment of truth of disputed questions of fact through legal evidence. The thesis that I have reconstructed in this paper has been presented by the Prof. Jordi Ferrer who grounds the connection between truth and law in the role of the legal system as a tool for guiding the behaviour of the governed. I call this thesis the theory of the structural clause of truth. In this paper I shall present a possible reconstruction of this theory, I shall raise two objections against it and I shall present five possible interpretations of the relation between truth and law.

En el ámbito del derecho probatorio la relación entre derecho y verdad ha sido un debate abandonado en los últimos treinta años. Se ha aceptado que existe una conexión entre ambos la cual se traduciría en que el derecho es un medio de averiguación de la verdad de los hechos alegados. La tesis reconstruida en este trabajo ha sido presentada por el profesor Jordi Ferrer quien justifica la relación entre derecho y verdad en términos de necesidad para que el derecho pueda motivar la conducta de los ciudadanos. A esta tesis la denomino la teoría de la cláusula estructural de la verdad. En este trabajo se presenta una reconstrucción de esta teoría, dos objeciones a las que se debe enfrentar y cinco posibles interpretaciones de la relación entre derecho y verdad., In the field of Evidence Law the relation between truth and law has been a somewhat non-debated topic in the past years. It is a given that such connection exists and, it is understood as the notion of the ascertainment of truth of disputed questions of fact through legal evidence. The thesis that I have reconstructed in this paper has been presented by the Prof. Jordi Ferrer who grounds the connection between truth and law in the role of the legal system as a tool for guiding the behaviour of the governed. I call this thesis the theory of the structural clause of truth. In this paper I shall present a possible reconstruction of this theory, I shall raise two objections against it and I shall present five possible interpretations of the relation between truth and law.

En el ámbito del derecho probatorio la relación entre derecho y verdad ha sido un debate abandonado en los últimos treinta años. Se ha aceptado que existe una conexión entre ambos la cual se traduciría en que el derecho es un medio de averiguación de la verdad de los hechos alegados. La tesis reconstruida en este trabajo ha sido presentada por el profesor Jordi Ferrer quien justifica la relación entre derecho y verdad en términos de necesidad para que el derecho pueda motivar la conducta de los ciudadanos. A esta tesis la denomino la teoría de la cláusula estructural de la verdad. En este trabajo se presenta una reconstrucción de esta teoría, dos objeciones a las que se debe enfrentar y cinco posibles interpretaciones de la relación entre derecho y verdad., In the field of Evidence Law the relation between truth and law has been a somewhat non-debated topic in the past years. It is a given that such connection exists and, it is understood as the notion of the ascertainment of truth of disputed questions of fact through legal evidence. The thesis that I have reconstructed in this paper has been presented by the Prof. Jordi Ferrer who grounds the connection between truth and law in the role of the legal system as a tool for guiding the behaviour of the governed. I call this thesis the theory of the structural clause of truth. In this paper I shall present a possible reconstruction of this theory, I shall raise two objections against it and I shall present five possible interpretations of the relation between truth and law.

En el ámbito del derecho probatorio la relación entre derecho y verdad ha sido un debate abandonado en los últimos treinta años. Se ha aceptado que existe una conexión entre ambos la cual se traduciría en que el derecho es un medio de averiguación de la verdad de los hechos alegados. La tesis reconstruida en este trabajo ha sido presentada por el profesor Jordi Ferrer quien justifica la relación entre derecho y verdad en términos de necesidad para que el derecho pueda motivar la conducta de los ciudadanos. A esta tesis la denomino la teoría de la cláusula estructural de la verdad. En este trabajo se presenta una reconstrucción de esta teoría, dos objeciones a las que se debe enfrentar y cinco posibles interpretaciones de la relación entre derecho y verdad., In the field of Evidence Law the relation between truth and law has been a somewhat non-debated topic in the past years. It is a given that such connection exists and, it is understood as the notion of the ascertainment of truth of disputed questions of fact through legal evidence. The thesis that I have reconstructed in this paper has been presented by the Prof. Jordi Ferrer who grounds the connection between truth and law in the role of the legal system as a tool for guiding the behaviour of the governed. I call this thesis the theory of the structural clause of truth. In this paper I shall present a possible reconstruction of this theory, I shall raise two objections against it and I shall present five possible interpretations of the relation between truth and law.

En el ámbito del derecho probatorio la relación entre derecho y verdad ha sido un debate abandonado en los últimos treinta años. Se ha aceptado que existe una conexión entre ambos la cual se traduciría en que el derecho es un medio de averiguación de la verdad de los hechos alegados. La tesis reconstruida en este trabajo ha sido presentada por el profesor Jordi Ferrer quien justifica la relación entre derecho y verdad en términos de necesidad para que el derecho pueda motivar la conducta de los ciudadanos. A esta tesis la denomino la teoría de la cláusula estructural de la verdad. En este trabajo se presenta una reconstrucción de esta teoría, dos objeciones a las que se debe enfrentar y cinco posibles interpretaciones de la relación entre derecho y verdad., In the field of Evidence Law the relation between truth and law has been a somewhat non-debated topic in the past years. It is a given that such connection exists and, it is understood as the notion of the ascertainment of truth of disputed questions of fact through legal evidence. The thesis that I have reconstructed in this paper has been presented by the Prof. Jordi Ferrer who grounds the connection between truth and law in the role of the legal system as a tool for guiding the behaviour of the governed. I call this thesis the theory of the structural clause of truth. In this paper I shall present a possible reconstruction of this theory, I shall raise two objections against it and I shall present five possible interpretations of the relation between truth and law.

En el ámbito del derecho probatorio la relación entre derecho y verdad ha sido un debate abandonado en los últimos treinta años. Se ha aceptado que existe una conexión entre ambos la cual se traduciría en que el derecho es un medio de averiguación de la verdad de los hechos alegados. La tesis reconstruida en este trabajo ha sido presentada por el profesor Jordi Ferrer quien justifica la relación entre derecho y verdad en términos de necesidad para que el derecho pueda motivar la conducta de los ciudadanos. A esta tesis la denomino la teoría de la cláusula estructural de la verdad. En este trabajo se presenta una reconstrucción de esta teoría, dos objeciones a las que se debe enfrentar y cinco posibles interpretaciones de la relación entre derecho y verdad., In the field of Evidence Law the relation between truth and law has been a somewhat non-debated topic in the past years. It is a given that such connection exists and, it is understood as the notion of the ascertainment of truth of disputed questions of fact through legal evidence. The thesis that I have reconstructed in this paper has been presented by the Prof. Jordi Ferrer who grounds the connection between truth and law in the role of the legal system as a tool for guiding the behaviour of the governed. I call this thesis the theory of the structural clause of truth. In this paper I shall present a possible reconstruction of this theory, I shall raise two objections against it and I shall present five possible interpretations of the relation between truth and law.

This article reflects upon the function of a psychoanalytically oriented listening in a context where the demand for help must be translated into a juridical language. This reflection is based on an experience of a practical curricular training of students from the last year of Psychology undergraduate course at the Federal University of Mato Grosso (Brazil) at the public defender’s office. Given that the goal of the public defender’s office is to ensure the rights of the citizens, this article works on the hypothesis that behind these demands for help there are conflicts of interests which highlights the vulnerability from the ones asking for state assistance to deal with troubles resulted from their (mis)matches with alterity. This hypothesis justifies the psychoanalytical ideas set in motion in this article. The practice of these Psychology students, that elicits an enunciation flow of the conflict, seems to be the opposite of the practice by juridical system operators, who need to translate the conflict into juridical and objective terms. Nonetheless, the experience has been indicating that a psychoanalytically oriented listening, when it comes to promote the circulation of the speech, is capable to work towards the emergence of a subject responsible for its own situation in such a way that the technical-juridical solution given to these kinds of conflicts can operate citizenship effects., Resumo O artigo faz uma reflexão sobre a função da escuta psicanalítica em um contexto em que os pedidos de ajuda precisam ser traduzidos em demanda jurídica. A experiência sobre a qual se baseia esta reflexão provém da prática de estágio de alunos do último ano do curso de Psicologia da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso na Defensoria Pública do Estado. Posto que a finalidade da Defensoria Pública é defender os direitos dos cidadãos, o artigo parte da hipótese de que por trás do pedido de garantia de direitos se encontram conflitos de interesses, os quais sinalizam certa dificuldade de quem pede ajuda ao Estado para lidar com os impasses resultantes dos (des)encontros com a alteridade. É essa hipótese que justifica as ideias psicanalíticas mobilizadas neste artigo. A prática dos estagiários de Psicologia, que estimula o fluxo enunciativo do conflito, parece se contrapor à prática dos operadores do Direito, que precisam circunscrever os conflitos em termos jurídicos. Todavia, a experiência vem sinalizando que a escuta psicanalítica, ao promover a circulação da palavra, trabalha no sentido de fazer emergir um sujeito que responde por sua situação, na perspectiva de que a solução técnico-jurídica dada ao conflito possa produzir efeitos de cidadania., Resumen Este artículo reflexiona sobre el papel de la escucha psicoanalítica en un contexto en que la demanda por ayuda debe traducirse en una demanda jurídica. La experiencia sobre la cual se basa este análisis proviene de la práctica curricular de los estudiantes del último año de Psicología en la Universidad Federal de Mato Grosso, Brasil, en el contexto de la Defensoría Pública del Estado. Puesto que el propósito de la Defensoría Pública es garantizar los derechos de los ciudadanos, el artículo comienza con la suposición de que detrás de la demanda de garantía de los derechos hay conflictos de interés, lo que indica cierta dificultad de los que piden ayuda al Estado para solucionar las cuestiones que resultan de sus (des) encuentros con la alteridad. Por ese supuesto es que se ha justificado la movilización de ideas psicoanalíticas en este artículo. La práctica de los estudiantes de psicología, que estimula el flujo de enunciación del conflicto, parece oponerse a la práctica de los operadores del campo del Derecho, que necesitan limitar los conflictos a términos jurídicos. Sin embargo, la experiencia ha demostrado que la escucha psicoanalítica, al promover la circulación de la palabra, está trabajando para hacer emerger un sujeto que sea responsable por su situación, en la perspectiva de que la solución técnico-jurídica del conflicto puede producir efectos de ciudadanía.

Voluntary Jurisdiction legal definition existing in 1881 LEC´s most Characteristic thing was the pacific exercise of rights in a legal process. This idea does not correspond nowadays., La definición legal de Jurisdicción voluntaria contenida en el artículo 1811 de la LEC de 1881 respondía, al ejercicio pacífico de los derechos que había caracterizado a la JV desde sus orígenes en el Derecho Romano, pero no se corresponde con la actual realidad jurídica, conforme a la cual la ausencia de conflicto no se configura ya como la nota esencial y diferenciadora de la JV respecto de la JC. JV.

The aim of this study is to demonstrate how parents of children who are victims of sexual assault experience the legal process from the children’s and parents’ perspective. Nine parents, identified in the records of three public prosecution offices in three cities in Sweden, were interviewed. The parents described feelings of shame and guilt over what their children had experienced. They felt stigmatized and had difficulty fulfilling their parental role, perceived a lack of information and support from the professionals involved, and experienced a sense of withdrawal from their role as parents, though they felt the professionals who worked with their children were helpful and influential.

The aim of this study is to demonstrate how parents of children who are victims of sexual assault experience the legal process from the children’s and parents’ perspective. Nine parents, identified in the records of three public prosecution offices in three cities in Sweden, were interviewed. The parents described feelings of shame and guilt over what their children had experienced. They felt stigmatized and had difficulty fulfilling their parental role, perceived a lack of information and support from the professionals involved, and experienced a sense of withdrawal from their role as parents, though they felt the professionals who worked with their children were helpful and influential.

The aim of this study is to demonstrate how parents of children who are victims of sexual assault experience the legal process from the children’s and parents’ perspective. Nine parents, identified in the records of three public prosecution offices in three cities in Sweden, were interviewed. The parents described feelings of shame and guilt over what their children had experienced. They felt stigmatized and had difficulty fulfilling their parental role, perceived a lack of information and support from the professionals involved, and experienced a sense of withdrawal from their role as parents, though they felt the professionals who worked with their children were helpful and influential.

In this thesis I investigate the relationship between power, knowledge and gender in contemporary trafficking discourses by examining how the ‘problem’ of trafficking was represented, reproduced and destabilized in the course of a recent legal process on trafficking in a Danish court of law. By applying Carol Bacchi’s ‘What’s the problem represented to be’ analysis to an ethnographic material consisting of my observations from the legal process, I have sought to critically analyze how certain ways of telling the ‘problem’ of trafficking and its subjects have been constructed as either intelligible or impossible in the court room. My analysis has been informed by feminist and intersectional theories focusing on hegemonic processes of Othering on the basis of gender, class, and ‘race’/ethnicity. I have found that several problematic assumptions about prostitution, poverty and foreign ‘culture’ among others underlie the construction of the ‘problem’ of trafficking in the Danish courtroom, and that this dominant discourse on trafficking prevails in this space, although contested by both the supposed "traffickers" and "victims of trafficking". In this way, my study confirms previously made criticisms put forward by earlier research against the construction of ‘trafficking’.

The aim of this study is to demonstrate how parents of children who are victims of sexual assault experience the legal process from the children’s and parents’ perspective. Nine parents, identified in the records of three public prosecution offices in three cities in Sweden, were interviewed. The parents described feelings of shame and guilt over what their children had experienced. They felt stigmatized and had difficulty fulfilling their parental role, perceived a lack of information and support from the professionals involved, and experienced a sense of withdrawal from their role as parents, though they felt the professionals who worked with their children were helpful and influential.

The aim of this study is to demonstrate how parents of children who are victims of sexual assault experience the legal process from the children’s and parents’ perspective. Nine parents, identified in the records of three public prosecution offices in three cities in Sweden, were interviewed. The parents described feelings of shame and guilt over what their children had experienced. They felt stigmatized and had difficulty fulfilling their parental role, perceived a lack of information and support from the professionals involved, and experienced a sense of withdrawal from their role as parents, though they felt the professionals who worked with their children were helpful and influential.

In this thesis I investigate the relationship between power, knowledge and gender in contemporary trafficking discourses by examining how the ‘problem’ of trafficking was represented, reproduced and destabilized in the course of a recent legal process on trafficking in a Danish court of law. By applying Carol Bacchi’s ‘What’s the problem represented to be’ analysis to an ethnographic material consisting of my observations from the legal process, I have sought to critically analyze how certain ways of telling the ‘problem’ of trafficking and its subjects have been constructed as either intelligible or impossible in the court room. My analysis has been informed by feminist and intersectional theories focusing on hegemonic processes of Othering on the basis of gender, class, and ‘race’/ethnicity. I have found that several problematic assumptions about prostitution, poverty and foreign ‘culture’ among others underlie the construction of the ‘problem’ of trafficking in the Danish courtroom, and that this dominant discourse on trafficking prevails in this space, although contested by both the supposed "traffickers" and "victims of trafficking". In this way, my study confirms previously made criticisms put forward by earlier research against the construction of ‘trafficking’.

The aim of this study is to demonstrate how parents of children who are victims of sexual assault experience the legal process from the children’s and parents’ perspective. Nine parents, identified in the records of three public prosecution offices in three cities in Sweden, were interviewed. The parents described feelings of shame and guilt over what their children had experienced. They felt stigmatized and had difficulty fulfilling their parental role, perceived a lack of information and support from the professionals involved, and experienced a sense of withdrawal from their role as parents, though they felt the professionals who worked with their children were helpful and influential.

Al hablar de informática forense se hace uso de técnicas ya documentadas y veraces ante un proceso legal ya que deben cumplir con reconocimiento, confiabilidad y relevancia de la información que se utilice en este tipo de procesos. Por medio de estas técnicas se busca la reconstrucción de la evidencia digital ya sea haciendo el uso de software o hardware que lleven a cumplir con la inalterabilidad y la integridad de la evidencia, con todo esto los ciber delincuentes hacen uso de técnicas anti- forenses para evitar ser incriminados o descubiertos, por eso hacen uso de diferentes herramientas que permiten destruir o hacer irrecuperable toda evidencia o parte de ella y lograr que esta no se validad ante cualquier instancia legal. Es por esto que significa un verdadero reto para los expertos investigadores, el contrarrestar todas estas técnicas que día a día surgen y que dejan muchos crímenes en la impunidad., Speaking about forensic computing in a legal process, it is common to use trusted and documented techniques that allows the evidence to be appreciated and become relevant and valid to use. Through the use of these techniques the reconstruction of the digital evidence is sought by using software or hardware that leads to meet the incorruptibility and integrity of the evidence. With all this, ciber-criminals make use of anti-forensic techniques to avoid being discovered or incriminated, that’s the reason why they make use of tools that allows to destroy or even make all evidence unrecoverable, achieving that proofs don’t get to be validated at any legal instance. This because it’s a true challenge for investigators to defy all techniques that come every day and let crimes in impunity.

Al hablar de informática forense se hace uso de técnicas ya documentadas y veraces ante un proceso legal ya que deben cumplir con reconocimiento, confiabilidad y relevancia de la información que se utilice en este tipo de procesos. Por medio de estas técnicas se busca la reconstrucción de la evidencia digital ya sea haciendo el uso de software o hardware que lleven a cumplir con la inalterabilidad y la integridad de la evidencia, con todo esto los ciber delincuentes hacen uso de técnicas anti- forenses para evitar ser incriminados o descubiertos, por eso hacen uso de diferentes herramientas que permiten destruir o hacer irrecuperable toda evidencia o parte de ella y lograr que esta no se validad ante cualquier instancia legal. Es por esto que significa un verdadero reto para los expertos investigadores, el contrarrestar todas estas técnicas que día a día surgen y que dejan muchos crímenes en la impunidad., Speaking about forensic computing in a legal process, it is common to use trusted and documented techniques that allows the evidence to be appreciated and become relevant and valid to use. Through the use of these techniques the reconstruction of the digital evidence is sought by using software or hardware that leads to meet the incorruptibility and integrity of the evidence. With all this, ciber-criminals make use of anti-forensic techniques to avoid being discovered or incriminated, that’s the reason why they make use of tools that allows to destroy or even make all evidence unrecoverable, achieving that proofs don’t get to be validated at any legal instance. This because it’s a true challenge for investigators to defy all techniques that come every day and let crimes in impunity.

The overall purpose of this thesis was to study the situation of such children in the legal process. In depth-interviews were carried out on ten children aged 8-18 years old. The interviews focused on the children´s experiences and perceptions of meeting with various professionals in the legal process. In-depth interviews were also conducted with nine parents of children who had been sexually abused and who had entered into a legal process. Parents described how they experienced the situation for their children as victims, but also their experiences as parents whose children participated in a legal process. Seven prosecutors with experience of cases where children were plaintiffs were also interviewed in this study. The interviews were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). This is an appropriate method to explore the participants´ life-world/personal-world and the individuals´ personal perceptions of objects or events, as opposed to an attempt to produce an objective account. In the first study (study I) on the children, five major themes emerged through the analysis: not being believed, making child sexual abuse visible, need for support, sanctions for offenders and lack of respect for the child´s integrity. Almost all of the children had a feeling of not being believed. In the study (study II) on the parents, three superordinate themes emerged from an analysis of the data: stigmatization, need for support in the parental role and transforming consequences to reality. Three themes emerged from prosecutors study (study III) difficulties with the evidence of crime, children´s special needs and children´s dependence on adults. The informants´ descriptions of how they perceived the children in the legal process were associated with their experience of the difficulty of finding proof of the crime. The aim of study IV was to identify and describe the obstacles that can prevent children from talking about sexual abuse in a police interview. Data c

The study aims to illustrate how women victims of male violence in intimate relationships are treated during the legal process and with professional perspective describe what women’s experiences considered to be in the legal process. The study also aims to draw attention to the interventions for abused women during the legal process. The results are based on interviews with professionals in the justice system, and on observations in the courtroom. Overall our results show that abused women are in need of a great quantity of help and support before, during and after the negotiation. The legal process is very stressful for the women. In conclusion, we believe that the social services should take greater responsibility for abused women during the legal process and provide support to women so that they are able to get through the legal process without a great deal of emotional damage.

The overall purpose of this thesis was to study the situation of such children in the legal process. In depth-interviews were carried out on ten children aged 8-18 years old. The interviews focused on the children´s experiences and perceptions of meeting with various professionals in the legal process. In-depth interviews were also conducted with nine parents of children who had been sexually abused and who had entered into a legal process. Parents described how they experienced the situation for their children as victims, but also their experiences as parents whose children participated in a legal process. Seven prosecutors with experience of cases where children were plaintiffs were also interviewed in this study. The interviews were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). This is an appropriate method to explore the participants´ life-world/personal-world and the individuals´ personal perceptions of objects or events, as opposed to an attempt to produce an objective account. In the first study (study I) on the children, five major themes emerged through the analysis: not being believed, making child sexual abuse visible, need for support, sanctions for offenders and lack of respect for the child´s integrity. Almost all of the children had a feeling of not being believed. In the study (study II) on the parents, three superordinate themes emerged from an analysis of the data: stigmatization, need for support in the parental role and transforming consequences to reality. Three themes emerged from prosecutors study (study III) difficulties with the evidence of crime, children´s special needs and children´s dependence on adults. The informants´ descriptions of how they perceived the children in the legal process were associated with their experience of the difficulty of finding proof of the crime. The aim of study IV was to identify and describe the obstacles that can prevent children from talking about sexual abuse in a police interview. Data c

The overall purpose of this thesis was to study the situation of such children in the legal process. In depth-interviews were carried out on ten children aged 8-18 years old. The interviews focused on the children´s experiences and perceptions of meeting with various professionals in the legal process. In-depth interviews were also conducted with nine parents of children who had been sexually abused and who had entered into a legal process. Parents described how they experienced the situation for their children as victims, but also their experiences as parents whose children participated in a legal process. Seven prosecutors with experience of cases where children were plaintiffs were also interviewed in this study. The interviews were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). This is an appropriate method to explore the participants´ life-world/personal-world and the individuals´ personal perceptions of objects or events, as opposed to an attempt to produce an objective account. In the first study (study I) on the children, five major themes emerged through the analysis: not being believed, making child sexual abuse visible, need for support, sanctions for offenders and lack of respect for the child´s integrity. Almost all of the children had a feeling of not being believed. In the study (study II) on the parents, three superordinate themes emerged from an analysis of the data: stigmatization, need for support in the parental role and transforming consequences to reality. Three themes emerged from prosecutors study (study III) difficulties with the evidence of crime, children´s special needs and children´s dependence on adults. The informants´ descriptions of how they perceived the children in the legal process were associated with their experience of the difficulty of finding proof of the crime. The aim of study IV was to identify and describe the obstacles that can prevent children from talking about sexual abuse in a police interview. Data c

The overall purpose of this thesis was to study the situation of such children in the legal process. In depth-interviews were carried out on ten children aged 8-18 years old. The interviews focused on the children´s experiences and perceptions of meeting with various professionals in the legal process. In-depth interviews were also conducted with nine parents of children who had been sexually abused and who had entered into a legal process. Parents described how they experienced the situation for their children as victims, but also their experiences as parents whose children participated in a legal process. Seven prosecutors with experience of cases where children were plaintiffs were also interviewed in this study. The interviews were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). This is an appropriate method to explore the participants´ life-world/personal-world and the individuals´ personal perceptions of objects or events, as opposed to an attempt to produce an objective account. In the first study (study I) on the children, five major themes emerged through the analysis: not being believed, making child sexual abuse visible, need for support, sanctions for offenders and lack of respect for the child´s integrity. Almost all of the children had a feeling of not being believed. In the study (study II) on the parents, three superordinate themes emerged from an analysis of the data: stigmatization, need for support in the parental role and transforming consequences to reality. Three themes emerged from prosecutors study (study III) difficulties with the evidence of crime, children´s special needs and children´s dependence on adults. The informants´ descriptions of how they perceived the children in the legal process were associated with their experience of the difficulty of finding proof of the crime. The aim of study IV was to identify and describe the obstacles that can prevent children from talking about sexual abuse in a police interview. Data c

The study aims to illustrate how women victims of male violence in intimate relationships are treated during the legal process and with professional perspective describe what women’s experiences considered to be in the legal process. The study also aims to draw attention to the interventions for abused women during the legal process. The results are based on interviews with professionals in the justice system, and on observations in the courtroom. Overall our results show that abused women are in need of a great quantity of help and support before, during and after the negotiation. The legal process is very stressful for the women. In conclusion, we believe that the social services should take greater responsibility for abused women during the legal process and provide support to women so that they are able to get through the legal process without a great deal of emotional damage.

The overall purpose of this thesis was to study the situation of such children in the legal process. In depth-interviews were carried out on ten children aged 8-18 years old. The interviews focused on the children´s experiences and perceptions of meeting with various professionals in the legal process. In-depth interviews were also conducted with nine parents of children who had been sexually abused and who had entered into a legal process. Parents described how they experienced the situation for their children as victims, but also their experiences as parents whose children participated in a legal process. Seven prosecutors with experience of cases where children were plaintiffs were also interviewed in this study. The interviews were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). This is an appropriate method to explore the participants´ life-world/personal-world and the individuals´ personal perceptions of objects or events, as opposed to an attempt to produce an objective account. In the first study (study I) on the children, five major themes emerged through the analysis: not being believed, making child sexual abuse visible, need for support, sanctions for offenders and lack of respect for the child´s integrity. Almost all of the children had a feeling of not being believed. In the study (study II) on the parents, three superordinate themes emerged from an analysis of the data: stigmatization, need for support in the parental role and transforming consequences to reality. Three themes emerged from prosecutors study (study III) difficulties with the evidence of crime, children´s special needs and children´s dependence on adults. The informants´ descriptions of how they perceived the children in the legal process were associated with their experience of the difficulty of finding proof of the crime. The aim of study IV was to identify and describe the obstacles that can prevent children from talking about sexual abuse in a police interview. Data c

Föreliggande studie har för avsikt att ta reda på hur samarbetet mellan de inblandade instanserna ser ut, vid brott gällande sexuellt utnyttjande av barn under femton år. Studien fokuserar på rättsprocessen och informanternas upplevelser i samband med samarbetet mellan myndigheter, resurser och barnkonventionen. Samarbetet analyseras med hjälp av Max Webers sociala handlingar, aktör och struktur, makt och maktresurs, institutionalisering, kyrkan och kristendomen som institution och nya testamentet. Frågeställningen är: Hur upplever intervjupersonerna utredningsprocessen? Hur upplever intervjupersonerna samarbetet mellan de inblandade instanserna? Vilka svårigheter identifieras utav respondenterna i processen? Hur beskrivs arbetet med barnkonventionen utifrån respektive intervjuperson? Hur anser intervjupersonerna att sexuella övergrepp mot barn prioriteras i samhället? En av slutsatserna är att samarbetet mellan instanserna inte är till belåtenhet och att samarbetet påverkas av vad respektive myndighet har för handlingsförmåga. Handlingsförmågan möjliggörs av organisationens handlingsstruktur som också är den som sätter ramarna utifrån de ekonomiska resurserna som finns att tillgå för arbetet.

Föreliggande studie har för avsikt att ta reda på hur samarbetet mellan de inblandade instanserna ser ut, vid brott gällande sexuellt utnyttjande av barn under femton år. Studien fokuserar på rättsprocessen och informanternas upplevelser i samband med samarbetet mellan myndigheter, resurser och barnkonventionen. Samarbetet analyseras med hjälp av Max Webers sociala handlingar, aktör och struktur, makt och maktresurs, institutionalisering, kyrkan och kristendomen som institution och nya testamentet. Frågeställningen är: Hur upplever intervjupersonerna utredningsprocessen? Hur upplever intervjupersonerna samarbetet mellan de inblandade instanserna? Vilka svårigheter identifieras utav respondenterna i processen? Hur beskrivs arbetet med barnkonventionen utifrån respektive intervjuperson? Hur anser intervjupersonerna att sexuella övergrepp mot barn prioriteras i samhället? En av slutsatserna är att samarbetet mellan instanserna inte är till belåtenhet och att samarbetet påverkas av vad respektive myndighet har för handlingsförmåga. Handlingsförmågan möjliggörs av organisationens handlingsstruktur som också är den som sätter ramarna utifrån de ekonomiska resurserna som finns att tillgå för arbetet.

Este trabajo tiene por objeto el análisis del significado del juicio; para ello se realiza una triple aproximación. En primer término, se estudia la dimensión creativa de la tarea judicial, y su relevancia como fuente del Derecho. Se elabora a este fin, un mapa doctrinal sobre las distintas tesis relativas al valor creativo de la jurisprudencia. Se estudia, en segundo término, la definición ostensiva del juicio, a partir de su localización externa en distintos ámbitos o establecimientos espaciales. La última y más extensa parte del trabajo, se propone indagar los elementos constitutivos del proceso judicial. Se estudian aquí, sucesivamente, los aspectos perceptivos, racionales y decisionales que conjuntamente conforman la tarea de juzgar. En este apartado se analizan, con especial atención, las controversias doctrinales que enfrentan la concepción lógico-formal y la concepción argumentativa del razonamiento del juez. El ensayo se concluye con unas observaciones de síntesis sobre la convergencia entre las dimensiones básicas del Derecho y los tres aspectos constitutivos de la acción de juzgar Se postula la necesidad de una visión integradora de esos aspectos, al considerarse que las teorías fragmentarias y unilaterales sobre la labor del juez, han contribuido a oscurecer y confundir su significado., The aim of this paper is to analyze the meaning of the legal process. Three steps are followed. First, both the creative dimension of judicial tasks and their relevance as a legal source are studied. With that aim, a theoretical map describing different theses on the creative value found in case-law is elaborated. Secondly, the ostensive definition of the legal process is studied, taking its external localization in varied placements and environments as a starting point. The last and longest part of the paper aims at elucidating the constitutive elements in a legal process. Perceptive, rational and decisional elements —all of them core parts of the judging task— are here widely studied. The opposed visions that regard judicial reasoning as either formal-logical or argumentative are carefully analyzed. The essay concludes with some summary observations on the converging between the basic legal dimensions and the three constitutive aspects of the judging activity. An integrated vision of the aforementioned aspects is postulated, considering that fragmentary and unilateral theories have much contributed to misunderstand the meaning of judicial activity.

Este trabajo tiene por objeto el análisis del significado del juicio; para ello se realiza una triple aproximación. En primer término, se estudia la dimensión creativa de la tarea judicial, y su relevancia como fuente del Derecho. Se elabora a este fin, un mapa doctrinal sobre las distintas tesis relativas al valor creativo de la jurisprudencia. Se estudia, en segundo término, la definición ostensiva del juicio, a partir de su localización externa en distintos ámbitos o establecimientos espaciales. La última y más extensa parte del trabajo, se propone indagar los elementos constitutivos del proceso judicial. Se estudian aquí, sucesivamente, los aspectos perceptivos, racionales y decisionales que conjuntamente conforman la tarea de juzgar. En este apartado se analizan, con especial atención, las controversias doctrinales que enfrentan la concepción lógico-formal y la concepción argumentativa del razonamiento del juez. El ensayo se concluye con unas observaciones de síntesis sobre la convergencia entre las dimensiones básicas del Derecho y los tres aspectos constitutivos de la acción de juzgar Se postula la necesidad de una visión integradora de esos aspectos, al considerarse que las teorías fragmentarias y unilaterales sobre la labor del juez, han contribuido a oscurecer y confundir su significado., The aim of this paper is to analyze the meaning of the legal process. Three steps are followed. First, both the creative dimension of judicial tasks and their relevance as a legal source are studied. With that aim, a theoretical map describing different theses on the creative value found in case-law is elaborated. Secondly, the ostensive definition of the legal process is studied, taking its external localization in varied placements and environments as a starting point. The last and longest part of the paper aims at elucidating the constitutive elements in a legal process. Perceptive, rational and decisional elements —all of them core parts of the judging task— are here widely studied. The opposed visions that regard judicial reasoning as either formal-logical or argumentative are carefully analyzed. The essay concludes with some summary observations on the converging between the basic legal dimensions and the three constitutive aspects of the judging activity. An integrated vision of the aforementioned aspects is postulated, considering that fragmentary and unilateral theories have much contributed to misunderstand the meaning of judicial activity.

Este trabajo tiene por objeto el análisis del significado del juicio; para ello se realiza una triple aproximación. En primer término, se estudia la dimensión creativa de la tarea judicial, y su relevancia como fuente del Derecho. Se elabora a este fin, un mapa doctrinal sobre las distintas tesis relativas al valor creativo de la jurisprudencia. Se estudia, en segundo término, la definición ostensiva del juicio, a partir de su localización externa en distintos ámbitos o establecimientos espaciales. La última y más extensa parte del trabajo, se propone indagar los elementos constitutivos del proceso judicial. Se estudian aquí, sucesivamente, los aspectos perceptivos, racionales y decisionales que conjuntamente conforman la tarea de juzgar. En este apartado se analizan, con especial atención, las controversias doctrinales que enfrentan la concepción lógico-formal y la concepción argumentativa del razonamiento del juez. El ensayo se concluye con unas observaciones de síntesis sobre la convergencia entre las dimensiones básicas del Derecho y los tres aspectos constitutivos de la acción de juzgar. Se postula la necesidad de una visión integradora de esos aspectos, al considerarse que las teorías fragmentarias y unilaterales sobre la labor del juez, han contribuido a oscurecer y confundir su significado., The aim of this paper is to analyze the meaning of the legal process. Three steps are followed. First, both the creative dimension of judicial tasks and their relevance as a legal source are studied. With that aim, a theoretical map describing different theses on the creative value found in case-law is elaborated. Secondly, the ostensive definition of the legal process is studied, taking its external localization in varied placements and environments as a starting point. The last and longest part of the paper aims at elucidating the constitutive elements in a legal process. Perceptive, rational and decisional elements —all of them core parts of the judging task— are here widely studied. The opposed visions that regard judicial reasoning as either formal-logical or argumentative are carefully analyzed. The essay concludes with some summary observations on the converging between the basic legal dimensions and the three constitutive aspects of the judging activity. An integrated vision of the aforementioned aspects is postulated, considering that fragmentary and unilateral theories have much contributed to misunderstand the meaning of judicial activity.

Este trabajo tiene por objeto el análisis del significado del juicio; para ello se realiza una triple aproximación. En primer término, se estudia la dimensión creativa de la tarea judicial, y su relevancia como fuente del Derecho. Se elabora a este fin, un mapa doctrinal sobre las distintas tesis relativas al valor creativo de la jurisprudencia. Se estudia, en segundo término, la definición ostensiva del juicio, a partir de su localización externa en distintos ámbitos o establecimientos espaciales. La última y más extensa parte del trabajo, se propone indagar los elementos constitutivos del proceso judicial. Se estudian aquí, sucesivamente, los aspectos perceptivos, racionales y decisionales que conjuntamente conforman la tarea de juzgar. En este apartado se analizan, con especial atención, las controversias doctrinales que enfrentan la concepción lógico-formal y la concepción argumentativa del razonamiento del juez. El ensayo se concluye con unas observaciones de síntesis sobre la convergencia entre las dimensiones básicas del Derecho y los tres aspectos constitutivos de la acción de juzgar Se postula la necesidad de una visión integradora de esos aspectos, al considerarse que las teorías fragmentarias y unilaterales sobre la labor del juez, han contribuido a oscurecer y confundir su significado., The aim of this paper is to analyze the meaning of the legal process. Three steps are followed. First, both the creative dimension of judicial tasks and their relevance as a legal source are studied. With that aim, a theoretical map describing different theses on the creative value found in case-law is elaborated. Secondly, the ostensive definition of the legal process is studied, taking its external localization in varied placements and environments as a starting point. The last and longest part of the paper aims at elucidating the constitutive elements in a legal process. Perceptive, rational and decisional elements —all of them core parts of the judging task— are here widely studied. The opposed visions that regard judicial reasoning as either formal-logical or argumentative are carefully analyzed. The essay concludes with some summary observations on the converging between the basic legal dimensions and the three constitutive aspects of the judging activity. An integrated vision of the aforementioned aspects is postulated, considering that fragmentary and unilateral theories have much contributed to misunderstand the meaning of judicial activity.

Este trabajo tiene por objeto el análisis del significado del juicio; para ello se realiza una triple aproximación. En primer término, se estudia la dimensión creativa de la tarea judicial, y su relevancia como fuente del Derecho. Se elabora a este fin, un mapa doctrinal sobre las distintas tesis relativas al valor creativo de la jurisprudencia. Se estudia, en segundo término, la definición ostensiva del juicio, a partir de su localización externa en distintos ámbitos o establecimientos espaciales. La última y más extensa parte del trabajo, se propone indagar los elementos constitutivos del proceso judicial. Se estudian aquí, sucesivamente, los aspectos perceptivos, racionales y decisionales que conjuntamente conforman la tarea de juzgar. En este apartado se analizan, con especial atención, las controversias doctrinales que enfrentan la concepción lógico-formal y la concepción argumentativa del razonamiento del juez. El ensayo se concluye con unas observaciones de síntesis sobre la convergencia entre las dimensiones básicas del Derecho y los tres aspectos constitutivos de la acción de juzgar Se postula la necesidad de una visión integradora de esos aspectos, al considerarse que las teorías fragmentarias y unilaterales sobre la labor del juez, han contribuido a oscurecer y confundir su significado., The aim of this paper is to analyze the meaning of the legal process. Three steps are followed. First, both the creative dimension of judicial tasks and their relevance as a legal source are studied. With that aim, a theoretical map describing different theses on the creative value found in case-law is elaborated. Secondly, the ostensive definition of the legal process is studied, taking its external localization in varied placements and environments as a starting point. The last and longest part of the paper aims at elucidating the constitutive elements in a legal process. Perceptive, rational and decisional elements —all of them core parts of the judging task— are here widely studied. The opposed visions that regard judicial reasoning as either formal-logical or argumentative are carefully analyzed. The essay concludes with some summary observations on the converging between the basic legal dimensions and the three constitutive aspects of the judging activity. An integrated vision of the aforementioned aspects is postulated, considering that fragmentary and unilateral theories have much contributed to misunderstand the meaning of judicial activity.

Este trabajo tiene por objeto el análisis del significado del juicio; para ello se realiza una triple aproximación. En primer término, se estudia la dimensión creativa de la tarea judicial, y su relevancia como fuente del Derecho. Se elabora a este fin, un mapa doctrinal sobre las distintas tesis relativas al valor creativo de la jurisprudencia. Se estudia, en segundo término, la definición ostensiva del juicio, a partir de su localización externa en distintos ámbitos o establecimientos espaciales. La última y más extensa parte del trabajo, se propone indagar los elementos constitutivos del proceso judicial. Se estudian aquí, sucesivamente, los aspectos perceptivos, racionales y decisionales que conjuntamente conforman la tarea de juzgar. En este apartado se analizan, con especial atención, las controversias doctrinales que enfrentan la concepción lógico-formal y la concepción argumentativa del razonamiento del juez. El ensayo se concluye con unas observaciones de síntesis sobre la convergencia entre las dimensiones básicas del Derecho y los tres aspectos constitutivos de la acción de juzgar Se postula la necesidad de una visión integradora de esos aspectos, al considerarse que las teorías fragmentarias y unilaterales sobre la labor del juez, han contribuido a oscurecer y confundir su significado., The aim of this paper is to analyze the meaning of the legal process. Three steps are followed. First, both the creative dimension of judicial tasks and their relevance as a legal source are studied. With that aim, a theoretical map describing different theses on the creative value found in case-law is elaborated. Secondly, the ostensive definition of the legal process is studied, taking its external localization in varied placements and environments as a starting point. The last and longest part of the paper aims at elucidating the constitutive elements in a legal process. Perceptive, rational and decisional elements —all of them core parts of the judging task— are here widely studied. The opposed visions that regard judicial reasoning as either formal-logical or argumentative are carefully analyzed. The essay concludes with some summary observations on the converging between the basic legal dimensions and the three constitutive aspects of the judging activity. An integrated vision of the aforementioned aspects is postulated, considering that fragmentary and unilateral theories have much contributed to misunderstand the meaning of judicial activity.

Este trabajo tiene por objeto el análisis del significado del juicio; para ello se realiza una triple aproximación. En primer término, se estudia la dimensión creativa de la tarea judicial, y su relevancia como fuente del Derecho. Se elabora a este fin, un mapa doctrinal sobre las distintas tesis relativas al valor creativo de la jurisprudencia. Se estudia, en segundo término, la definición ostensiva del juicio, a partir de su localización externa en distintos ámbitos o establecimientos espaciales. La última y más extensa parte del trabajo, se propone indagar los elementos constitutivos del proceso judicial. Se estudian aquí, sucesivamente, los aspectos perceptivos, racionales y decisionales que conjuntamente conforman la tarea de juzgar. En este apartado se analizan, con especial atención, las controversias doctrinales que enfrentan la concepción lógico-formal y la concepción argumentativa del razonamiento del juez. El ensayo se concluye con unas observaciones de síntesis sobre la convergencia entre las dimensiones básicas del Derecho y los tres aspectos constitutivos de la acción de juzgar Se postula la necesidad de una visión integradora de esos aspectos, al considerarse que las teorías fragmentarias y unilaterales sobre la labor del juez, han contribuido a oscurecer y confundir su significado., The aim of this paper is to analyze the meaning of the legal process. Three steps are followed. First, both the creative dimension of judicial tasks and their relevance as a legal source are studied. With that aim, a theoretical map describing different theses on the creative value found in case-law is elaborated. Secondly, the ostensive definition of the legal process is studied, taking its external localization in varied placements and environments as a starting point. The last and longest part of the paper aims at elucidating the constitutive elements in a legal process. Perceptive, rational and decisional elements —all of them core parts of the judging task— are here widely studied. The opposed visions that regard judicial reasoning as either formal-logical or argumentative are carefully analyzed. The essay concludes with some summary observations on the converging between the basic legal dimensions and the three constitutive aspects of the judging activity. An integrated vision of the aforementioned aspects is postulated, considering that fragmentary and unilateral theories have much contributed to misunderstand the meaning of judicial activity.