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Using a unique randomized rental apartment lottery in Stockholm metropolitan statistical area, this paper analyses behavioral effects on individuals receiving a rent-controlled contract in the Swedish rent control program. The result shows that receiving a rent-controlled contract reduces the annual labor income by 13 to 20 percent and employment by 8 to 13 percent. To some extent, these effects can be explained by an increased propensity to enter higher education.(c) 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Using a unique randomized rental apartment lottery in Stockholm metropolitan statistical area, this paper analyses behavioral effects on individuals receiving a rent-controlled contract in the Swedish rent control program. The result shows that receiving a rent-controlled contract reduces the annual labor income by 13 to 20 percent and employment by 8 to 13 percent. To some extent, these effects can be explained by an increased propensity to enter higher education.(c) 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Using a unique randomized rental apartment lottery in Stockholm metropolitan statistical area, this paper analyses behavioral effects on individuals receiving a rent-controlled contract in the Swedish rent control program. The result shows that receiving a rent-controlled contract reduces the annual labor income by 13 to 20 percent and employment by 8 to 13 percent. To some extent, these effects can be explained by an increased propensity to enter higher education.(c) 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Using a unique randomized rental apartment lottery in Stockholm metropolitan statistical area, this paper analyses behavioral effects on individuals receiving a rent-controlled contract in the Swedish rent control program. The result shows that receiving a rent-controlled contract reduces the annual labor income by 13 to 20 percent and employment by 8 to 13 percent. To some extent, these effects can be explained by an increased propensity to enter higher education.(c) 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

The objective of this research is to analyze the labor gap in Ecuador, correcting the session period by sample selection to show if the differences in labor income are due to observable or discriminatory situations, and if they changed after the pandemic. To achieve this objective, the annual employment databases for the years 2018, 2019 and 202 were analyzed, and a model described by Jones (2007) and Adkins and Hill (2011) was initiated, who conclude in the application of the model of Heckman and the failure of the Oaxaca-Blinder method was estimated to correct errors and show possible discrimination in labor income. The results obtained show that it is more difficult for women, young people and ethnic minorities to find work, and when they are in employment their income is lower, even the labor gap between men and women increases after the pandemic. Income gaps are explained by discriminatory factors and observable factors in the case of women and ethnic minorities; while for young people it is due to observable factors., La presente investigación tiene por objetivo analizar la brecha laboral en el Ecuador corrigiendo el sesgo por selección de muestra para evidenciar si las diferencias en los ingresos laborales se deben a situaciones observables o discriminatorias, y si cambiaron luego de la pandemia. Para alcanzar este objetivo, se analizó las bases de datos de empleo anual de los años 2018, 2019 y 2021, y se desarrolló un modelo descrito por Jones (2007) y Adkins y Hill (2011), quienes concluyen en la aplicación del modelo de Heckman, y se estimó la descomposición del método de Oaxaca-Blinder, para corregir los errores y evidenciar una posible discriminación en el ingreso laboral. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que para las mujeres, jóvenes y minorías étnicas es más difícil conseguir trabajo, y cuando se encuentran en empleo sus ingresos son menores, incluso la brecha laboral entre hombres y mujeres se incrementa después de la pandemia. Las brechas de los ingresos se explican por factores discriminatorios y factores observables en el caso de las mujeres y minorías étnicas; mientras que para los jóvenes se debe a factores observables.

The objective of this research is to analyze the labor gap in Ecuador, correcting the session period by sample selection to show if the differences in labor income are due to observable or discriminatory situations, and if they changed after the pandemic. To achieve this objective, the annual employment databases for the years 2018, 2019 and 202 were analyzed, and a model described by Jones (2007) and Adkins and Hill (2011) was initiated, who conclude in the application of the model of Heckman and the failure of the Oaxaca-Blinder method was estimated to correct errors and show possible discrimination in labor income. The results obtained show that it is more difficult for women, young people and ethnic minorities to find work, and when they are in employment their income is lower, even the labor gap between men and women increases after the pandemic. Income gaps are explained by discriminatory factors and observable factors in the case of women and ethnic minorities; while for young people it is due to observable factors., La presente investigación tiene por objetivo analizar la brecha laboral en el Ecuador corrigiendo el sesgo por selección de muestra para evidenciar si las diferencias en los ingresos laborales se deben a situaciones observables o discriminatorias, y si cambiaron luego de la pandemia. Para alcanzar este objetivo, se analizó las bases de datos de empleo anual de los años 2018, 2019 y 2021, y se desarrolló un modelo descrito por Jones (2007) y Adkins y Hill (2011), quienes concluyen en la aplicación del modelo de Heckman, y se estimó la descomposición del método de Oaxaca-Blinder, para corregir los errores y evidenciar una posible discriminación en el ingreso laboral. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que para las mujeres, jóvenes y minorías étnicas es más difícil conseguir trabajo, y cuando se encuentran en empleo sus ingresos son menores, incluso la brecha laboral entre hombres y mujeres se incrementa después de la pandemia. Las brechas de los ingresos se explican por factores discriminatorios y factores observables en el caso de las mujeres y minorías étnicas; mientras que para los jóvenes se debe a factores observables.

Using a unique randomized rental apartment lottery in Stockholm metropolitan statistical area, this paper analyses behavioral effects on individuals receiving a rent-controlled contract in the Swedish rent control program. The result shows that receiving a rent-controlled contract reduces the annual labor income by 13 to 20 percent and employment by 8 to 13 percent. To some extent, these effects can be explained by an increased propensity to enter higher education.(c) 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

The inequality in Colombia has been widely documented from different perspectives, but little is known about inequalities in the urban-rural context. This paper studies urban-rural inequality in the labor market using a Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition for labor income and characterization of rural and urban labor markets. We find that about 60 % of the urban-rural earnings gap is explained by observed worker factors such as educational level and age; the remaining 40 % is due to unobserved characteristics such as employer preferences, worker’s ability, etc. We identify three rural labor market conditions that explain and promote the urban-rural labor income gap: i) low female labor participation and high unemployment rates compared to their urban counterparts; ii) significantly higher labor informality that in urban areas; and iii) high incidence of child labor., La desigualdad en Colombia ha sido ampliamente documentada desde distintas ópticas, pero poco se sabe sobre las desigualdades en el contexto urbano-rural. Este trabajo estudia la desigualdad urbano-rural en el mercado laboral mediante el uso de una descomposición Blinder-Oaxaca para los ingresos laborales y una caracterización de los mercados laborales rurales y urbanos. Encontramos que cerca del 60 % de la brecha en ingresos laborales se explica por factores observados de los trabajadores como el nivel educativo y edad; el restante 40 % se debe a características no observadas, como preferencias de los empleadores, habilidad de los trabajadores, etc. Identificamos tres condiciones del mercado laboral rural que explican y promueven la brecha en ingresos laborales urbano-rural: i) baja participación laboral femenina y altas tasas de desempleo en comparación con sus contrapartes urbanas; ii) informalidad laboral significativamente más alta que en las zonas urbanas; y iii) mayor incidencia del trabajo infantil.

In this article we explore whether a strong earthquake (Manabí and Esmeraldas provinces, Ecuador, April 16th, 2016) had a distributional effect in labor income. We use survey micro-data and exploit the exogenous nature of the shock with an empirical strategy based on a combination of matching, difference in difference (DID) and quantile regression (QR) methods using three earthquake intensity measures to define our treatment group (Peak Ground Acceleration, PGA; Modified Mercalli Intensity, MMI; Peak Ground Velocity, PGV). We find a short-run distributional effect of the earthquake favorable to the poorest workers in the most seismic areas, with higher growth rates for female workers in the first deciles. Quantile difference in differences (QDID) estimates for matched individuals show increases of approximately 12% in the first decile of labor income and 9.5% in the second one. Our results suggest that some opportunities might arise for lower-paid workers if economic incentives are directed towards the most affected areas.

Water fluoridation is a common, but debated, public policy. In this paper, we use Swedish registry data to study the causal effects of fluoride in the drinking water. We exploit exogenous variation in natural fluoride, stemming from variation in geological characteristics at water sources, to identify its effects. First, we reconfirm the long-established positive effect offluoride on dental health. Second, we estimate a zero-effect on cognitive ability – in contrast to several recent epidemiological studies. Third, fluoride is found to increase labor income.This effect is foremost driven by individuals from a lower socioeconomic background.

According to the standard life-cycle hypothesis, all expected future incomes should be incorporated into an individual’s life-time budget and therefore affect current economic behavior. As inheritances can be anticipated to some extent, I test if expectations on receiving an inheritance in the future affect individuals’ current decisions about their labor supply, savings and consumption. To empirically test this, I take advantage of the combined facts that individuals in Sweden are legal heirs to their childless sibling and that the probability of inheriting a childless sibling increases with time due to the negative relationship between age and fertility. If individuals internalize the expected inheritance, we should observe a readjustment in labor supply and consumption at the time of an unexpected birth of a nephew or niece and onwards. Exploiting the variation in the expected inheritance loss, I find that individuals internalize expected inheritances by readjusting their savings after this event. I do not find any overall effects in labor supply or consumption. However, there seems to exist some heterogeneity in responses between males and females, where males only adjust their savings while females adjust both their labor supply and savings.

According to the standard life-cycle hypothesis, all expected future incomes should be incorporated into an individual’s life-time budget and therefore affect current economic behavior. As inheritances can be anticipated to some extent, I test if expectations on receiving an inheritance in the future affect individuals’ current decisions about their labor supply, savings and consumption. To empirically test this, I take advantage of the combined facts that individuals in Sweden are legal heirs to their childless sibling and that the probability of inheriting a childless sibling increases with time due to the negative relationship between age and fertility. If individuals internalize the expected inheritance, we should observe a readjustment in labor supply and consumption at the time of an unexpected birth of a nephew or niece and onwards. Exploiting the variation in the expected inheritance loss, I find that individuals internalize expected inheritances by readjusting their savings after this event. I do not find any overall effects in labor supply or consumption. However, there seems to exist some heterogeneity in responses between males and females, where males only adjust their savings while females adjust both their labor supply and savings.

Income inequalities have become a matter of major concern following reports that the working class and lower middle class of developed economies have income levels that are falling behind. Few studies have been conducted on the regional level even though this perspective might better capture the development of income inequalities, since national averages might hide local differences. This study uses panel data for 286 Swedish municipalities in between 1991-2017 and fixed effect regressions, to examine if the theory of a skill-biased technological change could be used to explain resent developments. We find an labor income divergence for Swedish municipalities within the studied time period. The share of high skilled workers is found to be a good predictor of the growth in regional labor income inequalities, while an ageing population of the regions falling behind counteracts the growth of inequality, possibly leading to an underestimation of the size of regional labor income divergence. These results are in support of a skill-biased technological change at work and a job polarization transforming regional labor markets and regional societies. We conclude that adopting a regional perspective in the analysis and development of future economic growth policies is necessary to ensure long term economic growth, equality of opportunity and social cohesion.

A structural decomposition technique is proposed in order to break down the labor income of men and women in four regions of Mexico, and is linked to a final demand expansion, into three effects: national, regional and technological. The results suggest that labor income multipliers for women are relatively high in services. Government consumption tends to benefit the income of women more, whereas the expansion in investment tends to favor the income of men more. Regional gender equality indices are not sensitive to expansions in the final demand., Se propone una técnica de descomposición estructural que permite descomponer el ingreso laboral de hombres y mujeres en cuatro regiones de México, vinculado a una expansión en la demanda final en tres efectos: nacional, regional y tecnológico. Los resultados indican que los multiplicadores del ingreso de las mujeres son relativamente altos en servicios. El consumo del Gobierno es el que impacta más el ingreso de las mujeres; en cambio, la expansión de la inversión favorece más el ingreso de los hombres. Los índices de equidad de género regionales son poco sensibles a expansiones en la demanda final., É proposta uma técnica de decomposição estrutural que permite descompor o ingresso no mercado de trabalho de homens e mulheres em quatro regiões do México, vinculado a uma expansão na demanda final em três efeitos: nacional, regional e tecnológico. Os resultados indicam que os multiplicadores do ingresso das mulheres são relativamente altos no setor de serviços. O consumo do Governo é o que impacta mais no ingresso das mulheres; por outro lado, a expansão do investimento favorece mais o ingresso dos homens. Os índices de igualdade de gênero regionais são pouco sensíveis a expansões na demanda final.

This research analyzes the determinants of labor income of economists in Colombia for the third quarter of 2010 and 2016, within the framework of a theoretical perspective of human capital. With information from the Large Integrated Household Survey of the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE), a classical mincerian equation is estimated to measure the effect of schooling and potential experience on the incomes of graduates in economics. After applying the Ordinary Least Squares method, the results suggest that an additional year of school education and on-the-job job training has a positive effect on the probability of earning higher job earnings. Additionally, applying the Mincer model for related professions, it was evident that the human capital variables have significantly different impacts for each group of professionals, therefore the hypothesis of a homogeneous labor market is not fulfilled for the study period., Cette recherche analyse les déterminants du revenu du travail des économistes en Colombie pour le troisième trimestre 2010 et 2016, dans le cadre d'une perspective théorique du capital humain. D'après les informations de la grande enquête intégrée auprès des ménages du Département administratif national des statistiques (DANE), une équation minérérienne classique est estimée pour mesurer l'effet de la scolarité et l'expérience potentielle sur les revenus des diplômés en économie. Après avoir appliqué la méthode des moindres carrés ordinaires, les résultats suggèrent qu'une année supplémentaire de scolarité et de formation en cours d'emploi a un effet positif sur la probabilité de gagner un revenu d'emploi plus élevé. De plus, en appliquant le modèle de Mincer pour les professions apparentées, il était évident que les variables du capital humain ont des impacts significativement différents pour chaque groupe de professionnels, par conséquent l'hypothèse d'un marché du travail homogène n'est pas remplie pour la période d'étude., En la presente investigación se analizan los factores determinantes de los ingresos laborales de los economistas en Colombia para el tercer trimestre de los años 2010 y 2016, en el marco de una perspectiva teórica de capital humano. Con información de la Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares del Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE), se estima una ecuación minceriana clásica para medir el efecto de la escolaridad y la experiencia potencial en los ingresos de los titulados en economía. Después de aplicar el método de Mínimos Cuadrados Ordinarios, los resultados sugieren que un año adicional de formación escolar y entrenamiento laboral en el puesto de trabajo genera un efecto positivo sobre la probabilidad de devengar ingresos laborales más altos. Adicionalmente, aplicando el modelo de Mincer para las profesiones afines se pudo evidenciar que las variables de capital humano tienen impactos significativamente diferentes para cada grupo de profesionales, por lo cual la hipótesis planteada de un mercado laboral homogéneo no se cumple para el periodo de estudio.

A structural decomposition technique is proposed in order to break down the labor income of men and women in four regions of Mexico, and is linked to a final demand expansion, into three effects: national, regional and technological. The results suggest that labor income multipliers for women are relatively high in services. Government consumption tends to benefit the income of women more, whereas the expansion in investment tends to favor the income of men more. Regional gender equality indices are not sensitive to expansions in the final demand., É proposta uma técnica de decomposição estrutural que permite descompor o ingresso no mercado de trabalho de homens e mulheres em quatro regiões do México, vinculado a uma expansão na demanda final em três efeitos: nacional, regional e tecnológico. Os resultados indicam que os multiplicadores do ingresso das mulheres são relativamente altos no setor de serviços. O consumo do Governo é o que impacta mais no ingresso das mulheres; por outro lado, a expansão do investimento favorece mais o ingresso dos homens. Os índices de igualdade de gênero regionais são pouco sensíveis a expansões na demanda final., Se propone una técnica de descomposición estructural que permite descomponer el ingreso laboral de hombres y mujeres en cuatro regiones de México, vinculado a una expansión en la demanda final en tres efectos: nacional, regional y tecnológico. Los resultados indican que los multiplicadores del ingreso de las mujeres son relativamente altos en servicios. El consumo del Gobierno es el que impacta más el ingreso de las mujeres; en cambio, la expansión de la inversión favorece más el ingreso de los hombres. Los índices de equidad de género regionales son poco sensibles a expansiones en la demanda final.

This research analyzes the determinants of labor income of economists in Colombia for the third quarter of 2010 and 2016, within the framework of a theoretical perspective of human capital. With information from the Large Integrated Household Survey of the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE), a classical mincerian equation is estimated to measure the effect of schooling and potential experience on the incomes of graduates in economics. After applying the Ordinary Least Squares method, the results suggest that an additional year of school education and on-the-job job training has a positive effect on the probability of earning higher job earnings. Additionally, applying the Mincer model for related professions, it was evident that the human capital variables have significantly different impacts for each group of professionals, therefore the hypothesis of a homogeneous labor market is not fulfilled for the study period., Cette recherche analyse les déterminants du revenu du travail des économistes en Colombie pour le troisième trimestre 2010 et 2016, dans le cadre d'une perspective théorique du capital humain. D'après les informations de la grande enquête intégrée auprès des ménages du Département administratif national des statistiques (DANE), une équation minérérienne classique est estimée pour mesurer l'effet de la scolarité et l'expérience potentielle sur les revenus des diplômés en économie. Après avoir appliqué la méthode des moindres carrés ordinaires, les résultats suggèrent qu'une année supplémentaire de scolarité et de formation en cours d'emploi a un effet positif sur la probabilité de gagner un revenu d'emploi plus élevé. De plus, en appliquant le modèle de Mincer pour les professions apparentées, il était évident que les variables du capital humain ont des impacts significativement différents pour chaque groupe de professionnels, par conséquent l'hypothèse d'un marché du travail homogène n'est pas remplie pour la période d'étude., En la presente investigación se analizan los factores determinantes de los ingresos laborales de los economistas en Colombia para el tercer trimestre de los años 2010 y 2016, en el marco de una perspectiva teórica de capital humano. Con información de la Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares del Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE), se estima una ecuación minceriana clásica para medir el efecto de la escolaridad y la experiencia potencial en los ingresos de los titulados en economía. Después de aplicar el método de Mínimos Cuadrados Ordinarios, los resultados sugieren que un año adicional de formación escolar y entrenamiento laboral en el puesto de trabajo genera un efecto positivo sobre la probabilidad de devengar ingresos laborales más altos. Adicionalmente, aplicando el modelo de Mincer para las profesiones afines se pudo evidenciar que las variables de capital humano tienen impactos significativamente diferentes para cada grupo de profesionales, por lo cual la hipótesis planteada de un mercado laboral homogéneo no se cumple para el periodo de estudio.

A structural decomposition technique is proposed in order to break down the labor income of men and women in four regions of Mexico, and is linked to a final demand expansion, into three effects: national, regional and technological. The results suggest that labor income multipliers for women are relatively high in services. Government consumption tends to benefit the income of women more, whereas the expansion in investment tends to favor the income of men more. Regional gender equality indices are not sensitive to expansions in the final demand., É proposta uma técnica de decomposição estrutural que permite descompor o ingresso no mercado de trabalho de homens e mulheres em quatro regiões do México, vinculado a uma expansão na demanda final em três efeitos: nacional, regional e tecnológico. Os resultados indicam que os multiplicadores do ingresso das mulheres são relativamente altos no setor de serviços. O consumo do Governo é o que impacta mais no ingresso das mulheres; por outro lado, a expansão do investimento favorece mais o ingresso dos homens. Os índices de igualdade de gênero regionais são pouco sensíveis a expansões na demanda final., Se propone una técnica de descomposición estructural que permite descomponer el ingreso laboral de hombres y mujeres en cuatro regiones de México, vinculado a una expansión en la demanda final en tres efectos: nacional, regional y tecnológico. Los resultados indican que los multiplicadores del ingreso de las mujeres son relativamente altos en servicios. El consumo del Gobierno es el que impacta más el ingreso de las mujeres; en cambio, la expansión de la inversión favorece más el ingreso de los hombres. Los índices de equidad de género regionales son poco sensibles a expansiones en la demanda final.

This research analyzes the determinants of labor income of economists in Colombia for the third quarter of 2010 and 2016, within the framework of a theoretical perspective of human capital. With information from the Large Integrated Household Survey of the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE), a classical mincerian equation is estimated to measure the effect of schooling and potential experience on the incomes of graduates in economics. After applying the Ordinary Least Squares method, the results suggest that an additional year of school education and on-the-job job training has a positive effect on the probability of earning higher job earnings. Additionally, applying the Mincer model for related professions, it was evident that the human capital variables have significantly different impacts for each group of professionals, therefore the hypothesis of a homogeneous labor market is not fulfilled for the study period., Cette recherche analyse les déterminants du revenu du travail des économistes en Colombie pour le troisième trimestre 2010 et 2016, dans le cadre d'une perspective théorique du capital humain. D'après les informations de la grande enquête intégrée auprès des ménages du Département administratif national des statistiques (DANE), une équation minérérienne classique est estimée pour mesurer l'effet de la scolarité et l'expérience potentielle sur les revenus des diplômés en économie. Après avoir appliqué la méthode des moindres carrés ordinaires, les résultats suggèrent qu'une année supplémentaire de scolarité et de formation en cours d'emploi a un effet positif sur la probabilité de gagner un revenu d'emploi plus élevé. De plus, en appliquant le modèle de Mincer pour les professions apparentées, il était évident que les variables du capital humain ont des impacts significativement différents pour chaque groupe de professionnels, par conséquent l'hypothèse d'un marché du travail homogène n'est pas remplie pour la période d'étude., En la presente investigación se analizan los factores determinantes de los ingresos laborales de los economistas en Colombia para el tercer trimestre de los años 2010 y 2016, en el marco de una perspectiva teórica de capital humano. Con información de la Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares del Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE), se estima una ecuación minceriana clásica para medir el efecto de la escolaridad y la experiencia potencial en los ingresos de los titulados en economía. Después de aplicar el método de Mínimos Cuadrados Ordinarios, los resultados sugieren que un año adicional de formación escolar y entrenamiento laboral en el puesto de trabajo genera un efecto positivo sobre la probabilidad de devengar ingresos laborales más altos. Adicionalmente, aplicando el modelo de Mincer para las profesiones afines se pudo evidenciar que las variables de capital humano tienen impactos significativamente diferentes para cada grupo de profesionales, por lo cual la hipótesis planteada de un mercado laboral homogéneo no se cumple para el periodo de estudio.

Income inequalities have become a matter of major concern following reports that the working class and lower middle class of developed economies have income levels that are falling behind. Few studies have been conducted on the regional level even though this perspective might better capture the development of income inequalities, since national averages might hide local differences. This study uses panel data for 286 Swedish municipalities in between 1991-2017 and fixed effect regressions, to examine if the theory of a skill-biased technological change could be used to explain resent developments. We find an labor income divergence for Swedish municipalities within the studied time period. The share of high skilled workers is found to be a good predictor of the growth in regional labor income inequalities, while an ageing population of the regions falling behind counteracts the growth of inequality, possibly leading to an underestimation of the size of regional labor income divergence. These results are in support of a skill-biased technological change at work and a job polarization transforming regional labor markets and regional societies. We conclude that adopting a regional perspective in the analysis and development of future economic growth policies is necessary to ensure long term economic growth, equality of opportunity and social cohesion.

The article searches for the answer to the question about the economic opportunities of modern students, their preferred sources of income (assistance of the parent family and the state, support of private, public organizations and state structures, as well as personal labor income)., В статье осуществлен поиск ответа на вопрос об экономических возможностях современных студентов, предпочитаемых ими источниках доходов (помощь родительской семьи и государства, поддержка частных, общественных организаций и государственных структур, а также личного трудового дохода).

Some studies about distributive changes during the last decade for Argentina focus on the importance of the reduction of educational awards as a cause of this improvement. Other works emphasize the changes in labor policies, and their effects on the social security affiliation rates. Less known are the efforts dedicated to analyze the inequities associated with the structural heterogeneity present on labor markets within peripheral economies. Resuming this last perspective, the different thesis currently debated are relativized on the role of the educational returns in relation to the unequal insertion in each productive sector. This relation is analyzed through three different periods. a) a phase of implementation of “orthodox” liberal policies (1992-1998); b) the final phase and crisis of this model (1998-2003); c) a phase dominated by “heterodox” policies oriented to the local market (2003-2014)., Algunos estudios sobre los cambios distributivos en la Argentina durante las últimas décadas enfatizan la importancia de la reducción de los premios a la educación en la mejora distributiva. Otros estudios se centran en los cambios en las políticas laborales, y sus efectos sobre las tasas de afiliación a la seguridad social. Menos conocidos son los esfuerzos dedicados a analizar las desigualdades asociadas a la heterogeneidad estructural presente en los mercados laborales periféricos. Retomando esta última perspectiva, se relativizan las diferentes tesis en debate, en particular, el papel de los retornos a la educación vis a vis la desigual inserción sectorial de la fuerza de trabajo. Esta relación se analiza en tres períodos diferentes: a) la etapa de implementación de políticas “ortodoxas” de liberalización económica (1992-1998); b) la fase final y crítica de ese modelo (1998-2003); y c) la etapa dominada por políticas “heterodoxas” orientadas al mercado interno (2003-2014).

The Bolivian Program to Support Employment provides subsidized training to the unemployed and helps comparatively untrained and inexperienced people improve their employability. Albeit this programme was discontinued in 2017, a second version is currently being implemented to continue its work. This impact evaluation assesses the impact of the PSE on employment, labor income and the quality of employment for adult Bolivians. Through a difference-in-differences methodology, it appears that the programme has a positive and significant impact on each of these three variables. Supplemental regressions are conducted and it appears that the impact of the PSE on the employment of several population categories follows labor market expectations. Furthermore the PSE also has a positive and significant impact on employment formality for its beneficiaries, an especially important issue in Bolivia, where 85 percent of all employment is in-formal. Even if there are important issues with the data used in this analysis, dampening the con-clusions, it is fairly safe to state that the PSE has fulfilled its goals and that its successor should not only continue this impact but also go further.

Some studies about distributive changes during the last decade for Argentina focus on the importance of the reduction of educational awards as a cause of this improvement. Other works emphasize the changes in labor policies, and their effects on the social security affiliation rates. Less known are the efforts dedicated to analyze the inequities associated with the structural heterogeneity present on labor markets within peripheral economies. Resuming this last perspective, the different thesis currently debated are relativized on the role of the educational returns in relation to the unequal insertion in each productive sector. This relation is analyzed through three different periods. a) a phase of implementation of “orthodox” liberal policies (1992-1998); b) the final phase and crisis of this model (1998-2003); c) a phase dominated by “heterodox” policies oriented to the local market (2003-2014)., Algunos estudios sobre los cambios distributivos en la Argentina durante las últimas décadas enfatizan la importancia de la reducción de los premios a la educación en la mejora distributiva. Otros estudios se centran en los cambios en las políticas laborales, y sus efectos sobre las tasas de afiliación a la seguridad social. Menos conocidos son los esfuerzos dedicados a analizar las desigualdades asociadas a la heterogeneidad estructural presente en los mercados laborales periféricos. Retomando esta última perspectiva, se relativizan las diferentes tesis en debate, en particular, el papel de los retornos a la educación vis a vis la desigual inserción sectorial de la fuerza de trabajo. Esta relación se analiza en tres períodos diferentes: a) la etapa de implementación de políticas “ortodoxas” de liberalización económica (1992-1998); b) la fase final y crítica de ese modelo (1998-2003); y c) la etapa dominada por políticas “heterodoxas” orientadas al mercado interno (2003-2014).

The Bolivian Program to Support Employment provides subsidized training to the unemployed and helps comparatively untrained and inexperienced people improve their employability. Albeit this programme was discontinued in 2017, a second version is currently being implemented to continue its work. This impact evaluation assesses the impact of the PSE on employment, labor income and the quality of employment for adult Bolivians. Through a difference-in-differences methodology, it appears that the programme has a positive and significant impact on each of these three variables. Supplemental regressions are conducted and it appears that the impact of the PSE on the employment of several population categories follows labor market expectations. Furthermore the PSE also has a positive and significant impact on employment formality for its beneficiaries, an especially important issue in Bolivia, where 85 percent of all employment is in-formal. Even if there are important issues with the data used in this analysis, dampening the con-clusions, it is fairly safe to state that the PSE has fulfilled its goals and that its successor should not only continue this impact but also go further.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the indicators related with labor incomes and working times under the International Labor Organization methodological proposal, within their decent labor program. The data was obtained from the Great Household Integrated Survey done by the National Statistics Administrative Department corresponding to 2012–2014. The measurement was done both for Antioquia as well as for the municipalities belonging to the Metropolitan Area of the Aburra Valley. The results must be understood as a base line and these show that labor income is not allowing a group of working individuals to stepoutside the poverty line. It also shows that part of this population works more hours than permitted., O propósito deste artigo é analisar os indicadores relacionados com ingressos laborais e tempos no trabalho sob a proposta metodológica da Organização Internacional do Trabalho, dentro de seu programade trabalho decente. Os dados foram obtidos da Grande Enquete Integrada de Lares do Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística correspondentes aos anos 2012-2014. A medição se realiza, tanto para o Departamento de Antioquia, como para a Área Metropolitana do Vale de Aburrá. Os resultados devem ser entendidos como uma linha de base e se evidência que os ingressos laborais não lhes permitem a um grupo de pessoas ocupadas superar a linha de pobreza, enquanto que uma parte dos ocupados trabalha mais do tempo permitido., El propósito de este artículo es analizar los indicadores relacionados con ingresos laborales y tiempos en el trabajo bajo la propuesta metodológica de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo en su programa de trabajo decente. Los datos fueron obtenidos de la Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares del Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística para el período 2012-2014. La medición se realiza tanto para el departamento de Antioquia como para el Área Metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá. Los resultados deben ser entendidos como una línea de base y se evidencia que los ingresos laborales no le permiten a un grupo de personas ocupadas superar la línea de pobreza, mientras que una parte de los ocupados labora más del tiempo permitido.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the indicators related with labor incomes and working times under the International Labor Organization methodological proposal, within their decent labor program. The data was obtained from the Great Household Integrated Survey done by the National Statistics Administrative Department corresponding to 2012–2014. The measurement was done both for Antioquia as well as for the municipalities belonging to the Metropolitan Area of the Aburra Valley. The results must be understood as a base line and these show that labor income is not allowing a group of working individuals to stepoutside the poverty line. It also shows that part of this population works more hours than permitted., O propósito deste artigo é analisar os indicadores relacionados com ingressos laborais e tempos no trabalho sob a proposta metodológica da Organização Internacional do Trabalho, dentro de seu programade trabalho decente. Os dados foram obtidos da Grande Enquete Integrada de Lares do Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística correspondentes aos anos 2012-2014. A medição se realiza, tanto para o Departamento de Antioquia, como para a Área Metropolitana do Vale de Aburrá. Os resultados devem ser entendidos como uma linha de base e se evidência que os ingressos laborais não lhes permitem a um grupo de pessoas ocupadas superar a linha de pobreza, enquanto que uma parte dos ocupados trabalha mais do tempo permitido., El propósito de este artículo es analizar los indicadores relacionados con ingresos laborales y tiempos en el trabajo bajo la propuesta metodológica de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo en su programa de trabajo decente. Los datos fueron obtenidos de la Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares del Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística para el período 2012-2014. La medición se realiza tanto para el departamento de Antioquia como para el Área Metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá. Los resultados deben ser entendidos como una línea de base y se evidencia que los ingresos laborales no le permiten a un grupo de personas ocupadas superar la línea de pobreza, mientras que una parte de los ocupados labora más del tiempo permitido.

A Lei 1607 de 2012 (Reforma Tributária) introduziu significativas modificações ao sistema de tributação das pessoas naturais na Colômbia, as quais requerem de regulamentação por parte do Governo Nacional. De fato, boa parte dos decretos regulamentários publicados durante o primeiro ano de vigência da mencionada lei tratam especificamente este tema. A seguir se apresenta uma análise geral do regime tributário colombiano aplicável para as pessoas naturais na Colômbia, com fundamento nas modificações introduzidas pela reforma tributária e seus decretos regulamentários., La Ley 1607 de 2012 (Reforma Tributaria) introdujo significativas modificaciones al sistema de tributación de las personas naturales en Colombia, las cuales requieren de reglamentación por parte del Gobierno Nacional. De hecho, buena parte de los decretos reglamentarios publicados durante el primer año de vigencia de la mencionada ley tratan específicamente este tema. A continuación se presenta un análisis general del régimen tributario colombiano aplicable a las personas naturales en Colombia, con fundamento en las modificaciones introducidas por la reforma tributaria y sus decretos reglamentarios., Law 1607 of 2012 (Tax Reform) introduced some paramount changes to the income tax regime applicable to individuals in Colombia which require specific regulation from the Colombian Government. Indeed, most of the regulations issued during the first year after the tax reform addressed specific issues regarding the taxation of individuals in Colombia. The following article depicts the main characteristics of the taxation of individuals in accordance with the amendments introduced by the tax reform and its regulations.

Essay 1: (with Mikael Elinder) Since the sinking of the Titanic, there has been a widespread belief that the social norm of “women and children first” (WCF) gives women a survival advantage over men in maritime disasters, and that captains and crew members give priority to passengers. We analyze a database of 18 maritime disasters spanning three centuries, covering the fate of over 15,000 individuals of more than 30 nationalities. Our results provide a unique picture of maritime disasters. Women have a distinct survival disadvantage compared with men. Captains and crew survive at a significantly higher rate than passengers. We also find that: the captain has the power to enforce normative behavior; there seems to be no association between duration of a disaster and the impact of social norms; women fare no better when they constitute a small share of the ship’s complement; the length of the voyage before the disaster appears to have no impact on women’s relative survival rate; the sex gap in survival rates has declined since World War I; and women have a larger disadvantage in British shipwrecks. Taken together, our findings show that human behavior in life-and-death situations is best captured by the expression “every man for himself.” Essay 2: (with Henry Ohlsson) The objective of this essay is to study to what extent parents divide their estates unequally between their children and the determinants of this decision. We use a new dataset based on the estate reports for almost 70,000 Swedish widows, widowers, divorcees and unmarried individuals who died with positive estates and at least two children. Unequal sharing is unusual; depending on definitions only 2–12 percent of the estates are unequally divided. Previous studies for other countries, particularly from the US, find that around 20–40 percent of parents divide their estates unequally. We argue that the relatively low frequency of unequal sharing in Sweden might be explained by contextual factors such as th

We estimate the responses of gross labor income with respect to marginal and average net-of-tax rates in France over the period 2003–2006. We exploit a series of reforms to the income-tax and payroll-tax schedules affecting individuals who earn less than twice the minimum wage. Our estimate for the elasticity of gross labor income with respect to the marginal net-of-income-tax rate is around 0.2, while we find no response to the marginal net-of-payroll-tax rate. The elasticity with respect to the average net-of-tax rate is not significant for the income-tax schedule, while it is close to − 1 for the payroll-tax schedule. A plausible explanation is the existence of significant labor supply responses to the income-tax schedule, combined with sticky posted wages (i.e., the gross labor income minus payroll taxes divided by hours worked). Finally, the effect of the net-of-income-tax rate seems to be driven by participation decisions, in particular those of married women.

Essay 1: (with Mikael Elinder) Since the sinking of the Titanic, there has been a widespread belief that the social norm of “women and children first” (WCF) gives women a survival advantage over men in maritime disasters, and that captains and crew members give priority to passengers. We analyze a database of 18 maritime disasters spanning three centuries, covering the fate of over 15,000 individuals of more than 30 nationalities. Our results provide a unique picture of maritime disasters. Women have a distinct survival disadvantage compared with men. Captains and crew survive at a significantly higher rate than passengers. We also find that: the captain has the power to enforce normative behavior; there seems to be no association between duration of a disaster and the impact of social norms; women fare no better when they constitute a small share of the ship’s complement; the length of the voyage before the disaster appears to have no impact on women’s relative survival rate; the sex gap in survival rates has declined since World War I; and women have a larger disadvantage in British shipwrecks. Taken together, our findings show that human behavior in life-and-death situations is best captured by the expression “every man for himself.” Essay 2: (with Henry Ohlsson) The objective of this essay is to study to what extent parents divide their estates unequally between their children and the determinants of this decision. We use a new dataset based on the estate reports for almost 70,000 Swedish widows, widowers, divorcees and unmarried individuals who died with positive estates and at least two children. Unequal sharing is unusual; depending on definitions only 2–12 percent of the estates are unequally divided. Previous studies for other countries, particularly from the US, find that around 20–40 percent of parents divide their estates unequally. We argue that the relatively low frequency of unequal sharing in Sweden might be explained by contextual factors such as th

Household portfolios include risky bonds, beyond stocks, and respond to permanent labor income shocks. This article brings these features into a life-cycle setting, and shows that optimal stock investment is constant or increasing in age before retirement for realistic parameter combinations. The driver of such inversion in the life-cycle profile is the resolution of uncertainty regarding social security pension, which increases the investor' s risk appetite. This occurs if a small positive contemporaneous correlation between permanent labor income shocks and stock returns is matched by a realistically high degree of risk aversion. Absent this combination, the typical downward-sloping profile obtains. Overlooking differences in optimal investment profiles across heterogeneous workers results in large welfare losses, in the order of 15-30% of lifetime consumption. © © The Authors 2013. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Finance Association

The objective of this paper is to study when and how much labor and capital income of heirs respond to inheritances. We estimate fixed effects models following direct heirs, inheriting in 2004, during the years 2000-2008 using Swedish panel data. Our first main result is that the more the heir inherits, the lower her labor income becomes. This labor income effect appears in the years after the heir had inherited and is stronger for old heirs than for young heirs. We also find evidence of anticipation effects that occur before the actual transfer. Our second main result is that the more the heir inherits, the higher her capital income becomes. This effect only appears in the years after receiving the inheritance. It seems to be dissipating after a couple of years.

We present data from the Survey of Consumer Finances showing that the increasedearnings (labor income) inequality, in combination with increased stockmarket participation, has roughly doubled stockholdersíshare of aggregate labor income in the lastfour decades. We explore the impact of the increase in this share on returns to equityand returns to a risk-free bond in a model with limited stockmarket participation, laborincome and borrowing constraints. The main result is that the increase in stockholdersíshare of aggregate labor income has lead to 130 basis points (45 percent) decrease inthe ex ante equity premium (i.e. the discount rate applied to equity). The reason forthis change is that the increase in stockholdersíshare of aggregate labor income leadsto a change in income composition for stockholders - an increase in the fraction of theirincome that consists of labor income and a decrease in the fraction that consists ofdividend income. This reduces the covariance between stockholder income growth anddividend growth. The size of the decrease in the equity premium implied by our modelroughly coincides with the historical change in the post-1951 equity premium impliedby the simple dividend growth model in Fama and French (2002).

If project risk is positively related to project return, then the greater diversification available from international capital mobility also leads to more investment in the riskier projects with high expected returns. This results in internationally immobile laborers facing greater risk in the demand for their services, since these services are provided to riskier projects and the laborers do not receive the diversification benefit that capitalists do. This paper develops a model which shows that when there is more capital mobility between two countries, there is a tendency for both countries to experience an increase in the volatility of labor income under perfect wage flexibility, and this impact is stronger in the country less richly endowed with labor and financial wealth.

This paper examines portfolio choice and asset pricing when some assets are nontraded, for instance when a country cannot trade claims to its output on world capital markets, when a government cannot trade claims to future tax revenues, or when an individual cannot trade claims to his future wages. The close relation between portfolio choice and implicit pricing of nontraded assets is emphasized. Explicit solutions are presented to the portfolio and pricing problem for special cases, including when income from the nontraded assets is a diffusion process, not spanned by traded assets, and affected by state variable.

This paper examines portfolio choice and asset pricing when some assets are nontraded, for instance when a country cannot trade claims to its output on world capital markets, when a government cannot trade claims to future tax revenues, or when an individual cannot trade claims to his future wages. The close relation between portfolio choice and implicit pricing of nontraded assets is emphasized. Explicit solutions are presented to the portfolio and pricing problem for special cases, including when income from the nontraded assets is a diffusion process, not spanned by traded assets, and affected by state variable.

This paper examines portfolio choice and asset pricing when some assets are nontraded, for instance when a country cannot trade claims to its output on world capital markets, when a government cannot trade claims to future tax revenues, or when an individual cannot trade claims to his future wages. The close relation between portfolio choice and implicit pricing of nontraded assets is emphasized. Explicit solutions are presented to the portfolio and pricing problem for special cases, including when income from the nontraded assets is a diffusion process, not spanned by traded assets, and affected by state variable.

This paper examines portfolio choice and asset pricing when some assets are nontraded, for instance when a country cannot trade claims to its output on world capital markets, when a government cannot trade claims to future tax revenues, or when an individual cannot trade claims to his future wages. The close relation between portfolio choice and implicit pricing of nontraded assets is emphasized. Explicit solutions are presented to the portfolio and pricing problem for special cases, including when income from the nontraded assets is a diffusion process, not spanned by traded assets, and affected by state variable.

This paper examines portfolio choice and asset pricing when some assets are nontraded, for instance when a country cannot trade claims to its output on world capital markets, when a government cannot trade claims to future tax revenues, or when an individual cannot trade claims to his future wages. The close relation between portfolio choice and implicit pricing of nontraded assets is emphasized. Explicit solutions are presented to the portfolio and pricing problem for special cases, including when income from the nontraded assets is a diffusion process, not spanned by traded assets, and affected by state variable.

This paper examines portfolio choice and asset pricing when some assets are nontraded, for instance when a country cannot trade claims to its output on world capital markets, when a government cannot trade claims to future tax revenues, or when an individual cannot trade claims to his future wages. The close relation between portfolio choice and implicit pricing of nontraded assets is emphasized. Explicit solutions are presented to the portfolio and pricing problem for special cases, including when income from the nontraded assets is a diffusion process, not spanned by traded assets, and affected by state variable.