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Transparency of information in stock trading is concerned with all information about the business affairs of a company that is going to become more popular, which is owned by the company to the wider community. The efforts that can be conducted to realize the principle of information disclosure in the capital market are public companies must provide the correct prospectus, which is written information related to the public offering. Infringements of this principle can lead to abnormalities in the capital market, one of which is insider trading practices where insiders or corporate insiders conduct securities transactions by using exclusive information and the information is unavailable to the public or investors. In addition, this practice is also an unfair trading practice due to the inside trader’s superior position (in information ownership) compared to other investors. This research uses normative juridical research methods that focuses on studies related to the implementation or application of rules or norms contained in positive law. There are several approaches commonly used in legal research such as statute approach, case approach, comparative approach. Data collection in this research will be conducted by library research on secondary data. This research will use a qualitative normative analysis method. The research indicated that controlling insider trading is quite difficult because it is impossible to know when it began, the number of transactions, and the amount of losses. Legal protection against insider trading can be preventive or repressive. Preventive protection aims to prevent violations through legislation, while repressive protection provides sanctions such as fines or additional penalties after a violation occurs. Law enforcement in capital market activities consists of administrative sanctions, criminal sanctions, and civil compensation claims.

Bakgrund: Den stora bristen på investerat kapital som går till kvinnliga entreprenörer är ett hett debatterat ämne idag. I takt med att både riskkapitalbranschen växer sig större samt att allt fler institutionella krav ställs på jämställdhet i samhället så är detta något som riskkapitalbolagen behöver ta hänsyn till. Däremot finns det en stor utmaning i hur könsgapet ska stängas i branschen, varav tidigare studier ger förslag på hur den kvinnliga entreprenören själv ska agera för att öka sina chanser till att resa kapital. Ej lika utforskat inom ämnet är däremot investerarnas perspektiv och hur de bör agera för att bjuda in fler kvinnor till branschen och på så sätt öka sin andel jämställda investeringar. Det är därmed intressant att analysera vilka barriärer och framgångsfaktorer som investerare upplever för att kunna minska könsgapet. Studien ämnar således skapa värdefulla insikter till branschens framtida jämställdhetsarbete inom det investerade kapitalet. Syfte: Att analysera faktorerna bakom den ojämställda fördelningen av det investerade kapitalet samt kartlägga investerares syn på vad som krävs och vilka utmaningar som finns för att överkomma könsgapet i branschen. Metod: Studien har genomförts genom kvalitativa, semistrukturerade intervjuer med tio investerare i riskkapitalbranschen. Frågor har ställts där respondenterna fått beskriva sina egna investeringsbeslut samt sina tankar och sina åsikter och vad de anser krävs för att det ska ske en förändring inom det investerade kapitalet. På så sätt har en helhetsbild av investerares förhållningssätt till jämställda investeringar skapats. Vidare har studien använt en deduktiv ansats samt en tematisk analys för att nå en slutsats. Slutsats: Både kvinnliga investerare och entreprenörer är starkt eftertraktade i riskkapitalbranschen, en trend som korrelerar med den ökande betydelsen av jämställdhetsfrågor inom samhället. Trots, Problem discussion: The great lack of invested capital going to female entrepreneurs is a hotly debated topic today. As both the Venture Capital industry grows larger and as more institutional demands are put on gender equality in society, this is something that Venture Capital companies need to take into account. On the other hand, there is a big challenge in how to close the gender gap in the industry, of which previous studies give suggestions on how the female entrepreneur herself should act to increase her chances of raising capital. Unexplored within the subject is the investors' perspective and how they should act to invite more women to the industry and thus increase their proportion of equal investments. It is therefore interesting to analyze which barriers and success factors investors experience in order to be able to reduce the gender gap. The study intends to create valuable insights for the industry's future gender equality work within the invested capital. Purpose: To analyze the factors behind the unequal distribution of the invested capital and to map investors' view of what is required and what challenges exist to overcome the gender gap in the industry. Methodology: The study has been conducted through qualitative, semi-structured interviews with ten investors within the Venture Capital industry. By posing questions where the respondents have described their own investment decisions, thoughts and opinions as well as what they believe is required for a change within the invested capital, an overall understanding of their approach to gender equality has been established. The study also has a deductive approach along with a thematic analysis to reach a conclusion. Conclusion: Both female investors and entrepreneurs are highly requested in the Venture Capital industry, a trend that correlates with the increasing importance of gender equality issues within society. Despite this, there are challenges when it comes to making more gender-equal investme

To combat global warming, it is crucial to eliminate CO2 emissions by 2050, especially since a third of global emissions are attributed to the building and construction industry. This sector's carbon footprint comprises operational emissions from daily activities and embodied carbon throughout a building's lifecycle. However, as buildings become more energy-efficient, embodied carbon increasingly dominates total emissions. In the Netherlands, few residential projects align with the Dutch Climate Agreement's. This is due to various challenges hindering large-scale carbon reduction efforts, with financial barriers being a prominent issue. However, limited research focuses on financial barriers from the perspective of investors, often lacking in-depth analysis and offering few practical solutions for these challenges. Recognizing the need for carbon reduction, the industry must adopt a new approach to investment decisions, prioritizing embodied carbon considerations. This study delves into these financial barriers and how strategies to reduce embodied carbon impact real estate investment decision-making, focusing on the traditional Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) model. Therefore the main research question is: “In what way does reducing embodied carbon in residential building projects impact the investment decision-making process from an investor's perspective?” To explore this, the study first conducts a literature review and exploratory interviews, followed by three case studies with semi-structured interviews. The findings reveals that the integration of embodied carbon in the investment decision-making process is still in its early stages. Although there is growing awareness and interest, embodied carbon is not yet a standard consideration in investment decisions. This integration depends on the flexibility of investors and the specific sustainability goals of projects. Traditional financial models and evaluation methods have largely remained unchange, Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences | Management in the Built Environment

Objective: To analyse the demographic and investment patterns of the stock market investors, To understand which financial ratios impacted the investor returns.   Method: The present study used descriptive statistics for understanding the investors. This was followed by applying the discriminant analysis using the tool Advanced Excel. Prepared the structured questionnaire and collected data from the stock market investors. Variables for the study are identified by reviewing the existing the literature. This study followed the descriptive methodology steps for findings and conclusion. Followed steps are literature review, questionnaire preparation, data collection, data cleaning, processing, analyzing them, and conclusion. This study limited to Telangana, India region.   Results and Conclusion:The stock market has investors from all categories of people. Most of them are aged between 20 and 40. We see that having more disposable income is increasing the chances of investing in stock market. As less income people struggle to satisfy their basic needs and have less disposable income. It is observed that most of investors are investing in multiple stocks and not in one bucket. They are interested in diversifying the risks. While investing they are spending time to gather information from all resources. At the time of investment more emphasis is on Growth of company and EPS. Most of the investors not looking at the financial ratios before making decision of investment in stock market. Hence, there is further chance of study to understand why some of the investors not looking at the financial ratios and why taking decision based on different parameters and how they are getting benefited.   Implications of research:Earlier research papers, and studies considered the technical ratio analysis to get the maximum profits, and did the sentiment analysis of the investors, but studies did not consider the opinion of the investors in terms of selection of ratios use

Purpose: Up until now, no study has compared how CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) is implemented across different business sectors. This article's purpose is to close this knowledge gap by examining how businesses across many industries modify and incorporate social responsibility into their fundamental business practices to draw in both domestic and foreign investors. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study employs a descriptive quantitative research design, utilizing secondary data collecting via examination of annual reports or company sustainability reports from the three primary industries that are listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange (BEI) and frequently engage in voluntary corporate social responsibility. Findings: The analysis's findings demonstrate how the three sectors embrace the idea of social responsibility, albeit with various implementation strategies. The major consumer sector is more focused on the environment, the technological sector focuses on social issues, and the finance sector prioritizes corporate social responsibility from an economic perspective. Implications/Originality/Value: Offers a global perspective on corporate social responsibility (CSR), pertinent data and analysis for investors from different nations, and the potential to grow into a significant global resource for the community at large for comprehending how CSR affects sustainable investment choices in the global market.

The aim of the study is to analyze the influence of ownership structure on earnings smoothing practices in companies listed on B3. The analysis considered multivariate linear regression for a sample of 203 observations, with data referring to the period 2016-2021. The results indicated that the greater presence of international and institutional investors are factors that mitigate earnings smoothing practices. In turn, ownership concentration, government ownership and growth in the number of shareholders in the stock market did not prove to be determinants of income smoothing. The results suggest that the low participation of institutional and international investors may make it necessary to use additional corporate governance mechanisms., O objetivo do estudo é analisar a influência da estrutura de propriedade sobre as práticas de suavização de resultados em companhias listadas na B3. A análise considerou a regressão linear multivariada para uma amostra de 203 observações, com dados referentes ao período de 2016-2021. Os resultados indicaram que a maior presença de investidores internacionais e institucionais são fatores que mitigam as práticas de suavização de resultados. Por sua vez, a concentração de propriedade, a propriedade governamental e o crescimento do número de acionistas no mercado acionário não se mostraram determinantes da suavização de resultados. Os resultados sugerem que a baixa participação de investidores institucionais e internacionais pode tornar necessário o uso de mecanismos adicionais de governança corporativa., El objetivo del estudio es analizar la influencia de la estructura de propiedad en las prácticas de suavización de resultados en empresas que cotizan en B3. El análisis consideró regresión lineal multivariada para una muestra de 203 observaciones, con datos referidos al periodo 2016-2021. Los resultados indicaron que la mayor presencia de inversionistas internacionales e institucionales son factores que mitigan las prácticas de alisado de ganancias. A su vez, la concentración de la propiedad, la propiedad estatal y el crecimiento del número de accionistas en el mercado de valores no resultaron ser determinantes de la nivelación de ingresos. Los resultados sugieren que la baja participación de inversionistas institucionales e internacionales puede hacer necesario el uso de mecanismos adicionales de gobierno corporativo.

El estudio tuvo como propósito principal diseñar una estrategia orientada a interesar posibles inversionistas, nacionales e internacionales, para llevar a cabo un negocio de tecnología financiera (FinTech) para Mipymes no bancarizadas, en la ciudad de Bogotá. Para ello se efectuó el levantamiento de los antecedentes de la tecnología financiera (FinTech) y la descripción de la empresa Todosistemas STI, se caracterizó el negocio de tecnología financiera (FinTech) para Mipymes no bancarizadas en la ciudad de Bogotá, se exploraron estrategias de búsqueda y consecución de inversionistas, nacionales e internacionales, bajo la aplicación de innovación tecnológica FinTech en Colombia, se determinaron los principales aspectos de interés de los inversionistas, nacionales e internacionales, junto con una matriz de riesgos, para financiar capital de trabajo para Mipymes, utilizando tecnología financiera (FinTech) en Colombia, y se elaboró una propuesta de presentación de estrategias para los inversionistas nacionales e internacionales, con sus principales aspectos de interés, para la realización de préstamos de capital de trabajo mediante la tecnología financiera (FinTech). A partir de lo anterior, se efectuó un proceso de revisión documental y de entrevistas semiestructuradas que condujeron al planteamiento de la propuesta indicada, a partir de los principales elementos que tienen en cuenta los inversionistas para evaluar propuestas de inversión, de tal manera que se puedan adquirir los inversionistas y el capital para poner a funcionar la FinTech Tyque., The main purpose of the study was to design a strategy aimed at attracting potential national and international investors to carry out a financial technology (FinTech) business for unbanked MSMEs in the city of Bogotá. For this, the background of financial technology (FinTech) and the description of the Todosistemas STI company were carried out, the financial technology business (FinTech) for unbanked MSMEs in the city of Bogotá was characterized, search strategies were explored and achievement of national and international investors, under the application of FinTech technological innovation in Colombia, the main aspects of interest of national and international investors were determined, along with a risk matrix, to finance working capital for Mipymes, using financial technology (FinTech) in Colombia, and a proposal was prepared to present strategies for national and international investors, with their main aspects of interest, for making working capital loans through financial technology (FinTech). Based on the above, a documentary review process and semistructured interviews were carried out that led to the approach of the indicated proposal, based on the main elements that investors take into account to evaluate investment proposals in such a way that they can be acquired. investors and capital to get FinTech Tyque up and running.

Los países, las ciudades y las regiones han visto la oportunidad de trabajar un mercadeo exógeno y endógeno para promover sus oportunidades y ventajas para la atracción de empresas, turistas y visitantes que impactan el desarrollo territorial de un lugar destino. La dinámica mundial ha puesto los ojos en las ciudades, países y regiones para que ofrezcan beneficios e incentivos que son llamativos para que las empresas extranjeras instalen sus operaciones y generen empleo de calidad. De igual modo, los lugares trabajan actualmente para exaltar sus bondades y con ello desarrollar una región que facilite la promoción de su identidad cultural, económica, geográfica y tecnológica. El Oriente antioqueño busca ser identificado como una región competitiva y productiva que es apta para estimular mecanismos de ingreso de turistas y posibles inversionistas para estimular el desarrollo local, la integridad regional y la reactivación económica. Las agencias regionales de promoción de inversión han sido creadas en Colombia y hoy día se consideran una buena herramienta de posicionamiento global que catapulta los aspectos positivos del país y su región. Todo lo anterior estará enmarcado en un plan de mercadeo que permite diagnosticar, analizar, formular estrategias y verificar si lo visualizado para el Oriente antioqueño es exitoso y de esta manera lograr conectarlo con el mundo., Countries, cities and regions have seen the opportunity to work on exogenous and endogenous marketing to promote their opportunities and advantages to attract companies, tourists and visitors that impact the territorial development of a certain destination. Global dynamics have set eyes on cities, countries and regions so that they offer benefits and incentives that are appealing to foreign companies to settle their operations and generate quality employment. In the same way, the places are currently working to exalt their benefits and thereby develop a region that facilitates the promotion of their cultural, economic, geographical, and technological identity. Eastern Antioquia seeks to be identified as a competitive and productive region that is apt to promote mechanisms for the entry of tourists and potential investors to stimulate local development, regional integrity, and economic reactivation. Regional investment promotion agencies have been created in Colombia and today have been considered a good global positioning tool that catapults the positive aspects of the country and its region. All of the above will be framed in a marketing plan that allows diagnosing, analyzing, formulating strategies and verifying if what is envisioned for Eastern Antioquia is successful and, in this way, connect it with the world.

A través de la presente monografía se presentan los instrumentos financieros que permiten la inversión en el mercado de valores de Colombia, analizando la normatividad local que rige a los fondos de inversión colectiva, a las sociedades comisionistas de bolsa, a las acciones, y a los principales instrumentos financieros derivados. Con lo anterior se pretende establecer si dicha regulación puede considerarse adecuada para promover el desarrollo del mercado financiero colombiano, determinando cuáles son las alternativas de inversión existentes, y analizando de qué forma se podrían realizar inversiones por medio de estos instrumentos., The present monograph presents the financial instruments that allow investment in the Colombian stock market, analyzing the local regulations governing mutual funds, broker-dealer company, shares, and the main derivatives and financial instruments. The purpose is to establish whether such regulation can be considered adequate to promote the development of the Colombian financial market, determining which are the existing investment alternatives, and analyzing how investments could be made through these instruments.

To redirect capital flows towards sustainable investments, the European Union (EU) has implemented the EU Taxonomy, a classification system with definitions for sustainable economic activities. The Taxonomy constitutes a part of the European Green Deal, which is an initiative to transition the EU towards sustainability and competitiveness. The EU Taxonomy is intended to be used by investors when assessing companies to identify sustainable investment opportunities. Investors have great significance in what impacts the EU Taxonomy will have since the regulation relies on investors using it as a tool when assessing whether to invest in a company or not. Additionally, many companies rely on investors for financial support, and it is therefore essential for companies to have information about to what degree investors will integrate the EU Taxonomy in their investment decisions. There is an information gap between companies and investors where companies lack knowledge about how investors will use the Taxonomy to select which companies to invest in. The aim of the study is to investigate how the EU Taxonomy is affecting investment decisions of Nordic investment firms and institutional investors. Furthermore, the aim is to examine in what ways the EU Taxonomy will shape the future of sustainable investments and how companies utilize the EU Taxonomy to enhance their attractiveness to investors. A qualitative approach has been used in the thesis, and data constituting the results was collected through 12 semi-structured interviews with investors. In conclusion, all interviewed investors have an interest in promoting sustainable investments. The EU Taxonomy has, moreover, been positively received by investors since many of them have been requesting a tool to define sustainable economic activities. 11 of 12 investors in the study, use the EU Taxonomy when evaluating companies to make investment decisions. However, investors are currently evaluating a variety of factors when a

Over the past decades, investing and saving in mutual funds has become a popular alternativefor generating returns. Interest continues to grow and is widespread among different types ofinvestors, ranging from small-scale savers to professional investors, as well as differentgeographic markets. As interest and investment has grown, so has the range of fundsavailable, and with it the range of focused funds. Among these are real estate funds, fundsconsisting of holdings in the real estate market including different types of real estatecompanies and property-related assets. The ownership of funds is associated with a fee to cover various costs associated withoperating the fund. These fees can vary greatly in size across fund types and managers andaffect the fund’s performance and returns. Fees in relation to return have been researchedwith varying results and with the rise of focused funds, the authors felt that it should befurther investigated. The purpose of this study was thus formulated to investigate whetherthere is a relationship between fund fees and returns for real estate funds. This in turn toanswer whether it is justified for fund managers to charge a higher fee and to examine if theTheory of an Efficient Market holds or not. For this, a total sample of 69 real estate fundsfrom the Swedish, Norwegian and Finnish markets during a 3 year period from 1th of January2020 to the 31th of December 2022 was examined. In summary, based on the conducted regression analyses, it can be inferred that the results,similar to previous research, vary. However, it can be observed that there is a negativerelationship between fund fees and the risk-adjusted returns of real estate funds whenanalysing funds that have been active throughout the examined period. The analyses alsoreveal that the age and size of the funds have an impact on the risk-adjusted returns, whereyounger funds with large assets generate higher returns. This means that young real estatefunds with large assets an

Investors’ perceptions, and their understanding related to an investment, are paramount to decision-making in economic and investment settings. Social media is increasingly playing a vital role in influencing investors’ perceptions and investors’ decisions in the financial arena. Social media is a comfortable and easy tool to use. That’s why it has just become a fundamental part of online news sharing and information distribution. In the first study of this thesis, a network structure is constructed and built social ties circle based on the frequency of communication of investors within the network, and the network size of the investors to develop a comprehensive measurement scale for the social network index. Our findings indicate that the acquisition of information in the social network of investors depends on different components or factors. A significant factor in the network index is the network degree (network connectivity). It implies that network members with higher degrees or connections acquire vast amounts of information. Likewise, investors with larger networks receive enormous amounts of information, notably "following," which is the principal component in terms of network size. As a result, network size appears as the network index's second biggest factor. The smaller contribution comes from social tie circles. However, collectively, all these factors represent the social network index. In the second study, we argue that the impact of financial information and news on investors’ perceptions is moderated by network factors such as network structure, social ties, and network size of the network. The impact of information on an individual’s perception is also called a social network or network effect. To tackle the moderating role of these network factors, we employed PLS-SEM as a statistical technique. The findings of this study indicate that network connectivity and social ties are crucial for the acquisition of information within the network. The findi

Purpose: The study investigates herding behaviour in the Tadawul stock exchange based on daily data between the years 1999 to 2019 . Theoretical framework: Existence of uncertain situations affect the confidence level of the investor. This leads to investors changing their approach from rational to behavioural wherein they prefer to follow the judgements of others, thus engaging in herding behaviour. Several factors such as institutional investment, external factors and fundamental factors impact herding behaviour. Methodology: The study uses OLS regression approach and accounts for the various factors such as institutional investment (percentage ownership in a stock, institutional ownership type, nationality) , external factors (global financial crisis, political instability, oil market volatility) and fundamental factors (P/E ratio, Share Turnover, Market Capitalization, Market Liquidity). Findings: The empirical results indicate that herding is not present during the period of study. External factors and fundamental factors do not significantly impact the Cross-Sectional Absolute Deviation (CSAD) and there is no evidence of herding when accounting for these variables. However, CSAD is significantly impacted with the percentage of institutional investment, ownership and the nationality of institutional investors and there is evidence of herding when accounting for these variables. Research Implications: As further scope the study proposes that the length of the time period may affect the findings and more robust analysis can be conducted by structural break models to understand the relative significance of the factors that may lead to herding during different time periods. Originality: Institutional investment related factors have a significant impact on Herding behaviour of investors in the Tadawul stock exchange.

Objective: During the last decade, the launch of green bonds has been one of the most important breakthroughs in sustainable financing. The effect of environmental labels on bond yields has been a common topic. Green bonds have become increasingly common, particularly in sectors where environmental factors are economically significant for businesses. Green bonds have been taken for consideration to boost environmental performance, indicating their efficacy in reducing businesses' ecological impact.   Result: These findings are specific to green bonds that have been independently confirmed, demonstrating the need of authorization as a control instrument in the green bond market. The investors have a favorable reaction to the news of issuance, with a stronger reaction for initial suppliers and securities certified by independent organizations. After the issuance, the issuers' environmental performance improves (in the form of higher environmental ratings and reduced Co-2 emissions), and long-term and green investors get a greater stake in the companies.   Method: Overall, the results are consistent with a signaling argument, suggesting that issuing green bonds is a credible way for businesses to demonstrate their dedication to environmental protection by developing Green Bonds in Business for Sustainable Growth [GB-BSG] to meet the challenges mentioned above.   Conclusion: Our research is among the first experimental inquiries into the effects of green bonds on the sustainability practices of businesses, the motivations of investors and issuers to enter the green bond market, and the significance of green bonds in redistributing capital to environmentally responsible endeavors.

Tato bakalářská práce se věnuje analýze a komparaci zvolených netradičních investic, kterými jsou automobiloví veteráni a komiksy. Tyto formy investičních možností jsou komparovány prostřednictvím výnosu, rizika a likvidity. Na základě výsledků zkoumání jsou formulovány investiční doporučení za pomocí určení výhod a nevýhod těchto netradičních investic pro profesionální a neprofesionální investory., This bachelor thesis deals with the analysis and comparison of selected non-traditional investments, which are automobile veterans and comics. These forms of investmens opportunities are compared through return, risk and liquidity. Based on the results of the research, investment recommendations are formulated by determining the advantages and disadvantages of these non-traditional investmens for professional and non-professional investors., Fakulta ekonomicko-správní, Student přednesl obhajobu bakalářské práce s názvem: Netradiční investice. Cílem práce je analyzovat a komparovat zvolené netradiční investice, kterými jsou automobiloví veteráni a komiksy, za podpory zvolených vědeckých metod a modelových příkladů. Na základě dosažených výsledků zkoumání vymezit jejich výhody a nevýhody pro profesionální a neprofesionální investory. Během rozpravy byly položeny dotazy dle posudku vedoucího bakalářské práce: Otázka 1.:Uveďte, které youngtimery mají do budoucna sběratelský potenciál? Otázka 2.:Do kterých komiksů, vydaných případně vydávaných v současné době v České republice byste doporučil investovat? Student na otázky reagoval. Následně byl během rozpravy položen doplňující dotaz: Otázka 3.: Jak jste vyčísloval provozní náklady? Student na otázku reagoval., Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou

This thesis studies the awareness of the Swedish financial sector on biodiversity and nature-related information by analyzing the external communication reports of firms listed on the NasdaqOMX stock exchange in Stockholm. The reports are analyzed with the help of a checklist and a Python script. The checklist covers key topics, including the importance of biodiversity in sustainable development, and the need for transparent reporting on nature-related impacts and risks. It addresses biodiversity conservation, threats, and the potential for biodiversity loss. To explain motivations for biodiversity-related information disclosure, a theoretical framework was built that is based on such theories as institutional, stakeholder, disclosure theories, legitimacy theory and accountability. The findings signal that investors are more inclined to refer to biodiversity and nature-related impacts in their reports in order to comply with the institutional regulatory pressure, uphold their legitimacy in the market by fostering positive engagement with stakeholders, and manage their risk portfolio effectively.

Investors are often inclined to keep losing stocks too long, despite this being irrational. This phenomenon is part of the disposition effect (“people ride losers too long, and sell winners too soon”). The current research examines the role of hope as a potential explanation of why people ride losers too long. Three correlational studies (1A, 1B, and 2) find that people's trait hope is positively associated with their inclination to keep losing stocks, regardless of their risk-seeking tendency (Study 2). Further, three experimental studies (3, 4, and 5) reveal that people are inclined to hold on to losing (vs. not-losing) stocks because of their hope to break even and not because of their hope to gain. Studies 4 and 5 provide process evidence confirming the role of hope and indicate potential interventions to decrease people's tendency to keep losing stocks by reducing the hope. The findings contribute to the limited empirical literature that has investigated how emotions influence the disposition effect by providing empirical evidence for the role of hope. Moreover, the findings add to the literature of hope by revealing its role in financial decision-making and show a “dark side” of this positive emotion.

Deep-tech startups have enormous potential to solve major societal challenges, but their failure rates are quite high (above 90%). In this respect, deep-tech systems and products have long development times and thus require substantial amounts of investment capital long before the first customer can be served. Moreover, potential investors increasingly expect that the value proposition of a deep-tech venture has a clear sustainability dimension. We therefore designed a tool that serves to develop a convincing value proposition for investors, one that is explicitly connected to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations. We adopted a design science approach to develop and test this tool in the context of a deep-tech venture builder located in the Netherlands. The final tool arising from this study extends and integrates various existing tools with an explicit connection to the SDGs. As such, this tool enables deep-tech entrepreneurs to develop a value proposition that is more likely to attract early-stage investors.

This is a study that would analyze the attitude of investors towards selected scheduled commercial banks with respect to Bangalore City. The researcher aimed to assess visitor perceptions of Bangalore's scheduled commercial banks. The researcher investigated both primary and secondary data to do this. To collect primary data, a questionnaire was used. Secondary information was acquired from bank websites. The primary data was obtained from 150 commercial bank customers in Bangalore using a convenience sample method. The respondents were drawn from ICICI Bank, HDFC Bank, Canara Bank, Karnataka Bank, and Corporation Bank. A total of 24 questioners were distributed to each bank. This research is being carried out primarily to establish investor perceptions of certain scheduled commercial banks. According to the study's findings, the majority of respondents opened bank accounts in order to obtain loans, receive compensation from their jobs, and for purposes other than investing.

The purpose of this study is to examine investors’ perceptions about investing in crypto-currencies. We think that investors trust in crypto-currencies is largely driven by crypto-currency comprehension, trust in government, and transaction speed. This is the first study to examine crypto-currencies from the investor’s perspective. Following that, we discover important antecedents of crypto-currency confidence. Second, we look at the government's role in crypto-currencies. The importance of this study is: first, crypto-currencies have the potential to disrupt the current economic system as the debate is all about impact of decentralization of transactions; thus, further research into how it affects investors trust is essential; and second, access to crypto-currencies. Finally, if Fin-Tech companies or banks want to enter the bitcoin industry may not attract huge advertising costs as well as marketing to soothe clients' concerns about investing in various digital currencies The research sheds light on indecisiveness in the context of marketing aspects adopted by demonstrating investors are aware about the crypto.

Behavioural economics has been argued to be a productive basis for decision support system (DSS) research. Whereas traditional economics assumes that individuals make decisions independently of others, behavioural economists have shown that humans tend to follow the crowd in their decisions (i.e., exhibit herding bias). However, the literature is silent on how convincing the information on the decisions of the crowd needs to be to elicit herding bias and on whether herding can be reduced (i.e., debiased) by presenting a warning message. This paper addresses both questions in the contexts of financial decisions that were guided by two DSSs in the form of simulation tools. In particular, we conduct a randomised controlled trial with 768 respondents randomly assigned to peer information. The results indicate that the intervention successfully elicited herding bias and that herding occurs when respondents are informed that at least 50% of other people made a particular decision. The results further show that a DSS in the form of a warning message is not sufficient to debias herding. In conclusion, these findings showed that individuals are easily influenced by erroneous peer information and that this effect is robust against debiasing using a warning message. Hence, DSS developers need to consider more intense debiasing strategies to overcome herding.

The current commercial and organizational environment is very dynamic and competitive, where organizations implement strategies to lead the market, but these strategies are the result of a conscientious work of the leaders, who beyond possessing qualities and attributes, must keep in mind that effective leaders achieve results, which will be critical factors for the development of the organization. Under this premise, the research aims to determine that effective leadership influences the profitability of the Association of Traders of the Ráez Patiño Market of Huancayo-Peru; developing a research under the quantitative approach and with a non-experimental transectional design, based on the collection of information through surveys applied to a sample of partners, and documentary analysis of the financial statements of the association; The conclusion was that, considering the recommendations of Ulrich, Zenger and Smallwood (2014), the organization was analyzed from the point of view of financial profitability and product of the financial analysis of profitability it was determined that the Association of Traders of the Ráez Patiño Market of Huancayo-Peru is not being led effectively, since from 2015 to 2019 it was observed that the ratios used show a downward trend., El entorno comercial y organizacional actual es muy dinámico y competitivo, donde las organizaciones implementan estrategias para liderar el mercado, pero esas estrategias son el resultado de un trabajo concienzudo de los líderes, quienes más allá de poseer cualidades y atributos, deben tener presente que los lideres eficaces consiguen resultados, los que serán factores críticos para el desarrollo de la organización. Bajo esta premisa la investigación tiene como objetivo determinar que el liderazgo eficaz influye en la rentabilidad de la Asociación de Comerciantes del Mercado Ráez Patiño de Huancayo-Perú; desarrollándose una investigación bajo el enfoque cuantitativo y con un diseño no experimental transeccional, basado en la recolección de información mediante encuestas aplicadas a una muestra conformada por los socios, y el análisis documental de los estados financieros de la asociación; concluyéndose que, considerando las recomendaciones de Ulrich, Zenger y Smallwood (2014), se analizó a la organización desde el punto de vista de la rentabilidad financiera y producto del análisis financiero de rentabilidad se determinó que la Asociación de Comerciantes del Mercado Ráez Patiño de Huancayo no está siendo liderado con eficacia, puesto que desde el año 2015 hasta el 2019 se observó que los ratios utilizados demuestran una tendencia decreciente.

India is a growing fintech market with a population of approximately 1.3 billion. The bankless and majority of the bankless population makes India an exciting global space for financial technology. Fintech is seen as a game changer and disruptive innovation that can rock traditional financial markets. Fintech has grown rapidly in India over the last five years and is expected to continue to grow in the near future. This article first focuses on the basic types of financial technology and its capabilities, and also discusses the opportunities and challenges faced in the Indian business environment. This research article basically extends FinTech's quantitative assessment of customer adaptability and qualitative analysis of technical, economic and demographic factors that may lead to FinTech's adaptability in India.

Bakgrund: Det finns en mängd olika investeringsstrategier som en investerare kan applicera för att genera avkastning på börsen. Två av de vanligaste strategierna är värdestrategin och tillväxtstrategin, vilket är två investeringsstrategier som länge varit populära och vars historiska avkastning ofta ställs emot varandra och diskuteras av investerare. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilken av de två investeringsstrategierna värdestrategi och tillväxtstrategi som genererat högst riskjusterad avkastning under tidsperioden 2012–2021. Studiens delsyfte är att undersöka hur den ekonomiska konjunkturen samt marknadssentiment påverkar strategiernas avkastning på aktiemarknaden. Metod: För att uppfylla studiens syfte har en kvantitativ metod med en deduktiv ansats tillämpats. Två portföljer har konstruerats med en årlig rebalansering utifrån de uppsatta kriterierna för värde- respektive tillväxtbolag. De två portföljerna sattes samman utifrån författarnas definitioner av värdebolag och tillväxtbolag genom att studera bolagens P/E, EV/S- och P/BV-multiplar. Utöver detta har tre multipla regressionsmodeller genomförts för att undersöka huruvida de två portföljernas avkastning kan förklaras av förändringar i marknadssentiment och den ekonomiska konjunkturen. Resultat och kunskapsbidrag: Studiens resultat visar att tillväxtportföljen generade en högre riskjusterad avkastning än värdeportföljen under tidsperioden 2012-01-01 2021- 12-31. Marknadssentiment uppvisar ett signifikant negativt samband till avkastningen i båda portföljerna för hela studiens tidsperiod, medan konjunkturen som oberoende variabel inte uppvisar något signifikant samband. Studien bidrar med relevant kunskap inom aktiehandel på den svenska marknaden. De strategier som undersöks har länge studerats på andra marknader internationellt, medan denna studie fokuserat på den svenska marknaden under en mer aktuell tidsperiod., Background: There are many different investment strategies that can be applied by an investor to generate returns on the stock market. Two of the most common strategies that have been applied by investors for a long time are the value strategy and the growth strategy. These strategies are frequently discussed and are commonly compared to each other when it comes to historical performance. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine which one of the two investment strategies has yielded the highest risk-adjusted return during the period 2012–2021. The sub-purpose of the study is to examine how the economic cycle and market sentiment relates to the returns of the strategic portfolios on the stock market. Method: To achieve the purpose, a quantitative method with a deductive approach has been applied. Two portfolios have been constructed based on specific criteria set up for each strategy to reflect the author’s definitions of value stocks and growth stocks. The two portfolios were rebalanced every year and were constructed by studying the P/E-, EV/S- and P/BV-multiples of the companies. In addition, three multi-regression models were implemented to examine how the returns of the two portfolios interact with changes in market sentiment and the economic cycle. Results: The results of the study show that the growth portfolio yielded a higher risk- adjusted return than the value portfolio during the period 2012-01-01 - 2021-12-31. The market sentiment has a significant negative correlation to the returns in both portfolios, whereas the economic cycle does not exhibit any significant correlations to the portfolio returns. The results of the study contribute knowledge in stock investing on the Swedish market. The strategies examined have been studied historically on international markets, whereas this study has focused on the Swedish market and a more recent period.

Sustainability reporting is something that has gained much ground lately, and there is no sign of it decreasing. The purpose of a sustainability report is to disclose the non-financial information between a company and its stakeholders. To present a sustainability report is mandatory for larger companies, many smaller companies do also provide its stakeholder with one voluntarily. In the last decade there has been a steadily increasing trend when it comes to being environmentally friendly. More companies need to take responsibility for their actions in the world, in order for it to sustain and last longer. There have been some scandals throughout the years when it comes to sustainability reporting which has made a negative impact on the reliability of the reports. Previous research and literature have shown that there are a lot of uncertainties when it comes to what exactly transparency means and how it can be interpreted from different perspectives and situations. The purpose with this study is to collect information and analyze the interpret transparency of a sustainability report from an investors perspective. The information collected can then be addressed to answer the research question “How is the transparency in a sustainability report perceived by an investor?.” The thesis is using a qualitative methodology consisting of semi-structured interviews and has an inductive research approach. The theories connected to the conceptual framework in this thesis is signaling theory and legitimacy theory. The semi-structured interview was made with people who own stocks in a company that presents a sustainability report, also called investors. Twelve investors were interviewed and provided good information to create a comprehensive answer for the research question. The result of this study shows that the investors do not think a sustainability report is transparent enough. They believe that companies do not show the whole truth in a sustainability report. The informatio

Over the last few years, the concept of corporate governance in relation to Russian economic realities has been used relatively recently. The concept of corporate governance in the economic practice of Russia was synonymous with production management in 1990-2000 At the same time, "good corporate governance" is a set of activities of public companies in order to ensure high demand for their shares and debt securities from portfolio investors. Corporate governance is a means of trust development both in individual companies and in the stock market of the country as a whole, which is of great importance for long-term investment attraction. According to various global ratings of the countries (for example, to the rating of the financial conglomerate Morgan Stanley, the Russian stock market is classified as an emerging market that provides increased investment returns. The article attempts to determine the main priorities of institutional investors for corporate governance in Russia. The authors come to the conclusion that the development of the corporate governance system is one of the key factors increasing the investment attractiveness of Russian companies. Government regulators take measures to create corporate governance standards, one example of which is the recommendation to use the Corporate Governance Code approved by the Board of Directors of the Bank of Russia in 2014. In fact, the article highlights both positive and negative trends in the Russian practice of corporate governance. It provides the results of opinion polls among investors, which reveal their motivation to make investment decisions in the Russian market.

La sostenibilidad financiera de las empresas depende de su capacidad de generar valor, esto es, utilidades, rendimiento superior a la tasa de retorno y flujo de caja libre positivo, por lo que sus ventas deben superar las unidades de punto de equilibrio, base este para establecer metas de ventas, por lo que debe estar correctamente calculado. Con ese propósito se presenta el modelo punto de equilibrio avanzado (Pea), el cual corrige los defectos del modelo tradicional. Se construyó al investigar la capacidad emprendedora en Colombia, mediante el método logit, observando el éxito o fracaso de los proyectos financiados durante 2006-2017 por el Fondo Emprender. El Pea se orienta a corregir y remplazar el modelo tradicional asegurando la sostenibilidad y desarrollo empresarial.

Over the past decade, the market for off-grid solar (OGS) systems providing affordable sources of energy has seen a remarkable expansion in many developing countries where coverage by the electricity grid is limited. The observed market growth has been fuelled by the provision of finance by a variety of foreign investors to private suppliers of such systems. The development of the OGS market plays an important part in meeting the development imperative of ensuring access to sustainable and affordable sources of energy for all. However, increasing awareness and criticism have emerged about the generation of electronic waste (e-waste) from solar products as an unintended negative side effect of their diffusion. In this paper, we explore whether and how investors of dominant OGS system providers in Kenya, a country that has experienced rapid growth in its OGS market, have reacted to concerns about solar e-waste by changing their funding modalities and practices. Our analysis is based on in-depth interviews carried out with a diverse sample of international investors and industry experts. We find that most investors have not incorporated requirements for managing e-waste beyond a mere box-ticking exercise in their due diligence and monitoring and compliance mechanisms. Hence, e-waste is currently not seen as a priority for investors, which raises questions about the overall environmental sustainability of such investments. To the extent that some investors have devoted attention to improving e-waste management, such efforts appear to have been motivated by the potential risks to their reputations. We also find that the Global Off-Grid Lighting Association – a global industry association for the off-grid solar sector – plays an important role in making investors aware of the link between their investments and the adverse environmental impacts of e-waste. Since most of the solar supplier firms are start-ups that are concerned with developing viable businesses, we find tha

Demand for Brazilian beef has been growing positively over the years, marked by rising exports, mainly from Asian countries. Given that different links in the chain impact the price, verifying how the price of corn, live cattle and the exchange rate may be related to the attractiveness of acquiring slaughterhouse shares, impacting prices. The increase in demand for beef, also as a result of covid-19, may be raising market values of Brazilian beef slaughterhouses. Given the interest in verifying these influences and predicting the behavior and volatility of prices quoted in shares, the present study aims to analyze the behavior and prices of shares of publicly traded meatpacking companies operating in Brazil, JBS (JBSS3), Marfrig (MFRG3) and Minerva (BEEF3) in relation to the dollar-real exchange rate (USD-BRL) and commodity prices: corn (CCMM3) and live cattle (BGIF3). The historical series analyzed from January 2015 to September 2021 were obtained from Brasil Bolsa Balcão, totaling 9,768 observations. Econometric tests and correlation analysis were used to verify behaviors. The results of the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test were higher than the critical values, indicating that the series are non-stationary due to the existing trend. Correlations with BGIF3, CCMM3 and USD-BRL were strong positive for MFRG3 and JBSS3. For BEEF3 there was no correlation. It is concluded that the trend is towards a rise in the prices of stock assets with a significant increase observed in 2019, remaining in 2020 and 2021 in relation to 2015, denoting the high sensitivity to market effects., A demanda por carne bovina brasileira foi positiva há dois anos, marcada pelo aumento das exportações, principalmente de dois países asiáticos. A indústria de processamento de carne bovina pode estar se beneficiando dessa demanda, também consequência do covid-19, permitindo que seus valores de mercado subam. O presente estudo busca analisar ou comportar dois preços de ações de empresas de refrigeração de capital aberto no Brasil, JBS (JBSS3), Marfrig (MFRG3) e Minerva (BEEF3) em relação à taxa de câmbio dólar-real (USD-BRL) e anos dos preços das commodities: milho (CCM3) e boi gordo (BGIF3). A série histórica analisada de janeiro de 2015 a setembro de 2021, obtida no Brasil Bolsa Balcão, com 1628 observações para cada série histórica, totalizando 9.768 observações. Utilize ou Microsoft® Excel para determinar a cotação de cada série com o preço médio obtido para o preço mínimo e máximo por dia. Testes econométricos e o modelo SARIMA foram usados ​​para analisar as séries. O teste estatístico foi utilizado para analisar a correlação entre as várias variáveis ​​para verificar os comportamentos. Os resultados do teste Augmented Dickey-Fuller aparecem acima dos valores críticos, indicando que as séries não são estacionárias em função da tendência existente. Como correlações com BGIF3, CCMM3 e USD-BRL são positivas para MFRG3 e JBSS3. Quando você tiver dois gráficos para cima, os preços irão acompanhar o posterior ou posterior ou os preços do JBS (R2 = 0,87) e do MFRG (R2 = 0,63). Para BEEF3 não houve correlação., La demanda de carne vacuna brasileña ha crecido positivamente a lo largo de los años, marcada por el aumento de las exportaciones, principalmente de países asiáticos. Los diferentes eslabones de la cadena impactan en el precio de las acciones de las empresas empacadoras de carne que cotizan en bolsa y se relaciona con el atractivo de adquirir acciones de mataderos. El aumento de la demanda de carne de vacuno, también como consecuencia de la covid-19, puede estar elevando los valores de mercado de los mataderos de vacuno brasileños. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo analizar el comportamiento y los precios de las acciones de las empacadoras de carne que cotizan en bolsa y operan en Brasil, JBS (JBSS3), Marfrig (MFRG3) y Minerva (BEEF3) con relación al tipo de cambio dólar-real (USD-BRL) y precios de commodities: maíz (CCMM3) y ganado en pie (BGIF3), con el fin de predecir el comportamiento y la volatilidad de los precios cotizados en acciones. Las series históricas analizadas desde enero de 2015 hasta septiembre de 2021, fueron obtenidas de Brasil Bolsa Balcão, totalizando 9.768 observaciones. Se utilizaron pruebas econométricas y análisis de correlación para verificar los comportamientos. Los resultados de la prueba de Dickey-Fuller Aumentada fueron superiores a los valores críticos, lo que indica que las series no son estacionarias debido a la tendencia existente. Las correlaciones con BGIF3, CCMM3 y USD-BRL fueron muy positivas para MFRG3 y JBSS3. Para BEEF3 no hubo correlación. Se concluye que la tendencia es al alza en los precios de los activos bursátiles, observándose un incremento significativo en el 2019, manteniéndose en el 2020 y 2021 con relación al 2015, denotando la alta sensibilidad a efectos de mercado..

This article examines the role of foreign investment in economic development, the adopted strategic objectives, as well as the impact of the pandemic on attracting investment. Modernization of the economy, increasing the national competitiveness of industries, increasing export potential, additional financial resources are developing certain regions, increasing employment and solving other social problems.

This article is based on giving essential information about significant role of the International Court of Justice in the settlement of international investment disputes, specifically through the currently unused mechanism of the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes. Also, it gives a basic overview of the most crucial legal questions related the selection of the appropriate forum for investment disputes between States and private parties. States, especially developing states, have to choose carefully which arbitral institutions and rules they make available to investors in their investment treaties. They should evaluate the institutions’ governing structures and who is behind the decision making, including in important areas such as the amendment of arbitration rules and arbitrator appointments. Where a state is not satisfied with the applicable arbitral rules and processes, it will have different degrees of influence for change depending on the target institution.

This paper uses unique and detailed transaction data to analyze herding behavior among pension funds. We distinguish between weak, semi-strong, and strong herding behavior. Weak herding occurs if pension funds have similar rebalancing strategies. Semi-strong herding arises when pension funds react similarly to other external shocks, such as changes in regulation and exceptional monetary policy operations. Finally, strong herding means that pension funds intentionally replicate changes in the strategic asset allocation of other pension funds without an economic reason. We find empirical evidence supporting all three types of herding behavior in the asset allocation of large Dutch pension funds. Whereas weak herding can contribute to financial stability, strong herding may present a risk for financial stability.

Denna studie syftar till att åskådliggöra huruvida bankernas hållbarhetsrapporter innehåller olika detaljerad information och om viss information i sådana fall prioriteras. Forskaren avser vidare studera vad hållbarhetsrapporterna har för betydelse för investerare, och om eventuella trender i aktiekurserna kan identifieras i samband med hållbarhetsrapporternas publicering. För att besvara studiens syfte och forskningsfrågor har forskaren analyserat Handelsbankens, SEB:s och Swedbanks hållbarhetsrapporter mellan 2016 och 2020. I denna studie har forskaren tillämpat en flerforskningsmetod, vilket är en kombination av en kvalitativ och kvantitativ forskningsstrategi. Genom att tillämpa en flerforskningsmetod avser forskaren att minimera respektive forskningsstrategis svagheter och därigenom öka resultatets trovärdighet. Studien har analyserats med hjälp av CONI-modellen som belyser kvaliteten och kvantiteten i rapporterna för att underlätta en empirisk jämförelse. Resultatet indikerar att bankernas hållbarhetsrapporter innehåller olika detaljerad information samt att bankerna prioriterar viss information framför annan. Forskaren har sedermera genomfört ett ANOVA- test för att besvara huruvida signifikanta skillnader existerar mellan hållbarhetsrapporterna. Resultatet visar att det inte finns några signifikanta skillnader, vilket skulle kunna bero på att det lagstadgade kravet på hållbarhetsredovisning trädde i kraft 1 januari 2017. Vidare visar den tekniska analysen att aktiekurser sjunker i samband med att hållbarhetsrapporter publiceras. Med stöd i tidigare forskning, och med hjälp av resultatet från CONI-modellens tolkande och mekanistiska delar, drar forskaren slutsatsen att bankernas hållbarhetsarbete, och således hållbarhetsrapportering, är av betydande vikt för investerare., This study aims to illustrate whether the banks’ sustainability reports contain various detailed information, and if certain information is prioritized. The researcher also intends to study the significance of sustainability reports for investors, and whether any trends in share prices can be identified in connection with the publication of sustainability reports. To answer the study’s purpose and research questions, the researcher has analyzed Handelsbanken’s, SEB’s and Swedbank’s sustainability reports between 2016 and 2020. In this study, the researcher has applied mixed methods research which is a combination of a qualitative and quantitative research strategy. Mixed methods research intends to minimize the weaknesses of each research strategy and thereby increase the credibility of the results. The study has been analyzed using the CONI-model, which highlights the quality and quantity of the reports to facilitate an empirical comparison. The results indicate that the banks’ sustainability activities contain various detailed information and that the banks prioritize certain information over others. The researcher has subsequently carried out an ANOVA-test to answer whether significant differences exist between the sustainability reports. The results show that there are no significant differences, which may be due to the legal obligation for sustainability reporting coming into force on the 1st of January 2017. Furthermore, the technical analysis indicates that share prices fall in connection with the publication of sustainability reports. With support from previous research, and with the results from the CONI-model, the researcher draws the conclusion that the banks’ sustainability activities, and thus sustainability reporting, is significant to investors.

BAKGRUND: Investeringssektorn för privata investerare har i takt med digitalisering transformerats. Nya investerare lockastill aktiemarknaden genom ökad fritid, FoMO och TINA.Storamängderinformationhar visat sig varasvårhanterligför en oerfaren investerare vilket resulterar i att investeraren gör fler misstag.Det är därmed naturligt att oerfarna söker sig till erfarna för att utvecklas, i detta fall på sociala medier. Professionellainvesterare lyckasintesystematiskt överavkastamarknadenöver tid. Utöver detfinns inga belägg för att den kollektiva gruppen genererar en överavkastning.Detta väcker frågan om vilket värde deltagandet i investeringsgrupper ger investerare. SYFTE:Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka investerares perspektiv av investeringsgrupper på sociala medier och hur de reflekterar kring investeringsgruppernas inverkan på deras investeringsbeslut. Samt analysera hur deras perspektiv och reflektioner relaterar till deras erfarenhet och tidigare forskning. METOD:Studiens forskningsmetod är kvalitativ.Tio semi-strukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med investerare som har varit eller är medlemmar iinvesteringsgrupper samt har noll till fem års erfarenhet av aktiehandel. SLUTSATS:Studiensresultat finner att investerare som ingått i studiensöker sig till investeringsgrupper på sociala medier för att observera andra medlemmars åsikter.Resultaten indikerar även att investerare ökar sin kompetens i att hantera informationen i investeringsgrupperna. Studien finner även tendenser för investeringsgruppernas påverkan påurvaletsinvesteringsbeslut.Därav föreslås en egenutveckladinformationshanteringsmodellför att förklara hur urvalet kan tänkas processa informationen de utsätts för., BACKGROUND: The private investment sector has seen a transformation as a result of digitization. Increased spare time, FoMO, and TINA attractsnew investors to the stock market.For an inexperiencedinvestor, large amounts of information have proven difficult to handle, resulting in the investor making more mistake. Therefore,it is only reasonable for the inexperienced to seek help from experienced to develop, in this case on social media. Professional investors have not been able to consistently outperform the market over time.Furthermore, no evidence exists that the collective group can do it better. This raises the question of what value investment groups could provide investors. AIM: The purpose of this thesisis to examine investors perspectives oninvesting groups on social media and how investing groups affectstheir investment decisions. In addition, thethesiswill examine how their perspectives and reflections are related to previous studies and their experience. METHOD: Tofulfill the study's purpose, thethesis wasconducted usinga qualitative research method. Investors with zero to five years of stock trading experience were interviewedin ten semi structuredinterviews. CONCLUSION: The results of the study find that investors who have been included in the study mainly seek out investment groups on social media to observe other members' opinions. The findings also suggest that investors improve their ability to handle information in investment groups overtime. The analysis also identifies tendencies in the influence of investing groups on respondents' investing decisions. As a result, a self-developed information management model is offered to describe how the sample might process the information they are exposed to.

[ES] Datamaran es una empresa creada en 2014 en Londres, con el objetivo de facilitar a las grandes empresas una herramienta innovadora que permite leer automáticamente y en tiempo real los documentos útiles para tomar decisiones estratégicas en el contexto medioambiental y social. Su departamento técnico se basa casi exclusivamente en Valencia, donde trabajan alrededor de 20 personas, desarrolladores y data scientists por la mayoría. El resto de sus empleados (50 personas en total) se reparte entre las oficinas de Londres y Nueva York, donde se encargan de las ventas comunicación, asociaciones y atención al cliente. Dentro de los clientes de Datamaran se encuentran la BBVA, el banco Santander, Rakuten, Amazon, Philips y Morgan Stanley. El trabajo se lleva sobre un módulo específico de la solución de Datamaran: el continuous monitoring. Este módulo se encarga de observar cómo evolucionaron los datos en los últimos 6 meses, para que los clientes puedan entender mejor cuales son las posibles razones que explican porqué una temática dada se encuentra mas importante hoy en día. Se llevará un diálogo con el departamento business de Datamaran para definir correctamente los insights interesantes para los clientes, se definirán indicadores medibles que permitan identificar tendencias en los datos e intentar predecir que temáticas mas probablemente serán importantes en el futuro. El documento se dividirá en 7 capítulos, después de la introducción, en el capítulo 2 se tratará del entorno del problema, en la empresa, poniendo el módulo en su contexto en la aplicación. Luego, en el capítulo 3 se llevará a cabo un análisis detallado del funcionamiento actual del módulo existente y en el capítulo 4, gracias al departamento responsable del producto se determinarán las especificaciones que el nuevo módulo deberá de cumplir. En el capítulo 5 se detallará la metodología que permite detectar las tendencias, y finalmente el capítulo 6 presentará el plan de implantación de la herramient, [EN] Datamaran is a company created in 2014 in London, with the aim of providing large companies with an innovative tool that allows them to read automatically and in real time the documents that are useful for making strategic decisions in the environmental and social context. Its technical department is based almost exclusively in Valencia, where about 20 people work, most of them developers and data scientists. The rest of its employees (50 people in total) are divided between the London and New York offices, where they are responsible for sales communication, partnerships and customer service. Datamaran's customers include BBVA, Banco Santander, Rakuten, Amazon, Philips and Morgan Stanley. The work is carried out on a specific module of Datamaran's solution: the continuous monitoring. This module is in charge of observing how the data evolved in the last 6 months, so that customers can better understand which are the possible reasons that explain why a given topic is more important today. A dialogue with Datamaran's business department will be carried out in order to correctly define the interesting insights for the customers. Measurable indicators will be defined to identify trends in the data and to try to predict which topics are more likely to be important in the future. The document will be divided in 7 chapters, after the introduction, in chapter 2 we will deal with the environment of the problem, in the company, putting the module in its context in the application. Then, in chapter 3 a detailed analysis of the current functioning of the existing module will be carried out and in chapter 4, thanks to the department responsible for the product, the specifications that the new module will have to meet will be determined. Chapter 5 will detail the methodology for detecting trends, and finally Chapter 6 will present the plan for implementing the tool in the platform, set for September 2020. Finally, general conclusions and future lines of work for the future o, [CA] Datamaran és una empresa creada en 2014 a Londres, amb l'objectiu de facilitar a les grans empreses una eina innovadora que permet llegir automàticament i en temps real els documents útils per a prendre decisions estratègiques en el context mediambiental i social. El seu departament tècnic es basa quasi exclusivament a València, on treballen al voltant de 20 persones, desenvolupadors i data scientists per la majoria. La resta dels seus empleats (50 persones en total) es reparteix entre les oficines de Londres i Nova York, on s'encarreguen de les vendes comunicació, associacions i atenció al client. Dins dels clients de Datamaran es troben la BBVA, el banc Santander, Rakuten, Amazon, Philips i Morgan Stanley. El treball s'emporta sobre un mòdul específic de la solució de Datamaran: el continuous monitoring. Aquest mòdul s'encarrega d'observar com van evolucionar les dades en els últims 6 mesos, perquè els clients puguem entendre millor quals són les possibles raons que expliquen perquè una temàtica donada es troba mes important hui dia. S'emportarà un diàleg amb el departament business de Datamaran per a definir correctament els insights interessants per als clients, es definiran indicadors mesurables que permeten identificar tendències en les dades i intentar predir que temàtiques mes probablement seran importants en el futur. El document es dividirà en 7 capítols, després de la introducció, en el capítol 2 es tractarà de l'entorn del problema, en l'empresa, posant el mòdul en el seu context en l'aplicació. Després, en el capítol 3 es durà a terme una anàlisi detallada del funcionament actual del mòdul existent i en el capítol 4, gràcies al departament responsable del producte es determinaran les especificacions que el nou mòdul haurà de complir. En el capítol 5 es detallarà la metodologia que permet detectar les tendències, i finalment el capítol 6 presentarà el pla d'implantació de l'eina en la plataforma, fixat per a setembre 2020. Per últim, es faran conclu

Background: The trend in environmental reporting has been continuously increasing. However, there is a lack of accepted uniform standards for accreditation, standardization, and evaluation of green investments, which slows down the process of mobilizing capital to meet sustainability objectives. In response to this, the European Union has created, in summer 2019, a new Taxonomy Regulation in an effort to increase green investing. Purpose: Skepticism towards green organizations is on the rise and the phenomenon, namely greenwashing, can be argued to be one of the biggest threats to sustainable development. Previous research on greenwashing has so far only looked at the effects it has on consumers. This study identifies this research gap and alternatively investigates the perspective of the investors on greenwashing. Prior to the EU Taxonomy, there were limited regulations in place to ensure a universal measurement of sustainable actions that were mandatory. This raises the question of whether the EU Taxonomy truly has the potential to reduce greenwashing or not. A descriptive investigation of the current literature on problems of greenwashing within the financial sector can seek to identify the critical themes concerning the EU Taxonomy. Construct a framework on which the EU Taxonomy may be most effective in reducing the types of greenwashing. Research Question: What is the potential of the new EU Taxonomy to increase transparency within the sustainable financial sector that is threatened by greenwashing? Method: Qualitative study; exploratory case study approach; the paradigm of interpretivism as our research philosophy; interviews based on the inductive approach, semi-structured interviews with a mix of open- and close-ended questions; purposive sampling method; triangulation data analysis with findings visualized in a tree diagram. Conclusion: A framework is presented that identifies the high/moderate/low potentials of the EU Taxonomy decreasing greenwashing in

Bakgrund: Gränsdragningen kring vad som ska klassas som en underhåll- en investeringsåtgärdavseende fastigheter har ändrats under åren. Införandet av IFRS ändrade regelverket från att baseraspå regler till att baseras på principer. Principbaserade regelverk har ett naturligt tolkningsutrymme.Ideella organisationer rekommenderar ytterligare information för att komplettera den regelverketkravställer. En branschförening har tagit fram Best Practise Recommendations som ettkompletterande tillvägagångssätt för fastighetsbolagen att öka sin transparens mot investeraren.Specifikt rörande investeringar i det befintliga beståndet. Syfte: Detta examensarbete syftar till att undersöka hur ett antal noterade fastighetsbolag definieraroch presenterar sina underhålls- och investeringskostnader i sina årsredovisningar. Undersökningengörs för att kunna jämföras med definitioner av begreppen underhåll och investeringar, IFRSbestämmelser och rekommendationer givna av branschorganisationer. Metod: Empirin inhämtades genom att undersöka urvalets årsredovisningar. Årsredovisningarnagranskades i sin helhet men undersökningen omfattade främst den finansiella informationen som finnsatt tillgå i resultaträkningen, balansräkningen och de tillhörande noterna. I övrigt har relevantbakgrundsfakta och teorier samlats in från adekvata studier och artiklar och sammanställts somreferensram. Slutsatser: Trots att företagen bedriver liknande verksamheter i samma bransch och följer sammaregelverk skiljer sig definitionen av underhållskostnader och hur de redovisas. Alla fastighetsbolagenhar följt IFRS regelverk men ej tillämpat de presenterade rekommendationer vad gällertilläggsupplysningar om investeringar., Background: What is to be classified as a maintenance or investment measure regarding real estatehas changed over the years. Due to the implementation of IFRS the regulations shifted to be basedupon principles and therefore it has a natural scope for interpretation. One association has developedBest Practice Recommendations as a complementary approach for real estate companies to increasetheir transparency towards the investor. Specifically concerning investments in the existing stock. Objective: This paper aims to investigate how a few listed real estate companies define and presenttheir maintenance and investment costs in their annual reports. The study is conducted to be able tocompare with the definitions, the IFRS provision and recommendations. Method: The information was obtained by examining the samples annual reports. The annual reportswere examined in their entirety, but the examination mainly included the financial informationavailable in the income statement, balance sheet and the accompanying notes. In other respects,relevant background facts and theories have been collected from adequate studies and articles andcompiled as a frame of reference. As the purpose of this study was to examine and review theinformation that is available to all investors, we exclusively used the real estate companies' annualreports. The information in these financial reports is the same as that provided by an investor based onthe demarcation of the study. Conclusions: This essay shows that of the studied real estate companies, the additional informationabout maintenance costs was variable or non-existent. Even though companies conduct similaractivities in the same industry and follow the same regulations, the definition of maintenance costsand how they are reported differs. All real estate companies have complied with IFRS regulations buthave not applied the presented recommendations regarding additional information on investments.

Attitudes are based on motivations and are formed in anticipation that the person will handle similar information at a later date. Attitudes are, therefore, necessary collections of pre-determined behavioral intents toward certain information (Solomon et al., 2016). Attitudes and their underlying functions form using a hierarchical structure where certain elements hold the primacy of effect over the remainder. These elements affect, behavior, and cognition as presented by Solomon and colleagues (Solomon et al., 2016). This study aims to explore how investors form attitudes towards the adoption of unfamiliar attitude objects, specifically when confronted with communications regarding Bitcoin adoption. The reason for this study is threefold; firstly, congruent academia has only conducted temperature checks on already established attitudes towards Bitcoin from diverse crowds in a spread of non-western cultures (Gagarina et al., 2019; Anser et al., 2020). Secondly, the aforementioned studies incorporated loosely defined sample groups. Understanding technology adoption, following the theories of Rogers (1995), requires that inaugural research is done on those who are most likely to adopt the technology. Lastly, congruent research has yet to tackle attitude formation on Bitcoin as an asset. Established research all commit to researching already established attitudes on a less niched sample (Gagarina et al., 2019; Yoo et al., 2020). The conclusion of said studies found thematic, contextual antecedents to why certain participants had certain attitudes. However, these studies do not explore the underlying hierarchy or function of said attitudes. To fill such a gap, a study following a deductive, exploratory nature was developed. Through thematic coding of qualitative interviews, this study contributes to the existing literature in two aspects: first, active Swedish investors rely on affective reasoning when faced with this particular unfamiliar attitude object. Second, such

The purpose of this research to "investigate the relationship between personality and conservatism of investors of insurance companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange." The present study was applied research in terms of purpose, which has employed a descriptive and correlational method. The statistical population of this research included all people who buy and sell shares of insurance companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. According to Cochran's formula, the sample size was determined as much as 384 people collected by a simple random sampling method. The research instruments were the Conservative Questionnaire based on the Gribel and Leighton (1999) and McCrae and Costa (1985) five-factor personality questionnaire. The questionnaire’s validity was confirmed by 20 experts, and the reliability of all three questionnaires was acceptable for all three questionnaires due to Cronbach's alpha above 0.79. The data analysis was conducted using the Pearson correlation test and regression analysis. The results indicated a significant relationship between the investors’ personality and their conservatism in the Tehran Stock Exchange. There was also a significant relationship between all personality components except for extraversion with the investor’s conservatism in the Tehran Stock Exchange., El propósito de esta investigación es "investigar la relación entre la personalidad y el conservadurismo de los inversores de las compañías de seguros que cotizan en la Bolsa de Valores de Teherán". El presente estudio fue una investigación aplicada en términos de propósito, que ha empleado un método descriptivo y correlacional. La población estadística de esta investigación incluyó a todas las personas que compran y venden acciones de compañías de seguros que cotizan en la Bolsa de Valores de Teherán. Según la fórmula de Cochran, el tamaño de la muestra se determinó hasta 384 personas recolectadas mediante un método de muestreo aleatorio simple. Los instrumentos de investigación fueron el Cuestionario Conservador basado en el cuestionario de personalidad de cinco factores de Gribel y Leighton (1999) y McCrae y Costa (1985). La validez del cuestionario fue confirmada por 20 expertos, y la confiabilidad de los tres cuestionarios fue aceptable para los tres cuestionarios debido al alfa de Cronbach por encima de 0,79. El análisis de los datos se realizó mediante la prueba de correlación de Pearson y el análisis de regresión. Los resultados indicaron una relación significativa entre la personalidad de los inversores y su conservadurismo en la Bolsa de Valores de Teherán. También existía una relación significativa entre todos los componentes de la personalidad, excepto la extraversión, con el conservadurismo del inversor en la Bolsa de Valores de Teherán.