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The study appraised coastland degradation and threat to livelihood in Ayetoro community, Ilaje Local Government Area, Ondo State, with a view to improving the livelihood of inhabitants. The research was conducted using Questionnaire, interview guide and Geographic Information System (GIS) tools. The study was a survey design that adopted a mixed method that combines qualitative and quantitative approaches, while 180 copies of questionnaire were administered on selected households in the study area. Systematic Random Sampling Technique was used to select the needed samples for questionnaire administration in the study area. The questionnaire were analyzed using SPSS 8.1, while all geo-processing operations and analyses were carried out in ILWIS 3.1 and ArcGIS 10.2 software. Landsat satellite imageries TM of 1991, ETM+ 2000 and OLI 2019 of Ilaje LGA were used. Each of these was vectorised and polygonised, and then converted to raster to have 10m pixel resolution size to make overlaying possible for the analysis of the coastal erosion. The Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) was used for the coastal erosion analysis. Findings revealed that, majority of the respondents depended mainly on fishing activities and other aquatic resources trading, water transportation, boat construction and fishing net production businesses as means of livelihood. Findings ascertained the prominence of coastal degradation in Ayetoro community between 1991 and 2019. It showed that, increase in sea level, sea incursion, unprotected coast, nature of the soil and high-water waves hitting the coast, were the major causes of coastal degradation in the study area. Coastal erosion/degradation had resulted to carrying away of buildings, destruction of coastal biodiversity and washing away of coastal sand, as it had great economic, psychological and social impacts on the livelihood of residents. The study recommends: Engagement in empowerment programmes and provision of grants to Ilaje LGA reside

The study appraised coastland degradation and threat to livelihood in Ayetoro community, Ilaje Local Government Area, Ondo State, with a view to improving the livelihood of inhabitants. The research was conducted using Questionnaire, interview guide and Geographic Information System (GIS) tools. The study was a survey design that adopted a mixed method that combines qualitative and quantitative approaches, while 180 copies of questionnaire were administered on selected households in the study area. Systematic Random Sampling Technique was used to select the needed samples for questionnaire administration in the study area. The questionnaire were analyzed using SPSS 8.1, while all geo-processing operations and analyses were carried out in ILWIS 3.1 and ArcGIS 10.2 software. Landsat satellite imageries TM of 1991, ETM+ 2000 and OLI 2019 of Ilaje LGA were used. Each of these was vectorised and polygonised, and then converted to raster to have 10m pixel resolution size to make overlaying possible for the analysis of the coastal erosion. The Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) was used for the coastal erosion analysis. Findings revealed that, majority of the respondents depended mainly on fishing activities and other aquatic resources trading, water transportation, boat construction and fishing net production businesses as means of livelihood. Findings ascertained the prominence of coastal degradation in Ayetoro community between 1991 and 2019. It showed that, increase in sea level, sea incursion, unprotected coast, nature of the soil and high-water waves hitting the coast, were the major causes of coastal degradation in the study area. Coastal erosion/degradation had resulted to carrying away of buildings, destruction of coastal biodiversity and washing away of coastal sand, as it had great economic, psychological and social impacts on the livelihood of residents. The study recommends: Engagement in empowerment programmes and provision of grants to Ilaje LGA reside

The study appraised coastland degradation and threat to livelihood in Ayetoro community, Ilaje Local Government Area, Ondo State, with a view to improving the livelihood of inhabitants. The research was conducted using Questionnaire, interview guide and Geographic Information System (GIS) tools. The study was a survey design that adopted a mixed method that combines qualitative and quantitative approaches, while 180 copies of questionnaire were administered on selected households in the study area. Systematic Random Sampling Technique was used to select the needed samples for questionnaire administration in the study area. The questionnaire were analyzed using SPSS 8.1, while all geo-processing operations and analyses were carried out in ILWIS 3.1 and ArcGIS 10.2 software. Landsat satellite imageries TM of 1991, ETM+ 2000 and OLI 2019 of Ilaje LGA were used. Each of these was vectorised and polygonised, and then converted to raster to have 10m pixel resolution size to make overlaying possible for the analysis of the coastal erosion. The Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) was used for the coastal erosion analysis. Findings revealed that, majority of the respondents depended mainly on fishing activities and other aquatic resources trading, water transportation, boat construction and fishing net production businesses as means of livelihood. Findings ascertained the prominence of coastal degradation in Ayetoro community between 1991 and 2019. It showed that, increase in sea level, sea incursion, unprotected coast, nature of the soil and high-water waves hitting the coast, were the major causes of coastal degradation in the study area. Coastal erosion/degradation had resulted to carrying away of buildings, destruction of coastal biodiversity and washing away of coastal sand, as it had great economic, psychological and social impacts on the livelihood of residents. The study recommends: Engagement in empowerment programmes and provision of grants to Ilaje LGA reside

[Resumen] Se tratan de las novedades más significativas relacionadas con la ordenación del litoral tanto en el nivel internacional, como el de la Unión Europea y el Estado Español. La economía azul es protagonista de los informes del PNUMA y de la Comisión Europea con la idea de lograr su plena sostenibilidad. La referencia de la nueva Ley española de cambio climático a las medidas de adaptación de las zonas costeras, la estrategia española para las energías renovables marinas y la proposición de Ley estatal de reconocimiento de la personalidad jurídica del Mar Menor, constituyen los apartados más relevantes sobre la ordenación del litoral en España. Finalmente, se trata de la STC 18/2022 declarando la plena constitucionalidad de la Ley Catalana de Ordenación del Litoral., [Abstract] These are the most significant developments related to coastal planning both at the international level, such as that of the European Union and the Spanish State. The blue economy is the protagonist of the UNEP and European Commission reports with the idea of achieving its full sustainability. The reference of the new Spanish Law on climate change to the adaptation measures of the coastal zones, the Spanish strategy for marine renewable energies and the proposal of a State Law of recognition of the legal personality of the Mar Menor, constitute the most relevant sections on coastal planning in Spain. Finally, it is the STC 18/2022 declaring the full constitutionality of the Catalan Law of Coastal Planning.

The search for sustainable alternative food sources has led to the expansion of aquaculture, with the proliferation of marine farms in more and more places, some of them very touristic. The installation of these farms in the waters of consolidated Sun and Beach tourist destinations represents a planning challenge, which requires consideration of the potential environmental and economic impacts of those activities on tourism attractions. This article critically analyzes the implementation of marine farms in the Costa Blanca (Alicante), one of the most consolidated Sun and Beach tourist destinations in the Mediterranean. The case study shows that the environmental impact studies and other documentation accompanying these projects do not include tourism aspects, which represents a deficiency that jeopardizes the economic and social sustainability of the projects.

[Resumen]: En la presente aportación de se analizan las novedades jurídicas que, sobre la ordenación del litoral, se han producido en los últimos años. Desde la repercusión del Pacto Verde de la Unión Europea sobre la economía azul, la compleja articulación de los instrumentos estatales de ordenación del litoral y, destacadamente, la nueva Ley de Ordenación del Litoral de Cataluña de 2020, son comentados aquí. Se incluye una extensa bibliografía sobre los temas tratados, [Abstract]: In this contribution, the legal developments that have occurred in recent years on coastal planning are analyzed. Since the impact of the Green Deal of the European Union on the blue economy, the complex articulation of state instruments for coastal planning and, notably, the new 2020 Law for the Planning of the Coast of Catalonia, are discussed here. An extensive bibliography on the topics covered is included.

In the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) led by the United Nations, coastal management methods are required to achieve both sustainable food production and environmental conservation as a climate change countermeasure. Oyster farming is an important food production method now being developed in coastal areas around the world. Recently, climate change has caused several negative effects on oyster aquaculture such as poor spat collection due to oligotrophication, ocean acidification, and poor spat growth and survival due to frequent anoxic events derived from high seawater temperature. The oysters cultivated in many regions of the world are intertidal species inhabiting intertidal zones such as sandy/muddy tidal flats and estuaries, where seagrass beds are often distributed in adjacent lower intertidal and subtidal areas. Seagrass vegetation is one of the most important ecosystems functioning as a countermeasure for global climate change. Not only does it mitigate greenhouse gas emissions by sequestration and storage of blue carbon derived from atmospheric CO2, but it also functions as an adaptation measure providing a buffering function against ocean acidification and water quality improvement. Based on the concept of aquaculture supported by natural ecosystem interactions between oysters and seagrass beds, our project examined whether aquaculture techniques that take into account both mitigation and adaptation to climate change are effective for both sustainable use of coastal areas and environmental conservation. We conducted field experiments in both the French Mediterranean Sea and the Seto Inland Sea of Japan to clarify the effect of eelgrass beds on (1) natural oyster spat collection and (2) growth and survival of oyster spat. The results of our experiments revealed that spat recruitment was significantly higher in areas without eelgrass distribution, while spat growth and survival rate after the settlement were significantly highe

In the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) led by the United Nations, coastal management methods are required to achieve both sustainable food production and environmental conservation as a climate change countermeasure. Oyster farming is an important food production method now being developed in coastal areas around the world. Recently, climate change has caused several negative effects on oyster aquaculture such as poor spat collection due to oligotrophication, ocean acidification, and poor spat growth and survival due to frequent anoxic events derived from high seawater temperature. The oysters cultivated in many regions of the world are intertidal species inhabiting intertidal zones such as sandy/muddy tidal flats and estuaries, where seagrass beds are often distributed in adjacent lower intertidal and subtidal areas. Seagrass vegetation is one of the most important ecosystems functioning as a countermeasure for global climate change. Not only does it mitigate greenhouse gas emissions by sequestration and storage of blue carbon derived from atmospheric CO2, but it also functions as an adaptation measure providing a buffering function against ocean acidification and water quality improvement. Based on the concept of aquaculture supported by natural ecosystem interactions between oysters and seagrass beds, our project examined whether aquaculture techniques that take into account both mitigation and adaptation to climate change are effective for both sustainable use of coastal areas and environmental conservation. We conducted field experiments in both the French Mediterranean Sea and the Seto Inland Sea of Japan to clarify the effect of eelgrass beds on (1) natural oyster spat collection and (2) growth and survival of oyster spat. The results of our experiments revealed that spat recruitment was significantly higher in areas without eelgrass distribution, while spat growth and survival rate after the settlement were significantly highe

The development of integrated management policies in the coastal and maritime environment involves renewing the information systems in support of these policies. New indicators have been proposed for which it is necessary to study not only the methods of construction but also their legitimacy and the nature of the needs they meet. This article examines the issue of observatories in the maritime and coastal environment by studying the specificities of collecting information related to the complexity of the processes and the diversity of maritime issues. In addition, it also addresses the issue of data quality and the legitimacy of the standards against which monitoring is carried out. Finally, the relevance of the indicators in relation to the needs of managers is discussed, as well as the diversity of the observatories' functions, emphasizing their role in the coordination and support for governance., Le développement des politiques de gestion intégrée en milieu littoral et maritime implique de renouveler les systèmes d’information pour les appuyer. Cet article interroge les enjeux des observatoires en milieu maritime et littoral, en étudiant les spécificités de collecte de données liées à la complexité des processus et à la diversité des enjeux maritimes. Par ailleurs, il aborde aussi la question de la qualité des données et de la légitimité des normes vis-à-vis desquelles s’effectue la surveillance. Enfin, la pertinence des indicateurs par rapport aux besoins des gestionnaires est évoquée, ainsi que, plus largement, la diversité des fonctions des observatoires en mettant l’accent sur leur rôle de coordination et d’appui à la gouvernance.

In the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) led by the United Nations, coastal management methods are required to achieve both sustainable food production and environmental conservation as a climate change countermeasure. Oyster farming is an important food production method now being developed in coastal areas around the world. Recently, climate change has caused several negative effects on oyster aquaculture such as poor spat collection due to oligotrophication, ocean acidification, and poor spat growth and survival due to frequent anoxic events derived from high seawater temperature. The oysters cultivated in many regions of the world are intertidal species inhabiting intertidal zones such as sandy/muddy tidal flats and estuaries, where seagrass beds are often distributed in adjacent lower intertidal and subtidal areas. Seagrass vegetation is one of the most important ecosystems functioning as a countermeasure for global climate change. Not only does it mitigate greenhouse gas emissions by sequestration and storage of blue carbon derived from atmospheric CO2, but it also functions as an adaptation measure providing a buffering function against ocean acidification and water quality improvement. Based on the concept of aquaculture supported by natural ecosystem interactions between oysters and seagrass beds, our project examined whether aquaculture techniques that take into account both mitigation and adaptation to climate change are effective for both sustainable use of coastal areas and environmental conservation. We conducted field experiments in both the French Mediterranean Sea and the Seto Inland Sea of Japan to clarify the effect of eelgrass beds on (1) natural oyster spat collection and (2) growth and survival of oyster spat. The results of our experiments revealed that spat recruitment was significantly higher in areas without eelgrass distribution, while spat growth and survival rate after the settlement were significantly highe

The development of integrated management policies in the coastal and maritime environment involves renewing the information systems in support of these policies. New indicators have been proposed for which it is necessary to study not only the methods of construction but also their legitimacy and the nature of the needs they meet. This article examines the issue of observatories in the maritime and coastal environment by studying the specificities of collecting information related to the complexity of the processes and the diversity of maritime issues. In addition, it also addresses the issue of data quality and the legitimacy of the standards against which monitoring is carried out. Finally, the relevance of the indicators in relation to the needs of managers is discussed, as well as the diversity of the observatories' functions, emphasizing their role in the coordination and support for governance., Le développement des politiques de gestion intégrée en milieu littoral et maritime implique de renouveler les systèmes d’information pour les appuyer. Cet article interroge les enjeux des observatoires en milieu maritime et littoral, en étudiant les spécificités de collecte de données liées à la complexité des processus et à la diversité des enjeux maritimes. Par ailleurs, il aborde aussi la question de la qualité des données et de la légitimité des normes vis-à-vis desquelles s’effectue la surveillance. Enfin, la pertinence des indicateurs par rapport aux besoins des gestionnaires est évoquée, ainsi que, plus largement, la diversité des fonctions des observatoires en mettant l’accent sur leur rôle de coordination et d’appui à la gouvernance.

In the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) led by the United Nations, coastal management methods are required to achieve both sustainable food production and environmental conservation as a climate change countermeasure. Oyster farming is an important food production method now being developed in coastal areas around the world. Recently, climate change has caused several negative effects on oyster aquaculture such as poor spat collection due to oligotrophication, ocean acidification, and poor spat growth and survival due to frequent anoxic events derived from high seawater temperature. The oysters cultivated in many regions of the world are intertidal species inhabiting intertidal zones such as sandy/muddy tidal flats and estuaries, where seagrass beds are often distributed in adjacent lower intertidal and subtidal areas. Seagrass vegetation is one of the most important ecosystems functioning as a countermeasure for global climate change. Not only does it mitigate greenhouse gas emissions by sequestration and storage of blue carbon derived from atmospheric CO2, but it also functions as an adaptation measure providing a buffering function against ocean acidification and water quality improvement. Based on the concept of aquaculture supported by natural ecosystem interactions between oysters and seagrass beds, our project examined whether aquaculture techniques that take into account both mitigation and adaptation to climate change are effective for both sustainable use of coastal areas and environmental conservation. We conducted field experiments in both the French Mediterranean Sea and the Seto Inland Sea of Japan to clarify the effect of eelgrass beds on (1) natural oyster spat collection and (2) growth and survival of oyster spat. The results of our experiments revealed that spat recruitment was significantly higher in areas without eelgrass distribution, while spat growth and survival rate after the settlement were significantly highe

The growing dynamic of the coastal towns of the Nayarit state specifically the so call Nayarit Riviera have been developed on tourism and services, this brings about environmental impacts and alterations in the socio economic development. The lack of strategic territorial planning conducive to an speculation on agricultural land sales where developers in agreement with local authorities generate spaces without all requirements for its establishment, provoking an increase on prices for quality urban services. The thematic is framed on the inefficient coastal management, where the soil use, sea water quality for recreation use, inappropriate use of the municipal solid waste, among others are considered inefficient. The present work objective is to know the importance of the authorized projects and published in the Periódico Oficial del Gobierno del Estado de Nayarit during the 2002-2016 period, through its localization, occupied surfaces, denomination and impact on the Bahía de Banderas municipal planning process. The limit for the urban and population development on the encourage to occupied spaces to those who participate in a way on the economic life giving services for local, visitors and tourist population., La dinámica de crecimiento de las localidades costeras del Estado de Nayarit, particularmente en la denominada Riviera Nayarit, se ha dado en el marco del desarrollo turístico y de los servicios; lo cual ha traído alteraciones ambientales e impactos en el desarrollo socioeconómico. La falta de planeación territorial estratégica propicia primeramente la especulación en la venta de tierras de uso agropecuario, donde desarrolladores en acuerdo con las autoridades municipales, generan el despuntar de espacios que no cuentan con las características para su establecimiento, provocando situaciones de encarecimiento de servicios urbanos de calidad. La temática se enmarca en el manejo integrado costero, en donde los cambios de uso de suelo, calidad del agua de mar para uso recreativo, manejo inadecuado de los residuos sólidos municipales, entre otros, son considerados como deficientes. El trabajo que se presenta tiene como objetivo conocer la importancia de los proyectos autorizados y publicados en el Periódico Oficial del Gobierno del Estado de Nayarit durante el periodo 2002-2016, mediante su localización, superficies ocupadas, denominación e impacto en el proceso de planeación municipal de Bahía de Banderas. Los límites para el desarrollo poblacional y urbano se dan en el supuesto de alentar la ocupación del espacio para albergar a quienes participan, de alguna forma, en la vida económica prestando servicios para la misma población local, de visitantes y turistas.

The growing dynamic of the coastal towns of the Nayarit state specifically the so call Nayarit Riviera have been developed on tourism and services, this brings about environmental impacts and alterations in the socio economic development. The lack of strategic territorial planning conducive to an speculation on agricultural land sales where developers in agreement with local authorities generate spaces without all requirements for its establishment, provoking an increase on prices for quality urban services. The thematic is framed on the inefficient coastal management, where the soil use, sea water quality for recreation use, inappropriate use of the municipal solid waste, among others are considered inefficient. The present work objective is to know the importance of the authorized projects and published in the Periódico Oficial del Gobierno del Estado de Nayarit during the 2002-2016 period, through its localization, occupied surfaces, denomination and impact on the Bahía de Banderas municipal planning process. The limit for the urban and population development on the encourage to occupied spaces to those who participate in a way on the economic life giving services for local, visitors and tourist population., La dinámica de crecimiento de las localidades costeras del Estado de Nayarit, particularmente en la denominada Riviera Nayarit, se ha dado en el marco del desarrollo turístico y de los servicios; lo cual ha traído alteraciones ambientales e impactos en el desarrollo socioeconómico. La falta de planeación territorial estratégica propicia primeramente la especulación en la venta de tierras de uso agropecuario, donde desarrolladores en acuerdo con las autoridades municipales, generan el despuntar de espacios que no cuentan con las características para su establecimiento, provocando situaciones de encarecimiento de servicios urbanos de calidad. La temática se enmarca en el manejo integrado costero, en donde los cambios de uso de suelo, calidad del agua de mar para uso recreativo, manejo inadecuado de los residuos sólidos municipales, entre otros, son considerados como deficientes. El trabajo que se presenta tiene como objetivo conocer la importancia de los proyectos autorizados y publicados en el Periódico Oficial del Gobierno del Estado de Nayarit durante el periodo 2002-2016, mediante su localización, superficies ocupadas, denominación e impacto en el proceso de planeación municipal de Bahía de Banderas. Los límites para el desarrollo poblacional y urbano se dan en el supuesto de alentar la ocupación del espacio para albergar a quienes participan, de alguna forma, en la vida económica prestando servicios para la misma población local, de visitantes y turistas.

This study aimed to propose, from a legal dimension, protective of the integrated management of coastal areas of the country viable alternatives; environmental strategies are also discussed cutting force. This was formulated on the basis of the need for greater understanding of the levels of projection, execution of the main legal regulations, Plans for Integrated Coastal Zone Management with legal dimension. The elements from the conceptual point of view presented research support. The main protective legal regulations of the integrated management of coastal zones are also analyzed, focusing on the analysis of the main existing legal bodies according to the coastal zone, in a critical assessment of their quality and environmental strategies, such as legislative base of support. the strategic projection of the legal protection of integrated management of coastal areas through the legal comparative method in the area of the Slope in the Guanahacabibes Peninsula and the Port of Coloma, both in the Pinar del Río Province was analyzed to ensure the same, insertion and operation of environmental legal dimension in their programs of integrated management. Finally, he arrived at conclusions that generalize the results achieved in the fulfillment of the objectives is demonstrated., El presente trabajo analiza desde una dimensión jurídica, alternativas viables protectoras del manejo integrado de las zonas costeras del país, incluyendo también en ese análisis las estrategias de corte ambiental vigentes. Esto se formuló sobre la base de la necesidad de una mayor comprensión acerca de los niveles de proyección, ejecución de las principales normativas jurídicas vigentes, para los Planes de Manejo Integrado de Zonas Costeras con dimensión jurídica. Se expusieron los elementos que desde el punto de vista conceptual sustentan la investigación. Se analizaron además las principales normativas jurídicas protectoras del manejo integrado de las zonas costeras, centrando su atención, en el análisis de los principales cuerpos legales vigentes en función de la zona costera, en una valoración crítica de las mismas y de las estrategias ambientales, como base del sustento legislativo. Se analizó la proyección estratégica de la protección jurídica del manejo integrado de las zonas costeras, mediante el método jurídico comparado, en la zona de la Bajada en la península de Guanahacabibes y en el Puerto de la Coloma, ambas en la Provincia de Pinar del Río, para garantizar en las mismas, la inserción y funcionamiento de la dimensión jurídica ambiental en sus programas de manejo integrado. Finalmente, se arribó a conclusiones que generalizan los resultados alcanzados en las que se demuestra el cumplimiento de los objetivos propuestos.

This study aimed to propose, from a legal dimension, protective of the integrated management of coastal areas of the country viable alternatives; environmental strategies are also discussed cutting force. This was formulated on the basis of the need for greater understanding of the levels of projection, execution of the main legal regulations, Plans for Integrated Coastal Zone Management with legal dimension. The elements from the conceptual point of view presented research support. The main protective legal regulations of the integrated management of coastal zones are also analyzed, focusing on the analysis of the main existing legal bodies according to the coastal zone, in a critical assessment of their quality and environmental strategies, such as legislative base of support. the strategic projection of the legal protection of integrated management of coastal areas through the legal comparative method in the area of the Slope in the Guanahacabibes Peninsula and the Port of Coloma, both in the Pinar del Río Province was analyzed to ensure the same, insertion and operation of environmental legal dimension in their programs of integrated management. Finally, he arrived at conclusions that generalize the results achieved in the fulfillment of the objectives is demonstrated., El presente trabajo analiza desde una dimensión jurídica, alternativas viables protectoras del manejo integrado de las zonas costeras del país, incluyendo también en ese análisis las estrategias de corte ambiental vigentes. Esto se formuló sobre la base de la necesidad de una mayor comprensión acerca de los niveles de proyección, ejecución de las principales normativas jurídicas vigentes, para los Planes de Manejo Integrado de Zonas Costeras con dimensión jurídica. Se expusieron los elementos que desde el punto de vista conceptual sustentan la investigación. Se analizaron además las principales normativas jurídicas protectoras del manejo integrado de las zonas costeras, centrando su atención, en el análisis de los principales cuerpos legales vigentes en función de la zona costera, en una valoración crítica de las mismas y de las estrategias ambientales, como base del sustento legislativo. Se analizó la proyección estratégica de la protección jurídica del manejo integrado de las zonas costeras, mediante el método jurídico comparado, en la zona de la Bajada en la península de Guanahacabibes y en el Puerto de la Coloma, ambas en la Provincia de Pinar del Río, para garantizar en las mismas, la inserción y funcionamiento de la dimensión jurídica ambiental en sus programas de manejo integrado. Finalmente, se arribó a conclusiones que generalizan los resultados alcanzados en las que se demuestra el cumplimiento de los objetivos propuestos.

The present paper provides a reflection on threats to integrated management of the Thau coastal lagoon due to climate change and the multi-scalar water scarcity adaptation strategy. This study proposes first to depict the Thau water governance assessed through a water use and social network analysis and its capacity to manage water quality. Next, this paper provides a downscaled study on the climate change impacts on the hydrological budget of the entire Thau catchment in 2041e2070 compared with the 1971 e2000 reference period, a methodology developed during the CLIMB EU research program. Following local climate change impacts, the importation of a new water resource to secure water uses is presented in regards to the capacity of local water governance to maintain coherence between integrated land planning and integrated water management planning based on water quality issues of the Thau coastal lagoon. The study underlines that although the water uses are currently secured thanks to the regional transfer of water, they are not coherent with local water management and create new vulnerabilities in the context of climate change. Moreover, the regional decision to end financial support for the more efficient, existing network for the water quality survey of regional coastal lagoons breaks up the local water governance. This paper demonstrates why keeping this network would have been absolutely necessary for encouraging a governance capable of proposing sustainable solutions to water quality challenges induced by climate change.

The paper provides an analytical overview of significant landmarks in the conceptual evolution of coastal geography in France since its emergence in the early 1950s. The paper comprises four sections dealing respectively with the following themes: 1. The conceptual trajectory of this field of study which resulted in significant broadening of its scope and methodology with the integration of physical geography and human geography dealing with coastal issues, which brought to adoption of a systemic approach and a broad vision characterizing global geography; 2. The remarkable complexity of the coastal space as reflected by the complex interactions between society and the natural environment and the resulting implications for the definition of this space; 3. The growing involvement of coastal geographers in management of the coastal space and the significance of their contribution to adopting an integrated management approach intended to advance sustainable development of coastal areas affected by rapidly increasing anthropization and natural forces with adverse impacts such as shoreline erosion and rising sea level; 4. The coastal vulnerability and environmental risk management, stressing the need for an appropriate land use planning., L'article offre un aperçu de l'évolution conceptuelle du domaine de la géographie du littoral en France dès son émergence au début des années 1950. Il inclut quatre sections portant respectivement sur les thèmes suivants: 1) La trajectoire conceptuelle qui aboutit à un développement significatif de la portée et de la méthodologie de ce domaine d'étude avec l'intégration de la géographie physique et de la géographie humaine s'occupant de questions relatives aux littoraux: vers l'adoption d'une approche systémique et d'une large vision propre de la géographie globale: 2) La complexité remarquable de l'espace littoral reflétée par les interactions entre la société et le milieu naturel et les implications qui en résultent pour la définition de cet espace. 3) L’implication croissante des géographes des littoraux dans la gestion de l’espace littoral et l’importance de leur contribution à l’adoption de l’approche de gestion intégrée pour l’avancement du développement durable: impacts de l’anthropisation et de facteurs naturels tels que l’érosion de la ligne côtière et l’élévation du niveau de la mer; 4) La vulnérabilité de l’espace littoral et la gestion du risque environnemental: la nécessité d’une gestion appropriée de l’occupation du sol.

Ecuador (1989) and Sri Lanka (1990) began their Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Processes through the same International Cooperation funds, counseling and evaluation. Taking these facts into account, we developed a comparative analysis of their Integrated Coastal Zone Management processes. Using the GESAMP ICZM cycle conceptual framework, and through an extensive literature and document review on the subject, both processes were analyzed in order to determine their strengths and weaknesses and evaluate the GESAMP cycle conceptual framework as an analysis tool. What appeared to be similar processes, turned out to be very different. Ecuador showed a more participatory approach towards ICZM plan design and implementation from the beginning, while Sri Lanka only implemented this approach in its third ICZM generation plan. On the other hand, Sri Lanka had a more institutional program, thus generating from the outset a better and more organized institutional framework for ICZM than Ecuador. Both countries have achieved first-order results (institutional changes), second-order ones (behavioral changes), and possibly third-order ones too (socio-ecological indicator improvements). We conclude through this paper that participatory approaches, political will, effective evaluation processes and international aid are fundamental elements for successful ICZM processes. We also conclude that the conceptual framework proposed by GESAMP is a very important theoretical analysis tool through which ICZM processes can be analyzed. But this theoretical tool should be revised and tested through empirically based analysis on other international ICZM application study cases., Ecuador (en 1989) y Sri Lanka (en 1990) empezaron sus procesos de Manejo Costero Integrado - MCI utilizando fondos de la misma Cooperación Internacional y asesoramiento y evaluación de la misma universidad extranjera. Tomando en cuenta estas similitudes y que ambos son países tropicales en vía de desarrollo se efectuó un análisis comparativo entre ambos. A través del modelo conceptual de ciclos de MCI sugerido por GESAMP y una amplia revisión bibliográfica y documental sobre la temática, fueron analizados ambos procesos de MCI, a fin de entender sus fortalezas y debilidades para fomentar nuevos procesos de MCI, así como también evaluar el uso del modelo conceptual de GESAMP como herramienta de análisis. Lo que en principio parecían procesos similares, en la práctica fueron muy distintos. Ecuador presentó un proceso más orientado a la participación desde el comienzo, mientras Sri Lanka solamente en la tercera generación logró integrar aproximaciones participativas. De otro lado, Sri Lanka tuvo un proceso más ordenado y centrado en desarrollo institucional, estableciendo primero un marco institucional que sirviera de base al comienzo del proceso de MCI. Ambos países han alcanzado resultados de primer orden (cambios institucionales), de segundo orden (cambios en el comportamiento) y posiblemente de tercer orden (cambios socioeconómicos y ambientales). Se concluye con este estudio de caso que los procesos participativos, la voluntad política, los procesos de evaluación y la financiación fueron fundamentales para el éxito de ambos proceso de MCI. También se encontró que el modelo conceptual propuesto por GESAMP representa una herramienta teórica fundamental para la planificación y análisis de los procesos de MCI, pero podría ser revisado y contrapuesto empíricamente a través de una investigación más profunda, con un mayor número de casos internacionales concretos de implementación de planes de MCI.

Ecuador (1989) and Sri Lanka (1990) began their Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Processes through the same International Cooperation funds, counseling and evaluation. Taking these facts into account, we developed a comparative analysis of their Integrated Coastal Zone Management processes. Using the GESAMP ICZM cycle conceptual framework, and through an extensive literature and document review on the subject, both processes were analyzed in order to determine their strengths and weaknesses and evaluate the GESAMP cycle conceptual framework as an analysis tool. What appeared to be similar processes, turned out to be very different. Ecuador showed a more participatory approach towards ICZM plan design and implementation from the beginning, while Sri Lanka only implemented this approach in its third ICZM generation plan. On the other hand, Sri Lanka had a more institutional program, thus generating from the outset a better and more organized institutional framework for ICZM than Ecuador. Both countries have achieved first-order results (institutional changes), second-order ones (behavioral changes), and possibly third-order ones too (socio-ecological indicator improvements). We conclude through this paper that participatory approaches, political will, effective evaluation processes and international aid are fundamental elements for successful ICZM processes. We also conclude that the conceptual framework proposed by GESAMP is a very important theoretical analysis tool through which ICZM processes can be analyzed. But this theoretical tool should be revised and tested through empirically based analysis on other international ICZM application study cases., Ecuador (en 1989) y Sri Lanka (en 1990) empezaron sus procesos de Manejo Costero Integrado - MCI utilizando fondos de la misma Cooperación Internacional y asesoramiento y evaluación de la misma universidad extranjera. Tomando en cuenta estas similitudes y que ambos son países tropicales en vía de desarrollo se efectuó un análisis comparativo entre ambos. A través del modelo conceptual de ciclos de MCI sugerido por GESAMP y una amplia revisión bibliográfica y documental sobre la temática, fueron analizados ambos procesos de MCI, a fin de entender sus fortalezas y debilidades para fomentar nuevos procesos de MCI, así como también evaluar el uso del modelo conceptual de GESAMP como herramienta de análisis. Lo que en principio parecían procesos similares, en la práctica fueron muy distintos. Ecuador presentó un proceso más orientado a la participación desde el comienzo, mientras Sri Lanka solamente en la tercera generación logró integrar aproximaciones participativas. De otro lado, Sri Lanka tuvo un proceso más ordenado y centrado en desarrollo institucional, estableciendo primero un marco institucional que sirviera de base al comienzo del proceso de MCI. Ambos países han alcanzado resultados de primer orden (cambios institucionales), de segundo orden (cambios en el comportamiento) y posiblemente de tercer orden (cambios socioeconómicos y ambientales). Se concluye con este estudio de caso que los procesos participativos, la voluntad política, los procesos de evaluación y la financiación fueron fundamentales para el éxito de ambos proceso de MCI. También se encontró que el modelo conceptual propuesto por GESAMP representa una herramienta teórica fundamental para la planificación y análisis de los procesos de MCI, pero podría ser revisado y contrapuesto empíricamente a través de una investigación más profunda, con un mayor número de casos internacionales concretos de implementación de planes de MCI.

El objetivo de este texto es reflexionar sobre los criterios para una estrategia de gestión integrada de los paisajes arqueológicos costeros. Para ello se aborda un ámbito de estudio en particular, la cuenca inferior del río Santa Lucia en la región metropolitana de Uruguay, en la que se viene desarrollando una investigación arqueológica que ha generado un cúmulo de conocimientos importante sobre las poblaciones prehispánicas que habitaron esta región. El aumento en los últimos años de las actividades de desarrollo económico, principalmente la explotación minera y el crecimiento urbano del área, sin una gestión planificada de los usos del territorio, plantea conflictos de relevancia los cuales ponen en riesgo la integridad y conservación del patrimonio natural y cultural. Se proponen criterios de actuación que orienten las intervenciones sobre los valores arqueológicos de este territorio, teniendo como objetivo promover de forma coordinada el desarrollo del mismo y garantizar la conservación y uso sustentable de sus recursos patrimoniales., The aim of this paper is to think about the criteria of an integrated management strategy on coastal archaeological landscapes. We study a specific area, the lower basin of the Santa Lucia river (metropolitan area of Montevideo, Uruguay). There we have been developing an archaeological research, which has generated an important knowledge about pre-Hispanic populations of this region. The increase in recent years of economic development activities, mainly mining and urban growth, with no planned management of land uses, poses relevant conflicts which threaten the natural and cultural heritage conservation. Guidelines for action are proposed to guide interventions on the archaeological aspects of this area, aiming to promote a coordinated development and to ensure the conservation and sustainable use of heritage resources, Peer Reviewed

This thesis is broadly about mobilising knowledge for the governance of the coast and specifically about the introduction of a ‘post-normal’ science-policy interface to Integrated Coastal Management. It begins by acknowledging the unique resource management challenges of the coast and follows the field of Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) as a widely endorsed framework for addressing these challenges. Contemporary developments in this field have seen ICM recognise the uncertainty, plurality and high political stakes characterising many issues on the coast and the attendant need to shift from models of ‘management’ to models of ‘governance.’ This thesis specifically engages debates on the epistemological implications of governance, which within ICM have led to calls to democratise the science-policy interface according to norms of dialogue, inclusiveness, integration and quality. Taking this as its point of departure, this thesis explores the ‘post-normal science’ perspective offered by Funtowicz and Ravetz, as a way of framing the science-policy interface. This research began by viewing the complexity of coastal management through the particular lens offered by the model of ‘interactive governance,’ as a compelling perspective on ICM that is gaining credence. Interactive governance focuses on certain features of coastal management, and introduces certain measures of ‘quality,’ which were formulated into a novel evaluation framework for ICM. The research went on to explore how a ‘post-normal science’ approach may contribute to ‘high quality’ ICM, framed according to interactive governance. This occurred first via a literature review, and second through cross-scale empirical research. Internationally, the research followed the SPICOSA Project, as a Europe-wide focus on the science-policy interface for coastal management. Nationally, the research explored New Zealand’s coastal management framework, mapping the emergence of new ‘norms of governance’ within the science

Project monitoring is now a standard requirement in natural resource management programs, bringing opportunities for greater accountability, adaptive management and social learning. While considerable effort has gone into designing appropriate monitoring frameworks and indicators for OIL marine and coastal management, there has been less sharing of the mechanics of approaches that maximise collaboration and learning by multiple stakeholders. This paper outlines the project monitoring approach developed in the Pacific Islands International Waters Project (IWP), a project funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) involving; 14 Pacific Island Countries. We find that a monitoring approach based on indicators to assess supportive processes, behavioural change and human-environmental conditions is useful for monitoring the long- and short-term impacts associated with integrated coastal management programs. Giving project staff the lead in indicator development has supported more strategic project planning and improved the relevance and value of the indicators developed. However, successful implementation of monitoring programs calls for ongoing collaboration, technical support and capacity building amongst key stakeholders. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

The SYSCOLAG programme is a pilot operation at national level for experimenting with a knowledge-pooling system applied to the field of integrated coastal area management (ICAM). SYSCOLAG aims to constitute an interface between 'knowledge' and the users of knowledge' on questions related to the conservation and the development of the coastal zone of the Languedoc-Roussillon. To that end, SYSCOLAG offers both a transdisciplinary approach associating life sciences, earth sciences, social and informatic sciences and multistakeholders approach (associating scientists, decision-makers, professional users of the sea, environmental protection associations, and the general public) to integrated management of the coastal zone of the Languedoc-Roussillon. The system developed in this programme is based on know-how (particularly in integrated expertise and information systems) and an array of innovative information processing tools dedicated to a public of experts and for the general public. To date, SYSCOLAG has provided a basis for federating the multidisciplinary teams from various organisations concerned by issues related to this coastal zone. In addition, it has contributed to the improvement of communication between the scientific community and other coastal zone stakeholders, and in particular, with the local management organisations.

The SYSCOLAG programme is a pilot operation at national level for experimenting with a knowledge-pooling system applied to the field of integrated coastal area management (ICAM). SYSCOLAG aims to constitute an interface between 'knowledge' and the users of knowledge' on questions related to the conservation and the development of the coastal zone of the Languedoc-Roussillon. To that end, SYSCOLAG offers both a transdisciplinary approach associating life sciences, earth sciences, social and informatic sciences and multistakeholders approach (associating scientists, decision-makers, professional users of the sea, environmental protection associations, and the general public) to integrated management of the coastal zone of the Languedoc-Roussillon. The system developed in this programme is based on know-how (particularly in integrated expertise and information systems) and an array of innovative information processing tools dedicated to a public of experts and for the general public. To date, SYSCOLAG has provided a basis for federating the multidisciplinary teams from various organisations concerned by issues related to this coastal zone. In addition, it has contributed to the improvement of communication between the scientific community and other coastal zone stakeholders, and in particular, with the local management organisations.

The SYSCOLAG programme is a pilot operation at national level for experimenting with a knowledge-pooling system applied to the field of integrated coastal area management (ICAM). SYSCOLAG aims to constitute an interface between 'knowledge' and the users of knowledge' on questions related to the conservation and the development of the coastal zone of the Languedoc-Roussillon. To that end, SYSCOLAG offers both a transdisciplinary approach associating life sciences, earth sciences, social and informatic sciences and multistakeholders approach (associating scientists, decision-makers, professional users of the sea, environmental protection associations, and the general public) to integrated management of the coastal zone of the Languedoc-Roussillon. The system developed in this programme is based on know-how (particularly in integrated expertise and information systems) and an array of innovative information processing tools dedicated to a public of experts and for the general public. To date, SYSCOLAG has provided a basis for federating the multidisciplinary teams from various organisations concerned by issues related to this coastal zone. In addition, it has contributed to the improvement of communication between the scientific community and other coastal zone stakeholders, and in particular, with the local management organisations.

The SYSCOLAG programme is a pilot operation at national level for experimenting with a knowledge-pooling system applied to the field of integrated coastal area management (ICAM). SYSCOLAG aims to constitute an interface between 'knowledge' and the users of knowledge' on questions related to the conservation and the development of the coastal zone of the Languedoc-Roussillon. To that end, SYSCOLAG offers both a transdisciplinary approach associating life sciences, earth sciences, social and informatic sciences and multistakeholders approach (associating scientists, decision-makers, professional users of the sea, environmental protection associations, and the general public) to integrated management of the coastal zone of the Languedoc-Roussillon. The system developed in this programme is based on know-how (particularly in integrated expertise and information systems) and an array of innovative information processing tools dedicated to a public of experts and for the general public. To date, SYSCOLAG has provided a basis for federating the multidisciplinary teams from various organisations concerned by issues related to this coastal zone. In addition, it has contributed to the improvement of communication between the scientific community and other coastal zone stakeholders, and in particular, with the local management organisations.

Sustainable development of global marine resources has been the focus of various United Nations' agencies and coastal nations since World War II. As capture fisheries resources have come under pressure and perhaps reached their sustainable limit concern has been expressed over the ability to continue to meet the protein needs of expanding populations. One potentially significant contributor to addressing the food needs of the world is marine farming (mariculture). The expansion of marine farming in developing countries has been well-addressed in the literature, but marine farming in developed countries has received less attention. The traditional biophysical requirements of marine farming (sheltered clean water of appropriate depth) have led to conflicts with other users of the coastal environment. In the developed countries in particular, suitable sites are contested places of consumption (recreation, tourism) as well as production (capture fisheries). Moreover, the adjacent terrestrial land and water uses can significantly affect acceptability of marine farming. The avoidance of conflicts and the achievement of sustainable development in such settings are largely dependent on the systems of governance. In developed countries, these are often articulated through planning regimes and associated 'rights'. The global terrestrial planning response in the first two thirds of the 20th Century was dominated by a modernist approach to planning. In the later stages, a post-modern challenge coincided with the rise of neo-liberalism in many developed countries. Planning in New Zealand has shown a similar pattern. The extent to which modern, postmodern and neo-liberal approaches might have been manifest in the marine environment, especially with regard to marine farming, has received little attention. In most developed countries there has been an institutional separation between terrestrial and marine administrative agencies that has resulted in conflict between these agencies

Sustainable development of global marine resources has been the focus of various United Nations' agencies and coastal nations since World War II. As capture fisheries resources have come under pressure and perhaps reached their sustainable limit concern has been expressed over the ability to continue to meet the protein needs of expanding populations. One potentially significant contributor to addressing the food needs of the world is marine farming (mariculture). The expansion of marine farming in developing countries has been well-addressed in the literature, but marine farming in developed countries has received less attention. The traditional biophysical requirements of marine farming (sheltered clean water of appropriate depth) have led to conflicts with other users of the coastal environment. In the developed countries in particular, suitable sites are contested places of consumption (recreation, tourism) as well as production (capture fisheries). Moreover, the adjacent terrestrial land and water uses can significantly affect acceptability of marine farming. The avoidance of conflicts and the achievement of sustainable development in such settings are largely dependent on the systems of governance. In developed countries, these are often articulated through planning regimes and associated 'rights'. The global terrestrial planning response in the first two thirds of the 20th Century was dominated by a modernist approach to planning. In the later stages, a post-modern challenge coincided with the rise of neo-liberalism in many developed countries. Planning in New Zealand has shown a similar pattern. The extent to which modern, postmodern and neo-liberal approaches might have been manifest in the marine environment, especially with regard to marine farming, has received little attention. In most developed countries there has been an institutional separation between terrestrial and marine administrative agencies that has resulted in conflict between these agencies