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Germ cells reflect the evolutionary history and future potential of a species. Understanding how the genome is organised in gametocytes is fundamental to understanding fertility and its impact on genetic diversity and evolution of species. Here, we explore principles of chromatin remodelling during the formation of germ cells and how these are affected by genome reshuffling.

Each type of cell in the immune system performs critical function to protect the body and maintain health. In the past few decades, the development and activation of T, B and NK cells have been thoroughly studied. However, it’s only until recently that we developed high throughput technology to study how genome folding structure is regulated in the immune cell development process. Here, I exploited the new techniques to study the development of B cell, T cell, and the activation process of neutrophils.In B cell activation, the transition from the follicular B to the plasma cell stage is orchestrated by an ensemble of transcriptional regulators. We examined how changes in expression patterns of key developmental regulators relate to alterations in nuclear positioning and found that gene activation at the onset of plasma cell development was concomitant with a gain in euchromatic character for an ensemble of genomic regions that dictate plasma cell fate, including the Prdm1 and Atf4 loci. We found that to permit the onset of plasma cell development the Ebf1 locus repositioned to peri-centromeric heterochromatin. Plasma cell differentiation was also associated with increased inter-chromosomal associations concurrent with alterations in gene expression and co-localization of Prdm1, Xbp1 and Atf4 transcripts in nuclear bodies. These data indicate that Ebf1 enforces the follicular B cell fate and that the onset of plasma cell fate is orchestrated by elaborate changes in compartmentalization and inter-chromosomal associations. In T cell differentiation, it is well known that Bcl11b specifies T cell fate. Here, we show that in developing T cells, the Bcl11b enhancer repositioned from the lamina to the nuclear interior. Our identified a non-coding RNA named ThymoD (thymocyte differentiation factor) controls the re-localization of Bcl11b enhancers. ThymoD transcription promoted demethylation at CTCF bound sites and activated cohesin-dependent looping to reposition the Bcl11b

Each type of cell in the immune system performs critical function to protect the body and maintain health. In the past few decades, the development and activation of T, B and NK cells have been thoroughly studied. However, it’s only until recently that we developed high throughput technology to study how genome folding structure is regulated in the immune cell development process. Here, I exploited the new techniques to study the development of B cell, T cell, and the activation process of neutrophils.In B cell activation, the transition from the follicular B to the plasma cell stage is orchestrated by an ensemble of transcriptional regulators. We examined how changes in expression patterns of key developmental regulators relate to alterations in nuclear positioning and found that gene activation at the onset of plasma cell development was concomitant with a gain in euchromatic character for an ensemble of genomic regions that dictate plasma cell fate, including the Prdm1 and Atf4 loci. We found that to permit the onset of plasma cell development the Ebf1 locus repositioned to peri-centromeric heterochromatin. Plasma cell differentiation was also associated with increased inter-chromosomal associations concurrent with alterations in gene expression and co-localization of Prdm1, Xbp1 and Atf4 transcripts in nuclear bodies. These data indicate that Ebf1 enforces the follicular B cell fate and that the onset of plasma cell fate is orchestrated by elaborate changes in compartmentalization and inter-chromosomal associations. In T cell differentiation, it is well known that Bcl11b specifies T cell fate. Here, we show that in developing T cells, the Bcl11b enhancer repositioned from the lamina to the nuclear interior. Our identified a non-coding RNA named ThymoD (thymocyte differentiation factor) controls the re-localization of Bcl11b enhancers. ThymoD transcription promoted demethylation at CTCF bound sites and activated cohesin-dependent looping to reposition the Bcl11b

The floristic catalog of Cerro de Almodóvar, located in the municipality of Madrid, between the districts of Vicálvaro and Villa de Vallecas, is presented. This catalog is analyzed through the biotype, corological and ecological spectra. The present plant communities are studied from physiognomic aspects and some measures aimed at the conservation of this enclave are shown., Se presenta el catálogo florístico del Cerro de Almodóvar, situado en el municipio de Madrid, entre los distritos de Vicálvaro y Villa de Vallecas. Se analiza dicho catálogo mediante los espectros de biotipos, corológico y ecológico. Se estudian las comunidades vegetales presentes desde aspectos fisionómicos y se muestran algunas medidas encaminadas a la conservación de este enclave.

Three-dimensional spatial organization of chromosomes is defined by highly self-interacting regions 0.1-1 Mb in size termed Topological Associating Domains (TADs). Genetic factors that explain dynamic variation in TAD structure are not understood. We hypothesize that common structural variation (SV) in the human population; including deletions, insertions and inversions of >50 bp; can disrupt regulatory sequences and thereby influence TAD formation. To determine the effects of SVs on 3D chromatin organization, we performed chromosome conformation capture sequencing (Hi-C) of lymphoblastoid cell lines from 19 subjects for which SVs had been previously characterized in the 1000 genomes project. Large (>10kb) deletions had significant effects on long-range chromatin interactions. Deletions overall were associated with increased contacts that span the deleted region but had a modest effect on contacts in adjacent regions. Deletions at TAD boundaries were associated with diminished contacts in the adjacent domains, consistent with the structure of TADs being dependent on regulatory sequences at their boundaries. Large inversions in the population had a common signature characterized by a rearrangement of contacts that span its breakpoints. Our results suggest that common SVs in the population impact long range chromatin structure.

Three-dimensional spatial organization of chromosomes is defined by highly self-interacting regions 0.1-1 Mb in size termed Topological Associating Domains (TADs). Genetic factors that explain dynamic variation in TAD structure are not understood. We hypothesize that common structural variation (SV) in the human population; including deletions, insertions and inversions of >50 bp; can disrupt regulatory sequences and thereby influence TAD formation. To determine the effects of SVs on 3D chromatin organization, we performed chromosome conformation capture sequencing (Hi-C) of lymphoblastoid cell lines from 19 subjects for which SVs had been previously characterized in the 1000 genomes project. Large (>10kb) deletions had significant effects on long-range chromatin interactions. Deletions overall were associated with increased contacts that span the deleted region but had a modest effect on contacts in adjacent regions. Deletions at TAD boundaries were associated with diminished contacts in the adjacent domains, consistent with the structure of TADs being dependent on regulatory sequences at their boundaries. Large inversions in the population had a common signature characterized by a rearrangement of contacts that span its breakpoints. Our results suggest that common SVs in the population impact long range chromatin structure.

Proximity ligation methods are a means of capturing long-range spatial information about DNA sequences with short-read sequencing compacted and concatenated DNA molecules. HiC, a method of gathering genome spatial information by the process of chromatin proximity ligation and capture, represents a powerful and versatile tool for modern genomics. Over the course of this dissertation, I demonstrate improvements to the HiC method and novel uses for the HiC data. An early novel use of chromatin proximity data was in the form of Chicago, an in vitro assembled chromatin version of HiC primarily used for de novo genome assembly scaffolding. This method was used to scaffold nearly one hundred new, high contiguity genome assemblies over the last two years. I next describe my own improvements to the HiC method, resulting in a faster, more economical version of HiC, and apply the improvements to explore the rapid-aging ICE mouse model and to scaffold a high-contiguity assembly of the Atlantic herring genome. I also show that the haplotype informative nature of HiC, when combined with recombined germline samples, allows for individual, personalized recombination maps, using both the Atlantic herring and human samples.

Proximity ligation methods are a means of capturing long-range spatial information about DNA sequences with short-read sequencing compacted and concatenated DNA molecules. HiC, a method of gathering genome spatial information by the process of chromatin proximity ligation and capture, represents a powerful and versatile tool for modern genomics. Over the course of this dissertation, I demonstrate improvements to the HiC method and novel uses for the HiC data. An early novel use of chromatin proximity data was in the form of Chicago, an in vitro assembled chromatin version of HiC primarily used for de novo genome assembly scaffolding. This method was used to scaffold nearly one hundred new, high contiguity genome assemblies over the last two years. I next describe my own improvements to the HiC method, resulting in a faster, more economical version of HiC, and apply the improvements to explore the rapid-aging ICE mouse model and to scaffold a high-contiguity assembly of the Atlantic herring genome. I also show that the haplotype informative nature of HiC, when combined with recombined germline samples, allows for individual, personalized recombination maps, using both the Atlantic herring and human samples.

Článek je zpracován v návaznosti na článek Mechanika čelního nárazu z konference ExFoS (Expert Forensic Science) 2010 a zabývá zpomalením působícím na posádku uvnitř vozidla při čelním nárazu. Vysvětlen je princip získání maximálního zpomalení působícího na posádku uvnitř vozidla během nárazu z velikosti poškození vozidla. Z hlediska velikosti působícího zpomalení během nárazu je vysvětlen rozdíl mezi pasažérem, který je řádně připoután bezpečnostním pásem a pasažérem, který není připoután. Pro představu o tom, jakých hodnot dosahují hodnoty zpomalení působící na posádku během čelního nárazu, jsou zpracována a vyhodnocena data z testovací figuríny z reálné nárazové zkoušky vozidla., The article is processed in sequence to article Mechanics of car frontal crash from conference (Expert Forensic Science) 2010 and deals with the deceleration acting on the passengers in the frontal impact. There is explained principle of obtaining the maximal deceleration acting on the passengers in the vehicle during the frontal impact from damage of the vehicle. From the point of view size of deceleration during the impact is obtained difference between restrained and unrestrained passenger. For an example about it what size achieves values of deceleration acting on the passengers during the frontal impact are processed and evaluated data from the dummy from the real crash test of the vehicle.

Pedestrian protection during accidents is one of the important criteria in the design of new “pedestrian friendly cars” that is in compliance to the new regulations requirements for pedestrian and road users’ safety. In this study, the collision between headform impactors and vehicle hoods is simulated using FE models developed according to the European Enhanced Vehicle-Safety Committee (EEVC/WG17) regulations. The impact was simulated in LS-Dyna to study the hood performance in terms of pedestrian safety by evaluating the Head Injury Criteria (HIC). The performance of the hood was investigated by varying the section dimensions of the panel pillar with comparisons to the original dimensions. Results indicate that the section dimensions of the panel pillar is one of the keys to control the performance of hood during collision by reducing the HIC and the head injury risk level of pedestrian during accidents.

Background and Objective: Abrupt accelerations or decelerations can cause large strain in brain tissues and, consequently, different forms of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). In order to predict the effect of the accelerations upon the soft tissues of the brain, many different injury metrics have been proposed (typically, an injury metric is a real valued functional of the accelerations). The objective of this article is to make a formal and empirical comparison, in order to identify general criteria for reasonable injury metrics, and propose a general guideline to avoid ill-proposed injury metrics. Methods: A medium-size sample of vehicle-pedestrian collisions, from Post Mortem Human Subject (PMHS) tests, is analyzed. A statistical study has been conducted in order to determine the discriminant power of the usual metrics. We use Principal Component Analysis to reduce dimensionality and to check consistency among the different metrics. In addition, this article compares the mathematical properties of some of these functionals, trying to identify the desirable properties that any of those functionals needs to fulfill in order to be useful for optimization. Results: We have found a pair-wise consistency of all the currently used metrics (any two injury metrics are always positively related). In addition, we observed that two independent principal factors explain about 72.5% of the observed variance among all collision tests. This is remarkable because it indicates that despite high number of different injury metrics, a reduced number of variables can explain the results of all these metrics. With regard to the formal properties, we found that essentially all injury mechanisms can be accounted by means of scalable, differentiable and convex functionals (we propose to call minimization suitable injury metric to any metric having these three formal properties). In addition three useful functionals, usable as injury metrics, are identified on the basis of the empirical compa, Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

Pedestrian protection during accidents is one of the important criteria in the design of new “pedestrian friendly cars” that is in compliance to the new regulations requirements for pedestrian and road users’ safety. In this study, the collision between headform impactors and vehicle hoods is simulated using FE models developed according to the European Enhanced Vehicle-Safety Committee (EEVC/WG17) regulations. The impact was simulated in LS-Dyna to study the hood performance in terms of pedestrian safety by evaluating the Head Injury Criteria (HIC). The performance of the hood was investigated by varying the section dimensions of the panel pillar with comparisons to the original dimensions. Results indicate that the section dimensions of the panel pillar is one of the keys to control the performance of hood during collision by reducing the HIC and the head injury risk level of pedestrian during accidents.

BackgroundCharacterising the correlates of HIV persistence improves understanding of disease pathogenesis and guides the design of curative strategies. This study investigated factors associated with integrated HIV-1 DNA load during consistently suppressive first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART).MethodTotal, integrated, and 2-long terminal repeats (LTR) circular HIV-1 DNA, residual plasma HIV-1 RNA, T-cell activation markers, and soluble CD14 (sCD14) were measured in peripheral blood of 50 patients that had received 1-14 years of efavirenz-based or nevirapine-based therapy.ResultsIntegrated HIV-1 DNA load (per 10(6) peripheral blood mononuclear cells) was median 1.9 log10 copies (interquartile range 1.7-2.2) and showed a mean difference of 0.2 log10 copies per 10 years of suppressive ART (95% confidence interval - 0.2, 0.6; p = 0.28). It was positively correlated with total HIV-1 DNA load and frequency of CD8(+)HLA-DR/DP/DQ(+) cells, and was also higher in subjects with higher sCD14 levels, but showed no correlation with levels of 2-LTR circular HIV-1 DNA and residual plasma HIV-1 RNA, or the frequency of CD4(+)CD38(+) and CD8(+)CD38(+) cells. Adjusting for pre-ART viral load, duration of suppressive ART, CD4 cell counts, residual plasma HIV-1 RNA levels, and sCD14 levels, integrated HIV-1 DNA load was mean 0.5 log10 copies higher for each 50% higher frequency of CD8(+)HLA-DR/DP/DQ(+) cells (95% confidence interval 0.2, 0.9; p = 0.01).ConclusionsThe observed positive association between integrated HIV-1 DNA load and frequency of CD8(+)DR/DP/DQ(+) cells indicates that a close correlation between HIV persistence and immune activation continues during consistently suppressive therapy. The inducers of the distinct activation profile warrant further investigation.

BackgroundCharacterising the correlates of HIV persistence improves understanding of disease pathogenesis and guides the design of curative strategies. This study investigated factors associated with integrated HIV-1 DNA load during consistently suppressive first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART).MethodTotal, integrated, and 2-long terminal repeats (LTR) circular HIV-1 DNA, residual plasma HIV-1 RNA, T-cell activation markers, and soluble CD14 (sCD14) were measured in peripheral blood of 50 patients that had received 1-14 years of efavirenz-based or nevirapine-based therapy.ResultsIntegrated HIV-1 DNA load (per 10(6) peripheral blood mononuclear cells) was median 1.9 log10 copies (interquartile range 1.7-2.2) and showed a mean difference of 0.2 log10 copies per 10 years of suppressive ART (95% confidence interval - 0.2, 0.6; p = 0.28). It was positively correlated with total HIV-1 DNA load and frequency of CD8(+)HLA-DR/DP/DQ(+) cells, and was also higher in subjects with higher sCD14 levels, but showed no correlation with levels of 2-LTR circular HIV-1 DNA and residual plasma HIV-1 RNA, or the frequency of CD4(+)CD38(+) and CD8(+)CD38(+) cells. Adjusting for pre-ART viral load, duration of suppressive ART, CD4 cell counts, residual plasma HIV-1 RNA levels, and sCD14 levels, integrated HIV-1 DNA load was mean 0.5 log10 copies higher for each 50% higher frequency of CD8(+)HLA-DR/DP/DQ(+) cells (95% confidence interval 0.2, 0.9; p = 0.01).ConclusionsThe observed positive association between integrated HIV-1 DNA load and frequency of CD8(+)DR/DP/DQ(+) cells indicates that a close correlation between HIV persistence and immune activation continues during consistently suppressive therapy. The inducers of the distinct activation profile warrant further investigation.

Many factors should be considered in order to understand properly how a mechanical input to the head can result in a determined type of head injury: the severity, the nature of the mechanical input, the impact location, the direction of this input, the age of the patient, his gender, anthropometrics and previous state, and also the treatment and recovery of the patient. Head injuries are either the most or second most commonly reported injuries to pedestrians struck by vehicles. Furthermore, among serious or life-threatening head and brain injuries far outnumber injuries to all other body regions. Around 40% of the adult head injuries are due to windshield impact. Windshield modeling is currently a challenge in head pedestrian protection, the way the windshield breaks introduces a significant change in the Head Injury Criteria, and this is due to the non-lineal fracture that the glass is presenting during the headform collision. In this paper a new model for windshield pedestrian impact is presented for optimizing experimental-simulation correlation. In this research a total of 90 experimental windshield test were performed, the head impacts were simulated using the software ANSA+PAMCRASH+META. The model was optimized through parametric adjustment methods. With this present model the average HIC deviation between testing and simulation has been reduced in average below 10%, Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

El diseño de un vehículo requiere múltiples fases de experimentación con vehículos físicos completos, esta experimentación se torna compleja en las fases iniciales, dada la carencia de piezas físicas y carrocerías completas. Esta investigación persigue predecir en una fase inicial de desarrollo el comportamiento que presentará el vehículo completo en cuanto a la protección del peatón. Con este objetivo se establecen los requisitos para el diseño de un muleto para protección de peatones, este estudio ha llevado a cabo pruebas de impacto de cabeza de adulto para investigar las características de rigidez del vehículo en la zona de contacto entre la cabeza del peatón adulto y el parabrisas en su unión con el tablero, zonas de muy difícil simulación y de gran importancia para la protección del peatón. El estudio se realizó con un muleto construido a medida en que se agregan y se sustraen elementos del vehículo completo, posteriormente se realizan impactos de cabeza de peatón y se mide el HIC (Criterio biomecánico de impacto de cabeza), siguiendo el protocolo de prueba de peatones EuroNCAP. Los impactos en el muleto se compararon con impactos idénticos en un vehículo completo usado como referencia experimental. El estudio determinó que la reproducción correcta de las uniones laterales entre el tablero y la estructura de la carrocería juega un papel esencial en el comportamiento de impacto global, el efecto del parabrisas fue más enmascarador de lo esperado. Este trabajo presenta a la comunidad científica una herramienta útil para el diseño del tablero y sus fijaciones asociados a la protección de peatones en las fases tempranas del desarrollo., Postprint (published version)

Článek je zpracován v návaznosti na článek Mechanika čelního nárazu z konference ExFoS (Expert Forensic Science) 2010 a zabývá zpomalením působícím na posádku uvnitř vozidla při čelním nárazu. Vysvětlen je princip získání maximálního zpomalení působícího na posádku uvnitř vozidla během nárazu z velikosti poškození vozidla. Z hlediska velikosti působícího zpomalení během nárazu je vysvětlen rozdíl mezi pasažérem, který je řádně připoután bezpečnostním pásem a pasažérem, který není připoután. Pro představu o tom, jakých hodnot dosahují hodnoty zpomalení působící na posádku během čelního nárazu, jsou zpracována a vyhodnocena data z testovací figuríny z reálné nárazové zkoušky vozidla., The article is processed in sequence to article Mechanics of car frontal crash from conference (Expert Forensic Science) 2010 and deals with the deceleration acting on the passengers in the frontal impact. There is explained principle of obtaining the maximal deceleration acting on the passengers in the vehicle during the frontal impact from damage of the vehicle. From the point of view size of deceleration during the impact is obtained difference between restrained and unrestrained passenger. For an example about it what size achieves values of deceleration acting on the passengers during the frontal impact are processed and evaluated data from the dummy from the real crash test of the vehicle.

Článek je zpracován v návaznosti na článek Mechanika čelního nárazu z konference ExFoS (Expert Forensic Science) 2010 a zabývá zpomalením působícím na posádku uvnitř vozidla při čelním nárazu. Vysvětlen je princip získání maximálního zpomalení působícího na posádku uvnitř vozidla během nárazu z velikosti poškození vozidla. Z hlediska velikosti působícího zpomalení během nárazu je vysvětlen rozdíl mezi pasažérem, který je řádně připoután bezpečnostním pásem a pasažérem, který není připoután. Pro představu o tom, jakých hodnot dosahují hodnoty zpomalení působící na posádku během čelního nárazu, jsou zpracována a vyhodnocena data z testovací figuríny z reálné nárazové zkoušky vozidla., The article is processed in sequence to article Mechanics of car frontal crash from conference (Expert Forensic Science) 2010 and deals with the deceleration acting on the passengers in the frontal impact. There is explained principle of obtaining the maximal deceleration acting on the passengers in the vehicle during the frontal impact from damage of the vehicle. From the point of view size of deceleration during the impact is obtained difference between restrained and unrestrained passenger. For an example about it what size achieves values of deceleration acting on the passengers during the frontal impact are processed and evaluated data from the dummy from the real crash test of the vehicle.

Článek je zpracován v návaznosti na článek Mechanika čelního nárazu z konference ExFoS (Expert Forensic Science) 2010 a zabývá zpomalením působícím na posádku uvnitř vozidla při čelním nárazu. Vysvětlen je princip získání maximálního zpomalení působícího na posádku uvnitř vozidla během nárazu z velikosti poškození vozidla. Z hlediska velikosti působícího zpomalení během nárazu je vysvětlen rozdíl mezi pasažérem, který je řádně připoután bezpečnostním pásem a pasažérem, který není připoután. Pro představu o tom, jakých hodnot dosahují hodnoty zpomalení působící na posádku během čelního nárazu, jsou zpracována a vyhodnocena data z testovací figuríny z reálné nárazové zkoušky vozidla., The article is processed in sequence to article Mechanics of car frontal crash from conference (Expert Forensic Science) 2010 and deals with the deceleration acting on the passengers in the frontal impact. There is explained principle of obtaining the maximal deceleration acting on the passengers in the vehicle during the frontal impact from damage of the vehicle. From the point of view size of deceleration during the impact is obtained difference between restrained and unrestrained passenger. For an example about it what size achieves values of deceleration acting on the passengers during the frontal impact are processed and evaluated data from the dummy from the real crash test of the vehicle.

Článek je zpracován v návaznosti na článek Mechanika čelního nárazu z konference ExFoS (Expert Forensic Science) 2010 a zabývá zpomalením působícím na posádku uvnitř vozidla při čelním nárazu. Vysvětlen je princip získání maximálního zpomalení působícího na posádku uvnitř vozidla během nárazu z velikosti poškození vozidla. Z hlediska velikosti působícího zpomalení během nárazu je vysvětlen rozdíl mezi pasažérem, který je řádně připoután bezpečnostním pásem a pasažérem, který není připoután. Pro představu o tom, jakých hodnot dosahují hodnoty zpomalení působící na posádku během čelního nárazu, jsou zpracována a vyhodnocena data z testovací figuríny z reálné nárazové zkoušky vozidla., The article is processed in sequence to article Mechanics of car frontal crash from conference (Expert Forensic Science) 2010 and deals with the deceleration acting on the passengers in the frontal impact. There is explained principle of obtaining the maximal deceleration acting on the passengers in the vehicle during the frontal impact from damage of the vehicle. From the point of view size of deceleration during the impact is obtained difference between restrained and unrestrained passenger. For an example about it what size achieves values of deceleration acting on the passengers during the frontal impact are processed and evaluated data from the dummy from the real crash test of the vehicle.

Článek je zpracován v návaznosti na článek Mechanika čelního nárazu z konference ExFoS (Expert Forensic Science) 2010 a zabývá zpomalením působícím na posádku uvnitř vozidla při čelním nárazu. Vysvětlen je princip získání maximálního zpomalení působícího na posádku uvnitř vozidla během nárazu z velikosti poškození vozidla. Z hlediska velikosti působícího zpomalení během nárazu je vysvětlen rozdíl mezi pasažérem, který je řádně připoután bezpečnostním pásem a pasažérem, který není připoután. Pro představu o tom, jakých hodnot dosahují hodnoty zpomalení působící na posádku během čelního nárazu, jsou zpracována a vyhodnocena data z testovací figuríny z reálné nárazové zkoušky vozidla., The article is processed in sequence to article Mechanics of car frontal crash from conference (Expert Forensic Science) 2010 and deals with the deceleration acting on the passengers in the frontal impact. There is explained principle of obtaining the maximal deceleration acting on the passengers in the vehicle during the frontal impact from damage of the vehicle. From the point of view size of deceleration during the impact is obtained difference between restrained and unrestrained passenger. For an example about it what size achieves values of deceleration acting on the passengers during the frontal impact are processed and evaluated data from the dummy from the real crash test of the vehicle.

Článek je zpracován v návaznosti na článek Mechanika čelního nárazu z konference ExFoS (Expert Forensic Science) 2010 a zabývá zpomalením působícím na posádku uvnitř vozidla při čelním nárazu. Vysvětlen je princip získání maximálního zpomalení působícího na posádku uvnitř vozidla během nárazu z velikosti poškození vozidla. Z hlediska velikosti působícího zpomalení během nárazu je vysvětlen rozdíl mezi pasažérem, který je řádně připoután bezpečnostním pásem a pasažérem, který není připoután. Pro představu o tom, jakých hodnot dosahují hodnoty zpomalení působící na posádku během čelního nárazu, jsou zpracována a vyhodnocena data z testovací figuríny z reálné nárazové zkoušky vozidla., The article is processed in sequence to article Mechanics of car frontal crash from conference (Expert Forensic Science) 2010 and deals with the deceleration acting on the passengers in the frontal impact. There is explained principle of obtaining the maximal deceleration acting on the passengers in the vehicle during the frontal impact from damage of the vehicle. From the point of view size of deceleration during the impact is obtained difference between restrained and unrestrained passenger. For an example about it what size achieves values of deceleration acting on the passengers during the frontal impact are processed and evaluated data from the dummy from the real crash test of the vehicle.

Článek je zpracován v návaznosti na článek Mechanika čelního nárazu z konference ExFoS (Expert Forensic Science) 2010 a zabývá zpomalením působícím na posádku uvnitř vozidla při čelním nárazu. Vysvětlen je princip získání maximálního zpomalení působícího na posádku uvnitř vozidla během nárazu z velikosti poškození vozidla. Z hlediska velikosti působícího zpomalení během nárazu je vysvětlen rozdíl mezi pasažérem, který je řádně připoután bezpečnostním pásem a pasažérem, který není připoután. Pro představu o tom, jakých hodnot dosahují hodnoty zpomalení působící na posádku během čelního nárazu, jsou zpracována a vyhodnocena data z testovací figuríny z reálné nárazové zkoušky vozidla., The article is processed in sequence to article Mechanics of car frontal crash from conference (Expert Forensic Science) 2010 and deals with the deceleration acting on the passengers in the frontal impact. There is explained principle of obtaining the maximal deceleration acting on the passengers in the vehicle during the frontal impact from damage of the vehicle. From the point of view size of deceleration during the impact is obtained difference between restrained and unrestrained passenger. For an example about it what size achieves values of deceleration acting on the passengers during the frontal impact are processed and evaluated data from the dummy from the real crash test of the vehicle.

In the design of robotic systems that safely interact with people, it is useful to have validated criteria for measuring injury risks. To this end, some researchers have advocated the use of metrics developed for assessing automotive safety, with the head injury criterion (HIC) receiving particular attention. The aims of this commentary are to clarify the proper use of the HIC, to briefly discuss its relationship to the risk of injury, and to give a closed-form formula for the HIC value produced by a simple mass-spring model of impact. We emphasize that there are many other factors besides HIC to consider before a robot system can be considered safe to interact with humans.

In the design of robotic systems that safely interact with people, it is useful to have validated criteria for measuring injury risks. To this end, some researchers have advocated the use of metrics developed for assessing automotive safety, with the head injury criterion (HIC) receiving particular attention. The aims of this commentary are to clarify the proper use of the HIC, to briefly discuss its relationship to the risk of injury, and to give a closed-form formula for the HIC value produced by a simple mass-spring model of impact. We emphasize that there are many other factors besides HIC to consider before a robot system can be considered safe to interact with humans.

Práce se zabývá inovací autobusových sedadel z hlediska bočního nárazu a převrácení autobusu. Na model autobusového sedadla byl v programu ProENGINEER navržen "ochranný lem", který by měl zabránit kontaktu hlavy s bočním okénkem či sloupkem skeletu autobusu. V programu PAM-CRASH bude proveden crash-test s impaktorem hlavy, při kterém se určí biomechanické zatížení hlavy, tzv. HIC (Head Injury Criteria). Dalším kritériem bude, dle směrnice 74/60/EHS, hodnota zpomalení hlavy, které by nemělo přesáhnout hodnotu 80 g po spojitou dobu delší než 3 ms., The diploma thesis deals with innovation of bus seats for aspect of side crash and overturn. The protective headrest was designed on the model of bus seat in ProENGINEER. The protective headrest should prevent a head´s contact with a side window or with a body post of a bus. The crash-test will be made with impactor of head in PAM-CRASH and will be rated the head load, so-called HIC (Head Injury Criteria). Another criterion will be, according to the Directive 74/60/EHS, the deceleration of the head, which shouldn´t exceed 80 g continuously for more than 3 miliseconds., Katedra dopravních prostředků a diagnostiky, Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou

The aim of this study is to evaluate all the 58 available NFL cases and compare various predictors for mild traumatic brain injuries using a detailed and extensively validated finite element model of the human head. Global injury measures such as magnitude in angular and translational acceleration, change in angular velocity, head impact power (HIP) and HIC were also investigated with regard to their ability to predict the intracranial pressure and strains associated with injury. The brain material properties were modeled using a hyperelastic and viscoelastic constitutive law. Also, three different stiffness parameters, encompassing a range of published brain tissue properties, were tested. 8 tissue injury predictors were evaluated for 6 different regions, covering the entire cerebrum, as well as for the whole brain. In addition, 10 head kinematics based predictors were evaluated both for correlation with injury as well as with strain and pressure. When evaluating the results, a statistical correlation between strain, strain rate, product of strain and strain rate, Cumulative Strain Damage Measure (CSDM), strain energy density, maximum pressure, magnitude of minimum pressure, as well as von Mises effective stress, with injury was found when looking into specific regions of the brain. However, the maximal pressure in the gray matter showed a higher correlation with injury than other evaluated measures. On the other hand, it was possible, through the reconstruction of a motocross accident, to re-create the injury pattern in the brain of the injured rider using maximal principal strain. It was also found that a simple linear combination of peak change in rotational velocity and HIC showed a high correlation (R=0.98) with the maximum principal strain in the brain, in addition to being a significant predictor of injury. When applying the rotational and translational kinematics separately for one of the cases, it was found that the translational kinematics contribute very, QC 20110307

This paper presents a new analysis of the physics of closed head injury caused by intense acceleration of the head. At rest a 1 cm gap filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) separates the human brain from the skull. During impact whole head acceleration induces artificial gravity within the skull. Because its density differs slightly from that of CSF, the brain accelerates, strikes the inner aspect of the rigid skull, and undergoes viscoelastic deformation. Analytical methods for a lumped parameter model of the brain predict internal brain motions that correlate well with published high-speed photographic studies. The same methods predict a truncated hyperbolic strength-duration curve for impacts that produce a given critical compressive strain. A family of such curves exists for different critical strains. Each truncated hyperbolic curve defines a head injury criterion (HIC) or concussive threshold, which is little changed by small offsetting corrections for curvature of the brain and for viscous damping. Such curves predict results of experimental studies of closed head injury, known limits for safe versus dangerous falls, and the relative resistance of smaller versus larger animals to acceleration of the head. The underlying theory provides improved understanding of closed head injury and better guidance to designers of protective equipment and to those extrapolating research results from animals to man.

Monolithic capillary columns for hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) have been prepared by thermally initiated, single-step in situ polymerization of mixtures of monovinyl monomers including butyl methacrylate and/or 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, with a divinyl crosslinker glycerol dimethacrylate or 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate using two different porogen systems. Two porogenic solvent mixtures were used; one "hydrophilic", consisting of water, butanediol, and propanol, and one "hydrophobic," comprising dodecanol and cyclohexanol. The porous structures of the monoliths were characterized and their performance was demonstrated with a separation of a mixture of myoglobin, ribonuclease A, and lysozyme under conditions typical of HIC.

This paper presents a new analysis of the physics of closed head injury caused by intense acceleration of the head. At rest a 1 cm gap filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) separates the human brain from the skull. During impact whole head acceleration induces artificial gravity within the skull. Because its density differs slightly from that of CSF, the brain accelerates, strikes the inner aspect of the rigid skull, and undergoes viscoelastic deformation. Analytical methods for a lumped parameter model of the brain predict internal brain motions that correlate well with published high-speed photographic studies. The same methods predict a truncated hyperbolic strength-duration curve for impacts that produce a given critical compressive strain. A family of such curves exists for different critical strains. Each truncated hyperbolic curve defines a head injury criterion (HIC) or concussive threshold, which is little changed by small offsetting corrections for curvature of the brain and for viscous damping. Such curves predict results of experimental studies of closed head injury, known limits for safe versus dangerous falls, and the relative resistance of smaller versus larger animals to acceleration of the head. The underlying theory provides improved understanding of closed head injury and better guidance to designers of protective equipment and to those extrapolating research results from animals to man.

Objective: To use an electronic model of human circulation to compare the hemodynamic effects of different durations of chest compression during external CPR, both with, and without interposed abdominal compression (IAC). Methods: An electrical analog model of human circulation was studied on digital computer workstations using SPICE, a general-purpose circuit simulation program. In the model the heart and blood vessels were represented as resistive-capacitive networks, pressures as voltages, blood flow as electric current, blood inertia as inductance, and cardiac and venous valves as diodes. External pressurization of the heart and great vessels, as would occur in IAC-CPR, was simulated by the alternate application of damped rectangular voltage pulses, first between intrathoracic vascular capacitances and ground, and then between intra-abdominal vascular capacitances and ground. With this model, compression frequencies of 60, 80, and 100 cycles/min and duty cycles ranging from 10% to 90%, both with and without IAC, were compared. Results: There was little difference in hemodynamics when the overall compression frequency was varied between 60 and 100 cycles/min; but the effects of duty cycle were substantial. During both standard CPR and IAC-CPR, total flow and coronary flow were greatest at chest compression durations equal to 30% of cycle time. Interposed abdominal compression substantially improved simulated systemic blood flow and perfusion pressure at all duty cycles, compared with standard CPR without abdominal compression. Mean arterial pressure > 75 mm Hg and artificial cardiac output > 2.0 L/min could be generated by 30% duty cycle compression with IAC. Coronary perfusion in the model is clearly optimized at 30% chest compression (i.e., high-impulse chest compression technique). Conclusion: Combined high-impulse chest compressions and IACs maximize blood flow during CPR in the electrical analog model of human circulation.

Objective: To use an electronic model of human circulation to compare the hemodynamic effects of different durations of chest compression during external CPR, both with, and without interposed abdominal compression (IAC). Methods: An electrical analog model of human circulation was studied on digital computer workstations using SPICE, a general-purpose circuit simulation program. In the model the heart and blood vessels were represented as resistive-capacitive networks, pressures as voltages, blood flow as electric current, blood inertia as inductance, and cardiac and venous valves as diodes. External pressurization of the heart and great vessels, as would occur in IAC-CPR, was simulated by the alternate application of damped rectangular voltage pulses, first between intrathoracic vascular capacitances and ground, and then between intra-abdominal vascular capacitances and ground. With this model, compression frequencies of 60, 80, and 100 cycles/min and duty cycles ranging from 10% to 90%, both with and without IAC, were compared. Results: There was little difference in hemodynamics when the overall compression frequency was varied between 60 and 100 cycles/min; but the effects of duty cycle were substantial. During both standard CPR and IAC-CPR, total flow and coronary flow were greatest at chest compression durations equal to 30% of cycle time. Interposed abdominal compression substantially improved simulated systemic blood flow and perfusion pressure at all duty cycles, compared with standard CPR without abdominal compression. Mean arterial pressure > 75 mm Hg and artificial cardiac output > 2.0 L/min could be generated by 30% duty cycle compression with IAC. Coronary perfusion in the model is clearly optimized at 30% chest compression (i.e., high-impulse chest compression technique). Conclusion: Combined high-impulse chest compressions and IACs maximize blood flow during CPR in the electrical analog model of human circulation.

Diplomová práce se zabývá problematikou nárazových zkoušek dle předpisů Euro NCAP, konkrétně zkouškou nárazu impaktoru dětské hlavy na kapotu automobilu. Cílem je vytvoření homogenní kapoty, kde tuhá místa budou odstraněna a zároveň nedojde ke zhoršení globální tuhosti kapoty. Kapota musí ovšem splňovat limity pro ochranu chodců., This thesis deals with the subject of crash tests Euro NCAP, concretely child-head impact test to the car bonnet. Object of thesis is make homogeneous car bonnet, where will remove stiffness places and also the bonnet global stiffness won´t be worst. The bonnet must carry out limits for pedestrian protection.

Diplomová práce se zabývá problematikou nárazových zkoušek dle předpisů Euro NCAP, konkrétně zkouškou nárazu impaktoru dětské hlavy na kapotu automobilu. Cílem je vytvoření homogenní kapoty, kde tuhá místa budou odstraněna a zároveň nedojde ke zhoršení globální tuhosti kapoty. Kapota musí ovšem splňovat limity pro ochranu chodců., This thesis deals with the subject of crash tests Euro NCAP, concretely child-head impact test to the car bonnet. Object of thesis is make homogeneous car bonnet, where will remove stiffness places and also the bonnet global stiffness won´t be worst. The bonnet must carry out limits for pedestrian protection.

Výstupem diplomové práce Mapa Brna je tištěná publikace s názvem „Hic sunt leones“. Jedná se o kapesní mapu ve formě knihy popisující nepřístupné oblasti Brna. Jde o pilotní díl projektu mapujícího odvrácenou tvář jihomoravské metropole, zapadající do kontextu urban exploringu. Popisované lokality jsou daleko za hranicí zájmu řadové většiny i alternativní menšiny obyvatel města. Lokality, jejichž návštěva s sebou nese určitá rizika, a to nejen v podobě umazaných kalhot a možného konfliktu se zákonem, ale i v podobě zranění či dokonce smrti. Nepřístupnost těchto míst je zvýrazněna nepřístupností mapy samotné, která je zde testována na hranici použitelnosti. Účelem projektu Hic sunt leones totiž není tyto lokality zmapovat s kartografickou přesností a zpřístupnit je široké veřejnosti. Účelem je zprostředkování jejich unikátní atmosféry a podání důkazu o jejich existenci, protože tyto oblasti podléhají velmi rychlé zkáze., „Hic sunt leones“ is a printed publication that represents the outcome of diploma thesis Map of Brno. It is a pocket-size map in a form of a book describing the dark side of Brno, fitting contextually within the scope of urban exploration. Locations described within the publication are far beyond the general interest of the majority, and even the alternative minority, of population within the city. These are locations whose visit may result not just in dirty pants or possible conflict with the police, but also in injuries or even death. The inaccessibility of these places is emphasized by the inaccessibility of the map itself, which is being tested at it's very edge of usability. Accurate cartographic mapping is not the intention of this project, neither it is the process of making these places easily accessible. Mediation of their unique atmosphere and providing the evidence of their mere existence is the primary intention here. More so because of the fact that such places are subjects to very fast perdition.

Práce popisuje souhrn základních testovacích procedur prováděných společností Euro NCAP se zaměřením na zkoušky ochrany chodců dle EEVC WG 17 a soudobých prostředků používaných u osobních automobilů pro ochranu chodců. Obsahuje detailní postup vytvoření impaktoru hlavy dospělého člověka včetně jeho certifikace a sestavení jeho nárazu na kapotu vozidla. Zároveň je zaměřena na studii vlivu vlastností materiálu ovlivňujících velikost HIC kritéria., The thesis describes the complex of basic testing procedures conducted by Euro NCAP company with a view to the examination of pedestrian protection in accordance with EEVC WG 17 and topical instruments used at passenger vehicles for pedestrian protection. It includes a detailed procedure of the creation of an adult head impactor including its certification and the formation of its impact on the bonnet of the vehicle. It is specialized in the studies how material properties influence the size of HIC criterion.

Výstupem diplomové práce Mapa Brna je tištěná publikace s názvem „Hic sunt leones“. Jedná se o kapesní mapu ve formě knihy popisující nepřístupné oblasti Brna. Jde o pilotní díl projektu mapujícího odvrácenou tvář jihomoravské metropole, zapadající do kontextu urban exploringu. Popisované lokality jsou daleko za hranicí zájmu řadové většiny i alternativní menšiny obyvatel města. Lokality, jejichž návštěva s sebou nese určitá rizika, a to nejen v podobě umazaných kalhot a možného konfliktu se zákonem, ale i v podobě zranění či dokonce smrti. Nepřístupnost těchto míst je zvýrazněna nepřístupností mapy samotné, která je zde testována na hranici použitelnosti. Účelem projektu Hic sunt leones totiž není tyto lokality zmapovat s kartografickou přesností a zpřístupnit je široké veřejnosti. Účelem je zprostředkování jejich unikátní atmosféry a podání důkazu o jejich existenci, protože tyto oblasti podléhají velmi rychlé zkáze., „Hic sunt leones“ is a printed publication that represents the outcome of diploma thesis Map of Brno. It is a pocket-size map in a form of a book describing the dark side of Brno, fitting contextually within the scope of urban exploration. Locations described within the publication are far beyond the general interest of the majority, and even the alternative minority, of population within the city. These are locations whose visit may result not just in dirty pants or possible conflict with the police, but also in injuries or even death. The inaccessibility of these places is emphasized by the inaccessibility of the map itself, which is being tested at it's very edge of usability. Accurate cartographic mapping is not the intention of this project, neither it is the process of making these places easily accessible. Mediation of their unique atmosphere and providing the evidence of their mere existence is the primary intention here. More so because of the fact that such places are subjects to very fast perdition.

Diplomová práce se zabývá problematikou nárazových zkoušek dle předpisů Euro NCAP, konkrétně zkouškou nárazu impaktoru dětské hlavy na kapotu automobilu. Cílem je vytvoření homogenní kapoty, kde tuhá místa budou odstraněna a zároveň nedojde ke zhoršení globální tuhosti kapoty. Kapota musí ovšem splňovat limity pro ochranu chodců., This thesis deals with the subject of crash tests Euro NCAP, concretely child-head impact test to the car bonnet. Object of thesis is make homogeneous car bonnet, where will remove stiffness places and also the bonnet global stiffness won´t be worst. The bonnet must carry out limits for pedestrian protection.

Výstupem diplomové práce Mapa Brna je tištěná publikace s názvem „Hic sunt leones“. Jedná se o kapesní mapu ve formě knihy popisující nepřístupné oblasti Brna. Jde o pilotní díl projektu mapujícího odvrácenou tvář jihomoravské metropole, zapadající do kontextu urban exploringu. Popisované lokality jsou daleko za hranicí zájmu řadové většiny i alternativní menšiny obyvatel města. Lokality, jejichž návštěva s sebou nese určitá rizika, a to nejen v podobě umazaných kalhot a možného konfliktu se zákonem, ale i v podobě zranění či dokonce smrti. Nepřístupnost těchto míst je zvýrazněna nepřístupností mapy samotné, která je zde testována na hranici použitelnosti. Účelem projektu Hic sunt leones totiž není tyto lokality zmapovat s kartografickou přesností a zpřístupnit je široké veřejnosti. Účelem je zprostředkování jejich unikátní atmosféry a podání důkazu o jejich existenci, protože tyto oblasti podléhají velmi rychlé zkáze., „Hic sunt leones“ is a printed publication that represents the outcome of diploma thesis Map of Brno. It is a pocket-size map in a form of a book describing the dark side of Brno, fitting contextually within the scope of urban exploration. Locations described within the publication are far beyond the general interest of the majority, and even the alternative minority, of population within the city. These are locations whose visit may result not just in dirty pants or possible conflict with the police, but also in injuries or even death. The inaccessibility of these places is emphasized by the inaccessibility of the map itself, which is being tested at it's very edge of usability. Accurate cartographic mapping is not the intention of this project, neither it is the process of making these places easily accessible. Mediation of their unique atmosphere and providing the evidence of their mere existence is the primary intention here. More so because of the fact that such places are subjects to very fast perdition.

Práce popisuje souhrn základních testovacích procedur prováděných společností Euro NCAP se zaměřením na zkoušky ochrany chodců dle EEVC WG 17 a soudobých prostředků používaných u osobních automobilů pro ochranu chodců. Obsahuje detailní postup vytvoření impaktoru hlavy dospělého člověka včetně jeho certifikace a sestavení jeho nárazu na kapotu vozidla. Zároveň je zaměřena na studii vlivu vlastností materiálu ovlivňujících velikost HIC kritéria., The thesis describes the complex of basic testing procedures conducted by Euro NCAP company with a view to the examination of pedestrian protection in accordance with EEVC WG 17 and topical instruments used at passenger vehicles for pedestrian protection. It includes a detailed procedure of the creation of an adult head impactor including its certification and the formation of its impact on the bonnet of the vehicle. It is specialized in the studies how material properties influence the size of HIC criterion.

Výstupem diplomové práce Mapa Brna je tištěná publikace s názvem „Hic sunt leones“. Jedná se o kapesní mapu ve formě knihy popisující nepřístupné oblasti Brna. Jde o pilotní díl projektu mapujícího odvrácenou tvář jihomoravské metropole, zapadající do kontextu urban exploringu. Popisované lokality jsou daleko za hranicí zájmu řadové většiny i alternativní menšiny obyvatel města. Lokality, jejichž návštěva s sebou nese určitá rizika, a to nejen v podobě umazaných kalhot a možného konfliktu se zákonem, ale i v podobě zranění či dokonce smrti. Nepřístupnost těchto míst je zvýrazněna nepřístupností mapy samotné, která je zde testována na hranici použitelnosti. Účelem projektu Hic sunt leones totiž není tyto lokality zmapovat s kartografickou přesností a zpřístupnit je široké veřejnosti. Účelem je zprostředkování jejich unikátní atmosféry a podání důkazu o jejich existenci, protože tyto oblasti podléhají velmi rychlé zkáze., „Hic sunt leones“ is a printed publication that represents the outcome of diploma thesis Map of Brno. It is a pocket-size map in a form of a book describing the dark side of Brno, fitting contextually within the scope of urban exploration. Locations described within the publication are far beyond the general interest of the majority, and even the alternative minority, of population within the city. These are locations whose visit may result not just in dirty pants or possible conflict with the police, but also in injuries or even death. The inaccessibility of these places is emphasized by the inaccessibility of the map itself, which is being tested at it's very edge of usability. Accurate cartographic mapping is not the intention of this project, neither it is the process of making these places easily accessible. Mediation of their unique atmosphere and providing the evidence of their mere existence is the primary intention here. More so because of the fact that such places are subjects to very fast perdition.

Diplomová práce se zabývá problematikou nárazových zkoušek dle předpisů Euro NCAP, konkrétně zkouškou nárazu impaktoru dětské hlavy na kapotu automobilu. Cílem je vytvoření homogenní kapoty, kde tuhá místa budou odstraněna a zároveň nedojde ke zhoršení globální tuhosti kapoty. Kapota musí ovšem splňovat limity pro ochranu chodců., This thesis deals with the subject of crash tests Euro NCAP, concretely child-head impact test to the car bonnet. Object of thesis is make homogeneous car bonnet, where will remove stiffness places and also the bonnet global stiffness won´t be worst. The bonnet must carry out limits for pedestrian protection.

Práce popisuje souhrn základních testovacích procedur prováděných společností Euro NCAP se zaměřením na zkoušky ochrany chodců dle EEVC WG 17 a soudobých prostředků používaných u osobních automobilů pro ochranu chodců. Obsahuje detailní postup vytvoření impaktoru hlavy dospělého člověka včetně jeho certifikace a sestavení jeho nárazu na kapotu vozidla. Zároveň je zaměřena na studii vlivu vlastností materiálu ovlivňujících velikost HIC kritéria., The thesis describes the complex of basic testing procedures conducted by Euro NCAP company with a view to the examination of pedestrian protection in accordance with EEVC WG 17 and topical instruments used at passenger vehicles for pedestrian protection. It includes a detailed procedure of the creation of an adult head impactor including its certification and the formation of its impact on the bonnet of the vehicle. It is specialized in the studies how material properties influence the size of HIC criterion.

Diplomová práce se zabývá problematikou nárazových zkoušek dle předpisů Euro NCAP, konkrétně zkouškou nárazu impaktoru dětské hlavy na kapotu automobilu. Cílem je vytvoření homogenní kapoty, kde tuhá místa budou odstraněna a zároveň nedojde ke zhoršení globální tuhosti kapoty. Kapota musí ovšem splňovat limity pro ochranu chodců., This thesis deals with the subject of crash tests Euro NCAP, concretely child-head impact test to the car bonnet. Object of thesis is make homogeneous car bonnet, where will remove stiffness places and also the bonnet global stiffness won´t be worst. The bonnet must carry out limits for pedestrian protection.

Práce popisuje souhrn základních testovacích procedur prováděných společností Euro NCAP se zaměřením na zkoušky ochrany chodců dle EEVC WG 17 a soudobých prostředků používaných u osobních automobilů pro ochranu chodců. Obsahuje detailní postup vytvoření impaktoru hlavy dospělého člověka včetně jeho certifikace a sestavení jeho nárazu na kapotu vozidla. Zároveň je zaměřena na studii vlivu vlastností materiálu ovlivňujících velikost HIC kritéria., The thesis describes the complex of basic testing procedures conducted by Euro NCAP company with a view to the examination of pedestrian protection in accordance with EEVC WG 17 and topical instruments used at passenger vehicles for pedestrian protection. It includes a detailed procedure of the creation of an adult head impactor including its certification and the formation of its impact on the bonnet of the vehicle. It is specialized in the studies how material properties influence the size of HIC criterion.

Práce popisuje souhrn základních testovacích procedur prováděných společností Euro NCAP se zaměřením na zkoušky ochrany chodců dle EEVC WG 17 a soudobých prostředků používaných u osobních automobilů pro ochranu chodců. Obsahuje detailní postup vytvoření impaktoru hlavy dospělého člověka včetně jeho certifikace a sestavení jeho nárazu na kapotu vozidla. Zároveň je zaměřena na studii vlivu vlastností materiálu ovlivňujících velikost HIC kritéria., The thesis describes the complex of basic testing procedures conducted by Euro NCAP company with a view to the examination of pedestrian protection in accordance with EEVC WG 17 and topical instruments used at passenger vehicles for pedestrian protection. It includes a detailed procedure of the creation of an adult head impactor including its certification and the formation of its impact on the bonnet of the vehicle. It is specialized in the studies how material properties influence the size of HIC criterion.