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The leather-making industry is an age-old industry and desiccation with salt has been one of the most used methodologies for obtaining valuable skins. However, halophiles may proliferate and affect the integrity of the hide-collagen structure, as well as leading to undesirable red colorations or less-frequent purple stains. To understand the basis of these industrial hide contaminations, the microbial community from raw hide samples, salt-cured samples and four different industrial salts, was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding together with standard cultivation methods. Comparison of raw hides and correctly cured hides revealed a core microbiome that was absent from contaminated hides. In addition, archaea were missing from well-cured hides, whereas Psychrobacter and Acinetobacter were highly represented (23% and 17.4%, respectively). In damaged hides, only a few operational taxonomic units (OTUs), from among the hundreds detected, were able to proliferate and, remarkably, a single Halomonas OTU represented 57.66% of the reads. Halobacteria, mainly Halovenus, Halorubrum and Halovivax, increased by up to 36.24-39.5% in the red- and purple-affected hides. The major contaminants were isolated and hide infections, together with collagenase activity, were evaluated. The results showed that hides enriched with the non-pigmented isolate Halomonas utahensis COIN160 damaged the collagen fibers similarly to Halorubrum, and together they were considered to be one of the major causes. Putative degrading inhibitors were also identified from among the Alkalibacillus isolates. It was concluded that hide contaminations were driven by clonal outbreaks of a few specific microbes, which may have been non-pigmented collagen degraders. Acinetobacter and Alkalibacillus, members of the core microbiome of raw and well-cured salted hides, are suggested as hide contaminant inhibitors that need further analysis.

Introduction: Halophiles can be found in hypersaline environments and they can synthesize products of industrial interest. Method: In this work, 37 bacterial strains were isolated from the sediment of a dried-out maar of the “Hoya Rincón de Parangueo” (Mexico) on different culture media with 20% NaCl and pH 9, while potential industrial extracellular enzymes were determined. Results: Eight genera Salsuginibacillus, Alkalibacillus, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Oceanobacillus, Halomonas and Nesterenkonia besides 15 distinct species belonging to Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were identified. The L371, LTA7 and SU3 isolates produced proteases, M20, L5, L7, L8, Y1, Y2, M3, M9 and RA lipases, LTA4 and SU3 amylases, while LTA7, Y2, M5, M9 and RA caseinases with enzymatic activity at pH 9. Production of siderophore was found in 17 isolates. Discussion or Conclusion: It is reported for the first experimental evidence of siderophores production by N. alba, Alkalibacillus and Oceanobacillus at 6% NaCl (w/v). Isolates RE, RG1, RG2, RH1, RA and I11 showed 2.8% to 4.1% genetic distance with Nesterenkonia species and might represent new species., Resumen: Introducción: Los microorganismos halófilos los podemos encontrar en ambientes hipersalinos y pueden sintetizar productos de interés industrial. Método: En el presente trabajo, 37 aislados se obtuvieron del sedimento del maar desecado de la “Hoya Rincón de Parangueo” (México) en diferentes medios de cultivo que contenían 20% de NaCl y pH de 9, se determinó el potencial de producción de enzimas extracelulares de interés industrial por estos aislados. Resultados: Se identificaron ocho géneros bacterianos Salsuginibacillus, Alkalibacillus, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Oceanobacillus, Halomonas y Nesterenkonia además de 15 especies diferentes de Actinobacteria, Firmicutes y Proteobacteria. Los aislados L371, LTA7 y SU3 produjeron proteasas, M20, L5, L7, L8, Y1, Y2, M3, M9 y RA lipasas, LTA4 y SU3 amilasas y LTA7, Y2, M5, M9 y RA cacesinasas a pH de 9. La producción de sideróforos se encontró en 17 aislados. Discusión o Conclusión: Se reporta la primera evidencia experimental de la producción de sideróforos por N. alba, Alkalibacillus and Oceanobacillu a una concentración de NaCl al 6% (p/v). Los aislados RE, RG1, RH1, RA e I11 tuvieron una distancia genética de 2.8% a 4.1% con especies de Nesterenkonia por lo que pueden representar nuevas especies.

Twenty-two of the Mediterranean coastal Salinas in S. France have been abandoned for salt extraction since 1950 and most are now available for nature conservation purposes. Their management is a challenge as the abandoned Salinas are human-modified systems, compartmentalized in salt ponds, with other important modifications in the landscape. These landscape modifications were studied in more detail in two examples by studying historic maps. Thus, for the Salin de Peyriac (Aude), an original endorheic lake (Etang du Doul) was converted into a pre-concentrating pond and nowadays persists as a hypersaline coastal lagoon. Salin des Pesquiers (Var) was created since 1848 within the Etang du Pesquier coastal lagoon. Therefore, the course of the Roubaud River, the tributary to this lagoon, was deviated to flow directly to the sea. Together with the creation of a circumferential canal this resulted in destruction of the original Roubaud delta and its fringing wetlands with ecotones in their freshwater - salt water transition zones. Both abandoned Salinas can in principle be managed as coastal lagoons, because the sediment surfaces of their ponds are located below mean sea level. Nevertheless, the Ecosystem-based management of these systems has to acknowledge a large degree of artificiality. Complete ecological restoration to historic conditions appears unrealistic and is often not desirable. Hence, abandoned Salinas offer many possibilities for creative and experimental management that should be followed by action monitoring and assessed by scientific studies.Y

Global warming and the limitations of using fossil fuels are a main concern of all societies, and thus, the development of alternative fuel sources is crucial to improving the current global energy situation. Biofuels are known as the best alternatives of unrenewable fuels and justify increasing extensive research to develop new and less expensive methods for their production. The most frequent biofuels are bioethanol, biobutanol, biodiesel, and biogas. The production of these biofuels is the result of microbial activity on organic substrates like sugars, starch, oil crops, non-food biomasses, and agricultural and animal wastes. Several industrial production processes are carried out in the presence of high concentrations of NaCl and therefore, researchers have focused on halophiles for biofuel production. In this review, we focus on the role of halophilic microorganisms and their current utilization in the production of all types of biofuels. Also, the outstanding potential of them and their hydrolytic enzymes in the hydrolysis of different kind of biomasses and the production of biofuels are discussed.

Quantitative RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and the complementary phenotypic assays were implemented to investigate the transcriptional responses of Chromohalobacter salexigens to osmotic and heat stress. These conditions trigger the synthesis of ectoine and hydroxyectoine, two compatible solutes of biotechnological interest. Our findings revealed that both stresses make a significant impact on C. salexigens global physiology. Apart from compatible solute metabolism, the most relevant adaptation mechanisms were related to “oxidative- and protein-folding- stress responses,” “modulation of respiratory chain and related components,” and “ion homeostasis.” A general salt-dependent induction of genes related to the metabolism of ectoines, as well as repression of ectoine degradation genes by temperature, was observed. Different oxidative stress response mechanisms, secondary or primary, were induced at low and high salinity, respectively, and repressed by temperature. A higher sensitivity to H2O2 was observed at high salinity, regardless of temperature. Low salinity induced genes involved in “protein-folding-stress response,” suggesting disturbance of protein homeostasis. Transcriptional shift of genes encoding three types of respiratory NADH dehydrogenases, ATP synthase, quinone pool, Na+/H+ antiporters, and sodium-solute symporters, was observed depending on salinity and temperature, suggesting modulation of the components of the respiratory chain and additional systems involved in the generation of H+ and/or Na+ gradients. Remarkably, the Na+ intracellular content remained constant regardless of salinity and temperature. Disturbance of Na+- and H+-gradients with specific ionophores suggested that both gradients influence ectoine production, but with differences depending on the solute, salinity, and temperature conditions. Flagellum genes were strongly induced by salinity, and further induced by temperature. However, salt-induced cell motility was reduced at high temperatur

Halomonads are moderately halophilic bacteria that are studied as models of prokaryotic osmoadaptation and sources of enzymes and chemicals for biotechnological applications. Despite the progress in understanding the diversity of these organisms, our ability to explain ecological, metabolic, and biochemical traits of halomonads at the genomic sequence level remains limited. This study addresses this gap by presenting draft genomes of Salinicola socius SMB35T, Salinicola sp. MH3R3-1 and Chromohalobacter sp. SMB17, which were isolated from potash mine tailings in the Verkhnekamsk salt deposit area of Russia. The analysis of these genomes confirmed the importance of ectoines and quaternary amines to the capacity of halomonads to tolerate osmotic stress and adapt to hypersaline environments. The study also revealed that Chromohalobacter and Salinicola share 75-90% of the predicted proteome, but also harbor a set of genus-specific genes, which in Salinicola amounted to approximately 0.5 Mbp. These genus-specific genome segments may contribute to the phenotypic diversity of the Halomonadaceae and the ability of these organisms to adapt to changing environmental conditions and colonize new ecological niches.

Extremophilic organisms demonstrate the flexibility and adaptability of basic biological processes by highlighting how cell physiology adapts to environmental extremes. Few eukaryotic extremophiles have been well studied and only a small number are amenable to laboratory cultivation and manipulation. A detailed characterization of the genome architecture of such organisms is important to illuminate how they adapt to environmental stresses. One excellent example of a fungal extremophile is the halophile Hortaea werneckii (Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Capnodiales), a yeast-like fungus able to thrive at near-saturating concentrations of sodium chloride and which is also tolerant to both UV irradiation and desiccation. Given its unique lifestyle and its remarkably recent whole genome duplication, H. werneckii provides opportunities for testing the role of genome duplications and adaptability to extreme environments. We previously assembled the genome of H. werneckii using short-read sequencing technology and found a remarkable degree of gene duplication. Technology limitations, however, precluded high-confidence annotation of the entire genome. We therefore revisited the H. wernickii genome using long-read, single-molecule sequencing and provide an improved genome assembly which, combined with transcriptome and nucleosome analysis, provides a useful resource for fungal halophile genomics. Remarkably, the ∼50 Mb H. wernickii genome contains 15,974 genes of which 95% (7608) are duplicates formed by a recent whole genome duplication (WGD), with an average of 5% protein sequence divergence between them. We found that the WGD is extraordinarily recent, and compared to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the majority of the genome's ohnologs have not diverged at the level of gene expression of chromatin structure.

Halorubrum lacusprofundi is an extreme halophile within the archaeal phylum Euryarchaeota. The type strain ACAM 34 was isolated from Deep Lake, Antarctica. H. lacusprofundi is of phylogenetic interest because it is distantly related to the haloarchaea that have previously been sequenced. It is also of interest because of its psychrotolerance. We report here the complete genome sequence of H. lacusprofundi type strain ACAM 34 and its annotation. This genome is part of a 2006 Joint Genome Institute Community Sequencing Program project to sequence genomes of diverse Archaea.

2-Deoxy-D-ribose-5-phosphate aldolase (DERA) catalyzes the aldol reaction between two aldehydes and is thought to be a potential biocatalyst for the production of a variety of stereo-specific materials. A gene encoding DERA from the extreme halophilic archaeon, Haloarcula japonica, was overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The gene product was successfully purified, using procedures based on the protein’s halophilicity, and characterized. The expressed enzyme was stable in a buffer containing 2 M NaCl and exhibited high thermostability, retaining more than 90% of its activity after heating at 70℃ for 10 min. The enzyme was also tolerant to high concentrations of organic solvents, such as acetonitrile and dimethylsulfoxide. Moreover, H. japonica DERA was highly resistant to a high concentration of acetaldehyde and retained about 35% of its initial activity after 5-hours’ exposure to 300 mM acetaldehyde at 25℃, the conditions under which E. coli DERA is completely inactivated. The enzyme exhibited much higher activity at 25℃ than the previously characterized hyperthermophilic DERAs (Sakuraba et al., 2007). Our results suggest that the extremely halophilic DERA has high potential to serve as a biocatalyst in organic syntheses. This is the first description of the biochemical characterization of a halophilic DERA.

Background: Haloferax mediterranei is a denitrifying haloarchaeon using nitrate as a respiratory electron acceptor under anaerobic conditions in a reaction catalysed by pNarGH. Other ions such as bromate, perchlorate and chlorate can also be reduced. Methods: Hfx. mediterranei cells were grown anaerobically with nitrate as electron acceptor and chlorate reductase activity measured in whole cells and purified nitrate reductase. Results: No genes encoding (per)chlorate reductases have been detected either in the Hfx. mediterranei genome or in other haloarchaea. However, a gene encoding a chlorite dismutase that is predicted to be exported across the cytoplasmic membrane has been identified in Hfx. mediterranei genome. Cells did not grow anaerobically in presence of chlorate as the unique electron acceptor. However, cells anaerobically grown with nitrate and then transferred to chlorate-containing growth medium can grow a few generations. Chlorate reduction by the whole cells, as well as by pure pNarGH, has been characterised. No clear chlorite dismutase activity could be detected. Conclusions: Hfx. mediterranei pNarGH has its active site on the outer-face of the cytoplasmic membrane and reacts with chlorate and perchlorate. Biochemical characterisation of this enzymatic activity suggests that Hfx. mediterranei or its pure pNarGH could be of great interest for waste water treatments or to better understand biological chlorate reduction in early Earth or Martian environments. General significance: Some archaea species reduce (per)chlorate. However, results here presented as well as those recently reported by Liebensteiner and co-workers [1] suggest that complete perchlorate reduction in archaea follows different rules in terms of biological reactions.

Microbial community succession was examined over a two-year period using spatially and temporally coordinated water chemistry measurements, metagenomic sequencing, phylogenetic binning and de novo metagenomic assembly in the extreme hypersaline habitat of Lake Tyrrell, Victoria, Australia. Relative abundances of Haloquadratum-related sequences were positively correlated with co-varying concentrations of potassium, magnesium and sulfate, but not sodium, chloride or calcium ions, while relative abundances of Halorubrum, Haloarcula, Halonotius, Halobaculum and Salinibacter-related sequences correlated negatively with Haloquadratum and these same ionic factors. Nanohaloarchaea and Halorhabdus-related sequence abundances were inversely correlated with each other, but not other taxonomic groups. These data, along with predicted gene functions from nearly-complete assembled population metagenomes, suggest different ecological phenotypes for Nanohaloarchaea and Halorhabdus-related strains versus other community members. Nucleotide percent G+C compositions were consistently lower in community metagenomic reads from summer versus winter samples. The same seasonal G+C trends were observed within taxonomically binned read subsets from each of seven different genus-level archaeal groups. Relative seasonal abundances were also linked to percent G+C for assembled population genomes. Together, these data suggest that extreme ionic conditions may exert selective pressure on archaeal populations at the level of genomic nucleotide composition, thus contributing to seasonal successional processes. Despite the unavailability of cultured representatives for most of the organisms identified in this study, effective coordination of physical and biological measurements has enabled discovery and quantification of unexpected taxon-specific, environmentally mediated factors influencing microbial community structure.

The novel ciliate Platynematum salinarum (Scuticociliatia) was isolated only recently from a thalassohaline solar saltern pond (12%) in Portugal. Scanning electron microscopy showed numerous bacterial-shaped cells covering the complete surface of the ciliate. The rod-shaped epibionts were identified and characterized following the 'Full-Cycle rRNA Approach'. The almost full-length 16S rRNA gene sequence was obtained using archaeal-specific primers and two species-specific probes were designed for fluorescence in situ hybridization. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of the epibiotic cells showed 87% sequence identity with the type strain sequence of the closest characterized species Halolamina pelagica. Phylogenetic reconstructions affiliated the novel organism to the genus Halolamina (Halobacteria, Archaea). Attempts to isolate the epibionts failed and, therefore, growth experiments incorporating the antibiotic anisomycin were conducted in order to investigate the potential symbiotic relationship between P. salinarum and the epibionts. The results suggested an obligate symbiosis between the two organisms and revealed the first symbiotic representative of the Halobacteria. Based on the phylogenetic analyses and growth experiments we propose the classification of this novel organism in a new genus, with the taxon name . 'Candidatus Haloectosymbiotes riaformosensis'. © 2014 Elsevier GmbH.

Wallemia (Wallemiales, Wallemiomycetes) is a genus of xerophilic Fungi of uncertain phylogenetic position within Basidiomycota. Most commonly found as food contaminants, species of Wallemia have alsobeen isolated from hypersaline environments. The ability to tolerate environments with reduced wateractivity is rare in Basidiomycota. We sequenced the genome of W. sebi in order to understand its adaptations for surviving in osmotically challenging environments, and we performed phylogenomic andultrastructural analyses to address its systematic placement and reproductive biology. W. sebi has a compact genome (9.8 Mb), with few repeats and the largest fraction of genes with functional domains compared with other Basidiomycota. We applied several approaches to searching for osmotic stress-relatedproteins. In silico analyses identied 93 putative osmotic stress proteins; homology searches showedthe HOG (High Osmolarity Glycerol) pathway to be mostly conserved. Despite the seemingly reducedgenome, several gene family expansions and a high number of transporters (549) were found that alsoprovide clues to the ability of W. sebito colonize harsh environments. Phylogenetic analyses of a 71-protein dataset support the position of Wallemia as the earliest diverging lineage of Agaricomycotina, whichis conrmed by septal pore ultrastructure that shows the septal pore apparatus as a variant of the Tremella-type. Mating type gene homologs were idented although we found no evidence of meiosis duringconidiogenesis, suggesting there may be aspects of the life cycle of W. sebi that remain cryptic

Extremophiles display an astonishing array of adaptations to harsh environmental conditions. We analyzed the mechanisms of ionizing radiation resistance from a diverse group of extremophilic archaea and bacteria. In Halobacterium salinarum IR resistance is conferred by antioxidant Mn2+-complexes, and protein-free cell extracts (ultrafiltrates, UFs) of super-resistant (IR+) isolates of H. salinarum had increased concentrations of Mn, PO4 and amino acids compared to the founder strain. Proteomic analysis determined that IR+ isolates with increased Mn had elevated protein expression for central carbon metabolism, suggesting a Mn-stimulated metabolic route to increased IR resistance. We examined the role of mannosylglycerate, di-myo-inositol phosphate, and trehalose in the IR resistance of various thermophiles; aerobic thermophiles had UFs which were radioprotective of enzyme activity under aerobic conditions, which is attributed to Mn, PO4 and trehalose accumulation. In contrast, anaerobic thermophile UFs did not contain significant amounts of Mn, and were radioprotective only under anaerobic conditions; we conclude the anaerobic environment confers their IR resistance.

Acetohalobium arabaticum Zhilina and Zavarzin 1990 is of special interest because of its physiology and its participation in the anaerobic C(1)-trophic chain in hypersaline environments. This is the first completed genome sequence of the family Halobacteroidaceae and only the second genome sequence in the order Halanaerobiales. The 2,469,596 bp long genome with its 2,353 protein-coding and 90 RNA genes is a part of the Genomic Encyclopedia of Bacteria and Archaea project.

Halorhabdus utahensis Wainø et al. 2000 is the type species of the genus, which is of phylogenetic interest because of its location on one of the deepest branches within the very extensive euryarchaeal family Halobacteriaceae. H. utahensis is a free-living, motile, rod shaped to pleomorphic, Gram-negative archaeon, which was originally isolated from a sediment sample collected from the southern arm of Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA. When grown on appropriate media, H. utahensis can form polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB). Here we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence, and annotation. This is the first complete genome sequence of the a member of halobacterial genus Halorhabdus, and the 3,116,795 bp long single replicon genome with its 3027 protein-coding and 48 RNA genes is part of the Genomic Encyclopedia of Bacteria and Archaea project.

Halogeometricum borinquense Montalvo-Rodríguez et al. 1998 is the type species of the genus, and is of phylogenetic interest because of its distinct location between the halobacterial genera Haloquadratum and Halosarcina. H. borinquense requires extremely high salt (NaCl) concentrations for growth. It can not only grow aerobically but also anaerobically using nitrate as electron acceptor. The strain described in this report is a free-living, motile, pleomorphic, euryarchaeon, which was originally isolated from the solar salterns of Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico. Here we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence, and annotation. This is the first complete genome sequence of the halobacterial genus Halogeometricum, and this 3,944,467 bp long six replicon genome with its 3937 protein-coding and 57 RNA genes is part of the Genomic Encyclopedia of Bacteria and Archaea project.

The effects of ionizing radiation on the extremely halophilic Archaeon Halobacterium sp. str. NRC-1 can be divided into three central themes: protection from oxidative damages, response to ionizing radiation, and repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). Intracellular salts used to maintain osmotic balance in the hypersaline conditions Halobacterium cells require are shown in this study to provide in vivo protection from oxidative damages through the scavenging of hydroxyl radicals produced from the radiolysis of water by gamma radiation. These results highlight both the importance of the intracellular environment in determining radiation resistance and the multiplicity of pathways resulting in radiation resistance that can be utilized by various microbes resulting from their adaptations to common environmental stresses such as desiccation. The global stress response to gamma radiation was measured using both genomic and proteomic methods. The resulting systems view reveals cooperation amongst several cellular processes including DNA repair, increased protein turnover, apparent shifts in metabolism to favor nucleotide biosynthesis and an overall effort to repair oxidative damage. Further, we demonstrate the importance of time dimension while correlating mRNA and protein levels and suggest that steady state comparisons may be misleading while assessing dynamics of genetic information processing across transcription and translation. The repair of DNA DSBs incurred after exposure to gamma radiation was examined in greater detail. The in vivo role of the Mre11/Rad50 complex was determined in an archaeal model system to determine if these proteins performed the same role in homologous recombination repair as their eukaryotic homologs. Deletion of mre11 was found to reduce the rate of DSB repair, but not the overall survival of the cells. Taken together, the data presented here provide a halophilic model for radiation resistan

A pBluescriptSK+ vector library consisting of 3,360 clones with an average insert size of 3.5 kb was constructed from the genome of Halothermothrix orenii, a halophilic and thermoanaerobic member of the family Haloanaerobiaceae. From both ends, 77 clones were sequenced using T3 and T7 vector primers generating 154 sequence tags, representing approximately 85 kb of the genome. Comparison of sequence tags against the GenBank database using BLASTX identified 66 known proteins and 15 conserved hypothetical proteins. The putative proteins included a V-ATPase, hydrogenases, and enzymes with potential for industrial applications. The overall G+C% of the codons used was 42.9% with a third-position G+C content of 38.6%. High levels of excess acidic amino acids were not detected in the putative proteins of H. orenii as compared to the mesophilic haloanaerobes. This lack may be the result of reduced activity of acidic, halophilic enzymes at high temperatures and intermediate salt concentrations.

This article is free to read on the publishers website A halophilic endospore-forming, sulfate-reducing bacterium was isolated from an oilfield brine in France. The strain, designated SEBR 3139, was composed of long, straight to curved rods. It grew in 1–14% NaCI with an optimum at 6%. On the basis of morphological, physiological and phylogenetical characteristics, strain SEBR 3139 should be classified in the genus Desulfotomaculum. However, it is sufficiently different from the hitherto described Desulfotomaculum species to be considered as a new species. Strain SEBR 3139T(= DSM 11559T) represents the first moderate halophilic species of the genus Desulfotomaculum. The name Desulfotomaculum halophilum sp. nov. is proposed.

Tato bakalářská práce se zabývá zmapováním extrémofilních mikroorganismů. Je popsáno extrémní prostředí, ve kterém se tyto mikroorganismy vyskytují, a rovněž strukturní a chemická adaptace na toto prostředí. Adaptace nejčastěji vyžaduje změny ve složení membránových lipidů, nukleových kyselin a proteinů. Enzymy vykazující stabilitu v extrémním prostředí nacházejí uplatnění zejména v chemickém, potravinářském, farmaceutickém a textilním průmyslu. Zmíněno je také uplatnění extrémofilů při biodegradaci organických materiálů. Tato práce je nejvíce zaměřena na hypertermofilní mikroorganismy, které byly doposud nejlépe prozkoumány., This bachelor’s thesis deals with the extremophilic microorganisms. There is described extreme environment in which these microorganisms occur, as well as several structural and chemical adaptations to the environment. In most cases, adaptation to extreme environment requires changes in the composition of membrane lipids, nucleic acids and proteins. Enzymes with stability in extreme environment are used in chemical, food, pharmaceutical and textile industry. There is also mentioned the application of extremophiles in the biodegradation of organic materials. This bachelor’s thesis is mainly focused on hyperthermophilic microorganisms, which have been most researched.

Tato bakalářská práce se zabývá zmapováním extrémofilních mikroorganismů. Je popsáno extrémní prostředí, ve kterém se tyto mikroorganismy vyskytují, a rovněž strukturní a chemická adaptace na toto prostředí. Adaptace nejčastěji vyžaduje změny ve složení membránových lipidů, nukleových kyselin a proteinů. Enzymy vykazující stabilitu v extrémním prostředí nacházejí uplatnění zejména v chemickém, potravinářském, farmaceutickém a textilním průmyslu. Zmíněno je také uplatnění extrémofilů při biodegradaci organických materiálů. Tato práce je nejvíce zaměřena na hypertermofilní mikroorganismy, které byly doposud nejlépe prozkoumány., This bachelor’s thesis deals with the extremophilic microorganisms. There is described extreme environment in which these microorganisms occur, as well as several structural and chemical adaptations to the environment. In most cases, adaptation to extreme environment requires changes in the composition of membrane lipids, nucleic acids and proteins. Enzymes with stability in extreme environment are used in chemical, food, pharmaceutical and textile industry. There is also mentioned the application of extremophiles in the biodegradation of organic materials. This bachelor’s thesis is mainly focused on hyperthermophilic microorganisms, which have been most researched.

Tato bakalářská práce se zabývá zmapováním extrémofilních mikroorganismů. Je popsáno extrémní prostředí, ve kterém se tyto mikroorganismy vyskytují, a rovněž strukturní a chemická adaptace na toto prostředí. Adaptace nejčastěji vyžaduje změny ve složení membránových lipidů, nukleových kyselin a proteinů. Enzymy vykazující stabilitu v extrémním prostředí nacházejí uplatnění zejména v chemickém, potravinářském, farmaceutickém a textilním průmyslu. Zmíněno je také uplatnění extrémofilů při biodegradaci organických materiálů. Tato práce je nejvíce zaměřena na hypertermofilní mikroorganismy, které byly doposud nejlépe prozkoumány., This bachelor’s thesis deals with the extremophilic microorganisms. There is described extreme environment in which these microorganisms occur, as well as several structural and chemical adaptations to the environment. In most cases, adaptation to extreme environment requires changes in the composition of membrane lipids, nucleic acids and proteins. Enzymes with stability in extreme environment are used in chemical, food, pharmaceutical and textile industry. There is also mentioned the application of extremophiles in the biodegradation of organic materials. This bachelor’s thesis is mainly focused on hyperthermophilic microorganisms, which have been most researched.

Tato bakalářská práce se zabývá zmapováním extrémofilních mikroorganismů. Je popsáno extrémní prostředí, ve kterém se tyto mikroorganismy vyskytují, a rovněž strukturní a chemická adaptace na toto prostředí. Adaptace nejčastěji vyžaduje změny ve složení membránových lipidů, nukleových kyselin a proteinů. Enzymy vykazující stabilitu v extrémním prostředí nacházejí uplatnění zejména v chemickém, potravinářském, farmaceutickém a textilním průmyslu. Zmíněno je také uplatnění extrémofilů při biodegradaci organických materiálů. Tato práce je nejvíce zaměřena na hypertermofilní mikroorganismy, které byly doposud nejlépe prozkoumány., This bachelor’s thesis deals with the extremophilic microorganisms. There is described extreme environment in which these microorganisms occur, as well as several structural and chemical adaptations to the environment. In most cases, adaptation to extreme environment requires changes in the composition of membrane lipids, nucleic acids and proteins. Enzymes with stability in extreme environment are used in chemical, food, pharmaceutical and textile industry. There is also mentioned the application of extremophiles in the biodegradation of organic materials. This bachelor’s thesis is mainly focused on hyperthermophilic microorganisms, which have been most researched.

Tato bakalářská práce se zabývá zmapováním extrémofilních mikroorganismů. Je popsáno extrémní prostředí, ve kterém se tyto mikroorganismy vyskytují, a rovněž strukturní a chemická adaptace na toto prostředí. Adaptace nejčastěji vyžaduje změny ve složení membránových lipidů, nukleových kyselin a proteinů. Enzymy vykazující stabilitu v extrémním prostředí nacházejí uplatnění zejména v chemickém, potravinářském, farmaceutickém a textilním průmyslu. Zmíněno je také uplatnění extrémofilů při biodegradaci organických materiálů. Tato práce je nejvíce zaměřena na hypertermofilní mikroorganismy, které byly doposud nejlépe prozkoumány., This bachelor’s thesis deals with the extremophilic microorganisms. There is described extreme environment in which these microorganisms occur, as well as several structural and chemical adaptations to the environment. In most cases, adaptation to extreme environment requires changes in the composition of membrane lipids, nucleic acids and proteins. Enzymes with stability in extreme environment are used in chemical, food, pharmaceutical and textile industry. There is also mentioned the application of extremophiles in the biodegradation of organic materials. This bachelor’s thesis is mainly focused on hyperthermophilic microorganisms, which have been most researched.

Tato bakalářská práce se zabývá zmapováním extrémofilních mikroorganismů. Je popsáno extrémní prostředí, ve kterém se tyto mikroorganismy vyskytují, a rovněž strukturní a chemická adaptace na toto prostředí. Adaptace nejčastěji vyžaduje změny ve složení membránových lipidů, nukleových kyselin a proteinů. Enzymy vykazující stabilitu v extrémním prostředí nacházejí uplatnění zejména v chemickém, potravinářském, farmaceutickém a textilním průmyslu. Zmíněno je také uplatnění extrémofilů při biodegradaci organických materiálů. Tato práce je nejvíce zaměřena na hypertermofilní mikroorganismy, které byly doposud nejlépe prozkoumány., This bachelor’s thesis deals with the extremophilic microorganisms. There is described extreme environment in which these microorganisms occur, as well as several structural and chemical adaptations to the environment. In most cases, adaptation to extreme environment requires changes in the composition of membrane lipids, nucleic acids and proteins. Enzymes with stability in extreme environment are used in chemical, food, pharmaceutical and textile industry. There is also mentioned the application of extremophiles in the biodegradation of organic materials. This bachelor’s thesis is mainly focused on hyperthermophilic microorganisms, which have been most researched.

Tato bakalářská práce se zabývá zmapováním extrémofilních mikroorganismů. Je popsáno extrémní prostředí, ve kterém se tyto mikroorganismy vyskytují, a rovněž strukturní a chemická adaptace na toto prostředí. Adaptace nejčastěji vyžaduje změny ve složení membránových lipidů, nukleových kyselin a proteinů. Enzymy vykazující stabilitu v extrémním prostředí nacházejí uplatnění zejména v chemickém, potravinářském, farmaceutickém a textilním průmyslu. Zmíněno je také uplatnění extrémofilů při biodegradaci organických materiálů. Tato práce je nejvíce zaměřena na hypertermofilní mikroorganismy, které byly doposud nejlépe prozkoumány., This bachelor’s thesis deals with the extremophilic microorganisms. There is described extreme environment in which these microorganisms occur, as well as several structural and chemical adaptations to the environment. In most cases, adaptation to extreme environment requires changes in the composition of membrane lipids, nucleic acids and proteins. Enzymes with stability in extreme environment are used in chemical, food, pharmaceutical and textile industry. There is also mentioned the application of extremophiles in the biodegradation of organic materials. This bachelor’s thesis is mainly focused on hyperthermophilic microorganisms, which have been most researched.