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Cu is a vital micronutrient, but free Cu ions (Cu2+) in seawater, even at subnanomolar concentrations, can impede phytoplankton growth. Natural Cu complexation with organic ligands regulates Cu acquisition and, in most instances, reduces Cu2+ concentrations below toxic thresholds. Along the Antarctic coast, the sources and sinks of Cu and its associated ligands remain poorly defined. Despite the high productivity in the area, there are no studies on the role of trophic transfer in Cu cycling. This study explores penguin guano release of Cu and Cu ligands and its potential in neutralizing copper toxicity along the Antarctic coast. We collected guano in a Chinstrap penguin nesting location in the West coast of Deception Island and extracted its components into aqueous solution imitating natural processes. Copper concentration in guano was 0.4 mg (dry weight g)−1 constituting a potential toxic threat and showed biomagnification with respect to krill. Surface seawater samples collected from various locations varying in penguin activity, were analyzed to assess the potential influence of guano on the area. Visual examination and elevated levels of Al suggested that a substantial portion of guano was lithogenic. Consequently, only a modest 16 % of the total Cu present in guano could be extracted using mechanical methods. Notably, the concentrations of the extracted organic ligands were approximately 23 times higher than the concentrations of the extracted Cu. This significant presence of ligands effectively nullifies any potential toxicity that could have arisen from free Cu2+ ions. Guano ligands' conditional stability constants were lower than those in surface seawater suggesting phytoplankton exudation was the main ligand source in the area. Overall, guano acts as a key node for Cu cycling in coastal Antarctic waters but its deleterious potential is neutralized by ligands from krill digestion and the high background concentration of phytoplankton exudates.

Cave guano deposits represent a relatively untapped paleoecological archive that can provide information about past vegetation, climate, and bat diet over several millennia. Recent research suggests that carbon isotope values (delta C-13) measured in guano accumulations from insectivorous bats reflect the relative abundance of C-3 and C-4 plants on the landscape while nitrogen isotope values (delta N-15) may reflect precipitation amount. Together, these proxies can provide useful information for restoration practitioners seeking to understand how plant species composition has changed over time in relation to climate and land use. To better calibrate these proxies for use in restoration, we compared instrumental records of precipitation and satellite imagery of vegetation with isotope values measured in modern bat guano from Mary Lawson Cave, a large limestone cavern located in central Missouri. Mary Lawson Cave hosts a maternity colony of insectivorous gray bats (Myotis grisescens), and as such, contains significant guano accumulations. In the fall of 2018, we collected a 60 cm long guano core that dates to 1999 cal AD at its base. Guano core delta C-13 values decrease from the base toward the surface (from similar to-26 to -27 parts per thousand) whereas delta N-15 values increase toward the surface even after accounting for ammonia volatilization (from similar to 3 to 5 parts per thousand). Presently, the landscape around Mary Lawson Cave is dominated by a deciduous forest and pasture. Given that the land cover has changed very little over this period, the decline in delta C-13 values toward the present likely reflects a shift in land management on farms and/or increases in invasive C-3 species. Rainfall amounts from nearby Lebanon, Missouri, are significantly positively correlated with guano delta N-15 values, a relationship that is notably opposite that observed previously in soil and plants. We argue that heavy fertilizer application and significant grazing int

Ecological theory postulates that niches of co-occurring species must differ along some ecological dimensions in order to allow their stable coexistence. Yet, many biological systems challenge this competitive exclusion principle. Insectivorous bats from the Northern Hemisphere typically form local assemblages of multiple species sharing highly similar functional traits and pertaining to identical feeding guilds. Although their trophic niche can be accessed with unprecedented details using genetic identification of prey, the underlying mechanisms of resource partitioning remain vastly unexplored. Here, we studied the differential diet of three closely-related bat species of the genus Plecotus in sympatry and throughout their entire breeding season using DNA metabarcoding. Even at such a small geographic scale, we identified strong seasonal and spatial variation of their diet composition at both intra- and interspecific levels. Indeed, while the different bats fed on a distinct array of prey during spring, they showed higher trophic niche overlap during summer and fall, when all three species switched their hunting behaviour to feed on few temporarily abundant moths. By recovering 19 ecological traits for over 600 prey species, we further inferred that each bat species used different feeding grounds and hunting techniques, suggesting that niche partitioning was primarily habitat-driven. The two most-closely related bat species exhibited very distinct foraging habitat preferences, while the third, more distantly-related species was more generalist. These results highlight the need of temporally comprehensive samples to fully understand species coexistence, and that valuable information can be derived from the taxonomic identity of prey obtained by metabarcoding approaches.

The Cape Colony, after Peru, was the second-most-important supplier of seabird guano to commercial farmers on a worldwide scale during the nineteenth century. Despite the obvious benefits of selling guano licenses and leases to exploit various offshore islands within the Cape’s colonial waters for the colonial treasury at a time of decreasing imperial funding, successive administrations placed no restrictions over the harvesting of these spaces. Under conditions of administrative indifference and lack of proper oversight, the islands’ topography was disrupted and the birds temporarily driven away. Uncontrolled guano-scraping, egg collection, and wanton killing of the birds further aggravated this situation. Mindful of their investment and to ensure their enterprise’s continued profitability, leaseholders collectively instituted certain control measures, including appointing a peace officer and maintaining an armed contingent to oversee the daily collection, regulate landings, protect the birds, and prevent guano theft. Critically, they introduced an open and closed season for the guano collection. This measure was consistent with developments overseas where a greater sensitivity for nature conservation started to emerge, in turn, overlapping with increased demand from Cape farmers for legislative protection of a wide range of ‘useful animals’. Following years of pressure from commercially orientated farmers and their political representatives to secure access to cheap and subsidised fertiliser, the Cape Government established full governmental control over guano exploitation from Ichaboe on the Namibian coast to Algoa Bay in the southeast of the Colony. Enforcing the English Sea Birds Preservation Act 1869 and its suite of existing game protection laws, the colonial Department of Lands, Mines and Agriculture adopted the former island leaseholders’ proven and regulating regime. Prompted by perennial guano shortages and incessant demand by Cape farmers, the authoritie

Ispitivanje pigidijalnog žlezdanog kompleksa nalazi značajno mesto u karabidologiji, prevashodno sa stanovišta morfologije i taksonomije, ali u novije vreme i ostalih aspekata koji se mogu odnositi na potencijalnu upotrebu primarnih produkata ovih žlezda u biomedicinskim istraživanjima. Ovaj kompleks predstavlja sistem egzokrinih žlezda koji se sastoji od sekretornih lobusa izgrađenih od sekretornih ćelija, gde se sekreti sintetišu, zatim radijalnih sabirnih kanala, glavnog sabirnog kanala, rezervoara, gde se sekreti skladište, i eferentnog kanala, čija je uloga transport sekreta iz rezervoara u spoljašnju sredinu. Primarna funkcija sekreta pigidijalnih žlezda jeste odbrana trčuljaka od potencijalnih predatora iz prirode. U hemijski sastav ovih sekreta ulazi čitav niz jedinjenja koja se uglavnom ubrajaju u aldehide, ketone i organske kiseline. U poslednje vreme postoji interesovanje za istraživanje antimikrobnog i antitumorskog potencijala navedenih smeša sekreta, s obzirom da je prethodno dokazan antimikrobni i antitumorski potencijal pojedinačnih jedinjenja koja se nalaze u njihovom sastavu. Ciljevi ove doktorske disertacije su usmereni ka ispitivanju antimikrobnog i antitumorskog potencijala sekreta pigidijalnih žlezda odabranih vrsta trčuljaka, što može imati značaj u bazičnim biomedicinskim istraživanjima, kao i ka pronalaženju pozadine ovakvih bioloških aktivnosti u ekološkoj funkciji kod ovih insekata, koja bi podobnije bila približena detaljnijom opservacijom pigidijalnih žlezdanih struktura sa morfo-anatomskog aspekta, primenom elektronske i nelinearne mikroskopije, što bi doprinelo i boljem razumevanju fiziologije ovog sistema. U prvom delu doktorske disertacije koji obuhvata biomedicinski aspekt, posmatrana je po prvi put antimikrobna aktivnost sekreta pigidijalnih žlezda 6 odabranih vrsta trčuljaka na humane patogene (osam laboratorijskih i kliničkih bakterijskih sojeva i osam patogenih mikromiceta), kao i citotoksičnost sekreta 4 odabrane vrste trčuljak

Viruses belonging to the Dicistroviridae family have attracted a great deal of attention from scientists owing to their negative impact on agricultural economics, as well as their recent identification as potential aetiological agents of febrile illness in human patients. On the other hand, some Dicistroviruses are also studied for their potential biopesticide properties. To date, Dicistrovirus characterized in African mainland remain scarce. By using High-Throughput Sequencing technology on insectivorous bat faeces (Hipposideros Caffer) sampled in a cave used by humans to collect bat guano (bat manure) as fertilizer in Zimbabwe, we characterized the full-length sequences of three Dicistrovirus belonging to the Cripavirus and Aparavirus genus: Big Sioux River Virus-Like (BSRV-Like), Acute Bee Paralysis Virus (ABPV), and Aphid Lethal Paralysis Virus (ALPV). Phylogenetic analyses of ORF-1 and ORF-2 genes showed a complex evolutionary history between BSRV and close viruses, as well as for the Aparavirus genus. Herewith, we provide the first evidence of the presence of Dicistrovirus in Zimbabwe and highlight the need to further document the impact of such viruses on crops, as well as in beekeeping activities in Zimbabwe which represent a crucial source of income for Zimbabwean people.

Since its national debut in 1987, Fresh Air with Terry Gross has been a highly acclaimed and much adored weekday magazine among public radio listeners. Each week, nearly 4.8 million people turn to Peabody Award-winning host Terry Gross for insightful conversations with the leading voices in contemporary arts and issues. The renowned program reaches a global audience, with over 620 public radio stations broadcasting Fresh Air, and 3 million podcast downloads each week. Fresh Air has broken the mold of 'talk show' by weaving together superior journalism and intimate storytelling from modern-day intellectuals, politicians and artists alike. Through probing questions and careful research, Gross's interviews are lauded for revealing a fresh perspective on cultural icons and trends. Her thorough conversations are often complemented by commentary from well-known contributors. Fresh Air is produced at WHYY-FM in Philadelphia and broadcast nationally by NPR., (1.) Historian DANIEL IMMERWAHR [IHM-ir-vahr] is the author of the new book How to Hide an Empire: A History of the Greater United States. It's the history of U.S. territorial expansion. Today roughly four million people live in the American territories of Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, and the Northern Marianas. IMMERWAHR is professor of history at Northwestern University. (INTERVIEW WITH DAVE DAVIES) (THIS INTERVIEW CONTINUES INTO THE SECOND HALF OF THE SHOW). (2.) Jazz critic KEVIN WHITEHEAD reviews The Newest Sound You Never Heard, a collection of live recordings from the 1960s issued for the first time by singer Jeanne Lee and pianist Ran Blake.

Having identified an opportunity to extract significant income from selling guano, a popular and profitable natural fertiliser, from individual islands within its territorial waters, the Cape colonial administration established loading infrastructure and promulgated a new policy to prevent an uncontrolled rush during the mid-19th century. Given the uneven power relations between the administration and its citizenry and the lack of genuinely representative institutions, the new measures generated significant conflict between the authorities and business community that turned the policy-making process into an acrimonious affair. Individual businessmen with networks in London, the Cape legislative council, judiciary and the Cape Town municipality and who desired free access to the source for trading purposes, opposed the attempt of the authorities to monopolise access to the product through Ordinance 4 of 1845 (the so-called Guano Ordinance) in order to generate income for governance purposes. A complicating factor was the fact that the expenditure connected to the new policy regime (infrastructure, customs control, and policing), still had to be sanctioned by the Imperial Government. Similarly, the new ordinance had to be aligned with and sanctioned by the imperial authorities, allowing politically-connected businessmen to use their influence in London and the Colonial Office, to force the Cape government into a process of bargaining, persuasion and compromise. With seabird guano declared Crown property, Cape Town’s prospective wealthy guanopreneurs had to pay for guano freight while effectively removing their resource-poor counterparts from the race. On an international scale, the Cape Guano Ordinance provided the basis for similar legal measures in other parts of the world and trade during the next decade.

At La Espiral cave, located in Bahia Honda municipality (Artemisa province, Cuba), there are several pictographs, including two of particular importance due to the designused: oneofconcentriccirclesandanother ofaspiral.We analyzed the pigments and binders used in one of these pictographs. The chemical ingredients of the paint are considered in this article,aswell as the use ofbat guano asa major pigment compound. The apparent presence of ellagic acid, ellagitannin, or anthocyanins would strengthen the hypothesis that artists used vegetable protein as a paint binder or solvent.

In neotropical regions, fossil bat guano accumulated over time as laminated layers in caves, hence providing a high-resolution temporal record of terrestrial environmental changes. Additionally, cave settings have the property to preserve such organic sediments from processes triggered by winds (deflation, abrasion and sandblasting) and intense rainfall (leaching away). This study reports both stable carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions of frugivorous bat guano deposited in a well-preserved stratigraphic succession of Blanchard Cave on Marie-Galante, Guadeloupe. These isotopic data are discussed with regard to climate changes and its specific impact on Eastern Caribbean vegetation during the Late Pleistocene from 40 to 10 ka cal. BP. Guano delta C-13 values are higher than modern ones, suggesting noticeable vegetation changes. This provides also evidence for overall drier environmental conditions during the Pleistocene compared to today. Meanwhile, within this generally drier climate, shifts between wetter and drier conditions can be observed. Large temporal amplitudes in both delta C-13 and delta N-15 variations reaching up to 5.9 parts per thousand and 16.8 parts per thousand), respectively, also indicate these oceanic tropical environments have been highly sensitive to regional or global climatic forcing. Stable isotope compositions of bat guano deposited from 40 to 35 ka BP, the Last Glacial Maximum and the Younger-Dryas reveal relatively wet environmental conditions whereas, at least from the end of the Heinrich event 1 and the Bolling period the region experienced drier environmental conditions. Nevertheless, when considering uncertainties in the model age, the isotopic record of Blanchard Cave show relatively similar variations with known proxy records from the northern South America and Central America, suggesting thus that the Blanchard Cave record is a robust proxy of past ITCZ migration. Teleconnections through global atmospheric pattern suggest that

Se determinó la artropofauna cavernícola en una cueva de calor de la Reserva Ecológica «Mogotes de Jumagua», en el Municipio Sagua la Grande, provincia Villa Clara, Cuba. La artropofauna fue colectada o utilizando los métodos convencionales. La temperatura máxima del aire fue de 33,6 C y la humedad relativa del aire fue del 90%, lo que ubica a esta cueva dentro de la categoría de “cueva de calor”. Se ofrecen apuntes sobre la presencia de 11 especies de artropotroglofauna: Periplaneta americana (Linné, 1758) (Blattodea: Blattidae); (2) Byrsotria fumigata (Guérin-Méneville, 1857) (Blattodea: Blaberidae); (3) Carcinophora americana (Beauvois, 1817) (Dermaptera: Anisolabididae); (4) Pyrophorus noctilucus (Linné, 1758) (Coleoptera: Elateridae; (5) Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer, 1797) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae); (6) Antricola sp. (Acarina: Argasidae); (7) Loxosceles cubana (Gertsch, 1958) (Araneae: Sicariidae); (8) Diguetia sp. (Araneae: Diguetidae); (9) Theridion rufipes (Lucas, 1846) (Araneae: Theridiidae); (10) Paraphrynus viridiceps (Pocock, 1893) (Amblypygi: Phrynidae); y, (11) Sphendononema guildingii (Newport, 1844) (Scutigeromorpha: Pselliodidae). En base al sistema de Schiner-Racovitza, seis especies de artropofauna fueron catalogadas como troglófilas (54,54%), tres troglobias (27,27%) y dos trogloxenas (18,19%).

Motivación: En la Pajarera del Parque Nacional de Doñana miles de aves zancudas nidifican sobre alcornoques centenarios. Estudios recientes han relacionado las acumulación de guano con alteraciones de los parámetros químicos del suelo (aumento de la salinidad y del contenido nitratos y fosfatos) (1) y el decaimiento y muerte de los alcornoques. Se comprobó que los depósitos aviarios producen cambios en la abundancia de algunos oomicetos (2) como el patógeno Phytphthora cinnamomi, responsable de la podredumbre radical y muerte de distintas especies de plantas, incluida el alcornoque. El objetivo general del presente trabajo es estudiar el efecto de un gradiente natural de influencia aviaria en las comunidades microbianas del suelo y elucidar qué cambios edáficos explican mejor las alteraciones observadas en la composición y diversidad en tres grupos de microorganismos (arqueas, bacterias y hongos). Métodos: Se han caracterizado 63 micrositios usando la técnica de análisis de fragmentos terminales polimórficos de restricción (T-RFLP) (3), basada en la realización de una PCR usando cebadores marcados fluorescentemente para amplificar regiones ribosomales altamente conservadas (16S rADN para bacterias y arqueas y la región ITS entre los genes 18S y 28S rADN para hongos). Seguidamente se realizó una digestión y se midió la longitud de los fragmentos terminales mediante un secuenciador de ADN, resultando un perfil para cada grupo de microorganismos en el que cada pico se asimila a una única unidad taxonómica operacional (OTU). Resultados y conclusiones: La respuesta de la diversidad global (H' de Shannon) a los cambios en las variables ambientales es máxima en arqueas, creciendo con la salinidad y la eutrofización del medio, que promueven un incremento de equitatividad en las comunidades. En hongos y bacterias, la relación entre la diversidad y las variables ambientales medidas fue nula o muy débil (con el P). El análisis de redundancia canónica (RDA), mostró que las vari

Field studies have shown than soil-mediated effects of nesting wading birds may be a main cause of the decline of centenarian cork oaks (Quercus suber L.) in the Doñana Biological Reserve (SW Spain). The aim of this work was to experimentally investigate whether soil modification by bird detritus significantly affected the first stages of development of Q. suber. Seedlings were growing under controlled conditions in three types of natural soils with different levels of wading bird influence. Our results showed that main root length was strongly reduced by bird influence. Birdinfluenced soils significantly decreased both the above-ground and the below-ground seedling dry biomass. Guano seems to harm primary root meristem stopping the main root growth, which becomes thickened (root stunting). This impedes the quick initial main root growth that this species usually exhibits prior to shoot emergence. Since the presence of a well-developed main root is essential to explore deep soil layers and extract additional water over the dry season, we predict that guanoaffected seedlings will suffer a higher mortality in summer. We concluded that even low levels of wading bird influence could strongly hamper cork oak regeneration in the studied area. Thus, both natural and assisted cork oak regeneration will fail in these bird-influenced soils

Peru's importance to the United States in the nineteenth century has been underappreciated because there were few instances of sharp conflict between the two nations. But, beginning with U.S. export of coarse cloth from new cotton mills just after Peruvian independence, continuing during the influence of Peruvian guano on U.S. "scientific agriculture," and then in the period of Peru's extraordinary effort to build trans-Andean railways, Peru exercised important influence on U.S. economy and imagination. This work traces the relationship of both "developing nations" from their early engagement through Peru's "guano era," with an emphasis on why the United States pursued industrialization and Peru did not. Conventional wisdom holds that Peru lacked the requisite labor, capital and entrepreneurship required to become an industrial nation. Yet, preindustrial textile manufacturing was well established in Peru, and a country reaping large fortunes from guano in the nineteenth century could not be wanting in capital. Study of how relations with Peru were advantageous to U.S. development helps clarify some of Peru's nineteenth century development policy failures.It is argued here that the cotton textile "revolution" was actually an evolution that Peru could have engaged in during the first decades of its independence. Peru possessed key factors (water power, high quality cotton, merchant capital, potential labor) and had a source of machinery in the United States. A U.S. ship captain was impressed with water-powered machinery he glimpsed in Lima in 1805 during a trip immortalized by Herman Melville in Benito Cerreno. But, the necessary "Hamiltonian" policies were defeated politically by elite groups, including those who exploited national sentiment to gain special commercial privileges as hijos del pa�s. The social backgrounds of the first U.S. representatives, merchants and naval officers sent to Peru are contrasted as an introduction to early U.S. industrialization and

The authors present a comprehensive analysis of the relationship of the contiguous islands of Perú to the mainland within the context of maritime culture from pre-Hispanic times to the present day, with an emphasis of the islands as sacred places, their economic significance and their role as ports and harbors within oceanic navigation. Using such written sources as ethnohistoric documents, chronologies and travelogues, the authors compare the historic views with archaeological evidence collected from the guano extractions of the 19th century as well as systematic projects carried out on the islands during the 20th and 21th centuries, both on land and underwater., Los autores presentan un panorama general sobre las relaciones entre las islas del litoral peruano y el resto del país y su función como paisaje marítimo cultural a través del tiempo, desde épocas prehispánicas hasta el presente, con énfasis en su rol como espacios sagrados, en si importancia económica y como puertos oceánicos. Usando fuentes escritas, tales como documentos etnohistóricos, crónicas y testimonios de viajeros, los autores compararán la información publicada con la evidencia arqueológica existente, tanto la recolectada durante la época de la explotación guanera en el siglo XIX como la de los proyectos arqueológicos sistemáticos llevados a cabo en las islas en los siglos XX y XXI, en sus espacios terrestres y subacuáticos.

[EN] Cork oak (Quercus suber L.) is a Western Mediterranean endemics which has been subject to human use for centuries. In recent decades, this species has suffered a significant decline in most of its range. In the stabilized sand dunes of the Doñana Biological Reserve (Andalusia, Spain), the establishment of large colonies of tree-nesting wading birds on relict centenarian cork oaks is considered a potential threatening to the survival of this valuable remnant tree population. Wading birds transport large amounts of materials from their broad aquatic feeding areas to their reduced terrestrial nesting sites. Thus, these sites receive large inputs of nutrients and other allochthonous compounds, which have an ecological impact potentially high in the recipient ecosystem. In this work, we aim to experimentally evaluate the effects of the accumulation of wading bird derived products on soil properties and on emergence, growth and survival of cork oak seedlings under greenhouse-controlled conditions. These effects were assessed under two water availability scenarios: a current-baseline scenario (defined by the average 1980 to 2010 monthly rainfall data, available from a local station) and a dry scenario defined by an average reduction of rainfall similar to that predicted by the model HadCM3 (SRES A2) for the period 2070-2100 in the Doñana area. We concluded that the accumulation of wading bird products produced a significant decrease in the value of most of the parameters related to seedling growth and performance. Under a drier scenario seedling condition worsened. For most of the studied parameters plant and soil parameters the combined effect of both factors (avian influence and drought) was additive., [ES] El alcornoque (Quercus suber L.) es una especie endémica de la región mediterránea que ha sido objeto de aprovechamiento humano durante muchos siglos. En las últimas décadas, esta especie ha sufrido un declive significativo en gran parte de su área de distribución. En las arenas estabilizadas de la Reserva Biológica de Doñana (Huelva, España), uno de los factores que se ha relacionado con el decaimiento local de sus emblemáticos alcornoques centenarios es la nidificación persistente de una nutrida colonia de ciconiformes. Durante la época de nidificación estas aves depositan grandes cantidades de excrementos sobre las hojas de los árboles y el suelo subyacente, a la vez que ejercen un efecto mecánico directo. Trabajos recientes apuntan a que los efectos indirectos (mediados por el suelo) pueden tener un papel predominante en el decaimiento y muerte de los árboles. En el presente trabajo se evalúa, mediante una aproximación experimental en condiciones controladas en invernadero, el efecto de la acumulación de los productos aviarios en el suelo sobre la emergencia, crecimiento y supervivencia del alcornoque en los primeros estadios del desarrollo. Dichos efectos se evalúan en dos escenarios de aporte hídrico distintos: un escenario actual de referencia (promedio 1980-2010, para lo que se dispone de datos locales) y un escenario seco en el que se impone una reducción media de la precipitación similar a la predicha por el modelo HadCM3 (SRES A2) para 2070-2100 en la zona de Doñana. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que los productos aviarios producen un descenso significativo en el valor de la mayoría de los parámetros relacionados con el vigor y crecimiento de las plántulas y que un incremento de la aridez agravaría dichos efectos. El efecto conjunto de ambos factores es aditivo para la mayoría de las variables estudiadas.

Aggregations of nesting birds are common in many landscapes and have a broad impact on their surrounding habitat through the nutrient input and disturbance of their guano depositions. Ecological theory makes specific predictions about how disturbances or nutrient pulses will affect the interactions between different trophic levels of organisms. This study dissects the effects of a multi-species bird rookery on plant-herbivore interactions on coast live oak trees (Quercus agrifolia). I found that different feeding guilds of herbivores were affected in opposing directions by the rookery. I observed less chewing damage within the rookery than outside, but more damage from piercing/sucking and galling herbivores within the rookery than outside. To understand why chewing guild herbivores are negatively affected by the environmental impacts of the rookery, I explored the behavioral response of a specialist caterpillar (Phryganidia californica) to various rookery conditions. Bird guano had a direct negative impact on P. californica foraging. P. californica movement was impaired by guano addition to twigs, and caterpillars preferred to eat leaves without guano on them. The rookery also had an indirect negative effect on P. californica foraging, as P. californica preferred clean leaves from forest areas outside of the rookery over clean leaves from within the rookery. This study suggests that while it may be possible to make accurate predictions about the effect of large events (such as rookery formation) on different trophic levels, understanding the response of individual species within that trophic level requires an understanding of aspects of their natural history—such as feeding mode and behavior.

The West Mouth of the Great Cave of Niah is one of the major archaeological sites in Southeast Asia; the radiocarbon chronology of this site currently places the earliest presence of Homo sapiens (a Deep Skull find) in Southeast Asia at about 45 ka BP. An optical dating programme using sand-sized quartz was initiated in the West Mouth to complement the radiocarbon chronology. This paper reports on the progress in dating a key sample (sample 376r) that was taken from deposits containing the Deep Skull. A somewhat novel procedure was developed to separate and clean quartz grains from the unusual guano-rich deposits. From this, only a small quantity of quartz grains could be recovered and 36 aliquots (1 mm in diameter) were prepared, each consisting of ∼80 grains. This sample was dated by means of the single-aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR) method using the protocols of Murray and Wintle [2000. Luminescence dating of quartz using an improved single-aliquot regenerative-dose protocol. Radiation Measurements 32, 57–73], and of Choi et al. [2003. Luminescence dating of well-sorted marine terrace sediments on the southeastern coast of Korea. Quaternary Science Reviews 22, 407–421]. The results showed a wide distribution of equivalent doses; this distribution is inferred to be due to bioturbation, variable bleaching at deposition, and to local variations in the dose rate within the sample site. Dose rates were measured using both field (in-situ γ-ray spectrometry, IGRS) and laboratory (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry/atomic emission spectrometry, ICP-MS/AES; and isotope dilution, ID) methods. There was significant disagreement between the concentrations of radioisotopes found using laboratory and field measurements, indicating sediment heterogeneity and also possible disequilibrium in the 238U decay chain. Future work in the West Mouth should therefore concentrate on taking sediment samples of at least 500–600 cm3, improving the dose rate estimates (e.g. by high

Presentación en capacitación sobre el manejo de abonos y siembra, en taller con agricultores de comunidades del Municipio de Umala.

Presentación en capacitación sobre el manejo de abonos y siembra, en taller con agricultores de comunidades del Municipio de Umala.

[EN]: The Chafarinas Islands are remnant of old volcanoes, located at about 4 km from the Moroccan coast. The relationships between the herbaceous and shrub Jayers, with the physico-chcmical soil variables have been studied, in 26 sampling sites, by the canonical correspondcnce analysis. The predation by rabbits and the salinity-fertility gradient, associated to the guano depositions by sea-gulls, are determinant factors of the composition and abundance of vegetation. A model of interactions among soil-plant-animals is proposed., [ES]: Las islas Chafarinas son restos erosionados de antiguos volcanes, situados a menos de 4 km de la costa norte de Marruecos. Se ha estudiado la relación entre el estrato arbustivo y el estrato herbáceo con las variables físico-químicas del suelo, en 26 puntos de muestreo repartidos entre las tres islas, mediante análisis de correspondencias canónicas. La predación de los conejos y el gradiente de salinidad-fertilidad, asociado a las deposiciones de guano por las gaviotas, son factores determinantes de la composición y abundancia de la vegetación. Se propone un modelo de interacciones entre suelo, plantas y animales.

De populatiedichtheid van de groene bladluis op sparrenbomen

Mozambique has large resources of iron (67 200 000 t economic and subeconomic reserves and 628 300 000 t prognostic resources), coal (6 700 000 000 t, of which 3 000 000 000 t are economically viable) and natural gas (40 000 000 000 m3). High-value mineral products include gold (47.9 t resources, 10.7 t reserves), emeralds and semi-precious stones, with potential for tantalum, nickel and rare earth elements; more localised resources include titanium, lead and industrial minerals or bulk aggregates. Reserves/resources are quoted, deposits described with some maps and cross-sections, and geochemical, mineralogical and geophysical anomalies discussed. Commodities covered are: oil, gas, coal and uranium; iron, manganese, chromium and titanium; aluminium, copper, lead, zinc, cobalt and nickel; gold, silver and platinum; tantalum, niobium, beryllium, lithium, caesium, rubidium, bismuth, tungsten, molybdenum, zircon, tin and rare earths; barite, fluorite, gypsum, apatite, phosphorite, guano and glauconite; raw materials for cement, ceramics, bricks, refractories and glass; construction raw materials; primary insulating, abrasive, optical and flux materials; precious and semi-precious stones; and thermal and mineral waters. There is a bibliography of 14 references., Mozambique has large resources of iron (67 200 000 t economic and subeconomic reserves and 628 300 000 t prognostic resources), coal (6 700 000 000 t, of which 3 000 000 000 t are economically viable) and natural gas (40 000 000 000 m3). High-value mineral products include gold (47.9 t resources, 10.7 t reserves), emeralds and semi-precious stones, with potential for tantalum, nickel and rare earth elements; more localised resources include titanium, lead and industrial minerals or bulk aggregates. Reserves/resources are quoted, deposits described with some maps and cross-sections, and geochemical, mineralogical and geophysical anomalies discussed. Commodities covered are: oil, gas, coal and uranium; iron, manganese, chromium and titanium; aluminium, copper, lead, zinc, cobalt and nickel; gold, silver and platinum; tantalum, niobium, beryllium, lithium, caesium, rubidium, bismuth, tungsten, molybdenum, zircon, tin and rare earths; barite, fluorite, gypsum, apatite, phosphorite, guano and glauconite; raw materials for cement, ceramics, bricks, refractories and glass; construction raw materials; primary insulating, abrasive, optical and flux materials; precious and semi-precious stones; and thermal and mineral waters. There is a bibliography of 14 references.

This volume summarises the determinative properties of the 300 or so known minerals which have been relatively well characterised. It reviews the current knowledge on the nucleation and growth of phosphate minerals and summarises the available thermochemical data for these compounds. The volume deals comprehensively with the physical and chemical controls on the formation and weathering of phosphate minerals in various milieu, from the igneous and metamorphic rocks to biological systems. The recent influence of pollution on the precipitation of phosphate minerals in soils and sediments has also been highlighted. There are subject and author indexes, and each chapter has an extensive reference list., This volume summarises the determinative properties of the 300 or so known minerals which have been relatively well characterised. It reviews the current knowledge on the nucleation and growth of phosphate minerals and summarises the available thermochemical data for these compounds. The volume deals comprehensively with the physical and chemical controls on the formation and weathering of phosphate minerals in various milieu, from the igneous and metamorphic rocks to biological systems. The recent influence of pollution on the precipitation of phosphate minerals in soils and sediments has also been highlighted. There are subject and author indexes, and each chapter has an extensive reference list.

Event 24 of the 1981-82 New Zealand Antarctic Research Programme was concerned with a study of the biochemical and biological activity of the soils of the Adelie Penguin Rookeries at Cape Bird, Ross Island.

Beschrijving van keutels ten behoeve van de determinatie

"Julio de 1900"

General, structural and economic geology of an area bounded by longitude 27 degrees 30; and 28 degrees 30’ and latitude 15 degrees 30’ and 16 degrees. Materials already being exploited are limestones, brick clay, granite and sand. Others which may be of value include quartzite, dolomite and guano., 1 bib., General, structural and economic geology of an area bounded by longitude 27 degrees 30; and 28 degrees 30’ and latitude 15 degrees 30’ and 16 degrees. Materials already being exploited are limestones, brick clay, granite and sand. Others which may be of value include quartzite, dolomite and guano.

Although a few thousand tons of guano have been produced from bat caves in Texas and New Mexico and small tonnages of by-product igneous apatite from deposits such as the apatite-ilmenite dykes of Virginia, apatite-magnetite in New York, New Jersey and Massachusetts and magnetite-apatite in Utah, virtually all US production is of marine sedimentary phosphorite. Economic deposits are confined to rocks of Ordovician, Permian and Miocene ages; large deposits in Mississippian and Triassic rocks in Alaska are geographically too remote to be exploited. Onshore and offshore resources are estimated at 33 000 000 000 tonnes in the eastern states, 25 000 000 000 t in western states that can be mined by open pit or are less than 300 m below entry level and 500 000 000 000 t below that level; reserves, however, total only about 7 000 000 000 t. In 1868 the first 12 000 tons were shipped from South Carolina; phosphatised limestone was found in Florida in 1879, river-pebble phosphate in 1881 and high-grade low-cost land pebble phosphate in 1888, and by the mid-1890s around 100 mines produced 600 000 tons/y. Further occurrences were located in Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and North Carolina and later in the west. The "brown rock" residual deposits of Tennessee, which by the 1970s produced 4 000 000 tons/y, were mined from 1894 and the deposits of the Phosphoria Formation of the western US, discovered in 1889, from 1906. Californian phosphates were found in the 1920s, Alaskan in the 1940s, the Pungo River Formation of North Carolina in the 1950s and the Georgian Savannah River deposits, which extend at least 15 miles offshore, during extensive exploration drilling in the late 1950s/early 1960s. Pellets and nodules are widespread off both Atlantic (North Carolina to tip of Florida) and Pacific (California) coasts., Although a few thousand tons of guano have been produced from bat caves in Texas and New Mexico and small tonnages of by-product igneous apatite from deposits such as the apatite-ilmenite dykes of Virginia, apatite-magnetite in New York, New Jersey and Massachusetts and magnetite-apatite in Utah, virtually all US production is of marine sedimentary phosphorite. Economic deposits are confined to rocks of Ordovician, Permian and Miocene ages; large deposits in Mississippian and Triassic rocks in Alaska are geographically too remote to be exploited. Onshore and offshore resources are estimated at 33 000 000 000 tonnes in the eastern states, 25 000 000 000 t in western states that can be mined by open pit or are less than 300 m below entry level and 500 000 000 000 t below that level; reserves, however, total only about 7 000 000 000 t. In 1868 the first 12 000 tons were shipped from South Carolina; phosphatised limestone was found in Florida in 1879, river-pebble phosphate in 1881 and high-grade low-cost land pebble phosphate in 1888, and by the mid-1890s around 100 mines produced 600 000 tons/y. Further occurrences were located in Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and North Carolina and later in the west. The "brown rock" residual deposits of Tennessee, which by the 1970s produced 4 000 000 tons/y, were mined from 1894 and the deposits of the Phosphoria Formation of the western US, discovered in 1889, from 1906. Californian phosphates were found in the 1920s, Alaskan in the 1940s, the Pungo River Formation of North Carolina in the 1950s and the Georgian Savannah River deposits, which extend at least 15 miles offshore, during extensive exploration drilling in the late 1950s/early 1960s. Pellets and nodules are widespread off both Atlantic (North Carolina to tip of Florida) and Pacific (California) coasts.

The Pleistocene guano deposits of the high limestone islands such as Nauru, Ocean Island and Makatea constitute a resource some hundredfold times that of the Holocene deposits on low atoll islets and reef islands. The relation of phosphate deposition to changes in sea level and the likelihood of finding underwater deposits accumulated subaerially but now submerged is discussed., The Pleistocene guano deposits of the high limestone islands such as Nauru, Ocean Island and Makatea constitute a resource some hundredfold times that of the Holocene deposits on low atoll islets and reef islands. The relation of phosphate deposition to changes in sea level and the likelihood of finding underwater deposits accumulated subaerially but now submerged is discussed.

Oman has abundant resources of oil and natural gas, but is also planning to diversify its economy. A second geophysical survey project will begin in October 1994. Oman possesses the world's largest known ophiolites in a mountain range inland from the northern coastal belt of the country. Oman ophiolite hosts deposits of copper, chromite, manganese, iron, gold and silver. The country also hosts many non-metallic mineral deposits, including clay, salt, phosphate, gyspum, asbestos, limestone, marble, dimension stone, aggregates, zeolites, wollastonite, feldspar, olivine, guano and perfume stone (a type of opal)., Oman has abundant resources of oil and natural gas, but is also planning to diversify its economy. A second geophysical survey project will begin in October 1994. Oman possesses the world's largest known ophiolites in a mountain range inland from the northern coastal belt of the country. Oman ophiolite hosts deposits of copper, chromite, manganese, iron, gold and silver. The country also hosts many non-metallic mineral deposits, including clay, salt, phosphate, gyspum, asbestos, limestone, marble, dimension stone, aggregates, zeolites, wollastonite, feldspar, olivine, guano and perfume stone (a type of opal).

Mineral deposits and reserves include 20 billion barrels of oil, 2 100 000 000 tonnes of coal, 544 000 000 t grading over 61% iron at Thachke and 120 000 000 t grading 56-57% at Quyxa, 20 800 000 t of alluvial chromite and 3 000 000 t of nickel ore around NuiNua mountain, 2 000 000 t of oxidised manganese ores in CaoBang and 3 000 000 t elsewhere, 1 000 000 000 tons of lateritic bauxite, including the planned 1 000 000 t/a Dachong deposits, 495 000 tonnes of lead plus zinc grading 10% Zn at ChoDien, 551 000 t of copper at SinQuyen, 193 000 tons of nickel-copper, primary and alluvial tin with production averaging 2 000-3 500 t/a (1990-1993), indicated gold reserves of several hundred tons (estimated production 5-15 t/a), 9 400 000 tonnes of rare earth elements, primary and placer titanium with 11 000 000 t indicated reserves of ilmenite and 500 000 t of zircon, production of 400 000 t/a apatite, as well as phosphorite and guano, kaolin, clay, sand, and world class rubies and sapphires., Mineral deposits and reserves include 20 billion barrels of oil, 2 100 000 000 tonnes of coal, 544 000 000 t grading over 61% iron at Thachke and 120 000 000 t grading 56-57% at Quyxa, 20 800 000 t of alluvial chromite and 3 000 000 t of nickel ore around NuiNua mountain, 2 000 000 t of oxidised manganese ores in CaoBang and 3 000 000 t elsewhere, 1 000 000 000 tons of lateritic bauxite, including the planned 1 000 000 t/a Dachong deposits, 495 000 tonnes of lead plus zinc grading 10% Zn at ChoDien, 551 000 t of copper at SinQuyen, 193 000 tons of nickel-copper, primary and alluvial tin with production averaging 2 000-3 500 t/a (1990-1993), indicated gold reserves of several hundred tons (estimated production 5-15 t/a), 9 400 000 tonnes of rare earth elements, primary and placer titanium with 11 000 000 t indicated reserves of ilmenite and 500 000 t of zircon, production of 400 000 t/a apatite, as well as phosphorite and guano, kaolin, clay, sand, and world class rubies and sapphires.

The formation of guano is discussed., The formation of guano is discussed.