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The need to resolve work-family conflict has long been considered a central motive for women's pursuit of entrepreneurship. In this paper, we propose and empirically uncover a novel mechanism driving female entrepreneurship: reduced earnings opportunities in wage employment due to motherhood status. Combining insights from career mobility research and the motherhood penalty literature, we propose that women who become mothers will disproportionately launch a new business to reduce the motherhood penalty they would otherwise incur in wage work due to employer discrimination. We further predict that this tendency to launch a new venture will be more pronounced for women who occupy high-paying or managerial positions, given the higher opportunity cost of staying in wage work and the higher potential payoffs from entrepreneurship that accrue mothers occupying such positions. Using matched employer-employee data from Sweden that distinguish new-venture founding from self-employment, we find support for our arguments. Overall, this study sheds light on the two antecedents of female entrepreneurship and contributes to a more thorough understanding of what motivates women to pursue irregular and atypical careers, such as entrepreneurship.

This thesis analyses the feminist foreign policies of Canada (2017), Spain (2021), and Germany (2023) through a post-colonial feminist perspective, and applying Carol Bacchi’s WPR approach as method of analysis. It aims to deconstruct the representations of gender inequality as a policy “problem” within these policies, identify the underlying assumptions, and silences of these representations. The thesis reveals that while these policies promote rhetoric of intersectional, inclusive, and transformative approaches, they often perpetuate tokenistic, top-down solutions to gender inequality.

Gender inequality has during the past decades become an increasingly studied topic in the field of peace and conflict. However, there are still many gaps to fill. This thesis is an aim at explaining a phenomenon that has yet to be uncovered, namely the relation between conflict related gender inequality and women’s attitudes towards reconciliation processes that include truth-telling and reintegration of ex-combatants. The thesis builds upon prior qualitative and quantitative studies of gender inequality in relation to conflict, and its potential consequences, as well as trauma-related psychology. Using a direct and structured comparative method of comparison between Rwanda and Sri Lanka, it is found that gender inequality both during and after conflict affect women’s attitudes towards peacebuilding negatively.

Sweden has long been lauded for its efforts to promote equality since the 1970s, but there is still work to be done in terms of gender equality in the labor market. Specifically, the Swedish labor market exhibits horizontal gender segregation, with men and women working in professions that are often gender-coded. To shed light on this issue, a study was conducted to examine vocational teachers' experiences with gender equality. The study draws on Connell's concept of gender order and gender regime, as well as the Swedish state's definition of gender equality (Jämställdhet). Results show that experiences with gender equality are varied, with shortcomings within the teaching profession and school organization making it difficult for teachers to uphold the core values of a “jämställd” education. Interestingly, the study also found differences between non-authorized and authorized vocational teachers, with the latter group identifying greater inequality issues within education and taking more active steps to promote gender equality in their classrooms.

The way in which a society manages and provides the necessary care for its survival and reproduction is not gender neutral. This organization works, for the most part, due to the large amount of unpaid work carried out by women in the family sphere, thus affecting their equality, freedom, and dignity. This document identifies, first, the components that make up the current social organization of care in Latin America based on three dimensions of analysis: (a) sociocultural; (b) political and (c) economic. And, secondly, it proposes a selection of mechanisms that could contribute to transforming the components of that organization. The theoretical proposal of "implosion of care regimes" by Juliana Martínez Franzoni (2021) is taken as a starting point to propose a series of strategies that would contribute to dismantling the current social organization of care in the region. The work finds that, in an articulated way, these three analytical categories show the way in which women are held responsible as primary caregivers; certain public policies contribute to crystallizing gender roles that specialize women in care work and relegate them to the domestic world; and finally, it shows that the logic of the labor market responds, mainly, to a male provider model without family responsibilities, which contributes to maintaining and reproducing inequality against women., La forma en la cual una sociedad gestiona y provee los cuidados necesarios para su supervivencia y reproducción no es neutral al género. Dicha organización funciona, en gran parte, debido a la enorme cantidad de trabajo no remunerado que realizan las mujeres en el ámbito familiar, afectando así su igualdad, libertad y dignidad. Este documento identifica, en primer lugar, los componentes que conforman la organización social de los cuidados en América Latina a partir de tres dimensiones de análisis: (a) sociocultural; (b) política y (c) económica. Y, en segundo lugar, propone una selección de mecanismos que podrían contribuir a transformar los componentes que conforman esa organización. Se toma como punto de partida la propuesta teórica de “implosión de los regímenes de cuidados” de Juliana Martínez Franzoni (2021) para proponer una serie de estrategias que contribuirían a desmontar la actual organización social de los cuidados en la región. El trabajo encuentra que, en forma articulada, estas tres categorías analíticas evidencian la forma bajo la cual se responsabiliza a las mujeres como cuidadoras primarias; ciertas políticas públicas contribuyen a cristalizar roles de género que especializan a las mujeres en el trabajo de cuidados y las relega al mundo doméstico; y finalmente, pone en evidencia que la lógica del mercado laboral responde, principalmente, a un modelo de hombre proveedor sin responsabilidades familiares, lo que contribuye a mantener y reproducir la desigualdad en contra de las mujeres.

The ways in which young people who are students at the Austral University of Chile interpret inequality and gender violence and the positions they adopt towards these phenomena. A qualitative methodology was used to analyze oral and written testimonies from 12 pre and postgraduate students at the university in accordance with constructivist grounded theory. The results show that the students’ interpretations and positions are influenced by their direct and indirect experiences of violence, as well as their access to different sources of knowledge. As a result, young people demonstrate different stages of understanding, awareness and critical reflection of this phenomenon, as well as expressing either critical/active or uncritical/passive positions. Finally, the university students proposed strategies to eradicate gender violence, including the creation of coeducational spaces, making heteronormative practices more flexible and integrating dissenting opinions., Se analisa as maneiras em que os jovens estudantes da Universidad Austral de Chile interpretam a desigualdade e violência de gênero e qué posicionamientos adotam a respeito. A partir de uma metodologia qualitativa, analisamos depoimentos orais e escritos de 12 estudantes de pré e pós-graduação da Universidade Austral do Chile, seguindo a teoria fundamental construtivista. Os resultados evidenciam que interpretações e posicionamentos são influenciados por experiências diretas e indiretas de violência e pelo acesso a diversas fontes de conhecimento. Em consequência, os/as jovens manifestam diferentes estádios de compreensão, consciência e reflexão crítica sobre o fenômeno, assim como posicionamientos predominantemente críticos/ativos ou acríticos/passivos. Finalmente, propõe estratégias para erradicar a violência de gênero, como a criação de espaços coeducativos, a flexibilização de heteronormas e a integração de dissidências., Analizamos las maneras en que jóvenes estudiantes de la Universidad Austral de Chile interpretan la inequidad y violencia de género, y qué posicionamientos adoptan al respecto. Desde una metodología cualitativa, estudiamos testimonios orales y escritos de 12 estudiantes de pre y posgrado de la Universidad Austral de Chile, siguiendo la teoría fundamentada constructivista. Los resultados evidencian que algunas interpretaciones y posicionamientos reciben la influencia de experiencias directas e indirectas de violencia y del acceso a diversas fuentes de conocimiento. En consecuencia, los individuos jóvenes manifiestan distintos estadios de comprensión, conciencia y reflexión crítica sobre el fenómeno, así como posicionamientos predominantemente críticos/activos o acríticos/pasivos. Finalmente, proponen estrategias para erradicar la violencia de género, como la creación de espacios coeducativos, la flexibilización de heteronormas y la integración de disidencias.

Este trabajo se centra en analizar las diferencias y desigualdades de género que se producen en la toma de decisio-nes sobre el reparto del trabajo domésti-co en una relación de pareja. El objetivo es examinar las diferentes formas en que las parejas toman las decisiones, y la re-lación que esto tiene con la distribución de las tareas. Metodológicamente, se aplican técnicas cuantitativas mediante análisis de frecuencias a una submues-tra de población andaluza obtenida a través de la Encuesta Social General de España (3201 de 2018). Los resultados muestran que la desigualdad de género es más acusada entre las parejas en las que la toma de decisiones sobre el repar-to de tareas en el hogar se produce de forma implícita. Las principales conclu-siones del estudio muestran que las pa-rejas que hablan sobre el reparto y llegan a un acuerdo presentan los porcentajes más altos de corresponsabilidad., This paper focuses on analyzing the gender differences and inequalities that occur in decision-making about the distribution of domestic work in a couple’s relationship. The objective is to examine the different ways that couples make decisions, and the relationship that this has to the distribution of tasks. Methodologically, quantitative techniques using frequency analysis are applied to a subsample of the Andalusian population obtained via the Spanish General Social Survey (3201 of 2018). The results show that gender inequality is more pronounced among couples in which decision-making about household distribution of tasks occurs implicitly. The main findings of the study show that couples who talk about sharing and come to an agreement have the highest percentages of domestic co-responsibility

This thesis comprises four self-contained papers that rely on applied micro-econometric methods to understand which factors are important in shaping the gender wage gap in globalized firms and how firms innovate when exposed to trade-induced shocks. In the first paper, we study how the within-firm gender wage gap in Sweden is affected by the degree of gender inequality in the home country of foreign investors. The results suggest that gender norms of the home country matter-the wage gap between men and women in foreign-owned subsidiaries appears to increase with the degree of gender inequality prevailing in the investors' home market. The second paper aims to improve our understanding of how exports and the associated need for communication with foreign partners affect the gender wage gap. Our key finding is that exports of goods that are intensive in interpersonal contacts widen the gender wage gap. The negative wage effect is robust across various specifications and is most pronounced for domestic exporting firms, which mainly deal with external contractors. We ascribe this result to a male comparative advantage in bargaining-a skill that is especially needed and rewarded when serving foreign markets, where contracting problems manifest themselves.In the third paper, we examine whether exposure to gender inequality at export destinations (in the form of customer discrimination) impacts the gender wage gap in exporting firms. Relying on high-quality matched employer-employee data from Sweden, we demonstrate that exports to gender-unequal destinations increase the within-firm gender wage gap. We find the most pronounced negative wage impacts for female managers, who appear to be particularly exposed to the gender inequality of export partners.In the fourth paper, I explore how exposure to import competition across different geographical aggregations alters the innovation activity of firms in the manufacturing sector. Using detailed geographical information on the lo

This project presents a response to the pressing issue of women's safety in public spaces, particularly in Latin American cities. Women worldwide are disproportionately affected by safety issues and fear in urban environments. I explore ways in which public spaces can enhance perceptions of safety and freedom instead. Based on extensive four months of fieldwork, including semi-structured interviews with thirty women and a survey, I identify common themes in women's experiences and propose planning and design strategies for enhancing the perception of safety. These guidelines encompass six categories: temporality and sustainability, inclusive functional programs, equal access to localized and high-quality infrastructure, planning trajectories and areas of influence, supporting existing networks of care, and creating spaces for organizing and collective action. In response to these findings, I introduce a design concept for pavilions dedicated to women, strategically integrated within the network of the UVA (Units for the Articulation of Life) in Medellín, Colombia. Through the project, I emphasize the creation of a community of mutual care among residents, exploring how bonds can form both during construction and utilization of space. These pavilions are envisioned as transformative places, where women are encouraged to actively participate in construction, subsequent management, and adaptation of the building to evolving needs. The project is tailored for community construction, ensuring local ownership and long-term sustainability. The selection of bamboo as the primary building material comes from the appreciation of its environmental sustainability benefits but also its transformative potential to empower women in construction. Being lightweight, safe, and easy to work with, it is suitable to facilitate active participation of women in the construction process. To maximize bamboo’s sustainability benefits, I complement it with a choice of biobas, Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences

The COVID-19 pandemic has evolved into one of the most impactful crises of modern time, and most countries have implemented preventive measures such as nationwide lockdowns, closing certain businesses, and quarantine to prevent the spread of the virus. This study explores how the COVID-19 crisis and its preventive measures impact refugees’ welfare in the context of a developing country. The research is based on forty semi-structured interviews with Syrian and Palestinian refugees in Jordan. Research findings indicate that refugees are primarily employed in low-skilled jobs because of legal restrictions, which do not provide decent working conditions and socioeconomic security. Refugees are also mostly housed in high-density settlements with limited access to healthcare, sanitation, hygiene, and water (WASH) facilities. The research findings show that refugees are particularly at risk during the global health crisis due to precarious working and living conditions. This study concludes by providing recommendations on how to respond to future pandemic crises within refugee contexts based on lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic.

It is by now well known that the construction sector has challenges regarding reaching equal gender balances and despite various types of actions to increase the share of women, the industry remains one of the most gender-segregated industries in the world with hardly ten percent of women in the Swedish construction sector. However, the previous industry initiatives for gender equality solely focused on increasing the share of women have been criticized by research as it disregards what may lie behind the skewed gender balances. Consequently, this thesis has investigated what gender inequalities, barriers, and opportunities that are experienced within a construction company to identify improvement areas for gender change. This was done by interviewing four men and four women in a construction company from an interpretivism standpoint and the results were found to be contradictory where proequality could be opposed with inequalities. The findings from this study could be considered by construction companies that attempt to improve gender equality. Particularly as this study has found that it exists internal barriers linked to culture and gender that may impede gender change., Det är vid det här laget känt att byggsektorn har utmaningar när det gäller att uppnå en jämn könsfördelning och trots olika typer av åtgärder för att öka andelen kvinnor är branschen fortfarande en av de mest könssegregerade branscherna i världen med knappt tio procent kvinnor i den svenska byggsektorn. Branschens tidigare jämställdhetsinitiativ endast med fokus på att öka andelen kvinnor har dock kritiserats av forskning eftersom de bortser från vad som kan ligga bakom den skeva könsfördelningen. Följaktligen har detta examensarbete undersökt vilka ojämställdheter, hinder och möjligheter som upplevs inom ett byggföretag för att identifiera förbättringsområden för jämställdhetsförändring. Detta gjordes genom att intervjua fyra män och fyra kvinnor på ett byggföretag med en tolkande ansats och resultaten visade sig vara motsägelsefulla, där positiv inställning till jämställdhet kunde motsägas av ojämställdheter. Resultaten från denna studie skulle kunna beaktas av byggföretag som försöker förbättra jämställdheten. Särskilt eftersom denna studie har hittat interna hinder kopplade till kultur och kön som skulle kunna hindra en förändring av könsstrukturen.

The research aims to understand how female former child soldiers describe the ones who had power over them in the bush of Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) to understand how patriarchal beliefs in a society affect vulnerable women. The researcher wishes to enhance the importance of working against patriarchal beliefs and stopping child abductions for the sake of young women’s empowerment. The impact of the deep-rooted problem of patriarchy should be researched concerning child soldiers since they are vulnerable and are also the future female population. How they get affected by power relations early in their lives should be examined since they are a part of the future which needs to be brought into empowerment and gender equality and not enhance the patriarchal beliefs. Therefore, the attitudes of former female child soldiers have been examined through a qualitative single case study to see how the gender gap and patriarchal beliefs mirror their experiences in the bush and could affect their empowerment. The patriarchal theory, feminist theory and empowerment theory will help analyze and discuss the findings of the data. The data was collected from stories of four female former child soldiers which were coded, memo written and interpreted. By doing this research the consequences of patriarchal beliefs are enhanced through how hidden parts of society are exposed to gender exploitation due to their vulnerability. The findings show that women’s attitudes towards the ones in power do affect to what extent they experience exploitation and gender-based violence. The result implies that women in developing patriarchal societies are having different attitudes towards empowerment. Ugandan society and other societies need help to transition out of patriarchal beliefs which could lead to potential peace and eventually develop a secure and equal society.

Gender equality in natural resource management is a matter of sustainability and democracy for Sweden’s government, however the country’s forest remains a highly gender-segregated sector. We examine how gender inequality is problematized within Swedish forest and rural policy documents using the What’s the problem represented to be? (WPR) approach. We build on previous efforts to investigate gender inequality in the forest sector by expanding the critical analysis to rural development policy. We conduct interviews with forest experts, owners, and practitioners to shed light on where there are gaps within the policy representations and uncover alternative policy options that are presented. Our findings corroborate that gender inequality is represented to be a technical problem, with policy measures aiming to increase the number of women within a forest sector that continues to maintain rigid conceptions about forestry production values. While there are claims of success in the increase of women within the sector in aggregate, there is little change in the numbers of women in decision-making positions. Forest policy relies upon women to bring growth and sustainability to the forest industry, while rural policy expects women to halt rural population decline. Our findings suggest that merely trying to fit more women into a mold that has been shaped for and by inflexible forestry and masculine values is an impediment not only to gender equality but also to the inclusion of other social groups and ideas in the changing rural landscapes of Sweden.

This paper discusses the incorporation of socio-political themes in music and music journalism, focusing on the issues of gender inequality, imbalance, and women's marginalization. It investigates how two UK-based media with a transnational audience focus, Kerrang! and New Musical Express (NME), challenge or reinforce gender inequality-related themes in their publications in 2019-2023. The study also asks how the socio-political discussion is positioned in relation to the aesthetic evaluation of music, how the two music magazines differ in their approach, and how this correlates to the audiences they are trying to attract and retain. The study utilises a discourse analysis method, investigating the textual, discourse practice, and social practice elements of the text in fourteen articles (seven from each chosen media), divided into publication types of news articles, new song release coverage, album/artist reviews, and women's rights-related special publications. The analysis concludes that women musicians aremarginalised, especially in the alternative and rock music genres, but also discovers that effort is put into giving women musicians' voices more space to discuss and challenge the issue. Kerrang! and NME appear as media avoiding focusing on women musicians' gender when discussing their music and pointing at specific actions necessary to reach better gender equality and women empowerment in music and society. The findings demonstrate a varying positioning of gender inequality discussion in relation to the aesthetic evaluation of music, concluding that NME as a "lifestyle" publication focuses on the topic to a lesser extent than the "underground", niche-specific media Kerrang!. The study establishes a connection to the intersectionality theory, presenting the intersecting identities of "women" and "musicians" related to the inequality in the music industry. The research contributes to understanding cultural journalism's influence in mediating and inspiring socia

Mexico is currently one the most dangerous countries in the world to practice journalism, with one of the highest death rates in the world. Violence against Mexican journalists has received significant attention from researchers, most recently when it comes to digital threats. Research suggests that online harassment against journalists is not only related to the profession or topic covered, but also individual characteristics like gender, race and sexuality. Digital threats affect everyone, but the threats women are faced with are disproportionate. While digital technologies are useful in developing reporting practices, it has also been shown as detrimental. Through a semi-structured WhatsApp interview with a Mexican women journalists and coordinator in an International Journalist Network, this study attempts to identify the perceptions of online threats against women journalists and the use of Networks as a coping strategy. Through the use of digital testimonies, this study attempts to further amplify Mexican women journalists’ voices and experiences when it comes to using Networks as a coping strategy to confront online violence. The importance here is to understand the Mexican context and the dimensions to digital violence, the possibilities of resilience and the coping strategies practiced by Mexican women journalists. Through analysing perceptions of the threat and their experiences with Networks, this study attemps to identify the strengths and possibilities of Networks as a coping strategy, when it comes to digital threats, but also its barriers and limitations. This study is important to the field of Communication of Development and Social Change as it underscores the importance of listening, understanding local contexts, perceptions and resilience. This is crucial when undertaking intitaves on a larger scale for social change.

This research paper endeavours to investigate the correlation between sanctions and the exacerbation of gender inequality. Specifically, the study aims to assess whether the imposition of sanctions leads to heightened levels of gender-based disparities. In the aftermath of the Cold War, the utilisation of sanctions surged markedly as an instrument for altering states' behaviour in foreign policy. In line with the increased prevalence of sanctions, a growing discourse has emerged surrounding the unanticipated outcomes of these measures. What remains unexamined is whether women are disproportionately affected. This represents a significant gap in the literature as almost no studies address gender-based consequences of sanctions. In compliance with the scarcity in academia, this thesis aims to test the outlined hypothesis that sanctions have been shown to affect women and men differently, that sanctions will have a negative impact on gender equality. This relationship between sanctions and gender inequality will be assessed by conducting OLS regression based on data from The Global Sanctions Data Base (GSDB) and the Quality of Governance (QoG). Control variables have also been incorporated to mitigate the potential impact of these variables on both the independent and dependent variables. In the bivariate model, when controls were not included, a notable level of support for the hypothesis was observed, whilst a substantially weaker, statistically insignificant connection in the multivariate regression analysis was evident. The findings of this study may offer valuable insights to enhance future investigations in the realm of sanctions and gender.

Successful labor market integration is a key attribute in a well-accomplished migration policy. Previous studies show patterns of a gender gap in labor market integration of foreign-born, where females tend to have worse outcomes. Related to their weaker labor market position foreign-born, in general, tend to be affected by economic crisis to a larger extent than native-born. Studies point to this being even more apparent for immigrants migrating from outside of Europe. Few studies have yet studied the labor market effects of the Covid-19 pandemic. This paper hence investigates whether the gender gap in unemployment rates for foreign-born were affected by the Covid-19 pandemic, using a difference-in-difference and a triple-difference method. Considering the broad variation of attributes within the group “foreign-born” the paper also distinguishes how the effect differed with number of years spent in Sweden and the region of origin being inside or outside of Europe. The results show an insignificant impact of the pandemic on the gender gap for foreign-born in general, even in relation to natives. Looking into the heterogeneity within the group, we find that newly arrived show signs of being more affected by the pandemic compared to foreign-born that spent over three years in Sweden. The same thing goes for immigrants born outside of Europe compared to within Europe.

Background: Marketing communication often uses gender-stereotyped messages to reach their target groups more effectively. Activities like this can have harmful consequences, especially when aimed towards children. Those effects have been found to also contribute to gender inequalities, among other aspects. Therefore, such practices have generated criticism and as a consequence the search for possible solutions. One of them being gender neutral marketing. Purpose: This thesis aimed to investigate gender-neutral marketing with a focus on the children’s toy industry. While taking into account customers’ acceptance, as well as companies’ economic interests, a potential solution for gender neutral marketing initiatives is presented as a result. Methodology: To get an insight into the requirements of customers’ acceptance for GNM, their thoughts, opinions, and experiences where of high interest. For this reason, an inductive, qualitative approach has been chosen. An exploratory research design, with a sample consisting of German parents, teachers, and psychologist, have been used to answer the research question. Main Findings: The color pink has been found as a particularly high barrier towards equal playing behavior amongst children and towards gender neutral marketing. Regarding the area of children’s toys, boys have been found to be more restricted than girls. Conducting small steps, while not moving away too far from socially accepted behavior, is the key to a successful implementation of GNM. Delimitations: This study is limited to only German participants. As the sample size is relatively small, different cultural backgrounds would have added further demographic differences and consequently would have complicated the analysis. Therefore the researcher decided to focus solely on respondents of one origin, in this case German. Due to time restraints, the sample size was limited to only 9 Interviews. The lack of willingness from other psychologists to collaborate in

Twenty-three years after the ground-breaking UN Resolution 1325, the goal of worldwide gender equality is still not achieved. This paper investigates how a government's political ideology is related to its Women, Peace and Security (WPS) approach. The research question is addressed by arguing that the political ideology of a government influences the quality of its WPS approaches and implementation attempts differently due to varying inherent institutional norms. The hypothesis and theoretical argument suggest that left-wing governments promote gender-friendly norms and support gender equality approaches, leading to better WPS implementation. To test this hypothesis, an Ordinal Logistic Regression is run for countries worldwide that have developed at least one National Action Plan (NAP) between 2006 and 2021. The empirical findings partially reject the hypothesis' expected direction, showing that leftist governments not only positively impact WPS quality when compared to rightist counterparts. Additionally, the research indicates that institutional norms are not a causal mechanism but another independent effect. The findings further suggest that gender inequality plays a role in WPS implementation, with greater inequality associated with better NAP quality. These contradicting findings call for future research, especially by focusing on finding new ways to measure the WPS implementation efforts.

Even if child mortality has decreased significantly since 1990, it is still a substantial issue that is prevalent all over the world. Regional differences are significant, and Sub-Saharan Africa is the most affected area. Traditionally, researchers have turned to the medical field for health-related issues. However, social, and structural factors, among them gender inequality, are also crucial in determining health and life conditions. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate how intrahousehold gender inequality affects child mortality in Sierra Leone. The study was made through a cross-sectional study using data from the Sierra Leone Demographic Health Survey. A quantitative method was used, and analysis was conducted using OLS regression. In contrast to previous research, the results do not show a significant covariation between maternal education and child mortality. Likewise, paternal education and the difference in education between men and women showed no significant covariation with child mortality. However, polygyny, the number of wives and the first event of intimate partner violence were positively associated with child mortality. More studies about gender inequality in relation to child mortality should be conducted to strengthen the results and increase the knowledge and understanding of this subject.

Wohlfahrtsstaaten zielen mit verschiedenen Maßnahmen darauf ab, eine Steigerung des sozioökonomischen Wohlergehens zu erreichen. Dadurch wird der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf in modernen, kapitalistischen Nationen zu einem wichtigen politischen Thema. In dieser Masterarbeit wird die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf in den Nationen Österreich und Australien untersucht. Konkret lautet die Forschungsfrage: Inwieweit wirken sich politische und unternehmerische Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf unterschiedlich auf die Aufteilung von bezahlter und unbezahlter Arbeit zwischen Männern und Frauen in Österreich und Australien aus? Aufgrund von strukturellen und institutionellen Unterschieden werden in beiden Ländern unterschiedliche Maßnahmen angewendet, um an dieses Problem heranzugehen. Zur Beantwortung der Forschungsfrage wurde eine Literaturrecherche anhand aktueller Daten zur Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen, zur Aufteilung unbezahlter Arbeit und zu traditionellen Normen und Werten durchgeführt. Die gewonnenen Informationen wurden anschließend anhand von zwei Theorien kontextualisiert. Das Buch 'The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism' von Esping-Andersen (1990) und die Theorie von Geschlechterregimen, besonders die Werke von Orloff (1993 & 1996) und Walby (1990, 2004, 2009, & 2020), bilden dabei die Basis für die Analyse dieser Unterschiede. Es wird erwartet, dass sich Österreichs konservatives Regime, welches verstärkt auf öffentliche Maßnahmen setzt, von Australiens liberalem Regime, welches einen Schwerpunkt auf freiwillige, unternehmerische Maßnahmen hat, unterscheidet. Die Theorien lassen Unterschiede auf Makro- und Mikroebene zwischen Österreich und Australien vermuten, doch wenngleich die spezifischen Herausforderungen und Maßnahmen hinsichtlich der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf in beiden Nationen unterschiedlich sind, so bleibt das Problem in beiden Ländern weiterhin in vergleichbarem Ausmaß bestehen. Trotz öffentlich, One of the primary objectives of modern welfare states is to attain greater socio-economic equality, making the reconciliation of family and work an essential political issue in modern capitalist nations. This study investigates how work and family life reconciliation is approached in Austria and Australia. Due to their structural and institutional differences, these two countries have distinct approaches to addressing this issue. Specifically, the research question is: to what extent do public and occupational measures aimed at enhancing the compatibility of family and work impact the division of paid and unpaid work between men and women in Austria and Australia? To answer this question, a literature review was conducted using current data on women's labour participation rates, the division of unpaid work, and the current state of traditional norms and values. The information obtained was then contextualised using three theories. Esping-Andersen's (1990) book 'The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism' and the theory of gender regime, specifically the works of Orloff (1993 & 1996) and Walby (1990, 2004, 2009, & 2020) provide a background for analysing these differences. Austria's conservative regime, with a focus on public measures, is expected to differ from Australia's liberal regime, which emphasises occupational measures. Both theories suggest macro and micro-level disparities between the two countries. However, while the specific challenges and approaches in reconciling work and family may differ, both nations continue to grapple with this issue. Despite public and occupational efforts and advances towards a more favourable work-life balance for women, the gendered nature of these measures, combined with persistent traditional norms and strong cultural expectations, perpetuate and reinforce gender stereotypes. It is clear that a cultural shift in attitudes towards gender roles and a re-evaluation of work-life balance measures are needed to effectively address th, Masterarbeit Universität Innsbruck 2023

This report examines the factors that contribute to gender inequality in the fields of education and health in Vietnam. The study considers factors that affect gender equality, such as gender, income, education, healthcare, and physical health. Using the Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey (VHLSS) 2014, the report accesses data from across the country, including 64 provinces and municipalities, the questionaire delivered to the smallest unit of analysis being individual households.

This dissertation addresses differences in characteristics of individuals and resulting inequalities in the labour market. This is a broad field which is why the chapters of this thesis cover quite diverse aspects of it: on a micro-level, I analyse differences of fixed-term contract workers as opposed to permanent contract workers in a descriptive analysis in chapter 2 before I turn to gender inequalities in contract duration evaluating a parental leave reform in Germany in chapter 3. On a macro-level, I analyse (co-authored with Patrick A. Puhani) differences in the labour mobility across Indian states and districts induced by labour market shocks in chapter 4. The first analysis addresses the question, which characteristics of employees are related to fixed-term employment. Fixed-term employment compared to permanent employment yields different working conditions, which are not always advantageous for employees, although an increased flexibility might be beneficial for employers. Applying machine learning techniques (LASSO, Elastic Net, and variations), I find that these models considerably increase the predictive power compared to benchmark models including control variables usually used in literature. The selection models make use of the rich information in the SOEP data and identify a variety of control variables that have been mostly neglected in literature so far. The applied variation of a LASSO regression (Double Selection LASSO) shows that this negligence leads to an omitted variable bias in the tested benchmark models and results let conclude that models should be more complex when analysing fixed-term employment to account for the broad variety of individual differences. I show that the results are robust across methods and reveal heterogeneity of the estimates by subgroups. Focussing on gender related differences in contract duration only a part of the differences can be explained by child-related leaves and the resulting lower labour market experience

Objectives: Prior research has demonstrated that men and women emergency medicine (EM) residents receive similar numerical evaluations at the beginning of residency, but that women receive significantly lower scores than men in their final year. To better understand the emergence of this gender gap in evaluations we examined discrepancies between numerical scores and the sentiment of attached textual comments.Methods: This multicenter, longitudinal, retrospective cohort study took place at four geographically diverse academic EM training programs across the United States from July 1, 2013–July 1, 2015 using a real-time, mobile-based, direct-observation evaluation tool. We used complementary quantitative and qualitative methods to analyze 11,845 combined numerical and textual evaluations made by 151 attending physicians (94 men and 57 women) during real-time, direct observations of 202 residents (135 men and 67 women).Results: Numerical scores were more strongly positively correlated with positive sentiment of the textual comment for men (r = 0.38, P < 0.001) compared to women (r = −0.26, P < 0.04); more strongly negatively correlated with mixed (r = −0.39, P < 0.001) and negative (r = −0.46, P < 0.001) sentiment for men compared to women (r = −0.13, P < 0.28) for mixed sentiment (r = −0.22, P < 0.08) for negative; and women were around 11% more likely to receive positive comments alongside lower scores, and negative or mixed comments alongside higher scores. Additionally, on average, men received slightly more positive comments in postgraduate year (PGY)-3 than in PGY-1 and fewer mixed and negative comments, while women received fewer positive and negative comments in PGY-3 than PGY-1 and almost the same number of mixed comments.Conclusion: Women EM residents received more inconsistent evaluations than men EM residents at two levels: 1) inconsistency between numerical scores and sentiment of textual comments; and 2) inconsistency in the expected care

In Mexico, despite the fact that international commitments have been assumed and legislation has been passed on the matter, gender inequality in politics persists as it continues to manifest itself in spaces of power and in public decision-making. In the context of the COVID-19 Pandemic, this paper proposes to analyze the designation of the Interim Municipal Councils in comparison with the integration of the Town Halls 2020-2024 of the State of Hidalgo. The research approach is comparative and descriptive. It is concluded that this political event represents a case of gender inequality in politics to the detriment of the historical struggle and political rights of women., En México, a pesar de que se han asumido compromisos internacionales y se ha legislado en la materia, la desigualdad de género en la política persiste pues se sigue manifestando en los espacios de poder y en la toma de decisiones públicas. El presente trabajo analiza la designación en 2020 de los Concejos Municipales Interinos en comparación con la integración de los Ayuntamientos 2020-2024 del estado de Hidalgo. El enfoque de la investigación es comparativo y de corte descriptivo. Se concluye que, en la designación de los Concejos, hecho inédito y coyuntural dado el contexto de la Pandemia de COVID-19, no se contemplaron las políticas en materia de igualdad de género en detrimento de la lucha histórica y los derechos políticos de las mujeres.

This commentary on the collected essays brings into sharper focus some of the key advances, lessons learned but also continued challenges for tackling gender inequality in R&D. Adopting a comparative perspective across countries but also across analytical levels (micro-, meso-, and macro) demonstrates once more the widespread nature of gender inequality. Drawing on the provided insights from cases in Europe and the US regarding gender equality in R&D, it argues for the importance of building broader alliances beyond gender equality practitioners in science to unite against illiberal, anti-democratic tendencies within Europe and beyond.

Nº 105 MONOGRÁFICO: La economía social y la igualdad de género., La crisis económica en la que aún se halla inmersa la economía española ha sido especialmente procaz en el mercado laboral. Las abultadas cifras de desempleo parecen enmascarar una tétrica situación que es experimentada de desigual forma por hombres y mujeres. En este contexto, el objetivo fundamental de este artículo estriba en analizar si las diferencias de género existentes en el mercado laboral español se manifiestan del mismo modo durante la actual crisis o bien se aprecian diferencias entre la época de recesión y la inmediatamente anterior. Valorar si la crisis ha afectado por igual a los miembros de uno y otro sexo o si ha habido diferencias sustanciales entre ellos, conforma el hilo conductor de este trabajo, y en su seno evidenciar las eventuales diferencias existentes entre las empresas de Economía Social y el resto de empresas de la economía española., The economic crisis which is still engaged the Spanish economy has been especially brazen in the labor market. The bulging unemployment figures seem to mask a grim situation that is experienced unequally by men and women form. In this context, the primary objective of this paper is to examine whether gender differences exist in the Spanish labor market is expressed in the same way during the current crisis or differences were found between the time of the preceding recession. Assess whether the crisis has affected equally to members of either sex or if there are substantial differences between them, forms the theme of this work, and within it reveal any differences between the companies and the Social Economy other companies of the Spanish economy., Escuela de Estudios Cooperativos, Fac. de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, TRUE, pub

In the 1990s Amartya Sen introduced the term "missing women of India", but while physical absence may no longer be the issue, the conspicuous gendered disparities are. The majority of Indian women are born into gender inequality and most likely intimate partner violence (IPV), since it is widely prevalent in India. Gendered disparities play a crucial role in explaining intimate partner violence, but which role does it play from a micro tier perspective? In this paper the question is delved into, by an analysis of the effect of intra-household gendered disparities on intimate partner violence perpetrated against Indian women. The investigation is conducted using cross-sectional Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from three surveys, spanning from 2005 to 2021. The logistic regression model (LRM) is applied to scrutinize the comprehensive individual-level data from India, and the impact of intra-household gendered disparities is investigated through three explanatory variables namely: the wage gap, educational gap and bargaining power. The explanatory effects are studied individually and collectively wrt. IPV. Extending the primary analysis, the paper delves into the examination of subgroups and matching treatment effects. This approach is taken to gain a more profound understanding of the main results, check the validity and the corresponding effects on IPV. The empirical results reveal robust, consistent and notable positive effects of the wage gap and bargaining power. In contrast, the impact of the educational gap is less consistent, comparatively weaker and with minimal positive impact on IPV. The findings regarding gendered disparities indicate that women who have intra-household advantages, are more vulnerable to IPV. The results contradict the bargaining model, but aligns with the male backlash theory, which roots its explanation in the patriarchal societal structures

As the university remains to be a site where racial and gender (and other) inequalities continue to exist, universities are increasingly drawing up diversity policies with which they offer the promise of inclusion to those racialized and gendered Others who have been previously excluded. This resulted in an abundance of diversity policies, commitments and practices which have been a key focus in diversity management and critical diversity studies. Most research focuses on what universities are saying and doing about diversity to resolve ‘the problem of diversity’. Such research has three important weaknesses: (1) it conceptualizes diversity as identity characteristics specifically as the distance to a white masculine norm; (2) it then locates diversity in the minds/bodies of specific individuals or in discourse thereby it only studies cognition and discourse as being constitutive of social reality, but fundamentally neglects to study how bodies and materiality shape social reality and (3) it assumes to already know what ‘the’ problem of diversity is, how it ought to be studied and that it stays the same throughout research inquiries thereby producing dislocated knowledges instead of unfolding how conditions of knowledge production contribute to, intervene with and transform what the problem of diversity becomes. In light of urgent calls to theorize anew in how and what diversity is studied, this dissertation (1) departs from a relational ontology of diversity in which what ‘diversity’ becomes, is the result of interconnected practices in which bodies, words and objects ongoingly and collectively produce what is known as diversity in research; (2) conceptualizes diversity anew as a shifting and ongoing concern to refer to how diversity’s composition(s) results from different practices of various actors who in their attempts to know diversity construct different, conflicting meanings and how they may then (not) act upon those meanings to arrive at a final, situated co

This article explores the poignant depiction of the hardships faced by women in Shashi Deshpande’s novel Small Remedies. Through an in-depth analysis of the characters, narrative, and plot, the researcher underscores how Deshpande skillfully exposes the societal structures that lead to gender inequality in Indian society. Each individual in the world has experienced some form of hardship. There are wounds which cannot be mended or forgotten. Majority of a girl’s life will be suffering, which will follow her around like a bad dream. When kids don’t get the love they need, they feel worthless and a lot of them end up drifting away from their families and becoming rebellious adults. In order to get what they want out of life, they need to be directed, motivated and encouraged both by family and society. Women learn to approach the world more cautiously as a result of their painful experiences. They crave for their parents’ attention and love while they are young. This study examines the impact of hardship and trauma on Savitribai and her daughter Munni in Shashi Deshpande’s Small Remedies. The degree to which the pain disrupts one’s life differs from person to person. The novelist consistently uses her characters to show the range of emotions that arise when living in a patriarchal society, including anguish, wrath, misery, disappointment and distress. Most of her protagonists are lonely introverts. This study emphasises the characters’ disappointments and the childhood trauma that has left an indelible mark on their adulthood. This paper ultimately sheds light on Deshpande’s narrative as a critique of patriarchal society, emphasizing the need for women’s emancipation and self-determination. It offers readers an interpretative lens to understand the novel's thematic richness, its representation of gender dynamics in a traditional Indian context, and its call for reformative societal change.

Objective: Menstruation affects about half of the world's population. However, menstruation remains a significant burden in the lives of many menstruators, and this burden is even greater in humanitarian situations. This scoping review introduces a new theoretical framework on period poverty in humanitarian settings to better research and address the topic. It identifies the drivers of period poverty and reviews its consequences. It explores and analyses the existing evidence to holistically define period poverty, continuously linking it to the crisis context. Methods: A scoping review was conducted to systematically investigate and evaluate the concept of period poverty in humanitarian settings in the existing literature to develop a theoretical framework on the topic. The review follows the PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews. A literature search was conducted online on Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect in June 2023 to retrieve relevant publications. The data was analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings: The search resulted in 816 results, of which, after removing duplicates, 250 proceeded to abstract and title screening. 78 articles were screened for full-text, of which 35 met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. The literature described different aspects of period poverty with a focus on the physical environment and financial factors. The evidence supported the theoretical framework developed by the author on period poverty in humanitarian settings. Conclusion: Addressing period poverty is crucial for achieving equality. However, it is a multifaceted concept with interplaying factors to which a humanitarian setting adds another layer of complexity and interactions. The literature disclosed period poverty to be driven by a variety of physical, social, and financial factors. The results showed that period poverty has a

The thesis aims to unveil and challenge institutionalized gender hierarchical relations between the military and women in conflict environments. It critically examines the military as an institution inherently intertwined with conflict in periods of war and during periods of conflict. The thesis argues that the military plays a significant role in shaping and maintaining gender power structures, through institutional perceptions and spatial practices. It explores the relationship between the military and women and how institutionalized gender perceptions contribute to the widening gap between them, using Cyprus as a case study. Through the use of visual ethnography as a primary methodology, the thesis seeks to shed light and challenge the oppressive prescript narratives and power dynamics imposed on women by the military. Using Nicosia and Pyla as a case study, conflict environments where inhabitants have normalized the experiences of living with the constant presence of the military, the thesis spatializes its theoretical framework. It utilizes tools and insights gained from theoretical and artistic analyses, to make visible and challenge the gender institutional perceptions, fixed gender roles, and spatialities that feed gender hierarchical structures. The ultimate goal is to expose this issue in various existing and ongoing conflict environments., Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences

Household unpaid work (TNRH, for its initials in Spanish) has historically been delegated to women, and its contribution to economic development is not wellrecognized. The objective of this research is to explore the mitigating and aggravating factors of gender inequality in unpaid work, considering its interaction with three main axes: women’s education level, women paid work status, and spatial status (rural and urban). For this purpose, we use panel data from the Mexican Family and Life Survey (MxFLS 2002, 2005-2006, and 2009-2012) and two-way fixed effect regressions (TWFE). The findings indicate that urbanization implies mechanisms for the progress of gender roles in terms of the redistribution in the allocation of unpaid work between genders; although this is not enough to counteract the systematic burden of unpaid work for women, mainly aggravated by the presence of children at home. This inequality in household unpaid work persists even for higher levels of education, clearly manifesting itself in a double workday for women with paid jobs., El trabajo no remunerado del hogar (TNRH) ha sido históricamente delegado a la mujer y su contribución al desarrollo es estructuralmente invisibilizada. El objetivo de la presente investigación es explorar los atenuantes y agravantes de la desigualdad de género en el TNRH, considerando su interacción con tres ejes principales de los hogares en México: la educación de la mujer, su estatus laboral y el entorno espacial (rural y urbano). Para este fin, utilizamos datos panel de la Encuesta nacional sobre niveles de vida de los hogares (ENNViH 2002, 2005-2006 y 2009-2012) y diversas estimaciones de efectos fijos de dos vías (TWFE, por sus siglas en inglés). Los hallazgos sugieren que la urbanización implica mecanismos para el progreso de los roles de género en cuanto a la redistribución del TNRH; pero esta no es suficiente para disipar la brecha de género que surge de la sistemática y rígida carga de labores domésticas no remuneradas que se le adjudican al género femenino, principalmente agravada por la presencia de hijos en el hogar. Esta desigualdad en TNRH persiste incluso al alcanzarse mayores niveles de educación, manifestándose claramente en una doble jornada laboral para las mujeres que cuentan con un trabajo remunerado.

This research examines the gender inequality experienced by Gloria in Mekar Karena Memar's novel by Alex L. Tobing from Gerard Genette's narratology theory. The author is interested in studying gender inequality because, in this novel, the main character named Gloria is fighting against the gender inequality that she experiences. This makes this issue attractive to the author because women generally only received improper treatment without daring to do anything in those days. The author of the novel uses the pure narrative method, where the pure author acts like someone who is outside the novel and does not participate in the role of a character from the novel. In this study, the authors used a qualitative study method. The author collects data through literature study (documentation) and performs analysis using the Genette theory which consists of five parts: order, duration, frequency, mood, and voice. After analyzing, the writer found that the author had described the gender inequality experienced by a character named Gloria in the novel, as well as the actions Gloria had taken to overcome the gender inequality she experienced.

This article proposes to analyze the issue of the difficult conciliation between motherhood and the profession of writer as presented by Laura Freixas in A mí no me iba a pasar, her 2019 autobiography, taking into account, at the same time, the feminist debate she deals with as essayist or prologue writer. I will show how the author's inner conflict lies in being relegated to the background, personally and professionally, with respect to men and to what extent this inequality lies in a more general problem involving society as a whole., El presente artículo propone analizar el tema de la difícil conciliación entre la maternidad y el oficio de la escritura tal como lo plantea Laura Freixas en A mí no me iba a pasar, su autobiografía de 2019, teniendo en cuenta, al mismo tiempo, el debate feminista que trata como ensayista o prologuista. Se verá cómo el conflicto interior de la autora radica en ser relegada a un segundo plano, personal y profesionalmente, con respecto a los hombres y en qué medida esta desigualdad radica en un problema más general que involucra a la sociedad en su conjunto.

The objective of this article is to analyze the subjectivities and experiences regarding the work-family balance of university teachers, based on a critical reading regarding the structural and symbolic scaffolding that requires women to coordinate professional work with domestic and care work. This work includes the results of the research "Higher Education and Gender at the University of Cuenca - Ecuador: current situation and perspectives 2019 - 2020", developed by the Interdisciplinary Gender Studies Research Group. The methodology integrates the mixed quantitative and qualitative approach with the purpose of accessing the experiences of the academics from characterizing their participation in the university structure and identifying gender gaps; as well as understanding social discourses in relation to gender roles. The results confirm the existence of patriarchal conceptions about the ability of women to combine several tasks, concealing an unequal distribution of work and a double exploitation of female academics. Likewise, it is concluded that work-family balance constitutes an obstacle in the academic trajectories of university teachers., El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar las subjetividades y experiencias respecto a la conciliación trabajo-familia de docentes universitarias, a partir de una lectura crítica respecto al andamiaje estructural y simbólico que exige a las mujeres la coordinación entre las labores profesionales y el trabajo doméstico y de cuidados. Este trabajo recoge los resultados de la investigación “Educación Superior y Género en la Universidad de Cuenca - Ecuador: situación actual y perspectivas 2019 - 2020”, desarrollada por el Grupo de Investigación Estudios Interdisciplinarios de Género. La metodología integra el enfoque mixto cuantitativo y cualitativo con el propósito de acceder a las experiencias de las académicas a partir de caracterizar su participación en la estructura universitaria e identificar brechas de género; así como también, comprender los discursos sociales en relación a los roles de género. Los resultados confirman la existencia de concepciones patriarcales sobre la habilidad de las mujeres para combinar varias tareas, encubriendo una distribución desigual del trabajo y de una doble explotación sobre las académicas. Asimismo, se concluye que la conciliación trabajo-familia constituye un obstáculo en las trayectorias académicas de las docentes universitarias. El análisis de la problemática y la elaboración de una propuesta para alcanzar la igualdad de oportunidades, constituyen aportes de orden teórico y metodológico para otras Instituciones de Educación, lo permitirá plantear acciones para alcanzar la equidad en las universidades.

The field of cultural policy has seen a shift towards considerations of diversity, with government bodies increasingly leveraging funding to combat inequality within organisations. A barrier to this aim is a lack of quantitative data, which would provide a means to evaluate the impact of specific policies in practice. This article investigates the relationship between gender inequality at an organisational level and cultural policy at a sectoral level through a case study of Australia’s state-funded opera companies. Drawing on production data from 2005 to 2020, we consider women’s representation as conductors, directors, and designers at the state companies through the lens of Australia’s policy legacy. We find that women experience gender-based disadvantage across the key creative roles of opera production and are further negatively impacted by Australia’s existing policy landscape, which, reflecting the drivers of cultural and economic value, indirectly enables gender inequality in the field.

Veterinary Medicine experiences an increase in the number of female professionals. They tend to be incorporated into areas related to companion animals, to the detriment of other areas of activity. Thus, the study aimed to analyze the perspectives of professional insertion of female students of Veterinary Medicine at Unifesspa, campus of Xinguara/PA, trying to perceive gender inequalities. Data were collected through questionnaires answered by professors and students, of both sexes, from the Unifesspa Veterinary Medicine course. Qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis and quantitative data submitted to descriptive statistics. Although a large part of the student body does not agree with the sexist assumptions that permeate Veterinary Medicine, a sexual division of labor persists, reinforced by some professors and agricultural producers in the region. The sexual division of labor dissuades the insertion of undergraduates in work related to production animals, considered male attributions., A Medicina Veterinária vivencia um aumento do número de profissionais mulheres. Essas tendem a se incorporarem em áreas vinculadas aos animais de companhia, em detrimento de outras áreas de atuação. Assim, este estudo analisou as perspectivas de inserção profissional das graduandas em Medicina Veterinária, da Unifesspa, campus de Xinguara - PA, com o objetivo de perceber as desigualdades de gênero. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionários respondidos por docentes e discentes, homens e mulheres, do curso de Medicina Veterinária da Unifesspa. Os dados qualitativos foram investigados por meio de análise de conteúdo, e os quantitativos foram submetidos à estatística descritiva. Apesar de grande parte do corpo discente não concordar com as premissas sexistas que permeiam a Medicina Veterinária, persiste uma divisão sexual do trabalho, reforçada por alguns professores e produtores agropecuários da região. A divisão sexual do trabalho dissuade a inserção das graduandas em trabalhos relacionados aos animais de produção, considerados atribuições masculinas.

During the last decades video games rose as one of the main forms of leisure among young people. Nevertheless, because of the emergence of multiplayer online games, based on anonymity and competitiveness, new practices of hate, violence and harassment have also arisen, affecting gamers' experiences of play, particularly among women. Therefore, in this paper we analyze the attitudes, experiences and perceptions of video game players from a gender perspective, including situations of violence, intimidation and harassment, particularly in online gaming. It is based on a survey quantitative methodology from a representative sample of 1200 youngsters between 15 and 29 years old and a statistical plan based on principal components analysis, cluster analysis and multivariate variance analysis. As main results, it stands out the higher comparative preference of women about one player games and a higher propension of hiding their identity in online gaming. Moreover, harassment and intimidation is generalized among online players; in the case of women, it particularly affects those women who play video games more frequently., En las últimas décadas, hemos asistido a la consolidación de los videojuegos como una de las principales fuentes de ocio de la juventud. Sin embargo, a partir del auge de los videojuegos online multijugador, basados en la competitividad y el anonimato, también han surgido prácticas de odio, violencia y hostigamiento que afectan a la experiencia de juego de los jugadores y, especialmente, de las jugadoras. Por ello, en este artículo se analizan las actitudes, experiencias y percepciones de jugadores y jugadoras de videojuegos desde una perspectiva de género, entre las que destacan experiencias de violencia, intimidación y acoso, especialmente en juegos online. Se plantea una metodología cuantitativa mediante una encuesta a una muestra representativa de 1200 jóvenes entre 15 y 29 años y un plan de análisis basado en el análisis factorial de componentes principales, análisis de conglomerados y análisis multivariante de varianza. Como resultados principales, se destaca una mayor preferencia comparativa de las mujeres hacia juegos de un solo jugador y una mayor propensión a ocultar su identidad en juegos online. Además, las situaciones de acoso e intimidación están muy generalizadas entre los jugadores online y en el caso de ellas afectan especialmente a las que juegan con mayor frecuencia a videojuegos.

This study examines the success and role of African women leaders in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). In the absence of signifcant research on women’s STEM leadership, the success and roles of others could moti vate an aspiring African woman to pursue a career in STEM. A qualitative approach was sought using open online questions and narratives from African women leaders about their roles and career success in STEM. Data were collected from the western, eastern, northern, and southern regions of Africa from participants who held STEM leadership positions, such as directors, deans, and chief ofcers. The participants were 42 women representing 12 African nations. The narratives of these women leaders’ tones and life experiences were analyzed through content analysis. The nar ratives of these women leaders’ tones and life experiences were analyzed in search of recurring patterns and themes. Successful leadership in STEM requires balanc ing career and family life, setting goals, solving problems, being open to innovative ideas, embracing diversity, collaborating, and having knowledge of STEM research and mentoring skills. Using the achievements and roles of others could inspire future African women to pursue careers in STEM.

PURPOSE Addressing the issue of gender inequality in Dutch energy organisations has become increasingly important, but understanding the complex interplay of personal factors and various aspects of gender inequality that contribute to the perception of this wicked problem remains a challenge. This study aims to explore the refracted reflections of gender inequality among employees in Dutch energy organisations by examining the metaphorical prisms formed by societal, organisational, and individualistic aspects. This multi-dimensional analysis seeks to identify aspects contributing to gender inequality, to show the interdependencies of the issue, and to highlight potential intervention points for implementing change while considering the dynamic interaction between the prisms and personal factors. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH A qualitative transdisciplinary case study approach was used to explore perceptions of gender inequality within Dutch energy organisations. Data collection methods included in-depth interviews with gender experts and employees, an employee survey, conversations with researchers, and observations at relevant events. The research design incorporated theoretical frameworks such as problem framing and process-based decision making to guide the study. Content analysis was used to identify patterns, relationships and trends in the data collected, providing a comprehensive understanding of the societal, organisational, and individualistic aspects that contribute to gender inequality. FINDINGS The study resulted in the development of a novel, comprehensive framework that presents the interplay of wicked problem perceptions through the metaphorical prisms formed by societal, organisational, and individualistic aspects. The framework suggests that mental representations of experienced problem situations, informed by the personal factors of environment, knowledge, and intersectionality, influence cognitive processes such as assu, Management of Technology (MoT)