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The possibility to isolate fetal cells from pregnant women cervical samples has been discussed for five decades but is not currently applied in clinical practice. This study aimed at offering prenatal genetic diagnosis from fetal cells obtained through noninvasive exocervical sampling and immuno-sorted based on expression of HLA-G., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Current prenatal diagnosis depends on invasive procedures and is thus offered only to high-risk pregnancies. Development of non-invasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) would change the risk-benefit ratio and make it likely that more women would benefit from prenatal testing. Scientists have documented the presence of rare fetal cells in maternal blood and envisioned targeting them with specific markers and their use in NIPD. Considering their extremely low frequency in maternal blood, fetal cells have been difficult to retrieve and use in clinical practice. Therefore, there is a pressing need for systematic sequential studies to evaluate their feasibility in NIPD. Generally, detection of rare cells within a large cell population carries great potentialities for the prospects of cancer management and NIPD. Manual scanning is very cumbersome and time-consuming Therefore; the first part of our project was, dedicated to the optimization of an effective strategy to evaluate retrieval of rare cells. We have developed a way of distributing a controlled number of target cells among hundreds of thousands of other cells on microscope slides. This strategy allows the precise evaluation of the retrieval of rare events and the comparizon of the efficacy of different techniques and enrichment approaches by knowing the definite number and locations of target cells on the slides. Furthermore, it allows the evaluation of hybridization of missed events. We have also developed a robust custom-made detection algorithm for rare cells using the MetaSystems automated platform and have used this strategy in the validation of manual and automatic scanning of 60 slides with a pre-defined number of rare male cells among a pure population of female cells using XY-FISH. Consequently, we tested the developed classifier for the detection of real fetal cells from maternal blood in both normal and aneuploid pregnancies with Down syndrome. We further evaluated the number of fetal cells with di

Fetal abnormalities affect 1% of the newborns worldwide and have been associated with 20% of infant mortality during the first year of life. Prenatal diagnosis allows early detection of fetal or maternal abnormalities, in order to provide a better way to deal with the situation or to initiate treatment during pregnancy or after birth, even in some countries the continuation of the pregnancy is an option. This diagnosis is made by cytological and genetic analysis using invasive and noninvasive methods. Invasive methods, including amniocentesis, cordocentesis and chorionic villus biopsy, allow the extraction of material for analysis, but they can result in rupture of membranes in the mother, leading to complications such as bleeding, infections and abortions. Against this, the use of noninvasive methods has been proposed, including the study of fetal cells such as lymphocytes, erythroblasts and trophoblasts, and fetal nucleic acids (DNA and mRNA) circulating in the peripheral blood of the mother, to avoid injury of the fetus or the mother. The present article aims to review the methods used for prenatal diagnosis, their application and their development potential., Las anormalidades fetales afectan alrededor del 1% de los recién nacidos en todo el mundo y están asociadas con cerca del 20% de la mortalidad infantil durante el primer año de vida. El diagnóstico prenatal permite la detección temprana tanto de enfermedades del feto como de la madre, con el fin de brindar una mejor manera de afrontar la situación o iniciar medidas terapéuticas durante el embarazo o después del nacimiento, incluso en algunos países se permite cuestionar la continuación del embarazo. Este diagnóstico se realiza mediante análisis citológicos y genéticos con métodos invasivos y no invasivos. Los métodos invasivos, que incluyen amniocentesis, cordocentesis y biopsia de vellosidades coriónicas, permiten extraer el material para el análisis, pero generan en la madre ruptura de membranas, propiciando complicaciones como hemorragias, infecciones y abortos. Frente a esto, se ha venido proponiendo el uso de métodos no invasivos, entre ellos el estudio de células fetales como linfocitos, eritroblastos y trofoblastos, y ácidos nucleicos fetales (ADN y ARNm) que circulan en la sangre periférica de la madre, con el fin de evitar lesiones del feto o de la madre. En el presente artículo se pretende realizar una revisión de los métodos de diagnóstico prenatal, su aplicación y su desarrollo potencial.

OBJECTIVE: A non-invasive prenatal determination of the fetal RhD status might be useful for the management of pregnancies in RhD-negative women whose partners are RhD positive. METHODS: Maternal peripheral blood of 32 RhD-negative women (17-24 weeks of gestation) was collected, and circulating fetal cells were enriched by CD71 mini-magnetic activated cell sorting. The RhD status of the fetuses was assessed using multiparametric flow cytometry, and results were compared to those of reverse transcriptase (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or PCR, which acted as control. Flow-cytometric study of fetal cells employed monoclonal antibodies directed against CD71, glycophorin A (GPA) and RhD antigens. RESULTS: The median percentage of CD71- and RhD-positive cells was 0.83% (range 0.14-6.44%), and that of CD71 and GPA-positive cells was 10.07% (range 0.52-45.84%). Flow-cytometric analysis correlated with RT-PCR results of RNA obtained from whole maternal blood. In 1 case, an incorrect result was due to the failure of the amplification of the specific RhD band on RNA extracted from the CD71-positive fraction. In two instances, we observed false-positive results for RhD in PCR of DNA obtained from maternal plasma. CONCLUSION: Based on our results, flow-cytometric analysis might be proposed as a clinical tool for the non-invasive prenatal determination of the fetal RhD status independently of fetal gender