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[EU] Informazioaren eta komunikazioaren teknologia berrien agerpenak zuzeneko eragina izan du lan-harremanetan, enpresaburuaren kontrol boterea handitzen lagundu baitute, besteak beste. Hala ere, ezin da ukatu mekanismo horien erabilerak langileen oinarrizko eskubideak urratu ditzakeenik. Baliabide horien artean, ohikoena eta gatazka gehien sortu dituena bideozaintzako-kameren erabilera izan da. Datu Pertsonalen Babeserako 2018ko Legearen aldarrikapenak lehen aldiz arautu bazuen ere tresna horien erabilera lantokian, ez du lortu arazo guztiak desagerrarazterik. Horregatik, lan honetan aztertuko den bezala, Auzitegiek egindako interpretazio-lana ezinbestekoa izan da lantokian bideozaintzako-kameren erabilera arautzerakoan., [ES] La irrupción de las nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación ha influido directamente en las relaciones laborales, contribuyendo, entre otras cosas, a aumentar el poder de control del empresario. Sin embargo, no puede negarse que el uso de estos mecanismos pueda vulnerar los derechos fundamentales de los trabajadores. Entre estos recursos, el más habitual y el que más conflictos ha generado ha sido el uso de cámaras de videovigilancia. Aunque la promulgación de la Ley de Protección de Datos Personales de 2018 reguló por primera vez el uso de estos instrumentos en el lugar de trabajo, no ha conseguido erradicar todos los problemas. Por ello, tal y como se analizará en este trabajo, la labor interpretativa realizada por los Tribunales ha sido fundamental a la hora de regular el uso de cámaras de videovigilancia en el centro de trabajo., [EN] The emergence of new information and communication technologies has directly influenced labor relations, contributing, among other things, to increasing the employer's control power. However, it cannot be denied that the use of these mechanisms may violate the fundamental rights of workers. Among these resources, the most common and the one that has generated the most conflicts has been the use of video surveillance cameras. Although the enactment of the Personal Data Protection Law of 2018 regulated the use of these instruments in the workplace for the first time, it has not managed to eradicate all the problems. Therefore, as will be analyzed in this work, the interpretive work carried out by the Courts has been fundamental when it comes to regulating the use of video surveillance cameras in the workplace.

This study analyzes the mean maximum and minimum temperature trends on a monthly, seasonal, and annual timescale by applying various statistical tools to data from 476 Spanish weather stations during the period between 1961 and 2006. The magnitude of the trends was derived from the slopes of the regression lines using the least squares method, and the nonparametric Mann–Kendall test was used to determine the statistical significance of the trends. Temperature significantly increased in over 60% of the country in March, June, spring, and summer in the case of maximum temperatures and in March, May, June, August, spring, and summer for minimum temperatures. At the annual resolution, temperatures significantly increased in over 90% of Spain with a rise of around 0.3°C/decade. The maximum temperature increased at a higher rate than the minimum temperature from midsummer to early winter as well as in winter, spring, and summer and also on an annual basis., Depto. de Didáctica de las Ciencias Experimentales , Sociales y Matemáticas, Fac. de Educación, TRUE, pub

[ES] El presente trabajo tiene por objeto el estudio de la figura del despido disciplinario como forma de extinción del contrato de trabajado que se enmarca dentro del poder disciplinario del empresario. En primer lugar, se delimita su concepto y naturaleza jurídica. A continuación, se muestra su configuración vigente en el sistema español, en la legislación comunitaria y se resalta el papel de la negociación colectiva en la materia. Además, se analiza si existe una tolerancia empresarial previa sobre la conducta que se quiere sancionar, las notas de gravedad y culpabilidad y el ejercicio de Derechos Fundamentales, con especial mención a la prueba de videovigilancia. Por último, el grueso del trabajo se dedica a describir las causas del despido disciplinario y sus límites jurisprudenciales, poniendo de relieve la aportación judicial en el tema., [EN] The purpose of this paper is to study the figure of disciplinary dismissal as a form of termination of the employment contract that is part of the disciplinary power of the employer. First, its concept and legal nature are defined. Next, its current configuration in the Spanish system and in Community legislation is shown, and the role of collective bargaining in this matter is highlighted. In addition, it is analyzed whether there is prior corporate tolerance of the conduct to be sanctioned, the notes of seriousness and culpability and the exercise of fundamental rights, with special mention of video surveillance evidence. Finally, the bulk of the work is devoted to describing the causes of disciplinary dismissal and its jurisprudential limits, highlighting the judicial contribution on the subject.

[ES] El despido sin causa es un fenómeno alegal presente en las relaciones laborales. Los aspectos más relevantes que suscitan el interés de este trabajo son, por una parte, la calificación actual del despido injustificado como improcedente y no como nulo; y, por otra, la indemnización que le corresponde atendiendo a dicha calificación. En este sentido, se analizarán las características de la indemnización y si procede reconocer una compensación complementaria que repare todas las posibles lesiones ocasionadas al trabajador despedido, [EU] Arrazoirik gabeko kaleratzea lan-harremanetan dagoen fenomeno alegala da. Honako hauek dira lan honen interesa pizten duten alderdi garrantzitsuenak: batetik, justifikaziorik gabeko kaleratzea bidegabetzat jotzen da gaur egun, eta ez baliogabetzat; eta, bestetik, kalifikazio horren arabera dagokion kalte-ordaina. Ildo horretan, kalte-ordainaren ezaugarriak aztertuko dira, eta ea bidezkoa den konpentsazio osagarri bat aitortzea, langile kaleratuari eragindako balizko lesio guztiak konpontzeko., [EN] Dismissal without cause is an unlawful phenomenon present in labor relations. The most relevant aspects that arouse the interest of this work are, on the one hand, the current classification of unjustified dismissal as inappropiate and not as null; and, on the other hand, the compensation that corresponds to it according to that classification. In this sense, we will analyze the characteristics of the compensation and whether it is appropriate to recognize a complementary compensation to repair all the possible injuries caused to the dismissed worker

Drought occurs naturally all over the world. Global warming has led an increase in the areas affected by this phenomenon. The study of drought involves the analysis of indicators and indices used to assess changes in the hydrological cycle of a region. A large number of indices developed for drought monitoring are based on meteorological and hydrological variables. This research has applied the Ombroxeric Index for the first time in California. It is based on the concept of ombroxericity: a condition of the territory characterised from an ombrothermic point of view, which can develop in relatively humid areas/zones, depending on the time scale of the study (i.e. monthly, seasonal or annual basis). Temperatures and precipitation from 180 meteorological stations have been considered for a period of observation from 1980 to 2016. In order to know the evolution of this index, a modified trend analysis based on the Mann-Kendall test and a modified Sen slope analysis were used. Empirical Bayesian Kriging was applied as an interpolation technique. Results are presented in both surface and contour maps. California showed a wide range of ombroxeric levels that went from upper strong dry in northern zones, to lower weak arid. Trend results showed an increase in bioclimatic drought throughout the whole State. In addition, summer showed the highest levels on the Ombroxeric Index. An increase in drought trends was observed at the seasonal level, being more pronounced in summer and spring. In both cases are increases in the central (+5 and +3.6 units year−1 respectively) and the southern (+4 and +4.5 units year−1 respectively) areas of the State. Increasing frequency and severity of droughts could have implications for the management of water resources and the survival of Californian vegetation types, such as conifers.

Rising temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns under climate change scenarios are accelerating the depletion of soil moisture and increasing the risk of drought, disrupting the conditions that many plant species need to survive. This study aims to establish the bioclimatic characterisation, both qualitative and quantitative, of ten native Californian Pinales for the period 1980-2019, and to determine their habitat suitability by 2050. To achieve this, an exhaustive search of the Gbif database for records of ten conifer taxa was carried out. To conduct the bioclimatic characterisation of the studied taxa, we worked with the monthly values of average temperature and precipitation for the period 1980-2019 from 177 meteorological stations. Linear regressions was performed in order to compile the future evolution of California's climate. Suitable areas and optimal areas were defined at the present time (1980-2019) and its future projection (2050). We applied Boolean logic and, in this investigation, the Conditional Logic Operator (CON) was used to determine the possible species presence (one) or absence (zero) for each of the 15 variables analysed. In general, most of the conifers studied here will experience a reduction in their habitat range in California by the year 2050 due to climate change, as well as the displacement of species towards optimal areas. Furthermore, the results have highlighted the applicability of bioclimatology to future conditions under climate change. This will aid conservation managers in implementing strategic measures to ameliorate the detrimental impacts of climate change, thereby ensuring the ecological integrity and sustainability of the affected conifer species.

A phytosociological analysis of the Iberian Quercus faginea forests was carried out. For this purpose, 291 relevés were studied. A multivariate analysis consisting of a numerical classification based on the floristic composition of the relevés, was performed. The coherence and explanatory value of the current syntaxa are reviewed. As a result, the diversity of Iberian gall oak forests is resolved into 15 associations characterised according to their floristic, biogeographical, bioclimatic and synecological data supported by the statistical analyses. Thirteen have been described previously, and two new associations are proposed: Glandoro diffusae-Quercetum fagineae and Helianthemo mollis-Quercetum fagineae. A new combination, a lectotypification and a nomenclatural correction are also proposed. The Ios2 (ombrothermic index of the warmest bimonth of the summer quarter), Itc (compensated thermicity index) and Ic (continentality index) indexes proved to be fundamental to explain the syntaxonomic differentiation of the forests in the study. We consider that the differentiation and precision in the definition of clear syntaxonomic entities is vital to prioritize objectives in the conservation of these singular forests, and to ensure their adequate management in the context of the Habitats Directive.

This study identifies and analyzes the plant communities that allow the definition of the geographic limits between Temperate and Mediterranean macrobioclimates, for the center of Portuguese mainland. The altitude of Serra da Estrela, Açor and Lousã, combined with the increase in atmospheric humidity, allows the presence of vegetation typical of a Temperate macrobioclimate. Thus, based on the phytosociological methodology, floristic relevés were carried out in order to identify the series of vegetation existing in these territories. Through these relevés carried out, four new plant associations were identified: Cytisetum grandifloro-striati ass. nova, Scrophulario grandiflorae-Sambucetum nigrae ass. nova, Pruno lusitanicae-Coryletum avellanae ass. nova that lives in the submediterranean bioclimatic variant, mesotemperate humid to hyper-humid. A new association namely Genisto falcatae-Quercetum broteroanae ass. nova with two subassociations were also identified. Based on the vegetation distribution, new biogeographic limits are proposed. Thus, it was intended to identify the southern limits of the European Atlantic Province (Atlantic Orolusitania Subrovince) based on the vegetation cover, namely the distinction between the Estrela Sierran District and a new Biogeographical District, the Alvo-Gardunhense.

[ES] La acción protectora de la seguridad social contempla tanto contingencias profesionales como comunes. Dentro de las primeras se encuentra el accidente de trabajo, entendido por tal toda lesión corporal que el trabajador sufra con ocasión o por consecuencia del trabajo que ejecute por cuenta ajena. Tanto el suicidio como el infarto son patologías que, a priori, resultaría complicado encajarlas en el concepto de accidente de trabajo, pero la jurisprudencia ha ido matizando y ampliando los conceptos para poder otorgarles a ambos la calificación de accidentes de trabajo.

[EU] Gradu Amaierako Lan honetan, Gizarte Segurantzaren eta lan arloko epaitzaren analisi bat egiten da, genero ikuspegitik. Eremu hauetan, beste hainbatetan bezala, ez da emakume eta gizonen artean erabateko berdintasuna lortu. Horregatik, lan honek helburu hori lortzeko legediak barne hartu dituen mekanismo ezberdinak aztertzen ditu, jurisprudentziak zentzu horretan jokatzen duen papera azpimarratzearekin batera.

[ES] La crisis sanitaria causada por el COVID-19 ha generado grandes impactos negativos en la economía nacional, sobre todo, en materia de empleo. El principal objetivo de este trabajo ha sido el análisis de la evolución que han sufrido las regulaciones de los Expedientes de Regulación de Empleo (ERE) y los Expedientes de Regulación Temporal de Empleo (ERTE) como mecanismos de flexibilización laboral a cuenta del COVID-19 y, la valoración de dichas medidas como soluciones a esta coyuntura.

[ES] El presente trabajo realiza un análisis doctrinal y jurisprudencial sobre la responsabilidad del trabajador por los daños y perjuicios causados al empresario. En él se plantea el marco jurídico en el que se encuadra esta institución, para después estudiar las tres tesis que propone la doctrina sobre la cuestión y la posición que han adoptado los tribunales respecto a estas. Tras conocer la posición de la doctrina y los criterios que aplica la jurisprudencia para determinar la existencia o no de este tipo de responsabilidad, así como cuestiones procesales de especial relevancia, el trabajo finaliza con las principales conclusiones a las que he llegado en la elaboración del mismo., [EU] Lan honek azterketa doktrinal eta jurisprudentziala egiten du, langileak enpresaburuari eragindako kalte-galerengatik duen erantzukizunari buruz. Bertan, erakunde horren esparru juridikoa planteatzen da, eta, ondoren, doktrinak gaiari buruz proposatzen dituen hiru tesiak eta auzitegiek gai horiei buruz hartu duten jarrera aztertzen da. Doktrinaren jarrera eta jurisprudentziak erantzukizun mota hori dagoen ala ez zehazteko aplikatzen dituen irizpideak ezagutu ondoren, baita garrantzi bereziko prozesu-gaiak ere, lan hau egiterakoan atera ditudan ondorio nagusiekin amaitzen da.

[ES] La crisis sanitaria causada por el COVID-19 ha generado grandes impactos negativos en la economía nacional, sobre todo, en materia de empleo. El principal objetivo de este trabajo ha sido el análisis de la evolución que han sufrido las regulaciones de los Expedientes de Regulación de Empleo (ERE) y los Expedientes de Regulación Temporal de Empleo (ERTE) como mecanismos de flexibilización laboral a cuenta del COVID-19 y, la valoración de dichas medidas como soluciones a esta coyuntura.

[ES] La acción protectora de la seguridad social contempla tanto contingencias profesionales como comunes. Dentro de las primeras se encuentra el accidente de trabajo, entendido por tal toda lesión corporal que el trabajador sufra con ocasión o por consecuencia del trabajo que ejecute por cuenta ajena. Tanto el suicidio como el infarto son patologías que, a priori, resultaría complicado encajarlas en el concepto de accidente de trabajo, pero la jurisprudencia ha ido matizando y ampliando los conceptos para poder otorgarles a ambos la calificación de accidentes de trabajo.

[EU] Gradu Amaierako Lan honetan, Gizarte Segurantzaren eta lan arloko epaitzaren analisi bat egiten da, genero ikuspegitik. Eremu hauetan, beste hainbatetan bezala, ez da emakume eta gizonen artean erabateko berdintasuna lortu. Horregatik, lan honek helburu hori lortzeko legediak barne hartu dituen mekanismo ezberdinak aztertzen ditu, jurisprudentziak zentzu horretan jokatzen duen papera azpimarratzearekin batera.

[ES] El presente trabajo realiza un análisis doctrinal y jurisprudencial sobre la responsabilidad del trabajador por los daños y perjuicios causados al empresario. En él se plantea el marco jurídico en el que se encuadra esta institución, para después estudiar las tres tesis que propone la doctrina sobre la cuestión y la posición que han adoptado los tribunales respecto a estas. Tras conocer la posición de la doctrina y los criterios que aplica la jurisprudencia para determinar la existencia o no de este tipo de responsabilidad, así como cuestiones procesales de especial relevancia, el trabajo finaliza con las principales conclusiones a las que he llegado en la elaboración del mismo., [EU] Lan honek azterketa doktrinal eta jurisprudentziala egiten du, langileak enpresaburuari eragindako kalte-galerengatik duen erantzukizunari buruz. Bertan, erakunde horren esparru juridikoa planteatzen da, eta, ondoren, doktrinak gaiari buruz proposatzen dituen hiru tesiak eta auzitegiek gai horiei buruz hartu duten jarrera aztertzen da. Doktrinaren jarrera eta jurisprudentziak erantzukizun mota hori dagoen ala ez zehazteko aplikatzen dituen irizpideak ezagutu ondoren, baita garrantzi bereziko prozesu-gaiak ere, lan hau egiterakoan atera ditudan ondorio nagusiekin amaitzen da.

This work establishes the relationship between bioclimatology and agronomy. Bioclimatic indices are obtained for several areas under olive cultivation and correlated with olive yields. Due to the effect of climate change on cultivation and the high economic losses it produces, we propose a sustainable development model for the territorial classification of crops based on bioclimatic knowledge. Bioclimatic diagrams are prepared to provide information on water stress in crops so that irrigation can be carried out at the most effective time, a measure that has been shown to lead to water and energy savings for growers. In addition to this development model, we propose the application of non-aggressive cultivation techniques such as the use of living plant cover to ensure the protection of the soil and avoid losses due to climate irregularities. Studies conducted up to the present on applied bioclimatology have yielded promising results in the fields of farming and forestry. The maps and bioclimatic indices of Professor Rivas-Martínez, Ic, Io and It/Itc, are essential for bioclimatic classification. The agricultural development model with a bioclimatic basis ensures economic savings for growers and minimizes the environmental impact of cultivation. In the case of olive cultivation we detected that in 2005 all the cultivated areas that were not in their thermoclimatic optimum were damaged by frost. The widespread cultivation of olive groves in the Mediterranean basin, and mainly in the south of Spain, is reason enough to establish a relationship between its production and its bioclimatic environment. The ombroclimatic study in certain localities under olive cultivation shows that areas with Io <2.5 are unproductive (Jodar, Tabernas), and that their low Io value needs to be supplemented with irrigation water. This means extracting water from aquifers for agricultural use, when the current climate irregularities do not allow the excessive use of subsoil water. For the time

Although there are numerous studies on the floristic composition of the Andean and Caribbean grasslands, there are limited information from a phytosociological point of view. This work therefore aims to highlight the differences in this important vegetation type in these two biodiversity hotspots to gain a better understanding of their floristic and vegetational richness. The floristic composition of Andean grasslands (Ecuador) and the island of Hispaniola is also studied. The reason for this comparative analysis of Andean and Caribbean territories is their tropical character and their bioclimatic similarities. The comparative analysis of Peruvian Andean and Colombian grasslands is based on floristic knowledge from the literature, our inventories on the island of Hispaniola, and the works of Peguero. We applied the phytosociological methodology of Braun-Blanquet and the code of phytosociological nomenclature. We performed a statistical analysis to verify the differences between both community types using the statistical packages PAST© and CAP3. The comparative analysis of Andean and Caribbean grasslands shows a clear floristic and biogeographical differentiation and reveals that the only ecological character they share is their high-mountain attribute. In the Caribbean these communities are found only on the island of Hispaniola (Dominican Republic) in the Central biogeographic sector, Central subprovince, Hispaniola province. These grasslands are exclusive to Hispaniola and have a high rate of endemics. We propose the following new syntaxa: the association Hyperico constanzae-Danthonietum domingensis, the alliance Hieracio domingensis-Deschampsion domingensis, the order Danthonietalia domingensis, and the class Deschampsio-Danthonietea domingensis. We found high biodiversity values for Andean and Caribbean areas. This is due to the intense anthropic activity on the island of Hispaniola, which has led to a high percentage of naturalized plants.

The relict communities of Prunus lusitanica are globally threatened, mainly by climatic and anthropic factors. Solid knowledge about floristic composition and serial dynamics provides a valuable basis for the implementation of management and conservation measures. This article focuses on peculiar communities that occur in hydric-compensated areas of the Iberian Peninsula and south of France, a submediterranean ecotonal area. A hierarchical cluster analysis allowed to identify two new syntaxa. For the first time an association of Prunus lusitanica, Lonicero periclymeni-Prunetum lusitanicae ass. nova, is reported for France, representing the mature stage of a minoriseries of vegetation, attributed to Lonicerion periclymeni. The discovery of populations of P. lusitanica in valleys embedded in the Municipality of Mação (Portugal), represent the new association Smilaco asperae-Prunetum lusitanicae ass. nova, enriched by thermophilous taxa. This relict association occurs in the South Beira District and corresponds to the southern limit of the natural distribution area in mainland Portugal, integrated in the suballiance Fraxino angustifoliae-Ulmenion minoris. Additional notes on the occurrence of P. lusitanica in other areas of the Iberian Peninsula are provided.

The ombroxeric index (OXI), a drought-indicative bioclimatic index based on the Rivas-MartínezWorldwide Bioclimatic Classification System (WBCS), was used in this work to establish theombroxericity trends in a defined study area: the province of Leon (Spain). On the basis oflarge time-scale climatological gridded databases (MOPREDAS and MOTEDAS), with datafrom 1951 to 2010 at monthly, seasonal an annual study level, a Mann-Kendall test-basedtrend analysis was carried out and a geostatistical interpolation procedure, EmpiricalBayesian Kriging (EBK), was applied. Statistically significant increases were revealed in themonths of March and June, as well as in the summer period. These increments are greaterin the southernmost areas and could be related with changes in some teleconnectionpatterns. With this up-to-date approach, besides being aware of the direct bioclimate-altering consequences of the climate change, the prediction of the implications in thevegetation is made possible, due to the typological-predictive character of the model ofclimate-vegetation reciprocity provided by the WBCS.

[PO] As comunidades de azereiro são relíquias paleotropicais que vivem desde o sudoeste de França, centro e norte da Península Ibérica, até ao norte de Marrocos, porém, encontram-se em estado de conservação desfavorável, face às ameaças a que estão sujeitas. De modo a contribuir para alterar este cenário, apresentam-se nesta Tese cinco artigos científicos publicados em revistas internacionais que resultam das investigações realizadas durante este estudo. De forma a melhorar o conhecimento sobre as comunidades de azereiro, realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica e visitaram-se alguns locais de ocorrência de modo a perceber a sua ecologia. Este conhecimento base permitiu melhorar os esforços na prospeção de novas áreas de azereiro. Em cada núcleo de azereiros contabilizou-se o número de indivíduos separados por dois grupos de alturas e posteriormente realizaram-se inventários fitossociológicos, de acordo com os fundamentos e metodologias da Escola de Zürich-Montpellier. Em todos os locais visitados, as principais ameaças ao estado de conservação dos azereirais foram registadas. Como principais resultados deste estudo destaque-se a identificação de cinco novas associações fitossociológicas, nomeadamente dois novos azereirais, dois novos salgueirais e uma nova comunidade de herbáceas vivazes. Tendo em conta os dados históricos identificou-se uma redução do número de azereiros no centro de Portugal. Relativamente às ameaças, tendo em conta a redução do risco de incêndio apresentaram-se métodos de controlo mais favoráveis à conservação, nomeadamente através do corte seletivo do coberto arbustivo, onde se identificaram os diferentes tipos de matos a conservar e a controlar. Estima-se também, com base em oito variáveis climáticas, a área potencial de ocorrência do azereiro no centro de Portugal e identificam-se os fatores mais determinantes para a sua área de distribuição., Por último, apresentam-se duas fórmulas para calcular o poder invasivo de espécies vegetais invasoras com base em dados espaciotemporais, melhorando o apoio á decisão dos gestores territoriais; Contributions to the management and conservation of Portuguese-laurel of Prunus lusitanica L. in Europe and North Africa ABSTRACT: The Portuguese-laurel communities are paleotropical relics that live from southwestern France, central and northern Iberian Peninsula, to northern Morocco, however, they are in an unfavorable state of conservation, given the threats to which they are subject. In order to contribute to changing this scenario, this Thesis presents five scientific articles published in international journals that result from the investigations carried out during this study. In order to improve knowledge about the Portuguese-laurel communities, a literature review was carried out and some places of occurrence were visited in order to understand their ecology. This basic knowledge made it possible to improve the efforts in prospecting new areas of the bird cherry tree. In each nucleus of oak trees, the number of individuals separated by two height groups was counted and later phytosociological inventories were carried out, in accordance with methodologies of the Zürich-Montpellier School. In all the places visited, the main threats to the conservation status of the Portuguese-laurel were registered. The main results of this study include the identification of five new phytosociological associations. Taking into account the historical data, a reduction in the number of ocher trees in central Portugal was identified. With regard to threats, taking into account the reduction in the risk of fire, control methods were presented that were more favorable to conservation, namely through selective cutting of the shrub cover, where the different types of scrub to be conserved and controlled were identified. It is also estimated, based on eight climatic variables, the potential a

[ES] La crisis sanitaria causada por el COVID-19 ha generado grandes impactos negativos en la economía nacional, sobre todo, en materia de empleo. El principal objetivo de este trabajo ha sido el análisis de la evolución que han sufrido las regulaciones de los Expedientes de Regulación de Empleo (ERE) y los Expedientes de Regulación Temporal de Empleo (ERTE) como mecanismos de flexibilización laboral a cuenta del COVID-19 y, la valoración de dichas medidas como soluciones a esta coyuntura.

[EU] Gradu Amaierako Lan honetan, Gizarte Segurantzaren eta lan arloko epaitzaren analisi bat egiten da, genero ikuspegitik. Eremu hauetan, beste hainbatetan bezala, ez da emakume eta gizonen artean erabateko berdintasuna lortu. Horregatik, lan honek helburu hori lortzeko legediak barne hartu dituen mekanismo ezberdinak aztertzen ditu, jurisprudentziak zentzu horretan jokatzen duen papera azpimarratzearekin batera.

[ES] La acción protectora de la seguridad social contempla tanto contingencias profesionales como comunes. Dentro de las primeras se encuentra el accidente de trabajo, entendido por tal toda lesión corporal que el trabajador sufra con ocasión o por consecuencia del trabajo que ejecute por cuenta ajena. Tanto el suicidio como el infarto son patologías que, a priori, resultaría complicado encajarlas en el concepto de accidente de trabajo, pero la jurisprudencia ha ido matizando y ampliando los conceptos para poder otorgarles a ambos la calificación de accidentes de trabajo.

[ES] El presente trabajo realiza un análisis doctrinal y jurisprudencial sobre la responsabilidad del trabajador por los daños y perjuicios causados al empresario. En él se plantea el marco jurídico en el que se encuadra esta institución, para después estudiar las tres tesis que propone la doctrina sobre la cuestión y la posición que han adoptado los tribunales respecto a estas. Tras conocer la posición de la doctrina y los criterios que aplica la jurisprudencia para determinar la existencia o no de este tipo de responsabilidad, así como cuestiones procesales de especial relevancia, el trabajo finaliza con las principales conclusiones a las que he llegado en la elaboración del mismo., [EU] Lan honek azterketa doktrinal eta jurisprudentziala egiten du, langileak enpresaburuari eragindako kalte-galerengatik duen erantzukizunari buruz. Bertan, erakunde horren esparru juridikoa planteatzen da, eta, ondoren, doktrinak gaiari buruz proposatzen dituen hiru tesiak eta auzitegiek gai horiei buruz hartu duten jarrera aztertzen da. Doktrinaren jarrera eta jurisprudentziak erantzukizun mota hori dagoen ala ez zehazteko aplikatzen dituen irizpideak ezagutu ondoren, baita garrantzi bereziko prozesu-gaiak ere, lan hau egiterakoan atera ditudan ondorio nagusiekin amaitzen da.

The microscopic morphology of the leaves of six varieties of Vitis vinifera taken in the León Denomination of Origin is studied: the varieties Albarín Blanco, Malvasía, Mencía, Prieto Picudo, Tempranillo and Verdejo Blanco. The morphology is studied in two leaf fragments (basal and distal) related to the midvein, and parameters such as the thickness of the mesophyll and the stomatal density are measured. There are no works on the microscopic characteristics of the Prieto Picudo variety. All the varieties have the structural characteristics typical of V. vinifera varieties used for commercial purposes. The leaf blades are dorsiventral and hypostomatic with anomocytic stomata. There are two types of trichomes in the abaxial epidermis: some prostrate with a woolly appearance and others upright on which the previous trichomes rest. There are no significant differences between the values for the basal and distal samples of the leaf blade. The Prieto Picudo variety has the thinnest leaf blade and with the lowest stomatal density. It is assumed that the thicker the spongy parennchyma – which implies more intercellular spaces – and the higher the stomatal density, the greater the vulnerability of these varieties to infection by Plasmopara viticola. There are no scientific studies on this subject in the DO León, and very few with the Prieto Picudo variety. One of these studies reports the Prieto Picudo variety as being highly susceptible to the fungus, in which case the starting hypothesis could be rejected and the opposite hypothesis proposed: the thinner the spongy parenchyma and the lower the stomatal density (which are the peculiarities of the Prieto Picudo variety), the greater the vulnerability to P. viticola. However, there are inconsistencies in the works on mildew in the bibliography, possibly because not all the possible variables involved on vulnerability to the fungus are considered.

This work aims to review the natural communities of Pinus halepensis in Spain. The methodology consisted of subjecting 400 phytosociological relevés to georeferencing and statistical, biogeographical, and bioclimatic treatment. We analyse the communities of Pinus halepensis on the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands. Five syntaxa with association rank are described in several works and included in the alliances Rhamno-Quercion and Oleo-Ceratonion. Ephedro-Pinetum halepensis was initially proposed as a community by Torres et al. and subsequently raised to the rank of association by Rivas-Martínez et al. In this work, we have separated the plant communities dominated by Pinus halepensis, which was previously included in other syntaxa, and as a result, we propose four new associations and a new alliance for the Iberian Peninsula: ass. Bupleuro rigidi-Pinetum halepensis; ass. Ephedro nebrodensis-Pinetum halepensis; ass. Rhamno angustifoliae-Pinetum halepènsis; ass. Rhamno laderoi-Pinetum halepensis; all. Rhamno lycioidis-Pinion halepensis. In view of the fact that some of the communities have been published as edaphoxerophilous and climatophilous, we suggest separating the climatophilous from the edaphoxerophilous character in the diagnosis of the communities, and have therefore recently proposed the ombroedaphoxeric index Ioex (Ioex = Pp − e/Tp × CR), which considers positive precipitation Pp, positive temperature Tp, residual evapotranspiration (e), and water retention capacity CR (0.25, 0.50, 0.75). In conclusion, we propose the associations mentioned above, which will allow the implementation of a reforestation treatment in accordance with the natural environment

The aim of this research is to enlarge knowledge of space-time evolution of precipitation in California over the last decade on a monthly, seasonal and annual time-scale. This study also analyses the relationship between precipitation and teleconnection patterns with most influence on Californian climate. The homogeneity of the data from the selected stations was verified and finally 165 meteorological stations were used with an obser- vation period that ranged from 1980 to 2019. In order to evaluate trends and statistical significance, both the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and modified Sen’s slope method were used. Correlation analysis using the partial non-parametric Spearman Test (95% confidence level) was performed to find out relationships between precipitation and nine teleconnection patterns in the State of California. Spatial analysis was achieved using Empirical Bayesian Kriging (EBK). Finally, this research, as a novelty, shows regionalisation of California State as a function of significance in the correlation of precipitation with teleconnection patterns. To achieve this, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Agglomerative Hierarchical Cluster analysis (HCA) was performed. Results show a positive precipitation trend in winter and negative precipitation trend in late summer and autumn. The teleconnection patterns more correlated with precipitation are El Ni ̃no along Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Four areas were discerned outlining the Mojave Climate Region (Area 4) by having ENSO as the teleconnection pattern that best account precipitation.

[ES]A raíz de la crisis del Covid-19 han surgido multitud de interrogantes en el plano laboral a los que se tiene que dar respuesta, concretamente en torno a la incidencia de la vacunación en los centros de empleo, derechos del trabajador y obligación del empresario de vigilancia de la salud. Es por eso que vamos a analizar el alcance del derecho a la intimidad de los trabajadores, si existe cobertura legal para autorizar la vacunación obligatoria entre la población y en los centros de empleo y las medidas de prevención de riesgos laborales para hacer frente al Covid-19 con las que cuenta nuestro ordenamiento jurídico, además de un breve análisis de la jurisprudencia existente sobre la materia.

We present the first standardized list of the vascular flora of the Cantabrian Mountains, a transitional zone between the Eurosiberian and Mediterranean biogeographic regions in northwestern Spain. The study area comprises 15000 km2 divided in UTM grid cells of 10 km x 10 km, for which we revised occurrence data reported in the Spanish Plant Information System (Anthos) and the online database of Iberian and Macaronesian Vegetation (SIVIM). We used a semi-automatic procedure to standardize taxonomic concepts into a single list of names, which was further updated by expert-based revision with the support of national and regional literature. In the current version, the checklist of the Cantabrian Mountains contains 2338 native species and subspecies, from which 56 are endemic to the study area. The nomenclature of the checklist follows Euro+Med in 97% of taxa, including annotations when other criteria has been used and for taxa with uncertain status. We also provide a list of 492 non-native taxa that were erroneously reported in the study area, a list of local apomictic taxa, a phylogenetic tree linked to The Plant List, a standardized calculation of Ellenberg Ecological Indicator Values for 80% of the flora, and information about life forms, IUCN threat categories and legal protection status. Our review demonstrates how the Cantabrian mountains represent a key floristic region in southern Europe and a relevant phytogeographical hub in south-western Europe. The checklist and all related information are freely accessible in a digital repository for further uses in basic and applied research

[ES]A raíz de la crisis del Covid-19 han surgido multitud de interrogantes en el plano laboral a los que se tiene que dar respuesta, concretamente en torno a la incidencia de la vacunación en los centros de empleo, derechos del trabajador y obligación del empresario de vigilancia de la salud. Es por eso que vamos a analizar el alcance del derecho a la intimidad de los trabajadores, si existe cobertura legal para autorizar la vacunación obligatoria entre la población y en los centros de empleo y las medidas de prevención de riesgos laborales para hacer frente al Covid-19 con las que cuenta nuestro ordenamiento jurídico, además de un breve análisis de la jurisprudencia existente sobre la materia.

[ES] La estimación de la función de densidad es uno de los principales problemas de la estadística, en particular, de la estadística no paramétrica. En este contexto, el estimador tipo núcleo de la densidad, introducido por Parzen y Rosenblatt, es un estimador continuo que permite aproximar de manera satisfactoria la densidad de una variable aleatoria con soporte real. En este trabajo, generalizaremos el estimador tipo núcleo lineal (variables con soporte real) al contexto circular (variables con soporte en el círculo unidad). La continuidad de este estimador fue un gran avance desde la introducción del histograma en cuanto a estimadores no paramétricos de la densidad, sin embargo, su comportamiento es muy sensible a la selección del parámetro ventana o de suavizado: revisaremos los métodos de selección de dicho parámetro más utilizados, tanto en el caso lineal como en el circular, lo cual será determinante para obtener una buena estimación de la función de densidad. A continuación, realizaremos un estudio de simulación para comparar el funcionamiento de dichos selectores en ambos contextos, cuyo objetivo será buscar aquel que minimice el error cometido con respecto a la densidad teórica de modo local (para un punto fijo) y global. Para finalizar, se ilustra la aplicación práctica de las técnicas presentadas mediante dos conjuntos de datos reales, uno para cada contexto (lineal y circular), realizando una comparativa con los resultados obtenidos en el estudio de simulación previo, [EN] The estimation of the density function is one of the main problems in statistics, in particular in non-parametric statistics. In this context, the kernel estimator of density, introduced by Parzen and Rosenblatt, is a continuous estimator that allows a satisfactory approximation of the density of a random variable with real support. In this work, we will generalize the linear kernel estimator (variables with real support) to the circular context (variables with support in the unit circle). The continuity of this estimator was a great advance since the introduction of the histogram in terms of non-parametric density estimators, however, its behavior is very sensitive to the selection of the window or smoothing parameter: we will review the most used selection methods for this parameter, both in the linear and circular cases, which will be decisive in obtaining a good estimate of the density function. Next, we will carry out a simulation study to compare the operation of these selectors in both contexts, the objective of which will be to find the one that minimizes the error made with respect of the theoretical density locally (for a fixed point) and globally. Finally, the practical application of the techniques presented is illustrated by means of two sets of real data, one for each context (linear and circular), making a comparison with the results obtained in the previous simulation study.

[ES]A raíz de la crisis del Covid-19 han surgido multitud de interrogantes en el plano laboral a los que se tiene que dar respuesta, concretamente en torno a la incidencia de la vacunación en los centros de empleo, derechos del trabajador y obligación del empresario de vigilancia de la salud. Es por eso que vamos a analizar el alcance del derecho a la intimidad de los trabajadores, si existe cobertura legal para autorizar la vacunación obligatoria entre la población y en los centros de empleo y las medidas de prevención de riesgos laborales para hacer frente al Covid-19 con las que cuenta nuestro ordenamiento jurídico, además de un breve análisis de la jurisprudencia existente sobre la materia.