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Cypermethrin (CYP) is a synthetic pyrethroid. It acts as an endocrine disruptor which negatively affects animal’s reproductive and developmental processes of progeny. So, The present study aimed to examine the toxicity of oral administration of CYP at three different doses (25mg, 50mg, and 75mg/kg) on the reproductive organs of albino rats and also on the growth and development of pups. For this study, animals were divided into four groups: Group I was the control group, and the remaining three were experimental groups that received CYP at a dose of 25mg (group II), 50mg (group III), and 75mg (group IV) per kg body weight (BW) of rat per day for 30 days. There are sixteen animals in each group- eight males and eight females. Histological studies of reproductive organs suggested that CYP exposure caused alteration in the structure of the ovary and testis tissue. In females, significant changes in the ovary, such as distorted follicles, loss of follicular stages, presence of antral follicles, damaged granulosa and theca cells, and blood vessel congestion, were observed, while in males, there were alterations in testes tissue damage in seminiferous tubules, reduced number of germinal cells, and reduction in the size of seminiferous tubules. A significant reduction was observed in the number, length, eyes opening, fur arrival time, and size of pups. Fertility was also recorded up to 80% in the 50 and 75mg CYP-treated female rats. The study suggested that CYP exposure caused gonadal toxicity in albino rats and affected the development of neonates.

The excessive and uncontrolled use of pyrethroids, such as cypermethrin (CP), for pest control in Nigeria could adversely affect humans. This study aimed to investigate the oxidative stress response to cypermethrin exposure, focusing on measuring the parameters (i.e., malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT)) and the potential therapeutic effects of single and co-administration of ascorbate and alpha-tocopherol. The lungs and hearts of the animals were histologically examined for cypermethrin-induced cytopathic changes. Twenty-five adult male Wistar rats weighing 180–200 g were randomly assigned to five groups, each consisting of five animals. Group I was the control group that was not subjected to any treatment. Group II was orally exposed to cypermethrin at a dosage of 10 mg/kg bw without any additional treatment. Groups III, IV, and V received cypermethrin at standard doses of 10 mg/kg bw and were orally administered with ascorbate (5,000 mg/kg bw), alpha-tocopherol (3,000 mg/kg bw), and a co-administration of ascorbate (5,000 mg/kg bw) and alpha-tocopherol (3,000 mg/kg bw), respectively. The animals were euthanized after 28 days, and samples were processed for histological analysis using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's multiple range test were used to compare categorical variables of the biochemical parameters and determine the levels of MDA, SOD, GPx, and CAT. The data analysis revealed that the cypermethrin-exposed, untreated rats had elevated MDA levels and a concurrently marked decrease in SOD, GPx, and CAT activities (p<0.05). Additionally, the histopathological examination of the organs indicated inflammation and congestion. The co-administration of ascorbate and alpha-tocopherol restored the biochemical parameters more effectively compared to when the substances were administered individually. In conclusion, co-administration of ascorbic acid and alpha

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of insecticides Talstar 10 EC (pyrethroid bifenthrin) and Nurelle D (mixture of organophosphorus and pyrethroid: chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin) on the life-cycle parameters (survival, growth, cocoons production, and hatching juveniles) of the non-target organism, earthworm Eisenia fetida (Savigny, 1826), in the laboratory and their impact on the natural earthworm population in agricultural field. The experiment was conducted from 2017 to 2019. The field experiment was performed at the Rimski Šančevi site, near Novi Sad, Serbia. The laboratory experiment was conducted according to the OECD guidelines. The earthworms were exposed to the artificial soil supplemented with different concentrations of the tested insecticides according to the recommended agricultural doses (RAD). The mixture of pesticides (Nurelle D) was found ecologically more dangerous to E. fetida than Talstar 10 EC. The 50% lethal concentration (LC50) values of both insecticides were higher than the highest concentration used in the experiment. Talstar 10 EC did not affect weight, but affected the production of cocoons and hatching juveniles, even at the RAD. The mixture of pesticides has shown toxicity after a long-time exposure, and it had an impact on the parameters of the life cycle. The results of the field experiment demonstrated that mixtures of pesticides are more toxic than single-component ones. This points out that the chemicals must be used with the maximum responsibility. Information about long-term effects can be important for understanding the field experiment data, which typically show a high variability and, therefore, are difficult to interpret.

This case study documents responses in a headwater macroinvertebrate assemblage to insecticide pollution and hydrological drought. In 2014, the Doubravka brook (Czech Republic) was damaged by a large overflow of a mixture of chlorpyrifos (CPS) and cypermethrin (CP). In 2016–2017, this brook was then affected by severe drought that sometimes led to an almost complete absence of surface water. We found significant relationships between the strength of both these disturbances and the deeper taxonomic levels of both the overall macroinvertebrate assemblage (classes) and the arthropod assemblage alone (orders and dipteran families), as well as the functional feeding groups (FFGs). The CPS-CP contamination was mostly negatively correlated to arthropod and non-arthropod taxa and was positively correlated only with FFG collector-gatherers; on the other hand, the drought was negatively correlated to Simuliidae, Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, and the FFG of grazer-scrapers and passive filterers. Drought conditions correlated most positively with Isopoda, Ostracoda, Heteroptera, adult Coleoptera, and predator and active filterer FFGs. The chosen eco-indicators (SPEARpesticides, SPEARrefuge, BMWP, and EPT) used as support information reveal the poor ecological status of the whole assemblage, including the control site, the cause of which is most likely to be the exploitation of the adjacent catchment area by large-scale agriculture. This type of agricultural exploitation will undoubtedly affect macroinvertebrate assemblages as a result of agrochemical and soil inputs during run-off events and will also exacerbate the effect of droughts when precipitation levels drop., Tato případová studie dokumentuje odezvy v horním toku makrobezobratlých na znečištění insekticidy a hydrologické sucho. V roce 2014 byl potok Doubravka (ČR) poškozen velkým přelivem směsi chlorpyrifosu (CPS) a cypermetrinu (CP). V letech 2016–2017 pak tento potok postihlo velké sucho, které někdy vedlo k téměř úplné absenci povrchové vody. Našli jsme významné vztahy mezi silou obou těchto poruch a hlubšími taxonomickými úrovněmi obou celkového společenstva makrobezobratlých. (třídy) a samotné sdružení členovců (řády a rodiny dvoukřídlých), stejně jako funkční skupiny krmení (FFG). Kontaminace CPS-CP většinou negativně korelovala s taxony členovců a nečlenů a pozitivně korelovala pouze se sběrači-sběrači FFG; na druhé straně bylo sucho negativně korelováno s Simuliidae, Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera a FFG grazer-škrabáků a pasivních filtrů. Podmínky sucha nejpozitivněji korelovaly s Isopoda, Ostracoda, Heteroptera, dospělými Coleoptera a predátory a aktivními filtračními FFG. Zvolené ekoindikátory (SPEAR pesticidy, SPEARrefuge, BMWP a EPT) použité jako podpůrné informace odhalují špatný ekologický stav celého souvrství včetně kontrolního místa, jehož příčinou je nejspíše exploatace přilehlého povodí. velkoplošným zemědělstvím. Tento typ zemědělské exploatace nepochybně ovlivní společenstva makrobezobratlých v důsledku agrochemických a půdních vstupů při odtokových událostech a také zhorší vliv sucha při poklesu srážek.

Plutella xylostella is a major pest of cruciferous crops in more than 100 countries. The main control method for P. xylostella is based on the use of chemical insecticides. However, this moth species is characterized by its rapid development of resistance to almost all insecticides. The application of low concentrations of insecticides can affect the physiology, biochemistry, and ecology of insects. In this study, a cypermethrin resistance selection was performed during eight generations of P. xylostella and the sublethal dose (LC20) of the resistant line and the susceptible line was determined. Later, the sublethal dose was applied to third instar larvae to investigate its effect on the percentage of pupation, weight of pupae, emergence of adults in two generations (parents and offspring), as well as the development times of each phase of development of P xylostella. A decrease was observed in the percentage of formed pupae, emerged adults and pupal weight. On the other hand, the number of oviposited eggs increased when individuals were exposed to the insecticide. The above can be an important factor for the management and control of this pest when problems of resistance to cypermethrin occur., Resumen: Plutella xylostella es una importante plaga de cultivos de brassicas en más de 100 países. El principal método de control de P. xylostella se basa en el uso de insecticidas químicos. Sin embargo, esta especie se caracteriza por su rápido desarrollo de resistencia a casi todos los insecticidas. Se ha reportado que la aplicación de concentraciones bajas de insecticidas afecta la fisiología, bioquímica y ecología de los insectos. En este estudio, se realizó una selección de resistencia de cipermetrina durante ocho generaciones de P. xylostella y se determinó la dosis subletal (CL20) de la línea resistente y de la línea susceptible. Posteriormente, la dosis subletal se aplicó a larvas de tercer instar para investigar su efecto en el porcentaje de pupación, peso de pupas, emergencia de adultos en dos generaciones (progenitores y descendientes), así como los tiempos de desarrollo de cada fase de desarrollo de P. xylostella. Se observó una disminución el porcentaje de pupas formadas, adultos emergidos y peso de pupas. Por otro lado, el número de huevos depositados aumentó cuando los individuos fueron expuestos al insecticida. Lo anterior puede ser un factor importante para el manejo y control de esta plaga cuando se presenten problemas de resistencia a cipermetrina.

Plutella xylostella is a major pest of cruciferous crops in more than 100 countries. The main control method for P. xylostella is based on the use of chemical insecticides. However, this moth species is characterized by its rapid development of resistance to almost all insecticides. The application of low concentrations of insecticides can affect the physiology, biochemistry, and ecology of insects. In this study, a cypermethrin resistance selection was performed during eight generations of P. xylostella and the sublethal dose (LC20) of the resistant line and the susceptible line was determined. Later, the sublethal dose was applied to third instar larvae to investigate its effect on the percentage of pupation, weight of pupae, emergence of adults in two generations (parents and offspring), as well as the development times of each phase of development of P xylostella. A decrease was observed in the percentage of formed pupae, emerged adults and pupal weight. On the other hand, the number of oviposited eggs increased when individuals were exposed to the insecticide. The above can be an important factor for the management and control of this pest when problems of resistance to cypermethrin occur., Resumen: Plutella xylostella es una importante plaga de cultivos de brassicas en más de 100 países. El principal método de control de P. xylostella se basa en el uso de insecticidas químicos. Sin embargo, esta especie se caracteriza por su rápido desarrollo de resistencia a casi todos los insecticidas. Se ha reportado que la aplicación de concentraciones bajas de insecticidas afecta la fisiología, bioquímica y ecología de los insectos. En este estudio, se realizó una selección de resistencia de cipermetrina durante ocho generaciones de P. xylostella y se determinó la dosis subletal (CL20) de la línea resistente y de la línea susceptible. Posteriormente, la dosis subletal se aplicó a larvas de tercer instar para investigar su efecto en el porcentaje de pupación, peso de pupas, emergencia de adultos en dos generaciones (progenitores y descendientes), así como los tiempos de desarrollo de cada fase de desarrollo de P. xylostella. Se observó una disminución el porcentaje de pupas formadas, adultos emergidos y peso de pupas. Por otro lado, el número de huevos depositados aumentó cuando los individuos fueron expuestos al insecticida. Lo anterior puede ser un factor importante para el manejo y control de esta plaga cuando se presenten problemas de resistencia a cipermetrina.

Accidental spills or illegal discharges of pesticides in aquatic ecosystems can lead to exposure levels that strongly exceed authorized pesticide concentrations, causing major impacts on aquatic ecosystems. Such short-term events often remain undetected in regular monitoring programs with infrequent sampling. In early spring 2015, we identified a catastrophic pesticide spill with the insecticide cypermethrin in the Holtemme River, Germany. Based on existing pre-event macroinvertebrate community data, we monitored the effects and recovery of the macroinvertebrate community for more than two years after the spill. Strong short-term effects were apparent for all taxa with the exception of Chironomidae and Tubificidae. Effects could also be observed on the community level as total abundance, taxa number and biomass strongly decreased. Total abundance and taxa number showed a fast recovery. Regarding long-term effects, the total biomass remained substantially below the pre-contamination level (76%) until the end of the study. Also the abundances of three taxa (Gammarus, Leuctra, Limnius Ad.) did not return to levels prior to the spill even after 26 months. This lack of the taxon-specific recovery was likely due to their long generation time and a low migration ability due to a restricted connectivity between the contaminated site and uncontaminated stream sections. These factors proved to be stronger predictors for the recovery than the pesticide tolerance. We revealed that the biological indicators SPEARpesticides and share of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) are not suitable for the identification of such extreme events, when nearly all taxa are eradicated. Both indicators are functioning only when repeated stressors initiate long-term competitive replacement of sensitive by insensitive taxa. We conclude that pesticide spills can have significant long-term effects on stream macroinvertebrate communities. Regular ecological monitoring is imperati

Plutella xylostella is a major pest of cruciferous crops in more than 100 countries. The main control method for P. xylostella is based on the use of chemical insecticides. However, this moth species is characterized by its rapid development of resistance to almost all insecticides. The application of low concentrations of insecticides can affect the physiology, biochemistry, and ecology of insects. In this study, a cypermethrin resistance selection was performed during eight generations of P. xylostella and the sublethal dose (LC20) of the resistant line and the susceptible line was determined. Later, the sublethal dose was applied to third instar larvae to investigate its effect on the percentage of pupation, weight of pupae, emergence of adults in two generations (parents and offspring), as well as the development times of each phase of development of P xylostella. A decrease was observed in the percentage of formed pupae, emerged adults and pupal weight. On the other hand, the number of oviposited eggs increased when individuals were exposed to the insecticide. The above can be an important factor for the management and control of this pest when problems of resistance to cypermethrin occur., Resumen: Plutella xylostella es una importante plaga de cultivos de brassicas en más de 100 países. El principal método de control de P. xylostella se basa en el uso de insecticidas químicos. Sin embargo, esta especie se caracteriza por su rápido desarrollo de resistencia a casi todos los insecticidas. Se ha reportado que la aplicación de concentraciones bajas de insecticidas afecta la fisiología, bioquímica y ecología de los insectos. En este estudio, se realizó una selección de resistencia de cipermetrina durante ocho generaciones de P. xylostella y se determinó la dosis subletal (CL20) de la línea resistente y de la línea susceptible. Posteriormente, la dosis subletal se aplicó a larvas de tercer instar para investigar su efecto en el porcentaje de pupación, peso de pupas, emergencia de adultos en dos generaciones (progenitores y descendientes), así como los tiempos de desarrollo de cada fase de desarrollo de P. xylostella. Se observó una disminución el porcentaje de pupas formadas, adultos emergidos y peso de pupas. Por otro lado, el número de huevos depositados aumentó cuando los individuos fueron expuestos al insecticida. Lo anterior puede ser un factor importante para el manejo y control de esta plaga cuando se presenten problemas de resistencia a cipermetrina.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex set of neurodevelopmental pathologies characterized by impoverished social and communicative abilities and stereotyped behaviors. Although its genetic basis is unquestionable, the involvement of environmental factors such as exposure to pesticides has also been proposed. Despite the systematic analyses of this relationship in humans, there are no specific reviews including both human and preclinical models. The present systematic review summarizes, analyzes, and discusses recent advances in preclinical and epidemiological studies. We included 45 human and 16 preclinical studies. These studies focused on Organophosphates (OP), Organochlorine (OC), Pyrethroid (PT), Neonicotinoid (NN), Carbamate (CM), and mixed exposures. Preclinical studies, where the OP Chlorpyrifos (CPF) compound is the one most studied, pointed to an association between gestational exposure and increased ASD-like behaviors, although the data are inconclusive with regard to other ages or pesticides. Studies in humans focused on prenatal exposure to OP and OC agents, and report cognitive and behavioral alterations related to ASD symptomatology. The results of both suggest that gestational exposure to certain OP agents could be linked to the clinical signs of ASD. Future experimental studies should focus on extending the analysis of ASD-like behaviors in preclinical models and include exposure patterns similar to those observed in human studies.

Pollution is the preface of infect into an environment, may also defined as an unwanted modify in the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of air, water and soil which influence human life, lives of other useful alive plants and animals, industrial progress, alive conditions and florescent property Water is the most necessary & major necessaries of life. One can rarely survive without water also for a few days. At that 2/3 of the world’s float up region is enclosed by water but yet we are blank. An incubation study was conducted to know the toxicity level of Fipronil in soil fauna by using earthworm species Eisenia fetida as a biomarker. The earthworm were incubated in the spiked soil, with concentration of 0.5 ppm, 0.6 ppm, 0.7 ppm,0.8 ppm, 0.9 ppm for a period of 24hours and 48 hours. From the study, 50% mortality was observed in 0.5 ppm. The LC50 concentration was calculated from that it was clear that Cypermethrin is toxic to earthworm.

Pollution is the preface of infect into an environment, may also defined as an unwanted modify in the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of air, water and soil which influence human life, lives of other useful alive plants and animals, industrial progress, alive conditions and florescent property Water is the most necessary & major necessaries of life. One can rarely survive without water also for a few days. At that 2/3 of the world’s float up region is enclosed by water but yet we are blank. An incubation study was conducted to know the toxicity level of Fipronil in soil fauna by using earthworm species Eisenia fetida as a biomarker. The earthworm were incubated in the spiked soil, with concentration of 0.5 ppm, 0.6 ppm, 0.7 ppm,0.8 ppm, 0.9 ppm for a period of 24hours and 48 hours. From the study, 50% mortality was observed in 0.5 ppm. The LC50 concentration was calculated from that it was clear that Cypermethrin is toxic to earthworm.

Pollution is the preface of infect into an environment, may also defined as an unwanted modify in the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of air, water and soil which influence human life, lives of other useful alive plants and animals, industrial progress, alive conditions and florescent property Water is the most necessary & major necessaries of life. One can rarely survive without water also for a few days. At that 2/3 of the world’s float up region is enclosed by water but yet we are blank. An incubation study was conducted to know the toxicity level of Fipronil in soil fauna by using earthworm species Eisenia fetida as a biomarker. The earthworm were incubated in the spiked soil, with concentration of 0.5 ppm, 0.6 ppm, 0.7 ppm,0.8 ppm, 0.9 ppm for a period of 24hours and 48 hours. From the study, 50% mortality was observed in 0.5 ppm. The LC50 concentration was calculated from that it was clear that Cypermethrin is toxic to earthworm.

Pollution is the preface of infect into an environment, may also defined as an unwanted modify in the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of air, water and soil which influence human life, lives of other useful alive plants and animals, industrial progress, alive conditions and florescent property Water is the most necessary & major necessaries of life. One can rarely survive without water also for a few days. At that 2/3 of the world’s float up region is enclosed by water but yet we are blank. An incubation study was conducted to know the toxicity level of Fipronil in soil fauna by using earthworm species Eisenia fetida as a biomarker. The earthworm were incubated in the spiked soil, with concentration of 0.5 ppm, 0.6 ppm, 0.7 ppm,0.8 ppm, 0.9 ppm for a period of 24hours and 48 hours. From the study, 50% mortality was observed in 0.5 ppm. The LC50 concentration was calculated from that it was clear that Cypermethrin is toxic to earthworm.

To investigate the transplacental transport of pesticides, the pyrethroid cypermethrin and the fungicide azoles, propiconazole and bitertanol were tested in the placental perfusion model. Cypermethrin, propiconazole and bitertanol were also tested in the BeWo cell transfer model. The pesticides were chosen with the selection criteria: use in Denmark, significant treated areas and knowledge on hormone-disrupting effects. Propiconazole and bitertanol showed rapid transfer and adsorbance to the system in both placental perfusion and BeWo cell system, whereas cypermethrin had a slower transport across the placental cell layers in the two models. There was no difference between data of the single pesticides and their mixture in either placental perfusion or BeWo cell transfer model. Both the placental perfusion model and the BeWo cell model metabolized the pesticides and released metabolites into both foetal and maternal circulation. Using human exposure models, this study shows the potential exposure of the human foetus to pesticides cypermethrin, propiconazole and bitertanol and their metabolites.

The presence of pyrethroid compounds in hepatic tissue of Guiana dolphins (Sotalia guianensis) is reported for the first time. Twelve pyrethroids were determined in 50 animals from eight locations of the Brazilian coast. The highest average concentration of total pyrethroids (∑PYR) was 1166 ng.g−1 lw, with values ranging from 148 to 5918 ng.g−1 lw, in Ilha Grande Bay, Rio de Janeiro State, while the Espírito Santo State had the highest median, 568 ng.g−1 lw. Permethrin was the predominant compound in most areas, contributing for 42% to 81% of the ∑PYR, whereas cypermethrin was the most abundant compound in Guanabara and Sepetiba bays (79% and 81%, respectively), both located in Rio de Janeiro State. Biological factors were not correlated with pyrethroids concentration. Tetramethrin and es/fenvalerate compounds were negatively correlated to the age, suggesting degradation/metabolization capacity in these animals that increases throughout life. Despite being metabolized and excreted, the wide use of these pollutants is reflected in relevant concentrations found in Guiana dolphins. This is the first study evaluating pyrethroids in a representative number of hepatic samples and covering >2600 km of coast. The overall lack of information on pyrethroids in cetaceans highlights the importance of understanding the profile and distribution of these pollutants in dolphins which exclusively inhabit the Southwestern Atlantic coast.

To investigate the transplacental transport of pesticides, the pyrethroid cypermethrin and the fungicide azoles, propiconazole and bitertanol were tested in the placental perfusion model. Cypermethrin, propiconazole and bitertanol were also tested in the BeWo cell transfer model. The pesticides were chosen with the selection criteria: use in Denmark, significant treated areas and knowledge on hormone-disrupting effects. Propiconazole and bitertanol showed rapid transfer and adsorbance to the system in both placental perfusion and BeWo cell system, whereas cypermethrin had a slower transport across the placental cell layers in the two models. There was no difference between data of the single pesticides and their mixture in either placental perfusion or BeWo cell transfer model. Both the placental perfusion model and the BeWo cell model metabolized the pesticides and released metabolites into both foetal and maternal circulation. Using human exposure models, this study shows the potential exposure of the human foetus to pesticides cypermethrin, propiconazole and bitertanol and their metabolites.

Pollution is the preface of infect into an environment, may also defined as an unwanted modify in the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of air, water and soil which influence human life, lives of other useful alive plants and animals, industrial progress, alive conditions and florescent property Water is the most necessary & major necessaries of life. One can rarely survive without water also for a few days. At that 2/3 of the world’s float up region is enclosed by water but yet we are blank. An incubation study was conducted to know the toxicity level of Fipronil in soil fauna by using earthworm species Eisenia fetida as a biomarker. The earthworm were incubated in the spiked soil, with concentration of 0.5 ppm, 0.6 ppm, 0.7 ppm,0.8 ppm, 0.9 ppm for a period of 24hours and 48 hours. From the study, 50% mortality was observed in 0.5 ppm. The LC50 concentration was calculated from that it was clear that Cypermethrin is toxic to earthworm.

Physiological responses of bacterial, fish, rat and human hepatoma cells to the technical cypermethrin (AS), cypermethrin-based plant protection product (PPP), and the major co-formulant (solvent) were compared. The endpoints included: bioluminescence, total protein content, activity of mitochondrial dehydrogenase and cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes CYP1A and CYP1B, and expression of several genes encoding different CYP enzyme isoforms. Toxicity of PPP was compared with the toxicity predicted using concentration addition model. Cypermethrin disturbs the activity of mitochondrial dehydrogenase. Induction of CYP1A1-, CYP1A2- and CYP1B1-associated activity was more pronounced in PPP than in cypermethrin treatment. The predominant biotransformation pathway of cypermethrin is related to Cyp3a1 induction. Deviations between observed and predicted toxicity of PPP indicate synergistic effects of cypermethrin and a solvent. In vitro cellular assays may serve as rapid pre-screening tool and provide for a good indication of mixture effects and prompt further in vivo testing of PPPs when really needed.

Nowadays, the extensive use of pesticides in crops production puts a significant challenge to minimize its side effects along with safe production, storage, and after-use treatment. This paper reports results related to the emission of certain pesticide formulations through the PET containers, as well as, their mitigation to the PET containers during their storage. The influence of storage time on cypermethrin migration to and through the PET was studied in short-term Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical Council test lasting up to 30 days. The PET containers were filled with pure xylene and pesticide formulations, where the amount of active substance, cypermethrin (CY), varied from 5 to 20 wt%, while the amount of emulsifier was kept constant. The results indicate that pesticide formulations diffuse to PET containers with an average increase of its initial mass up to 1.5%. The most intensive diffusion is in the first 24 months of storage, after its rate significantly decreases. It should be noted that the diffusion studied pesticide formulations are also very dependent on CY concentration. Besides the migration to the PET containers, it was also found that pesticide formulation was emitted through the PET containers in the first 17 to 24 months of storage depending on CY concentration. Emission rates were also dependent on CY concentration and were in the range of 15.3 to 38.0 mg/month center dot container. The emission through the PETcontainers was successfully predicted using artificial neural networks with R-2 = 0.94 and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of only 6.2% on testing.

Nowadays, the extensive use of pesticides in crops production puts a significant challenge to minimize its side effects along with safe production, storage, and after-use treatment. This paper reports results related to the emission of certain pesticide formulations through the PET containers, as well as, their mitigation to the PET containers during their storage. The influence of storage time on cypermethrin migration to and through the PET was studied in short-term Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical Council test lasting up to 30 days. The PET containers were filled with pure xylene and pesticide formulations, where the amount of active substance, cypermethrin (CY), varied from 5 to 20 wt%, while the amount of emulsifier was kept constant. The results indicate that pesticide formulations diffuse to PET containers with an average increase of its initial mass up to 1.5%. The most intensive diffusion is in the first 24 months of storage, after its rate significantly decreases. It should be noted that the diffusion studied pesticide formulations are also very dependent on CY concentration. Besides the migration to the PET containers, it was also found that pesticide formulation was emitted through the PET containers in the first 17 to 24 months of storage depending on CY concentration. Emission rates were also dependent on CY concentration and were in the range of 15.3 to 38.0 mg/month center dot container. The emission through the PETcontainers was successfully predicted using artificial neural networks with R-2 = 0.94 and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of only 6.2% on testing.

Physiological responses of bacterial, fish, rat and human hepatoma cells to the technical cypermethrin (AS), cypermethrin-based plant protection product (PPP), and the major co-formulant (solvent) were compared. The endpoints included: bioluminescence, total protein content, activity of mitochondrial dehydrogenase and cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes CYP1A and CYP1B, and expression of several genes encoding different CYP enzyme isoforms. Toxicity of PPP was compared with the toxicity predicted using concentration addition model. Cypermethrin disturbs the activity of mitochondrial dehydrogenase. Induction of CYP1A1-, CYP1A2- and CYP1B1-associated activity was more pronounced in PPP than in cypermethrin treatment. The predominant biotransformation pathway of cypermethrin is related to Cyp3a1 induction. Deviations between observed and predicted toxicity of PPP indicate synergistic effects of cypermethrin and a solvent. In vitro cellular assays may serve as rapid pre-screening tool and provide for a good indication of mixture effects and prompt further in vivo testing of PPPs when really needed.

Dysregulation of neuronal intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis can play a crucial role in many neurotoxic effects, including impaired brain development and behavioral dysfunctions. This study examined 40 suspected neurotoxicants from different chemical classes for their capacity to alter Ca2+ release and uptake from rat cortical microsomes. First, ten suspected neurotoxicants have been tested using a well-established cuvette-based Ca2+ flux assay. Five out of ten compounds (TOCP, endosulfan, PCB-95, chlorpyrifos and BDE-49) showed a significant, concentration-dependent alteration of Ca2+ release and uptake in adult rat cortical microsomes. The original cuvette assay was downscaled and customized to a fast, higher throughput microplate method and the 40 suspected neurotoxicants were screened for their effects on intracellular Ca2+homeostasis. In decreasing order of potency, the 15 test compounds that showed the strongest alteration of Ca2+ levels in adult rat microsomes were TOCP, endosulfan, BDE-49, 6-OH-BDE-47, PCB-95, permethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, bioallethrin, cypermethrin, RDP, DEHP, DBP, BDE-47, and PFOS. Results from co-exposure experiments with selective inhibitors suggested that for some compounds Ca2+ releasing effects could be attributed to RyR activation (PFOS, DBP, and DEHP) or to SERCA inhibition (a potential novel mechanism of action for all four tested pyrethroid insecticides). The effects of the two most potent compounds, endosulfan and TOCP, were not blocked by any of the inhibitors tested, indicating other possible mechanism of action. For all other potent test compounds, a combined effect on RyR, IP3R, and/or SERCA has been observed. PFOS and 6-OH-BDE-47 caused increased Ca2+ release from adult but not from neonatal rat brain microsomes, indicating age-dependent difference in susceptibility to these test compounds. The current study suggests that the neurotoxic potential of compounds belonging to different chemical classes could partly b

La Doctrina district makes a great contribution to Colombian economy with production of several crops such as rice (1230 ha), corn (50 ha), African palm (300 ha), papaya (10 ha), vegetables (8 ha), and pastures (400 ha). To control pests in the crops farmers use organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides in irrigation channels, contaminating drinking water. This work sought to determine the concentrations of organochlorine (POCls) and organophosphate (OP) pesticide and cypermethrine (CP) in irrigation channels of La Doctrina during dry and rainy seasons. Analyses were performed by gas chromatography and gas-mass. CP was detected by monitoring of technique SIM of mass spectrometry, and POCls and POFs were analysed by electron capture detector (ECD) and nitrogen-phosphorus (NPD) respectively. The results showed that all concentrations of cypermetrin (in the dry and rainy seasons) overcome the accepted concentrations in Colombian regulations for drinking water. Also, according to Argentinan regulations, all exceeded this limit. The POCl endrins exceeded the limit allowed for Colombian regulations, but POFs were not found. The percentage of cypermethrin was the highest, with 73%. The high concentrations of the POCls and CP in irrigation water of La Doctrina district motivated us to determine the concentrations of these pesticides in typical foods from the region such as rice., El distrito de La Doctrina-Córdoba, aporta a la economía colombiana, con cultivos de arroz (1.230 ha), maíz (50ha), palma africana (300 ha), papaya (10 ha), hortalizas (8 ha) y 400 ha de pastos. Estos cultivos utilizan plaguicidas ocasionando contaminación en los canalesde riego, dichas aguas son utilizadas por los pobladores para uso doméstico y consumo humano. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar las concentraciones de plaguicidas organoclorados (POCls), organofosforados (POFs) y cipermetrina (CP) en aguas de los canales de riego del distrito de La Doctrina en dos épocas del año (seca y lluviosa). Los análisis fueron realizados por Cromatografía de gases y Gases-Masas. La CP se detectó por monitoreo de masas SIM, los POCls y POFs se analizaron con detector de captura de electrones (ECD) y nitrógeno-fosforo (NPD) respectivamente. Los resultados mostraron que todas las concentraciones de CP (época-seca) están por encima del límite aceptado según la norma colombiana para agua potable, según la norma Argentina todos sobrepasan los límites permisibles. Entre los POCls solo el Endrín sobrepasó la norma colombiana, no se encontraron POFs. Los porcentajes de aparición individual de plaguicidas muestran el valor más alto para cipermetrina con un 73%. Las altas concentraciones de CP y POCls, en el agua de riego en el distrito La Doctrina, generan un alto interés por la detección de las concentraciones de estos contaminantes es alimentos como el arroz y un alto riesgo a la salud humana.

Pyrethroids are the most widely used insecticides globally for domestic, agricultural, and malaria vector control. In 10 countries, dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) is also used for the latter. Thus, high exposure to pyrethroids and DDT have been reported among women and children from rural and/or malaria-endemic areas. Experimental studies suggest that fetal exposure to pyrethroids, particularly cypermethrin, and DDT may have sex-specific growth effects. However, epidemiologic investigations are scarce and inconsistent and have not considered postnatal environment or susceptibility factors. In 665 mother-child dyads participating in the Venda Health Examination of Mothers, Babies, and their Environment (VHEMBE), a rural South African birth cohort with high insecticide exposure, we examined associations of maternal peripartum uri-nary pyrethroid metabolites and serum DDT concentrations with child anthropometrics at 3.5 years using multivariable linear regression. We investigated effect modification by child sex, maternal nutrition and HIV status, and household poverty. Pyrethroid metabolites cis-3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropane carboxylic acid (cis-DBCA), cis-3-(2,2,-dicholorvinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropane carboxylic acid (cis-DCCA), trans-DCCA, and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) were quantified in nearly all mothers. A 10-fold increase in cis-DCCA concentration was associated with 0.21 kg/m2 lower body mass index (95% confidence interval = -0.41, -0.01), with similar estimates for other cypermethrin or permethrin metabolites (trans-DCCA and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid). In stratified analyses, stronger associations were observed with lower weight, body mass index, arm circumference, and weight-for-height among boys relative to girls. Associations with cis-3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropane carboxylic acid, a metabolite specific to deltamethrin, were weaker or absent. No substantial associations were observed with DDT. In a population with

La Doctrina district makes a great contribution to Colombian economy with production of several crops such as rice (1230 ha), corn (50 ha), African palm (300 ha), papaya (10 ha), vegetables (8 ha), and pastures (400 ha). To control pests in the crops farmers use organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides in irrigation channels, contaminating drinking water. This work sought to determine the concentrations of organochlorine (POCls) and organophosphate (OP) pesticide and cypermethrine (CP) in irrigation channels of La Doctrina during dry and rainy seasons. Analyses were performed by gas chromatography and gas-mass. CP was detected by monitoring of technique SIM of mass spectrometry, and POCls and POFs were analysed by electron capture detector (ECD) and nitrogen-phosphorus (NPD) respectively. The results showed that all concentrations of cypermetrin (in the dry and rainy seasons) overcome the accepted concentrations in Colombian regulations for drinking water. Also, according to Argentinan regulations, all exceeded this limit. The POCl endrins exceeded the limit allowed for Colombian regulations, but POFs were not found. The percentage of cypermethrin was the highest, with 73%. The high concentrations of the POCls and CP in irrigation water of La Doctrina district motivated us to determine the concentrations of these pesticides in typical foods from the region such as rice., El distrito de La Doctrina-Córdoba, aporta a la economía colombiana, con cultivos de arroz (1.230 ha), maíz (50ha), palma africana (300 ha), papaya (10 ha), hortalizas (8 ha) y 400 ha de pastos. Estos cultivos utilizan plaguicidas ocasionando contaminación en los canalesde riego, dichas aguas son utilizadas por los pobladores para uso doméstico y consumo humano. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar las concentraciones de plaguicidas organoclorados (POCls), organofosforados (POFs) y cipermetrina (CP) en aguas de los canales de riego del distrito de La Doctrina en dos épocas del año (seca y lluviosa). Los análisis fueron realizados por Cromatografía de gases y Gases-Masas. La CP se detectó por monitoreo de masas SIM, los POCls y POFs se analizaron con detector de captura de electrones (ECD) y nitrógeno-fosforo (NPD) respectivamente. Los resultados mostraron que todas las concentraciones de CP (época-seca) están por encima del límite aceptado según la norma colombiana para agua potable, según la norma Argentina todos sobrepasan los límites permisibles. Entre los POCls solo el Endrín sobrepasó la norma colombiana, no se encontraron POFs. Los porcentajes de aparición individual de plaguicidas muestran el valor más alto para cipermetrina con un 73%. Las altas concentraciones de CP y POCls, en el agua de riego en el distrito La Doctrina, generan un alto interés por la detección de las concentraciones de estos contaminantes es alimentos como el arroz y un alto riesgo a la salud humana.

Alterations in blood serum parameters like enzymes, organic and inorganic constituents of Indian major carp, Catla catla after exposure to ttie sublethal concentration (1/10^ of96hrs TLM) of cypermethrin, i.e., 0.00068 mg/l for 15 and 30 days time intervals have been studied. The 96hrs TLM value of cypermethrin for test fish was found to be 0.0068 mg/l. The activity of all the enzymes studied was found to be elevated significantly after both the time intervals. Change in serum organic constituents like blood urea and blood glucose show significant increase while total protein shows marked decrease. Inorganic constituents show high elevation due to the exposure

Insecticide resistance level in pigeonpea pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) to technical grade insecticides collected from major pigeonpea growing districts of Vidarbha viz., Akola, Amravati, Buldhana, Yavatmal and Washim was worked out. LDP indicated LD50 of Cypermethrin in the range of 1.402 to 9.209 ppm with maximum in Yavatmal (9.209 ppm); LD90 within range of 6.021 to 18.427 ppm. LD50 of Quinalphos in the range of 1.303 to 4.789 ppm with maximum in Yavatmal (4.789 ppm); LD90 within range of 3.150 to 14.194 ppm.LD50 of Methomyl in the range of 1.297 to 3.792 ppm with maximum in Yavatmal (3.792 ppm); LD90 within range of 4.993 to 16.737 ppm.LD50 of Indoxacarb in the range of 0.521 to 2.709 ppm with maximum in Yavatmal (2.709 ppm); LD90 within range of 2.819 to 20.947 ppm.LD50 of Spinosad in the range of 0.713 to 2.408 ppm with maximum in Buldhana (2.408 ppm); LD90 within range of 6.413 to 18.349 ppm. The resistance level is visibly high in cypermethrin, moderate to indoxacarb, quinalphos, spinosad and low to methomyl; Yavatmal and Washim strains expressed higher resistance level to cypermethrin, quinalphos and methomyl, whereas Yavatmal and Buldhana strains expressed higher resistance level to indoxacarb and spinosad. The investigation will help to track resistence level in Helicoverpa armigera to different groups of insecticides.

Determine the resistance of the tick Dermacentor nitens to metrifonate (Neguvon®, Bayer©, Germany), cypermethrin (Ganabaño®, Novartis©, USA), and amitraz (Triatox®, Schering Plough ©, USA). A non-probabilistic convenience experimental study, five plots where teleogines 120 engorged D. nitens were collected, the teleogines were subjected to immersion test according to Drummond. It was found that the treatment was less chemoresistance produced amitraz 97% effective, followed by 93% cypermethrin and 53% respectively metrifonate. An oviposition evaluation, it was found that amitraz is the most effective 23%, cypermethrin 18% and then metrifonate 1%. The percentage hatching assessment was higher for metrifonate 18.97%, cypermethrin 4.70% and Amitraz 1.68% respectively. It is concluded that amitraz is the most effective acaricide in vitro not only affect adults but to eliminate the cycle of D. nitens, but its use in practice is unlikely in vivo by toxic effects in horses. Among the products used in horses, cypermethrin is the drug of choice., Determinar la resistencia de la garrapata Dermacentor nitens a metrifonato (Neguvon®, Bayer©, Alemania), cipermetrina (Ganabaño®, Novartis©, USA), y amitraz (Triatox®, Schering Plough©, USA). Un estudio experimental no probabilístico por conveniencia, de cinco predios, donde se recolectaron 120 teleogínas ingurgitadas de D. nitens, las teleogínas fueron sometidas a inmersión según prueba de Drummond. Se encontró que el tratamiento que menos quimioresistencia produjo fue amitraz con 97% de efectividad, seguido por cipermetrina con 93% y metrifonato con 53% respectivamente. A la evaluación de la oviposición, se encontró que amitraz es el de mayor efectividad 23%, luego cipermetrina 18% y metrifonato con 1%. La evaluación porcentual de eclosión fue mayor para el metrifonato con 18,97%, cipermetrina con 4,70% y amitraz con 1,68% respectivamente. Se concluye que amitraz es el acaricida más efectivo in vitro no solo para eliminar adultos sino afectar el ciclo de D. nitens, pero su uso en la práctica in vivo es improbable por los efectos tóxicos en équidos. Entre los productos utilizables en los equinos, la cipermetrina es el fármaco de elección.

Determine the resistance of the tick Dermacentor nitens to metrifonate (Neguvon®, Bayer©, Germany), cypermethrin (Ganabaño®, Novartis©, USA), and amitraz (Triatox®, Schering Plough ©, USA). A non-probabilistic convenience experimental study, five plots where teleogines 120 engorged D. nitens were collected, the teleogines were subjected to immersion test according to Drummond. It was found that the treatment was less chemoresistance produced amitraz 97% effective, followed by 93% cypermethrin and 53% respectively metrifonate. An oviposition evaluation, it was found that amitraz is the most effective 23%, cypermethrin 18% and then metrifonate 1%. The percentage hatching assessment was higher for metrifonate 18.97%, cypermethrin 4.70% and Amitraz 1.68% respectively. It is concluded that amitraz is the most effective acaricide in vitro not only affect adults but to eliminate the cycle of D. nitens, but its use in practice is unlikely in vivo by toxic effects in horses. Among the products used in horses, cypermethrin is the drug of choice., Determinar la resistencia de la garrapata Dermacentor nitens a metrifonato (Neguvon®, Bayer©, Alemania), cipermetrina (Ganabaño®, Novartis©, USA), y amitraz (Triatox®, Schering Plough©, USA). Un estudio experimental no probabilístico por conveniencia, de cinco predios, donde se recolectaron 120 teleogínas ingurgitadas de D. nitens, las teleogínas fueron sometidas a inmersión según prueba de Drummond. Se encontró que el tratamiento que menos quimioresistencia produjo fue amitraz con 97% de efectividad, seguido por cipermetrina con 93% y metrifonato con 53% respectivamente. A la evaluación de la oviposición, se encontró que amitraz es el de mayor efectividad 23%, luego cipermetrina 18% y metrifonato con 1%. La evaluación porcentual de eclosión fue mayor para el metrifonato con 18,97%, cipermetrina con 4,70% y amitraz con 1,68% respectivamente. Se concluye que amitraz es el acaricida más efectivo in vitro no solo para eliminar adultos sino afectar el ciclo de D. nitens, pero su uso en la práctica in vivo es improbable por los efectos tóxicos en équidos. Entre los productos utilizables en los equinos, la cipermetrina es el fármaco de elección.

Humans are continuously exposed to chemicals in the environment. Some chemicals can be found in human adipose tissue and milk, exposing embryos, fetuses and neonates via the mother. During early development, the organs, the brain and the spinal cord are formed, which at certain critical periods are extra susceptible to xenobiotics. A critical period for the brain is the so-called “brain growth spurt” (BGS), which for humans start during the third trimester and continues for the first two years of life, peaking around birth. In mice the process is neonatal, continuing for the first 3-4 weeks of life, peaking at postnatal day (PND) 10. During BGS the brain grows in size to its adult structure, and there is a high development and proliferation rate of glial cells, neurite outgrowth, dendritic arborization, synaptogenesis and myelination. In the present study, male neonatal mice were given a single oral dose of insecticides (organic pollutants) 10.0 mg/kg BW chlorpyrifos, 0.5 mg/kg BW cypermethrin, or the combination exposure 10.0 mg/kg BW chlorpyrifos + 0.5 mg/kg BW cypermethrin at PND10, in order to investigate if the neonatal exposure would alter the levels of six neuroproteins in the neonatal brain, in the adult brain, and if the combined exposure would cause an interaction. 24 hours or 4 months after exposure the mice were sacrificed, and the neuroprotein levels were analyzed in cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Results showed a significant increase (p ≤ 0.05) in five out of six neuroproteins in the neonatal cerebral cortex (CaMKII, GAP43, GluR1, PSD-95 and tau), and in three out of six neuroproteins in the adult cerebral cortex (GluR1, synaptophysin and tau). Certain effects were transient, probably due to the brain’s own coping mechanisms, while others were permanent and possibly too severe to recover from. Some effects were heightened in the adult compared to the neonate, suggesting that a fluctuation in the protein levels was not picked up. For two proteins ther, Människor exponeras ständigt för kemikalier i miljön, varav vissa kan återfinnas i fettvävnader och mjölk, vilket utsätter embryon, foster och nyfödda barn via modern. Under den tidiga utvecklingen bildas organen, hjärnan och ryggmärgen, och vid vissa kritiska perioder är de extra känsliga mot xenobiotika. En kritisk period för hjärnan är den så kallade “brain growth spurt” (BGS), en tillväxtspurt som för människor börjar under den tredje tremånadsperioden under graviditeten och fortsätter under de första två åren i livet, med sin snabbaste tillväxt runt födseln. Hos möss tar hela processen plats under nyföddhetsperioden, och fortsätter under de första 3-4 veckorna i livet, med sin snabbaste tillväxt omkring 10 dagar efter födseln. Under BGS växer hjärnan i storlek till sin vuxna struktur, och har en hög tillväxt och förökning av glialceller, neuritutväxt, dendritförgrening, synaptogenes och myelinering. I den här studien fick nyfödda hanmöss en oral engångsdos av insekticiderna 10.0 mg/kg BW chlorpyrifos, 0.5 mg/kg BW cypermethrin eller en kombinerad exponering 10.0 mg/kg BW chlorpyrifos + 0.5 mg/kg BW cypermethrin 10 dagar efter födseln, för att undersöka om en exponering under nyföddhetsperioden påverkade nivåerna av sex neuroproteiner i den nyfödda hjärnan, i den vuxna hjärnan och om den kombinerade exponeringen gav en interaktionseffekt. 24 timmar eller 4 månader efter exponeringen avlivades mössen, och neuroproteinnivåerna analyserades i hjärnbarken och i hippocampus. Resultaten visade en signifikant ökning (p ≤ 0.05) hos fem av sex neuroproteiner i den nyfödda hjärnans hjärnbark (CaMKII, GAP43, GluR1, PSD-95 and tau) och hos tre av fem neuroproteiner i den vuxna hjärnans hjärnbark (GluR1, synaptophysin and tau). Vissa effekter var övergående, troligtvis p.g.a. hjärnans egna försvarsmekanismer, medan andra effekter var permanenta och troligtvis för allvarliga för hjärnan att reparera. Vissa effekter blev förhöjda hos de vuxna djuren i förhållande till de nyföd, EU research project FP7:282957, DENAMIC

The focus of this thesis was to investigate developmental neurotoxic effects of different persistent and non-persistent environmental pollutants, alone or in binary mixtures, when exposure occurs during a critical period of brain development, in mice. The compounds investigated included a perfluorinated compound, perfluorohexane sulphonate (PFHxS), and four different pesticides, endosulfan, cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos and carbaryl. Both persistent and non-persistent pollutants are detected in the environment and in humans, which shows that exposure to these compounds is occurring in real life. Humans can therefore be exposed to various pollutants during their whole lifetime, starting from the gestational period to adulthood. Furthermore, exposure to environmental pollutants is rarely exclusive to a single compound, but rather occurs through combinations of various pollutants present in the environment. Exposure to environmental pollutants during human brain development have been suggested to be a possible cause for neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Previous studies have shown that chemicals can induce irreversible disorders in brain function when exposure to these chemicals occurs during a critical defined period of the brain development known as the brain growth spurt (BGS). The BGS is characterized by a rapid growth and development of the immature brain. In humans, and mice, this period also overlaps the lactation period indicating that newborns and toddlers can be exposed via mothers’ milk as well. This thesis has shown that a single oral exposure to PFHxS, endosulfan, cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos or carbaryl can induce developmental neurotoxic effects in mice, when exposure occurs during a critical period of brain development. These effects are manifested as persistent altered adult spontaneous behavior in a novel home environment, modified habituation, altered susceptibility of t

The focus of this thesis was to investigate developmental neurotoxic effects of different persistent and non-persistent environmental pollutants, alone or in binary mixtures, when exposure occurs during a critical period of brain development, in mice. The compounds investigated included a perfluorinated compound, perfluorohexane sulphonate (PFHxS), and four different pesticides, endosulfan, cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos and carbaryl. Both persistent and non-persistent pollutants are detected in the environment and in humans, which shows that exposure to these compounds is occurring in real life. Humans can therefore be exposed to various pollutants during their whole lifetime, starting from the gestational period to adulthood. Furthermore, exposure to environmental pollutants is rarely exclusive to a single compound, but rather occurs through combinations of various pollutants present in the environment. Exposure to environmental pollutants during human brain development have been suggested to be a possible cause for neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Previous studies have shown that chemicals can induce irreversible disorders in brain function when exposure to these chemicals occurs during a critical defined period of the brain development known as the brain growth spurt (BGS). The BGS is characterized by a rapid growth and development of the immature brain. In humans, and mice, this period also overlaps the lactation period indicating that newborns and toddlers can be exposed via mothers’ milk as well. This thesis has shown that a single oral exposure to PFHxS, endosulfan, cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos or carbaryl can induce developmental neurotoxic effects in mice, when exposure occurs during a critical period of brain development. These effects are manifested as persistent altered adult spontaneous behavior in a novel home environment, modified habituation, altered susceptibility of t

The focus of this thesis was to investigate developmental neurotoxic effects of different persistent and non-persistent environmental pollutants, alone or in binary mixtures, when exposure occurs during a critical period of brain development, in mice. The compounds investigated included a perfluorinated compound, perfluorohexane sulphonate (PFHxS), and four different pesticides, endosulfan, cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos and carbaryl. Both persistent and non-persistent pollutants are detected in the environment and in humans, which shows that exposure to these compounds is occurring in real life. Humans can therefore be exposed to various pollutants during their whole lifetime, starting from the gestational period to adulthood. Furthermore, exposure to environmental pollutants is rarely exclusive to a single compound, but rather occurs through combinations of various pollutants present in the environment. Exposure to environmental pollutants during human brain development have been suggested to be a possible cause for neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Previous studies have shown that chemicals can induce irreversible disorders in brain function when exposure to these chemicals occurs during a critical defined period of the brain development known as the brain growth spurt (BGS). The BGS is characterized by a rapid growth and development of the immature brain. In humans, and mice, this period also overlaps the lactation period indicating that newborns and toddlers can be exposed via mothers’ milk as well. This thesis has shown that a single oral exposure to PFHxS, endosulfan, cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos or carbaryl can induce developmental neurotoxic effects in mice, when exposure occurs during a critical period of brain development. These effects are manifested as persistent altered adult spontaneous behavior in a novel home environment, modified habituation, altered susceptibility of t

Objective: The objective of this study is to assess the effect of cypermethrin on the growth of ciliate protozoan Paramecium caudatum. Materials and Methods: Monoxenic culture of P. caudatum, were exposed to different doses (0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 μg/L) of cypermethrin along with control for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h time interval. The total numbers of live and dead cells were counted after trypan blue staining in Neubauer hemocytometer. Results: Marked decrease in the number of living cells with the increase in the concentration of cypermethrin and with increasing exposure time intervals was recorded. Conclusion: The results indicate that cypermethrin is toxic to P. caudatum even at low concentrations when it enters in the aquatic system through runoff.

The focus of this thesis was to investigate developmental neurotoxic effects of different persistent and non-persistent environmental pollutants, alone or in binary mixtures, when exposure occurs during a critical period of brain development, in mice. The compounds investigated included a perfluorinated compound, perfluorohexane sulphonate (PFHxS), and four different pesticides, endosulfan, cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos and carbaryl. Both persistent and non-persistent pollutants are detected in the environment and in humans, which shows that exposure to these compounds is occurring in real life. Humans can therefore be exposed to various pollutants during their whole lifetime, starting from the gestational period to adulthood. Furthermore, exposure to environmental pollutants is rarely exclusive to a single compound, but rather occurs through combinations of various pollutants present in the environment. Exposure to environmental pollutants during human brain development have been suggested to be a possible cause for neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Previous studies have shown that chemicals can induce irreversible disorders in brain function when exposure to these chemicals occurs during a critical defined period of the brain development known as the brain growth spurt (BGS). The BGS is characterized by a rapid growth and development of the immature brain. In humans, and mice, this period also overlaps the lactation period indicating that newborns and toddlers can be exposed via mothers’ milk as well. This thesis has shown that a single oral exposure to PFHxS, endosulfan, cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos or carbaryl can induce developmental neurotoxic effects in mice, when exposure occurs during a critical period of brain development. These effects are manifested as persistent altered adult spontaneous behavior in a novel home environment, modified habituation, altered susceptibility of t

The focus of this thesis was to investigate developmental neurotoxic effects of different persistent and non-persistent environmental pollutants, alone or in binary mixtures, when exposure occurs during a critical period of brain development, in mice. The compounds investigated included a perfluorinated compound, perfluorohexane sulphonate (PFHxS), and four different pesticides, endosulfan, cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos and carbaryl. Both persistent and non-persistent pollutants are detected in the environment and in humans, which shows that exposure to these compounds is occurring in real life. Humans can therefore be exposed to various pollutants during their whole lifetime, starting from the gestational period to adulthood. Furthermore, exposure to environmental pollutants is rarely exclusive to a single compound, but rather occurs through combinations of various pollutants present in the environment. Exposure to environmental pollutants during human brain development have been suggested to be a possible cause for neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Previous studies have shown that chemicals can induce irreversible disorders in brain function when exposure to these chemicals occurs during a critical defined period of the brain development known as the brain growth spurt (BGS). The BGS is characterized by a rapid growth and development of the immature brain. In humans, and mice, this period also overlaps the lactation period indicating that newborns and toddlers can be exposed via mothers’ milk as well. This thesis has shown that a single oral exposure to PFHxS, endosulfan, cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos or carbaryl can induce developmental neurotoxic effects in mice, when exposure occurs during a critical period of brain development. These effects are manifested as persistent altered adult spontaneous behavior in a novel home environment, modified habituation, altered susceptibility of t

Currently one of the biggest problems facing the salmon industry worldwide is high proliferation and spread of sea lice, copepod ectoparasites that reaches high population densities in intensive farms. This problem generates great economic losses to the industry by reducing the health of the fish and indirectly by high treatment costs. In Chile the main insecticides used to lower the parasite loads through direct bathe with skirts at sea are pyrethroids (cypermethrin and deltamethrin). These insecticides are applied at high concentrations. Periodic treatments have generated parasite resistance causing treatments to become increasingly ineffective. This has resulted, in turn, in increased volumes of pyrethroids directly discharged to the marine environment. Few studies on environmental toxicological effects on non-target marine species have been performed. This laboratory study evaluated the sub-acute exposure to realistic cypermethrin concentrations in the sentinel mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis at different temperatures and two exposure times using a factorial design. Two general biomarkers of oxidative stress Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione S-transferase (GST) and two specific biomarkers Acetilcholinesterase (AChE) and Carboxylesterase (CbE) were determined in mussel gills. A synergistic effect between cypermethrin and its vehicle (acetone) at 96 hours was found in cypermethrin treatments with an increase activity in CAT and GST, becoming this effect significant at a different temperature for each biomarker. The effect of cypermethrin as active ingredient was detected in mussels acclimated to 22 ºC as an increase of CbE activity in cypermethrin treatments. It was found a strong effect of acetone, used as solvent, inhibiting AChE activity and CbE activity. Temperature acclimation by itself was also found to have a significant effect on enzymatic activities (all of them measured at 20 ºC), mainly by inhibiting the CAT activity, increasing AChE activity and producin

Tick-borne diseases pose significant risks to U.S. military personnel who conduct operations, both domestic and abroad. To determine the feasibility of protecting personnel from tick vectors during short-term held deployments, acaricides cypermethrin(DemonWP,Syngenta, Greensboro, NC) and lambda-cyhalothrin (Surrender Pestabs, CSI, Pasadena, TX) were applied to plots within two separate held sites on Camp Blanding Joint Training Center in Starke, FL, from May to June 2011. We analyzed their effectiveness in reducing tick counts for 6 wk after application. In total, 8,193 ticks were identified and counted, of which 99% were a mix of nymphs and adult-stage Amblyomma americanum (L.). Our results indicate that both cypermethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin were effective in significantly reducing tick numbers and preventing entry into treated plots for 6 wk after application. Thus, these two acaracides can be used to effectively suppress tick populations and provide residual protection in small geographic areas of recreation or public health significance., Pub. in Journal of Medicine Entomology v51 n3, p709-712, 2014.

The feasibility of using bench-scale biotrickling filter reactors inoculated with the fungus UBAF004, isolated from soil in Tahuapalca, for treatment of water contaminated with cypermethrin was investigated. Wood chips, gravel and ceramics were tested as packing materials for the reactors in batch experiments in small glass flasks. Wood proved to be the material on which the fungus grew best and was thus chosen as the packing material for the reactors. It was determined that UBAF004 had quite low competitive strength compared to other microorganisms when growing on wood and gravel but not necessarily on ceramics. UBAF004 grew slowly in the reactors leading to poor degradation performance. The results obtained indicate that it will be challenging to use UBAF004 for treatment of water contaminated with cypermethrin in Tahuapalca. The single largest issue is to find a way to establish a stable population of the fungus in the reactor and to protect it from being out competed by other microorganisms., Opponent: Veronika Granat

In the present study freshwater commercially cultivable Indian major carp Labeo rohita fingerlings was used to evaluate  the  synergistic effect of chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate insecticide and cypermethrin , a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide widely used in agricultural fields. The fishes were maintained at sublethal concentration for a period of 14 and 21 days. Histological examination was carried out in gills, liver and muscle at the end of exposure period to study the extent of damage at safe concentration.

In the present study freshwater commercially cultivable Indian major carp Labeo rohita fingerlings was used to evaluate  the  synergistic effect of chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate insecticide and cypermethrin , a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide widely used in agricultural fields. The fishes were maintained at sublethal concentration for a period of 14 and 21 days. Histological examination was carried out in gills, liver and muscle at the end of exposure period to study the extent of damage at safe concentration.

In the present study freshwater commercially cultivable Indian major carp Labeo rohita fingerlings was used to evaluate  the  synergistic effect of chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate insecticide and cypermethrin , a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide widely used in agricultural fields. The fishes were maintained at sublethal concentration for a period of 14 and 21 days. Histological examination was carried out in gills, liver and muscle at the end of exposure period to study the extent of damage at safe concentration.

The feasibility of using bench-scale biotrickling filter reactors inoculated with the fungus UBAF004, isolated from soil in Tahuapalca, for treatment of water contaminated with cypermethrin was investigated. Wood chips, gravel and ceramics were tested as packing materials for the reactors in batch experiments in small glass flasks. Wood proved to be the material on which the fungus grew best and was thus chosen as the packing material for the reactors. It was determined that UBAF004 had quite low competitive strength compared to other microorganisms when growing on wood and gravel but not necessarily on ceramics. UBAF004 grew slowly in the reactors leading to poor degradation performance. The results obtained indicate that it will be challenging to use UBAF004 for treatment of water contaminated with cypermethrin in Tahuapalca. The single largest issue is to find a way to establish a stable population of the fungus in the reactor and to protect it from being out competed by other microorganisms., Opponent: Veronika Granat

In the present study freshwater commercially cultivable Indian major carp Labeo rohita fingerlings was used to evaluate  the  synergistic effect of chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate insecticide and cypermethrin , a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide widely used in agricultural fields. The fishes were maintained at sublethal concentration for a period of 14 and 21 days. Histological examination was carried out in gills, liver and muscle at the end of exposure period to study the extent of damage at safe concentration.

The aim of the present investigation was to assess the impact of cypermethrin exposure for 40 days at sublethal concentration (0.02 ppm) on gonado-somatic index (GSI) and the conjugation of plasma levels of free and conjugate reproductive sex steroids-testosterone (T), 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), 17- hydroxyprogesterone (17-P) and 11-deoxycortisol (S) during prespawning and post-spawning phases of the annual reproductive cycle in freshwater male catfish, Heteronpneustes fossilis. Results indicate that there is decrease in conjugation (glucuronide and sulfate) after exposure. Histology of testes indicates gross condensation of spermatogenic cells, cytotoxic damage and vacuolization in the tubular epithelium in the testes after exposure. Cypermethrin causes inhibition of free to conjugate form of sex steroids. Obviously such changes and inhibition of free to its glucuronide and sulfate sex steroids causes the disturbances in the equilibrium of sex hormones and affects the pheromonal behavior and reproduction by these conjugates of this species.

U radu je prikazano određivanje ostataka kaptana, hlorpirifosa i cipermetrina u uzorcima trešanja sorti Aida, Alex, Margit i Šandor, gajenih u voćnjacima u Vojvodini u skladu sa dobrom poljoprivrednom praksom. Analizom uzoraka trešanja primenom GC-ECD, detektovane vrednosti kaptana i cipermetrina se kreću u intervalu od 0,39 do 1,44 mg/kg, odnosno 0,01 do 0,08 mg/kg i ne prelaze MDK od 5,0, odnosno 3,0 mg/ kg. Detektovane vrednosti hlorpirifosa, kreću se u intervalu od 0,21 do 0,29 mg/kg, ali uzimajući u obzir relativnu standardnu devijaciju, detektovane vrednosti mogu biti iznad MDK od 0,3 mg/kg. ., The paper deals with the determination of the residues of captan, chlorpyriphos and cypermethrin in the samples of cherry species Aida, Margit and Šandor grown in the orchards of Vojvodina according to Good Agricultural Practice. By the analysis of cherry samples with the application of GC-ECD, the detected values of captan and cypermethrin range from 0.39 to 1.44 mg/kg i.e. 0.01 to 0.08 mg/kg and do not exceed the MRLs of 5.0 i.e. 3.0 mg/kg respectively. The detected values of chlorpyriphos range from 0.21 to 0.29 mg/kg but taking into account the relative standard deviation the detected values may be above the MRLs of 0.3 mg/kg. .

The effects of cypermethrin, copper and glyphosate on the endocrine system and subsequent response to female pheromones were investigated in mature male brown trout (Salmo trutta) parr. Responses measured were the amount of strippable milt, blood plasma levels of both an androgen (11-ketotestosterone (11-KT)) and a progestin (17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20b-P)), and behavioural changes. This was done in a two phased investigation where parr were exposed to one of the following via ambient water: 1) 0.1 or 1.0 μg L-1 cypermethrin, 2) 10 or 100 μg L-1 copper (Cu2+), or 3) 150 μg L-1 glyphosate for a 96 hour period. Phase one was a priming experiment exposing parr to a treatment followed by priming with PGF2α or ovarian fluid (OVF). Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr were, also exposed to glyphosate during phase I. The second phase was centered on behavioural observations. Exposed parr were placed in a 35,000 L stream aquarium together with two ovulated females and four anadromous males. After the experiments a blood sample was taken, milt volumes measured and testes weighed. The plasma was analyzed for 11-KT and 17,20b-P concentrations using radioimmunoassay (RIA). Results from phase I-priming: 1.0 μg L-1 cypermethrin exposure lowered 17,20b-P and 11-KT; Copper exposure lowered milt volumes; glyphosate exposure lowered 11-KT in salmon and raised 17,20b-P in trout. Results from phase II-behaviour: 1.0 μg L-1 cypermethrin exposure lowered 11-KT, milt and spawning behaviour; copper exposure lowered spawning behaviour and raised 11-KT; Glyphosate exposure lowered 11KT; continuous cypermethrin exposure raised 17,20b-P, 11-KT and gave a tendency towards increased aggression. It is concluded that low concentration exposure to the compounds examined can induce negative effects on male salmonid endocrine systems, either through a disruption in the olfactory system or through a direct effect., Extern doktorand från Södertörns högskola

The effects of cypermethrin, copper and glyphosate on the endocrine system and subsequent response to female pheromones were investigated in mature male brown trout (Salmo trutta) parr. Responses measured were the amount of strippable milt, blood plasma levels of both an androgen (11-ketotestosterone (11-KT)) and a progestin (17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20b-P)), and behavioural changes. This was done in a two phased investigation where parr were exposed to one of the following via ambient water: 1) 0.1 or 1.0 μg L-1 cypermethrin, 2) 10 or 100 μg L-1 copper (Cu2+), or 3) 150 μg L-1 glyphosate for a 96 hour period. Phase one was a priming experiment exposing parr to a treatment followed by priming with PGF2α or ovarian fluid (OVF). Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr were, also exposed to glyphosate during phase I. The second phase was centered on behavioural observations. Exposed parr were placed in a 35,000 L stream aquarium together with two ovulated females and four anadromous males. After the experiments a blood sample was taken, milt volumes measured and testes weighed. The plasma was analyzed for 11-KT and 17,20b-P concentrations using radioimmunoassay (RIA). Results from phase I-priming: 1.0 μg L-1 cypermethrin exposure lowered 17,20b-P and 11-KT; Copper exposure lowered milt volumes; glyphosate exposure lowered 11-KT in salmon and raised 17,20b-P in trout. Results from phase II-behaviour: 1.0 μg L-1 cypermethrin exposure lowered 11-KT, milt and spawning behaviour; copper exposure lowered spawning behaviour and raised 11-KT; Glyphosate exposure lowered 11KT; continuous cypermethrin exposure raised 17,20b-P, 11-KT and gave a tendency towards increased aggression. It is concluded that low concentration exposure to the compounds examined can induce negative effects on male salmonid endocrine systems, either through a disruption in the olfactory system or through a direct effect., Extern doktorand från Södertörns högskola

The effects of cypermethrin, copper and glyphosate on the endocrine system and subsequent response to female pheromones were investigated in mature male brown trout (Salmo trutta) parr. Responses measured were the amount of strippable milt, blood plasma levels of both an androgen (11-ketotestosterone (11-KT)) and a progestin (17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20b-P)), and behavioural changes. This was done in a two phased investigation where parr were exposed to one of the following via ambient water: 1) 0.1 or 1.0 μg L-1 cypermethrin, 2) 10 or 100 μg L-1 copper (Cu2+), or 3) 150 μg L-1 glyphosate for a 96 hour period. Phase one was a priming experiment exposing parr to a treatment followed by priming with PGF2α or ovarian fluid (OVF). Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr were, also exposed to glyphosate during phase I. The second phase was centered on behavioural observations. Exposed parr were placed in a 35,000 L stream aquarium together with two ovulated females and four anadromous males. After the experiments a blood sample was taken, milt volumes measured and testes weighed. The plasma was analyzed for 11-KT and 17,20b-P concentrations using radioimmunoassay (RIA). Results from phase I-priming: 1.0 μg L-1 cypermethrin exposure lowered 17,20b-P and 11-KT; Copper exposure lowered milt volumes; glyphosate exposure lowered 11-KT in salmon and raised 17,20b-P in trout. Results from phase II-behaviour: 1.0 μg L-1 cypermethrin exposure lowered 11-KT, milt and spawning behaviour; copper exposure lowered spawning behaviour and raised 11-KT; Glyphosate exposure lowered 11KT; continuous cypermethrin exposure raised 17,20b-P, 11-KT and gave a tendency towards increased aggression. It is concluded that low concentration exposure to the compounds examined can induce negative effects on male salmonid endocrine systems, either through a disruption in the olfactory system or through a direct effect.

Pesticide use is increasing worldwide. Thousands of pounds of active ingredients are used annually in the United States alone. While the use of these pesticides is prolific, our knowledge of the impacts they have on non-target species, ecosystems, and even our own bodies is lacking. This study aims to provide a better understanding of the sub-lethal effects of some of the most common pesticides on the bioluminescent brittle star Amphipholis squamata. This animal’s ability to produce light via its nervous system provides a new way to measure sub-lethal toxicity as opposed to traditional LC50 tests. Brittle stars were exposed to different concentrations of atrazine, cypermethrin, fipronil and glyphosate for one week. Changes in light production and intensity were measured. All treatments of each pesticide showed differences in all measures of light relative to those of the control. Exposure to these pesticides at very small concentrations of 10 µg/L and 1 µg/L also resulted in death in the majority of treatments. The results from this study can be used to inform regulation of these pesticides, and provide better insight into the consequences of pesticides in agricultural and urban runoff.