Search

El concubinato y el matrimonio constituyen dos instituciones que delimitaron las relaciones entre la nobleza y los reyes a lo largo de la Edad Media, época durante la cual ambas fueron empleadas como mecanismos de promoción y prestigio social. Dicho esto, el presente trabajo tiene el objetivo de acercarnos a este tipo de relaciones sociales en los años bajomedievales en el territorio de la Corona de Castilla. Para ello se ha hecho un estudio comparativo de dos prestigiosas figuras femeninas en la memoria ciudadana de Valladolid: Teresa Gil y María de Molina., Concubinage and marriage constitute two institutions that delimited the relationships between the nobility and kings throughout the Middle Ages, period in which both were used as a mechanism of promotion and social prestige. That being said, this paper has the objective of explaining these types of social relations during the late medieval decades in the territory of the Crown of Castile. To achieve this, a comparative study has been done using two prestigious female figures in the urban consciousness of Valladolid: Teresa Gil y Moría de Molina., Grado en Historia

The paper presents the comparison between the principles of Model Family Code and the regulations Polish family Law. The main questions are connected with the sources of Family Law, the recognition of the clause on “a child’s welfare”, the scope of State’s protection of families and family life and the influence of the European Court of Human Rights’ jurisprudence. In addition, the analyse takes into account the definitions of marriage, concubinage and partnership in connection with the protection of privacy and family life. On the area of divorce regulation the main analyse are connected with the alternative dispute resolution (ADR), parental authority, joint custody and contacts with common child, and financial consequences of dissolution of marriage. At last are analysed the descent of a child, alimentation, adoption the new institution of child’s advocate.

Al-Ḥakam I (154-206 AH/771-822 CE) is one of the most controversial characters in the history of al-Andalus. Despite the fact that the extant chronicles of the Umayyad emirate and caliphate in al-Andalus are fundamentally pro-Umayyad, their authors nevertheless depict the emir as a cruel and pitiless character and are never at a loss in finding harsh terms to describe his political and military actions. The personality of the emir is especially evident in the descriptions that the chronicles make of his treatment of the slaves in his court. Firstly, this article seeks to underline the importance that slaves had in the court of al-Ḥakam and, secondly, it provides an analysis of the historians’ depictions of the emir based on the relationship he had with both his male and female slaves. Even though slaves in the Umayyad court have often been treated as secondary characters, their role is fundamental both in the narration of events and in the portrayal that Arab historians present of the sovereigns.

Since the 1970s, historiography in Brazil has shown several studies that aim to reveal the paths taken by captives, as well as their strategies and sociability networks, as a means of gaining freedom, social prestige and accumulation of savings. In order to offer a contribution on this subject, the present study seeks to analyze two of these strategies adopted by free, free and slave women in Arraial do Tejuco, between the years 1725-1762, namely: marriage and concubinage, emphasizing the consequences of the illegitimacy caused by the mancebias, and if in fact they were orchestrated unions that would be within the logic of manumission. Therefore, from the analysis of baptismal records and testaments, located in the Ecclesiastical Archives of the Archdiocese of Diamantina, it was possible to perceive the nuances that permeated the dynamics of that society, as well as the peculiar ways of circumventing the fissures of this hierarchical system., Desde a década de 70, a historiografia no Brasil vem mostrando vários estudos que intencionam descortinar os caminhos percorridos pelos cativos, isto é, estratégias e tecituras de redes de sociabilidade, como meio de angariar a liberdade, prestígio social e acumular pecúlio. Com intuito de oferecer uma contribuição acerca desta temática, o presente estudo busca analisar duas dessas estratégias adotadas por mulheres livres, libertas e escravas, no Arraial do Tejuco, entre os anos de 1725-1762, a saber: o matrimônio e o concubinato. Além disso, pretende-se ressaltar as consequências da ilegitimidade causadas pelas mancebias e entender se, de fato, estas eram uniões orquestradas dentro da lógica da manumissão. Sendo assim, a partir da análise de assentos batismais e testamentos, localizados no Arquivo Eclesiástico da Arquidiocese de Diamantina, foi possível delinear as nuances que permeavam a dinâmica daquela sociedade, como também, as formas peculiares de driblar as fissuras desse sistema hierarquizado.

In the early modern period thousands of Germans, mostly men but also a few women and children, travelled to the Indian Ocean world in the service of the Dutch and British East India companies (VOC and EIC). Family played a key role for these Ostindienfahrer (East Indies travellers). People’s motives for going were often bound up with family affairs, they left families behind, they struggled to maintain connections to their families while abroad, and they formed new families in the East Indies. Meanwhile people in the Holy Roman Empire took a keen interest in the welfare of relatives abroad. Family has, however, been neglected in the scholarship on the German lands and early modern European expansion. Relations of Absence argues for re-framing the history of the Ostindienfahrer as a global family history. The study focuses on 180 German families from all social orders who were associated with the VOC and EIC from around 1750 to 1820. Using an actor-centred, micrological approach the study explores the nexus of family and empire and the interconnectedness of metropole and colonies, even in the Holy Roman Empire, not a region typically thought of as having an early modern global history. It shows that empire and family cohered on several levels. First, empire offered economic and social opportunities to families whose involvement in early modern imperial expansion has hitherto gone unnoticed. Second, families, at least to some degree, facilitated mobility and thus the expansion of empire on both micro and macro levels. Third, empire complicated family, not only by dislocating and separating families, but also by transforming gender roles and introducing new intimate relationships (e.g., slavery, adoption, and inter-ethnic and inter-religious unions). Drawing on a wide range of archival sources (letters, petitions, probate records, notary deeds, administrative records, and more) from Germany, England, and the Netherlands, Relations of Absence argues that 18th-century, The defence can be followed online via Zoom. Contact Margaret Hunt (margaret.hunt@hist.uu.se) to get a zoom link and password for the defence.Due to COVID restrictions the entire defence will be held on Zoom. There will be no other public venue.

In the early modern period thousands of Germans, mostly men but also a few women and children, travelled to the Indian Ocean world in the service of the Dutch and British East India companies (VOC and EIC). Family played a key role for these Ostindienfahrer (East Indies travellers). People’s motives for going were often bound up with family affairs, they left families behind, they struggled to maintain connections to their families while abroad, and they formed new families in the East Indies. Meanwhile people in the Holy Roman Empire took a keen interest in the welfare of relatives abroad. Family has, however, been neglected in the scholarship on the German lands and early modern European expansion. Relations of Absence argues for re-framing the history of the Ostindienfahrer as a global family history. The study focuses on 180 German families from all social orders who were associated with the VOC and EIC from around 1750 to 1820. Using an actor-centred, micrological approach the study explores the nexus of family and empire and the interconnectedness of metropole and colonies, even in the Holy Roman Empire, not a region typically thought of as having an early modern global history. It shows that empire and family cohered on several levels. First, empire offered economic and social opportunities to families whose involvement in early modern imperial expansion has hitherto gone unnoticed. Second, families, at least to some degree, facilitated mobility and thus the expansion of empire on both micro and macro levels. Third, empire complicated family, not only by dislocating and separating families, but also by transforming gender roles and introducing new intimate relationships (e.g., slavery, adoption, and inter-ethnic and inter-religious unions). Drawing on a wide range of archival sources (letters, petitions, probate records, notary deeds, administrative records, and more) from Germany, England, and the Netherlands, Relations of Absence argues that 18th-century, The defence can be followed online via Zoom. Contact Margaret Hunt (margaret.hunt@hist.uu.se) to get a zoom link and password for the defence.Due to COVID restrictions the entire defence will be held on Zoom. There will be no other public venue.

In the early modern period thousands of Germans, mostly men but also a few women and children, travelled to the Indian Ocean world in the service of the Dutch and British East India companies (VOC and EIC). Family played a key role for these Ostindienfahrer (East Indies travellers). People’s motives for going were often bound up with family affairs, they left families behind, they struggled to maintain connections to their families while abroad, and they formed new families in the East Indies. Meanwhile people in the Holy Roman Empire took a keen interest in the welfare of relatives abroad. Family has, however, been neglected in the scholarship on the German lands and early modern European expansion. Relations of Absence argues for re-framing the history of the Ostindienfahrer as a global family history. The study focuses on 180 German families from all social orders who were associated with the VOC and EIC from around 1750 to 1820. Using an actor-centred, micrological approach the study explores the nexus of family and empire and the interconnectedness of metropole and colonies, even in the Holy Roman Empire, not a region typically thought of as having an early modern global history. It shows that empire and family cohered on several levels. First, empire offered economic and social opportunities to families whose involvement in early modern imperial expansion has hitherto gone unnoticed. Second, families, at least to some degree, facilitated mobility and thus the expansion of empire on both micro and macro levels. Third, empire complicated family, not only by dislocating and separating families, but also by transforming gender roles and introducing new intimate relationships (e.g., slavery, adoption, and inter-ethnic and inter-religious unions). Drawing on a wide range of archival sources (letters, petitions, probate records, notary deeds, administrative records, and more) from Germany, England, and the Netherlands, Relations of Absence argues that 18th-century, The defence can be followed online via Zoom. Contact Margaret Hunt (margaret.hunt@hist.uu.se) to get a zoom link and password for the defence.Due to COVID restrictions the entire defence will be held on Zoom. There will be no other public venue.

In the early modern period thousands of Germans, mostly men but also a few women and children, travelled to the Indian Ocean world in the service of the Dutch and British East India companies (VOC and EIC). Family played a key role for these Ostindienfahrer (East Indies travellers). People’s motives for going were often bound up with family affairs, they left families behind, they struggled to maintain connections to their families while abroad, and they formed new families in the East Indies. Meanwhile people in the Holy Roman Empire took a keen interest in the welfare of relatives abroad. Family has, however, been neglected in the scholarship on the German lands and early modern European expansion. Relations of Absence argues for re-framing the history of the Ostindienfahrer as a global family history. The study focuses on 180 German families from all social orders who were associated with the VOC and EIC from around 1750 to 1820. Using an actor-centred, micrological approach the study explores the nexus of family and empire and the interconnectedness of metropole and colonies, even in the Holy Roman Empire, not a region typically thought of as having an early modern global history. It shows that empire and family cohered on several levels. First, empire offered economic and social opportunities to families whose involvement in early modern imperial expansion has hitherto gone unnoticed. Second, families, at least to some degree, facilitated mobility and thus the expansion of empire on both micro and macro levels. Third, empire complicated family, not only by dislocating and separating families, but also by transforming gender roles and introducing new intimate relationships (e.g., slavery, adoption, and inter-ethnic and inter-religious unions). Drawing on a wide range of archival sources (letters, petitions, probate records, notary deeds, administrative records, and more) from Germany, England, and the Netherlands, Relations of Absence argues that 18th-century, The defence can be followed online via Zoom. Contact Margaret Hunt (margaret.hunt@hist.uu.se) to get a zoom link and password for the defence.Due to COVID restrictions the entire defence will be held on Zoom. There will be no other public venue.

In the early modern period thousands of Germans, mostly men but also a few women and children, travelled to the Indian Ocean world in the service of the Dutch and British East India companies (VOC and EIC). Family played a key role for these Ostindienfahrer (East Indies travellers). People’s motives for going were often bound up with family affairs, they left families behind, they struggled to maintain connections to their families while abroad, and they formed new families in the East Indies. Meanwhile people in the Holy Roman Empire took a keen interest in the welfare of relatives abroad. Family has, however, been neglected in the scholarship on the German lands and early modern European expansion. Relations of Absence argues for re-framing the history of the Ostindienfahrer as a global family history. The study focuses on 180 German families from all social orders who were associated with the VOC and EIC from around 1750 to 1820. Using an actor-centred, micrological approach the study explores the nexus of family and empire and the interconnectedness of metropole and colonies, even in the Holy Roman Empire, not a region typically thought of as having an early modern global history. It shows that empire and family cohered on several levels. First, empire offered economic and social opportunities to families whose involvement in early modern imperial expansion has hitherto gone unnoticed. Second, families, at least to some degree, facilitated mobility and thus the expansion of empire on both micro and macro levels. Third, empire complicated family, not only by dislocating and separating families, but also by transforming gender roles and introducing new intimate relationships (e.g., slavery, adoption, and inter-ethnic and inter-religious unions). Drawing on a wide range of archival sources (letters, petitions, probate records, notary deeds, administrative records, and more) from Germany, England, and the Netherlands, Relations of Absence argues that 18th-century, The defence can be followed online via Zoom. Contact Margaret Hunt (margaret.hunt@hist.uu.se) to get a zoom link and password for the defence.Due to COVID restrictions the entire defence will be held on Zoom. There will be no other public venue.

La unión convivencial y el reconocimiento de otros derechos por fuera del Título III del Código Civil de Vélez es una novedad que introduce el Proyecto de reforma y unificación del Código Civil 2012, en su Libro II, Familia. Su Título III regula la unión convivencial, antes peyorativamente unión concubinaria o concubinato. El objetivo del artículo es indagar sobre los antecedentes de dicha regulación, para comprender su marco legal, así como precisar el problema entre el principio de autonomía de la voluntad y la noción de orden público o el modo como resuelve la dualidad entre el derecho a no casarse y el derecho a una protección integral de la familia, cualquiera que sea su forma. Se plantea la pregunta: La unión convivencial es el mecanismo idóneo para resolver la tensión social entre el matrimonio y las uniones de hecho, con respeto de principios y valores constitucionales La posibilidad de que las parejas unidas convivencialmente sean beneficiarias de la protección prevista para la vivienda y estén legitimadas para reclamar indemnización por daños ante la muerte de su pareja, entre otros aspectos, son razones para considerar que hay más de una forma de familia, no solo sustentada en vínculos genéticos, sino también afectivos. Esta consagración no es una creación de los redactores del Proyecto, sino un reconocimiento a las corrientes jurisprudenciales y doctrinarias que, sobre todo después de la reforma constitucional de 1994, proponían la ampliación de derechos a esta estructura familiar y afectiva distinta al matrimonio., Domestic unions and the acknowledgment of other rights outside of Title III of the Civil Code of Argentina are some of the novelties introduced in Family, the Second Book of the 2012 Civil Code Reform and Unification Project. Title III regulates the domestic union, formerly known as concubinary union or concubinage.The purpose of this paper is to investigate the background of said regulation in order to understand its legal framework. It also seeks to identify the problem between the principle of autonomy and the idea of public order, or the duality between the right not to marry and the right to a comprehensive protection of the family: Is domestic union the ideal mechanism to solve the social tension between marriage and de facto unions while respecting constitutional principles and values The possibility that cohabitating couples will benefit from housing protection and be entitled to compensation for damages resulting from the death of their partner, among other things, are reasons to believe there is more than one type of family, based not only on genetics but also on affectional bonds. This is not a creation of the leaders of the project, but an acknowledgment of the jurisprudence and doctrines that, particularly following the constitutional reform of 1994, proposed extending the rights to this type of family and affective structure, different from marriage.

En el presente trabajo se realiza un análisis sobre la existencia del concubinato en Colombia, a través del estudio de la Ley 54 de 1990, otras normas afines, doctrina y jurisprudencia -- Lo anterior con el fin de identificar la naturaleza jurídica del concubinato como hecho generador y tipo de familia natural en el ordenamiento jurídico colombiano; seguidamente se demostrará cómo el concubinato actualmente no goza de protección legal, para finalmente con base en la investigación realizada esbozar algunas recomendaciones de temas con necesidad de regulación en diferentes áreas del Derecho, con la intención que ante una eventual iniciativa legislativa que busque regular la situación del concubinato, éstas sean tenidas en cuenta, In the work previously presented, we analyze the existence of concubinage in Colombia, by studying Law 54 of 1990, related laws, doctrines and jurisprudence -- The intent is to identify the legal nature of concubinage as a kind of family in the Colombian Legal System -- Then we will demonstrate how concubinage today does not benefit from legal protection -- Finally, based on the completed research, we seek to sketch out several suggestions of topics in need of regulation in different areas of the law -- Our intention is that in the face of eventual legislative initiatives who seek to regulate the situation with concubinage that these ideas will be taken into account

La unión convivencial y el reconocimiento de otros derechos por fuera del Título III del Código Civil de Vélez es una novedad que introduce el Proyecto de reforma y unificación del Código Civil 2012, en su Libro II, Familia. Su Título III regula la unión convivencial, antes peyorativamente unión concubinaria o concubinato. El objetivo del artículo es indagar sobre los antecedentes de dicha regulación, para comprender su marco legal, así como precisar el problema entre el principio de autonomía de la voluntad y la noción de orden público o el modo como resuelve la dualidad entre el derecho a no casarse y el derecho a una protección integral de la familia, cualquiera que sea su forma. Se plantea la pregunta: La unión convivencial es el mecanismo idóneo para resolver la tensión social entre el matrimonio y las uniones de hecho, con respeto de principios y valores constitucionales La posibilidad de que las parejas unidas convivencialmente sean beneficiarias de la protección prevista para la vivienda y estén legitimadas para reclamar indemnización por daños ante la muerte de su pareja, entre otros aspectos, son razones para considerar que hay más de una forma de familia, no solo sustentada en vínculos genéticos, sino también afectivos. Esta consagración no es una creación de los redactores del Proyecto, sino un reconocimiento a las corrientes jurisprudenciales y doctrinarias que, sobre todo después de la reforma constitucional de 1994, proponían la ampliación de derechos a esta estructura familiar y afectiva distinta al matrimonio., Domestic unions and the acknowledgment of other rights outside of Title III of the Civil Code of Argentina are some of the novelties introduced in Family, the Second Book of the 2012 Civil Code Reform and Unification Project. Title III regulates the domestic union, formerly known as concubinary union or concubinage.The purpose of this paper is to investigate the background of said regulation in order to understand its legal framework. It also seeks to identify the problem between the principle of autonomy and the idea of public order, or the duality between the right not to marry and the right to a comprehensive protection of the family: Is domestic union the ideal mechanism to solve the social tension between marriage and de facto unions while respecting constitutional principles and values The possibility that cohabitating couples will benefit from housing protection and be entitled to compensation for damages resulting from the death of their partner, among other things, are reasons to believe there is more than one type of family, based not only on genetics but also on affectional bonds. This is not a creation of the leaders of the project, but an acknowledgment of the jurisprudence and doctrines that, particularly following the constitutional reform of 1994, proposed extending the rights to this type of family and affective structure, different from marriage.

La unión convivencial y el reconocimiento de otros derechos por fuera del Título III del Código Civil de Vélez es una novedad que introduce el Proyecto de reforma y unificación del Código Civil 2012, en su Libro II, Familia. Su Título III regula la unión convivencial, antes peyorativamente unión concubinaria o concubinato. El objetivo del artículo es indagar sobre los antecedentes de dicha regulación, para comprender su marco legal, así como precisar el problema entre el principio de autonomía de la voluntad y la noción de orden público o el modo como resuelve la dualidad entre el derecho a no casarse y el derecho a una protección integral de la familia, cualquiera que sea su forma. Se plantea la pregunta: La unión convivencial es el mecanismo idóneo para resolver la tensión social entre el matrimonio y las uniones de hecho, con respeto de principios y valores constitucionales La posibilidad de que las parejas unidas convivencialmente sean beneficiarias de la protección prevista para la vivienda y estén legitimadas para reclamar indemnización por daños ante la muerte de su pareja, entre otros aspectos, son razones para considerar que hay más de una forma de familia, no solo sustentada en vínculos genéticos, sino también afectivos. Esta consagración no es una creación de los redactores del Proyecto, sino un reconocimiento a las corrientes jurisprudenciales y doctrinarias que, sobre todo después de la reforma constitucional de 1994, proponían la ampliación de derechos a esta estructura familiar y afectiva distinta al matrimonio., Domestic unions and the acknowledgment of other rights outside of Title III of the Civil Code of Argentina are some of the novelties introduced in Family, the Second Book of the 2012 Civil Code Reform and Unification Project. Title III regulates the domestic union, formerly known as concubinary union or concubinage.The purpose of this paper is to investigate the background of said regulation in order to understand its legal framework. It also seeks to identify the problem between the principle of autonomy and the idea of public order, or the duality between the right not to marry and the right to a comprehensive protection of the family: Is domestic union the ideal mechanism to solve the social tension between marriage and de facto unions while respecting constitutional principles and values The possibility that cohabitating couples will benefit from housing protection and be entitled to compensation for damages resulting from the death of their partner, among other things, are reasons to believe there is more than one type of family, based not only on genetics but also on affectional bonds. This is not a creation of the leaders of the project, but an acknowledgment of the jurisprudence and doctrines that, particularly following the constitutional reform of 1994, proposed extending the rights to this type of family and affective structure, different from marriage.

The protection of the person through the different subjects that integrate it into the family, acquires different connotations according to the socio-political and economic characteristics of the country. This allows us to present a reality about Family Law that is removed from Roman law in some fundamental institutions and with the perspective of the protection of human rights and its constitutionalisation in the Mexican legal system. This work has been carried out to highlight the paradigmatic change of certain family institutions, some of which have changed in the context of private international law, others that are characteristic of Mexican historical and cultural characteristics and the development of family law as an autonomous discipline of Civil Law by the presence of public order in the development of the family, where the best interests of the child and the protection of the weakest subject matter, this article highlights several figures who have played a fundamental role in the new conception of the right of family as the concubinage and the family patrimony., La protección de la persona a través de los distintos sujetos que la integran en la familia, adquiere connotaciones diferentes según las características socio-políticas y económicas del país. Lo anterior permite presentar una realidad sobre el Derecho de Familia alejada del derecho romano en algunas instituciones fundamentales y con la perspectiva de la protección de los derechos humanos y su constitucionalización en el sistema jurídico mexicano. Se ha realizado este trabajo para destacar el cambio paradigmático de ciertas instituciones familiares, algunas que han variado en el contexto del derecho internacional privado, otras que son propias de las características históricas y culturales mexicanas y del desarrollo del Derecho familiar como disciplina autónoma del Derecho Civil por la presencia del orden público en el desarrollo de la familia, donde prima el interés superior del menor y la protección del sujeto más débil, por eso se destacan en este artículo varias figuras que han jugado un papel fundamental en la nueva concepción del derecho de familia como el concubinato y el patrimonio de familia.

В статье представлен анализ данных мониторинга репродуктивного потенциала населения Вологодской области, осуществляемого ИСЭРТ с 2005 г. о месте и значении семьи и брака в жизни людей, роли супругов и распределении обязанностей. Обозначены демографические последствия девальвации легитимного брака., The article presents an analysis of the monitoring data on the reproductive potential of the Vologda region’s population, carried out by ISEDT since 2005 aimed at identifying the place and significance of family and marriage in people's life, the roles of spouses and distribution of their responsibilities. It indicates the demographic consequences of the devaluation of legitimate marriage.

In this paper, we use a combination of evolutionary theory, ethnographic data, written sources, and archaeological evidence to develop a new explanation for the origins of Viking raiding. Our argument focuses on the operational sex ratio, which is the ratio of males to females in a society who are ready to mate at a given time. We propose that a combination of two practices-polygyny and concubinage-and the increase in social inequality that occurred in Scandinavia during the Late Iron Age resulted in a male-biased operational sex ratio. This would have created a pool of unmarried men motivated to engage in risky behaviours that had the potential to increase their wealth and status, and therefore their probability of entering the marriage market. With high-status men looking to instigate expeditions to acquire plunder and develop their reputations as war leaders, raiding represented a mutually beneficial means of achieving social advancement and success. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.

In this paper, we use a combination of evolutionary theory, ethnographic data, written sources, and archaeological evidence to develop a new explanation for the origins of Viking raiding. Our argument focuses on the operational sex ratio, which is the ratio of males to females in a society who are ready to mate at a given time. We propose that a combination of two practices-polygyny and concubinage-and the increase in social inequality that occurred in Scandinavia during the Late Iron Age resulted in a male-biased operational sex ratio. This would have created a pool of unmarried men motivated to engage in risky behaviours that had the potential to increase their wealth and status, and therefore their probability of entering the marriage market. With high-status men looking to instigate expeditions to acquire plunder and develop their reputations as war leaders, raiding represented a mutually beneficial means of achieving social advancement and success. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.

In this paper, we use a combination of evolutionary theory, ethnographic data, written sources, and archaeological evidence to develop a new explanation for the origins of Viking raiding. Our argument focuses on the operational sex ratio, which is the ratio of males to females in a society who are ready to mate at a given time. We propose that a combination of two practices-polygyny and concubinage-and the increase in social inequality that occurred in Scandinavia during the Late Iron Age resulted in a male-biased operational sex ratio. This would have created a pool of unmarried men motivated to engage in risky behaviours that had the potential to increase their wealth and status, and therefore their probability of entering the marriage market. With high-status men looking to instigate expeditions to acquire plunder and develop their reputations as war leaders, raiding represented a mutually beneficial means of achieving social advancement and success. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.

In this paper, we use a combination of evolutionary theory, ethnographic data, written sources, and archaeological evidence to develop a new explanation for the origins of Viking raiding. Our argument focuses on the operational sex ratio, which is the ratio of males to females in a society who are ready to mate at a given time. We propose that a combination of two practices-polygyny and concubinage-and the increase in social inequality that occurred in Scandinavia during the Late Iron Age resulted in a male-biased operational sex ratio. This would have created a pool of unmarried men motivated to engage in risky behaviours that had the potential to increase their wealth and status, and therefore their probability of entering the marriage market. With high-status men looking to instigate expeditions to acquire plunder and develop their reputations as war leaders, raiding represented a mutually beneficial means of achieving social advancement and success. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.

In this paper, we use a combination of evolutionary theory, ethnographic data, written sources, and archaeological evidence to develop a new explanation for the origins of Viking raiding. Our argument focuses on the operational sex ratio, which is the ratio of males to females in a society who are ready to mate at a given time. We propose that a combination of two practices-polygyny and concubinage-and the increase in social inequality that occurred in Scandinavia during the Late Iron Age resulted in a male-biased operational sex ratio. This would have created a pool of unmarried men motivated to engage in risky behaviours that had the potential to increase their wealth and status, and therefore their probability of entering the marriage market. With high-status men looking to instigate expeditions to acquire plunder and develop their reputations as war leaders, raiding represented a mutually beneficial means of achieving social advancement and success. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.

In this paper, we use a combination of evolutionary theory, ethnographic data, written sources, and archaeological evidence to develop a new explanation for the origins of Viking raiding. Our argument focuses on the operational sex ratio, which is the ratio of males to females in a society who are ready to mate at a given time. We propose that a combination of two practices-polygyny and concubinage-and the increase in social inequality that occurred in Scandinavia during the Late Iron Age resulted in a male-biased operational sex ratio. This would have created a pool of unmarried men motivated to engage in risky behaviours that had the potential to increase their wealth and status, and therefore their probability of entering the marriage market. With high-status men looking to instigate expeditions to acquire plunder and develop their reputations as war leaders, raiding represented a mutually beneficial means of achieving social advancement and success. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Concubinage has been, over the past decade, several investigations. While increasingly know more about concubines and late medieval concubinage. This time we will try to give a new look to the pasts in Castile in the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries. Added to this will be analytical axis as the role of women in concubinage, seeing in them the various forms that are part of that reality., El concubinato ha sido objeto, desde la década pasada, de diversas investigaciones. Si bien, cada vez sabemos más sobre las concubinas y los amancebamientos bajomedievales, se intentará en esta ocasión dar una nueva mirada a el/los pasados presentados en la Castilla de los siglos XIII al XV. Sumado a esto se pondrá como eje analítico el rol de la mujer dentro del concubinato, viéndose en ellas las diversas gamas que se integran en esa realidad.

Concubinage has been, over the past decade, several investigations. While increasingly know more about concubines and late medieval concubinage. This time we will try to give a new look to the pasts in Castile in the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries. Added to this will be analytical axis as the role of women in concubinage, seeing in them the various forms that are part of that reality., El concubinato ha sido objeto, desde la década pasada, de diversas investigaciones. Si bien, cada vez sabemos más sobre las concubinas y los amancebamientos bajomedievales, se intentará en esta ocasión dar una nueva mirada a el/los pasados presentados en la Castilla de los siglos XIII al XV. Sumado a esto se pondrá como eje analítico el rol de la mujer dentro del concubinato, viéndose en ellas las diversas gamas que se integran en esa realidad.

DIE LEGALISIERUNG DER INTIMITÄT IN MEXIKO von Manuel Castillo Diese Dissertation wurde zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doctor iuris (Dr. iur.) an der Juristischen Fakultät der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin in Deutschland vorgelegt. Das Hauptthema der Forschung ist die Legalisierung der Intimität, am Fallbeispiel des mexikanischen Rechts. Mit der Prämisse, dass das Recht auf Intimität sich aus dem Recht auf Privatsphäre ergibt, bespricht diese Forschungsarbeit die grundlegenden Menschenrechte, die einen Rahmen für die Legalisierung der Intimität ermöglichen. Die Einführung, der Sphären und Strukturen der Intimität, liefert eine Vorgehensweise zur Analyse dieses Themas. Es erfolgt eine Betrachtung der Frage der Geschlechter in ihrer Beziehung mit dem Recht und der Intimität. Aus einer „queer“ Perspektive hinterfragt diese Dissertation die Gleichstellung von Ehe und gleichgeschlechtlicher Ehe, mit dem Argument, ob eine neue Form der Legalisierung der Intimität für alle notwendig ist. Darüber hinaus, liefert diese Arbeit eine vergleichende Bewertung der mexikanischen Rechtsvorschriften im Rahmen des Völkerrechts. Am Ende der Dissertation, wird ein Vorschlag zur Legalisierung der Intimität im einundzwanzigsten Jahrhundert dargeboten., THE LEGALIZATION OF INTIMACY IN MEXICO by Manuel Castillo This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor iuris (Dr. iur.) at the Faculty of Law, of the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin in Germany. The main scope of the research is the legalization of intimacy, using Mexican law as a case study. Considering that the right to intimacy arises from the right to privacy, this research discusses the fundamental human rights that constitute a framework for the legalization of intimacy. The research provides an approach to the analysis of this subject that includes what has been introduced as the Spheres of Intimacy and the Structures of Intimacy. The issue of gender is discussed in its relationship with the law and intimacy. From a queer perspective, this dissertation questions the equality of marriage and same-sex marriage, arguing that a new form of legalization of intimacy for all is needed. Furthermore, this study provides a comparative review of Mexican legislations within the framework of international law. At the end, this dissertation offers a proposal for the legalization of intimacy in the twenty-first century.

本文闡述香港確立一夫一妻婚姻制度的經過，說明殖民地政府、支持或反對廢妾的人士或組織之間的互動及論辯，並解釋立法廢妾的緩慢進程。, 爭取立法廢妾的進程可分為三個階段。第一階段(1948-1956年)始於史德鄰委員會的成立，該會研究修訂華人婚姻法例，建議政府立例在指定日期後禁止納妾。由於殖民地政府視婚姻制度為華人事務，未有積極推動改革，而且政府依賴男性華人精英管理華人社區，而當時華人精英納妾風氣盛行，政府根本難以杜絶此風，加上華人精英代表羅文錦大力反對廢妾，政府正好藉此擱置婚姻改革。, 此外，從有關廢妾的論述看，社會上性別平等意識滯後，婦女團體將妾侍問題歸咎於女子的責任；有男性華人精英認為妾侍可以延嗣及侍疾。惟亦有持開明思想的男性華人同情妾侍的處境，主張立法革除不合時宜的習俗，但這種聲音仍未足以帶來太大改變。, 在廢妾進程的第二階段(1957-1964)中，婦女團體不滿殖民地政府擱置婚姻條例改革，她們積極推動廢妾的工作。殖民地政府於是委任華民政務司展開第二次研究工作，惟有關報告竟建議政府應任由妾侍制度自然死亡，故政府沒有展開任何立法廢妾的行動。但婦女團體的性別平等意識已有所提高，她們批評男子濫用妾侍制度及政府施政不公，並採用社會平等的觀念以合理化廢妾要求。, 六十年代中，立法廢妾工作進入第三階段（1965-1971)。英國簽署聯合國條約及人權宣言，使殖民地政府深感改革華人婚姻制度的迫切性。遂委任爭取廢妾的婦女團體領袖-李曹秀群-為立法局議員，於建制內推動廢妾工作，包括游說其他議員、爭取新界居民支持改革及修改法例用辭等。, 「六七暴動」令立法廢妾的工作受阻，但事件改變了殖民地政府管治香港的模式，華民政務司易名為民政司，意味著昔日政府不干預華人習俗的理由不再存在。同時，華人婚姻家庭觀念改變，女性教育及經濟地位提升，加上社會推崇節育優生，令納妾的需求降低。至於輿論方面，反對廢妾的聲音紛紜，而支持廢妾者則不再只針對妾侍本人，轉而強調妾侍制度對女性的不公及所造成的歧視。一九七零年，立法局通過〈婚姻修訂條例〉，翌年生效，正式廢除妾侍制度，確立一夫一妻制，漫長的爭取廢妾過程于焉告終，惟其遲緩曲折關乎殖民地統治模式及其性別意涵，值得深究。, 本文嘗試從殖民地政府對華人的管治方式及性別角度，解釋香港立法廢妾來遲的因由。對有關論述作者採文本分析法，透過對政府與支持及反對廢妾者的言論內容、修辭技巧等方面的分析，展示出不同時期中有關人士或組織的立場，並指出他們採用哪些策略來增強說服力。論文也結合時代背景和殖民地社會變化，揭示在各階段中出現各種不同論述的語境。, 總括而言，香港在爭取立法廢妾的過程中，婦女團體面對來自殖民地政府及華人男性精英的壓力，也因內部的不團結和策略的局限性，以及參政力薄的弱點，成效不彰，整個過程特別漫長。直至殖民地政府對華人的管治方式在各種内外衝擊下發生變化，而香港在社會、教育、經濟和政制上的發展，也配合家庭、婚姻和性別觀念的轉變及婦女團體的成長，帶來突破，妾侍制度才終於正式廢除。, This study illustrates the process of the abolishment of concubinage in Hong Kong and analyzes the interactions and debates between the colonial government and different social groups for or against the Chinese custom of concubine keeping., The process of abolition of concubinage can be divided into three phases. The first phase (1948-1956) began with the establishment of the Strickland Committee to study the need to revise the Chinese marriage law. The committee proposed legislation against concubinage, but the government shelved the reform using the excuse of the objection of Lo Man-kam, a renowned representative of the Chinese community. As the colonial government treated the reform of marriage system as the colonized Chinese’s own business and relied on the Chinese male elites to manage the Chinese community, in which it was common for the wealthy men to keep concubines, the government then was not under any pressure to abolish concubinage., As for Hong Kong society at large, gender and social equality was not yet a popular appeal. Even some women’s groups thought that women themselves were responsible for the problem of concubinage. Many Chinese males took in concubines to bear male offspring and serve as nurses. Some enlightened Chinese males showed sympathy to concubines and advocated for legislation to abolish the outdated custom of concubine keeping. But their voices were not strong enough to bring any changes., In the second phase (1957-1964), women’s groups actively promoted the abolition of concubinage owing to their growing dissatisfaction with government’s delay to reform the Chinese marriage system. The colonial government then appointed the Secretary of Chinese Affairs to launch the second study of the issue. Since the Secretary opted for "natural disappearance" of the Chinese custom of concubinage in the future instead of legislation to abolish it, the government did not promote any reform. With the rising awareness of social and gender equality among women’s groups, however, they criticized the abuse of concubinage by males and the government’s unjust policy on the issue. To justify their arguments, the concept of social equality was often quoted in their discourses., In the third phase (1965-1971), the colonial government was under the pressure to reform the Chinese marriage law when the British government signed the pacts of the United Nations. The government hence appointed the main leader of the women’s groups, Ellen Li, as a member of the Legislative Council to prepare for the abolition of concubinage with efforts including the work to solicit the support of other members of the Legislative Council as well as villagers in the New Territories., Hong Kong’s 1967 Incident interrupted the process of legislation to reform the Chinese marriage system. It paradoxically also changed the style of colonial governance. The change of the title of the Secretary of Chinese Affairs to the Secretary of Home Affairs implied that the rationale behind the colonial policy of "non-intervention" in Chinese customs was no longer valid. Meanwhile, the need for concubines declined along with the change of the views of marriage and family among the Chinese population, the promotion of birth control, and the rise of educational and economic status of women., In this phase, opinions against the abolition of concubinage were diversified and those supporting reform emphasized that the old system caused injustice and discrimination towards women. In 1970, The Legislative Council passed the Marriage Reform Ordinance, taking effect one year later. Not until then did the prolonged process of the abolishment of concubinage finally end. To understand the crux of the problem, as this thesis demonstrates, we need to historicize Hong Kong’s colonial governance from a gender perspective., By engendering the history of Hong Kong colonial governance with regard to the issue of Chinese marriage custom, this thesis explains why it took such a lengthy period of more than a couple of decades to establish a system of monogamy for Hong Kong’s Chinese population, lagging far behind other Chinese societies in the world, including mainland China and Taiwan. Adopting the methodology of textual analysis, the author discusses the changes in different discourses on the issue of concubinage. Contextual analysis, which entails a study of the responses of the colonial government and different social groups to social and ideological changes of the time, was also conducted to explain why the above mentioned changes took place., In sum, for decades the voices to abolish concubinage by women’s groups in Hong Kong proved too feeble owing to their own limitations and lack of political potency in front of the overpowering colonial government and patriarchal Chinese male elites. Not until changes in colonial governance as well as society in areas of education, economy, consciousness and so on took place along with the growth of women’s groups under internal and external sociopolitical impact was the age-old custom of concubine keeping officially abolished in the colony., Detailed summary in vernacular field only., Detailed summary in vernacular field only., Detailed summary in vernacular field only., Detailed summary in vernacular field only., Detailed summary in vernacular field only., Detailed summary in vernacular field only., Detailed summary in vernacular field only., Detailed summary in vernacular field only., 葉嘉茵., Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014., Includes bibliographical references (leaves 207-218)., s also in Chinese., Ye Jiayin., http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b6116329, Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

In the Libro de Buen Amor, written in the XIV century by Juan Ruiz, Archpriest of Hita, we find one of the best critical sources to observe the behavior of the late-medieval Spanish clerisy; through fiction, the book acts as an outstanding historical document when trying to approach their concept of celibacy. The part of the Libro that we hereby analyze, the Cántica de los clérigos de Talavera, clearly of goliardic accent, sets out the protest of the archdiocese of Toledo before the establishment of the obligatory celibacy. In this article, we outline a note about the historical development of the celibacy in the peninsula departing from the satirical approach of the Libro., En el Libro de Buen Amor, escrito a mediados del siglo XIV por Juan Ruiz, Arcipreste de Hita, encontramos una de las mejores fuentes críticas para observar el comportamiento de la clerecía hispánica bajomedieval; a través de la ficción, el libro actúa como documento histórico incontestable. El texto que nos ocupa, la Cántica de los clérigos de Talavera, de claro carácter goliardesco, recoge la protesta de la archidiócesis de Toledo ante el establecimiento del celibato obligatorio. En el artículo, esbozamos un apunte sobre el desarrollo histórico del celibato en la península a partir de la ficción satírico-literaria del Libro.

It is the interest of this work to analyze the dynamics of two of the primary mechanisms of the miscegenation, concubinage and the illegitimacy, in the particular case of the province of Costa Rica in the period 1690-1821, that corresponds to the called second colonial configuration that is framed between the aim of the era of the encomienda and until independence. The protagonists of this process were men and women of mixed blood, who were related in the cities and the ranches, to each other and with the other groups of the society, Indians, African slaves and Spanish, tie by bows of blood, social networks, networks of compadrazgo and economic relations. Consequently, the miscegenation is established as a characteristic not only of the yesterday Hispano-American colonial societies, but also of the today Latin American contemporary societies., En este trabajo interesa, analizar la dinámica de dos de los mecanismos primarios del mestizaje, el concubinato y la ilegitimidad, en el caso particular de la provincia de Costa Rica en el período 1690-1821, que corresponde a la llamada segunda configuración colonial que se enmarca entre el fin de la era de la encomienda y hasta la independencia. Los protagonistas de este proceso fueron hombres y mujeres de sangre mezclada, que se relacionaron en las ciudades y en las haciendas, entre sí y con los otros grupos de la sociedad, indígenas, esclavos africanos y españoles, vinculados por lazos de sangre, redes sociales, redes de compadrazgo y relaciones económicas. En consecuencia, el mestizaje se constituyo en un rasgo característico no sólo de las sociedades coloniales hispanoamericanas de ayer, sino también de las sociedades contemporáneas latinoamericanas de hoy.

In the Libro de Buen Amor, written in the XIV century by Juan Ruiz, Archpriest of Hita, we find one of the best critical sources to observe the behavior of the late-medieval Spanish clerisy; through fiction, the book acts as an outstanding historical document when trying to approach their concept of celibacy. The part of the Libro that we hereby analyze, the Cántica de los clérigos de Talavera, clearly of goliardic accent, sets out the protest of the archdiocese of Toledo before the establishment of the obligatory celibacy. In this article, we outline a note about the historical development of the celibacy in the peninsula departing from the satirical approach of the Libro., En el Libro de Buen Amor, escrito a mediados del siglo XIV por Juan Ruiz, Arcipreste de Hita, encontramos una de las mejores fuentes críticas para observar el comportamiento de la clerecía hispánica bajomedieval; a través de la ficción, el libro actúa como documento histórico incontestable. El texto que nos ocupa, la Cántica de los clérigos de Talavera, de claro carácter goliardesco, recoge la protesta de la archidiócesis de Toledo ante el establecimiento del celibato obligatorio. En el artículo, esbozamos un apunte sobre el desarrollo histórico del celibato en la península a partir de la ficción satírico-literaria del Libro.

It is the interest of this work to analyze the dynamics of two of the primary mechanisms of the miscegenation, concubinage and the illegitimacy, in the particular case of the province of Costa Rica in the period 1690-1821, that corresponds to the called second colonial configuration that is framed between the aim of the era of the encomienda and until independence. The protagonists of this process were men and women of mixed blood, who were related in the cities and the ranches, to each other and with the other groups of the society, Indians, African slaves and Spanish, tie by bows of blood, social networks, networks of compadrazgo and economic relations. Consequently, the miscegenation is established as a characteristic not only of the yesterday Hispano-American colonial societies, but also of the today Latin American contemporary societies., En este trabajo interesa, analizar la dinámica de dos de los mecanismos primarios del mestizaje, el concubinato y la ilegitimidad, en el caso particular de la provincia de Costa Rica en el período 1690-1821, que corresponde a la llamada segunda configuración colonial que se enmarca entre el fin de la era de la encomienda y hasta la independencia. Los protagonistas de este proceso fueron hombres y mujeres de sangre mezclada, que se relacionaron en las ciudades y en las haciendas, entre sí y con los otros grupos de la sociedad, indígenas, esclavos africanos y españoles, vinculados por lazos de sangre, redes sociales, redes de compadrazgo y relaciones económicas. En consecuencia, el mestizaje se constituyo en un rasgo característico no sólo de las sociedades coloniales hispanoamericanas de ayer, sino también de las sociedades contemporáneas latinoamericanas de hoy.

In the Libro de Buen Amor, written in the XIV century by Juan Ruiz, Archpriest of Hita, we find one of the best critical sources to observe the behavior of the late-medieval Spanish clerisy; through fiction, the book acts as an outstanding historical document when trying to approach their concept of celibacy. The part of the Libro that we hereby analyze, the Cántica de los clérigos de Talavera, clearly of goliardic accent, sets out the protest of the archdiocese of Toledo before the establishment of the obligatory celibacy. In this article, we outline a note about the historical development of the celibacy in the peninsula departing from the satirical approach of the Libro., En el Libro de Buen Amor, escrito a mediados del siglo XIV por Juan Ruiz, Arcipreste de Hita, encontramos una de las mejores fuentes críticas para observar el comportamiento de la clerecía hispánica bajomedieval; a través de la ficción, el libro actúa como documento histórico incontestable. El texto que nos ocupa, la Cántica de los clérigos de Talavera, de claro carácter goliardesco, recoge la protesta de la archidiócesis de Toledo ante el establecimiento del celibato obligatorio. En el artículo, esbozamos un apunte sobre el desarrollo histórico del celibato en la península a partir de la ficción satírico-literaria del Libro.

This essay examines ecclesiastical justice in fifteenth-century Castile by analyzing some examples from the northern part of the Diocese of Burgos, called Las Montañas, with the aim of observing two fundamental questions for understanding Castilian society: the use of the bishop’s justice as a social justification of the power of the Church and the use of the courts of justice as spaces of conformation and control of popular attitudes regarding ecclesiastical authority. First, we will explain the characteristics of the church’s ordinary justice. Secondly, we will analyze the organization of justice in the bishopric of Burgos and, thirdly, the ecclesiastical judicial labour in the territory of the Mountains in relation to three topics: clerics with concubines, religious deviations and the usurpation of goods and rights of the Church. Finally, this essay aims to observe the way that discourses emitted by ordinary Episcopal courts constituted a coercive form of religious communication and oral propaganda upon which the Church based its power of persuasion., El presente artículo tiene como objetivo paliar el estado de nuestros conocimientos en torno al ejercicio de la justicia eclesiástica en la Castilla del siglo XV a través de algunos ejemplos de La Montaña, en el Norte de la diócesis de Burgos, con el objetivo de aproximarnos a dos cuestiones fundamentales para la comprensión de la sociedad castellana, como son el ejercicio de la justicia episcopal como justificación del poder eclesial y la utilización de los tribunales de justicia como ámbito de conformación y control de las actitudes populares respecto al poder eclesiástico. En primer lugar, se analizan las características de la justicia ordinaria de la Iglesia, en segundo, la organización de la justicia del obispo de Burgos y, en tercero, la labor judicial en el territorio de Las Montañas con relación a tres temas: los clérigos concubinarios, las desviaciones religiosas de los feligreses y la usurpación de bienes y derechos de la Iglesia. De esta manera, el objetivo final consiste en observar la manera en que los discursos emanados de los tribunales ordinarios episcopales constituyeron una vía coercitiva de comunicación religiosa y de propaganda oral sobre los cuales se apoyó el poder de persuasión de la Iglesia.

This essay examines ecclesiastical justice in fifteenth-century Castile by analyzing some examples from the northern part of the Diocese of Burgos, called Las Montañas, with the aim of observing two fundamental questions for understanding Castilian society: the use of the bishop’s justice as a social justification of the power of the Church and the use of the courts of justice as spaces of conformation and control of popular attitudes regarding ecclesiastical authority. First, we will explain the characteristics of the church’s ordinary justice. Secondly, we will analyze the organization of justice in the bishopric of Burgos and, thirdly, the ecclesiastical judicial labour in the territory of the Mountains in relation to three topics: clerics with concubines, religious deviations and the usurpation of goods and rights of the Church. Finally, this essay aims to observe the way that discourses emitted by ordinary Episcopal courts constituted a coercive form of religious communication and oral propaganda upon which the Church based its power of persuasion., El presente artículo tiene como objetivo paliar el estado de nuestros conocimientos en torno al ejercicio de la justicia eclesiástica en la Castilla del siglo XV a través de algunos ejemplos de La Montaña, en el Norte de la diócesis de Burgos, con el objetivo de aproximarnos a dos cuestiones fundamentales para la comprensión de la sociedad castellana, como son el ejercicio de la justicia episcopal como justificación del poder eclesial y la utilización de los tribunales de justicia como ámbito de conformación y control de las actitudes populares respecto al poder eclesiástico. En primer lugar, se analizan las características de la justicia ordinaria de la Iglesia, en segundo, la organización de la justicia del obispo de Burgos y, en tercero, la labor judicial en el territorio de Las Montañas con relación a tres temas: los clérigos concubinarios, las desviaciones religiosas de los feligreses y la usurpación de bienes y derechos de la Iglesia. De esta manera, el objetivo final consiste en observar la manera en que los discursos emanados de los tribunales ordinarios episcopales constituyeron una vía coercitiva de comunicación religiosa y de propaganda oral sobre los cuales se apoyó el poder de persuasión de la Iglesia.

[ES]En estas páginas se analiza el modelo de sexualidad conyugal establecido por la Iglesia medieval para poder responder a la pregunta de qué era lícito y qué no en las relaciones sexuales. Así, entre otras cuestiones, se pasa revista a las posturas, a los momentos, las frecuencias, etc. Igualmente se exponen diversas estrategias arbitradas por la sociedad medieval para vivir en pareja y disfrutar del sexo al margen del matrimonio canónico, como la barraganía,el amancebamiento o el estupro., [EN]This article analyses the conjugal sexual model created and encouraged by the Church in the Middle Ages in order to regulate to what extent some sexual practices might be considered as licit within marriage. Thus, among others, the issues of positions, moments, frequency, etc, are taken into account, as well as the diverse strategies the medieval society resorted to in order to enjoy sex and cohabitation outside the path ofcanonical marriage,such as concubinage, common-law union, sexual intercourse with a minor., [FR]À ces pages on analyse le modèle de sexualité conjugale établi par l'Église médiévale pour pouvoir répondre à la question de ce qui était licite et que non dans les relations sexuelles. Ainsi, entre d'autres questions, on passe revue aux postures, aux moments, les fréquences, etc. De diverses stratégies s'exposent également, arbitrées par la société médiévale pour vivre en couple et pour jouir du sexe à la marge du mariage canonique, comme le barraganía, le concubinage ou le stupre.

[ES]En estas páginas se analiza el modelo de sexualidad conyugal establecido por la Iglesia medieval para poder responder a la pregunta de qué era lícito y qué no en las relaciones sexuales. Así, entre otras cuestiones, se pasa revista a las posturas, a los momentos, las frecuencias, etc. Igualmente se exponen diversas estrategias arbitradas por la sociedad medieval para vivir en pareja y disfrutar del sexo al margen del matrimonio canónico, como la barraganía,el amancebamiento o el estupro., [EN]This article analyses the conjugal sexual model created and encouraged by the Church in the Middle Ages in order to regulate to what extent some sexual practices might be considered as licit within marriage. Thus, among others, the issues of positions, moments, frequency, etc, are taken into account, as well as the diverse strategies the medieval society resorted to in order to enjoy sex and cohabitation outside the path ofcanonical marriage,such as concubinage, common-law union, sexual intercourse with a minor., [FR]À ces pages on analyse le modèle de sexualité conjugale établi par l'Église médiévale pour pouvoir répondre à la question de ce qui était licite et que non dans les relations sexuelles. Ainsi, entre d'autres questions, on passe revue aux postures, aux moments, les fréquences, etc. De diverses stratégies s'exposent également, arbitrées par la société médiévale pour vivre en couple et pour jouir du sexe à la marge du mariage canonique, comme le barraganía, le concubinage ou le stupre.

[ES]En estas páginas se analiza el modelo de sexualidad conyugal establecido por la Iglesia medieval para poder responder a la pregunta de qué era lícito y qué no en las relaciones sexuales. Así, entre otras cuestiones, se pasa revista a las posturas, a los momentos, las frecuencias, etc. Igualmente se exponen diversas estrategias arbitradas por la sociedad medieval para vivir en pareja y disfrutar del sexo al margen del matrimonio canónico, como la barraganía,el amancebamiento o el estupro., [EN]This article analyses the conjugal sexual model created and encouraged by the Church in the Middle Ages in order to regulate to what extent some sexual practices might be considered as licit within marriage. Thus, among others, the issues of positions, moments, frequency, etc, are taken into account, as well as the diverse strategies the medieval society resorted to in order to enjoy sex and cohabitation outside the path ofcanonical marriage,such as concubinage, common-law union, sexual intercourse with a minor., [FR]À ces pages on analyse le modèle de sexualité conjugale établi par l'Église médiévale pour pouvoir répondre à la question de ce qui était licite et que non dans les relations sexuelles. Ainsi, entre d'autres questions, on passe revue aux postures, aux moments, les fréquences, etc. De diverses stratégies s'exposent également, arbitrées par la société médiévale pour vivre en couple et pour jouir du sexe à la marge du mariage canonique, comme le barraganía, le concubinage ou le stupre.

This paper deals again with the Trojan women, but now focussing on their essencial change of social and personal status, because all of them —even the queen and the princesses— became slaves, and concubines of men who had killed their family and destroyed their city. We talk about Briseis, Chryseis, Tecmessa, Hecuba, Polyxena, Andromache and Cassandra —and also about Hesione— and we can see important analogies and oppositions between them, especially with regards to their respective attitude, submissive or rebel.

This paper deals again with the Trojan women, but now focussing on their essencial change of social and personal status, because all of them —even the queen and the princesses— became slaves, and concubines of men who had killed their family and destroyed their city. We talk about Briseis, Chryseis, Tecmessa, Hecuba, Polyxena, Andromache and Cassandra —and also about Hesione— and we can see important analogies and oppositions between them, especially with regards to their respective attitude, submissive or rebel.

Del mismo modo como el contrapunto de la pecadora y de la adultera es la imagen sublime de la madre y la mujer de la casa, que una vez conquistada se vuelve “invisible”, la figura del macho encuentra su complemento en la del caballero.

Del mismo modo como el contrapunto de la pecadora y de la adultera es la imagen sublime de la madre y la mujer de la casa, que una vez conquistada se vuelve “invisible”, la figura del macho encuentra su complemento en la del caballero.

Since its national debut in 1987, Fresh Air with Terry Gross has been a highly acclaimed and much adored weekday magazine among public radio listeners. Each week, nearly 4.8 million people turn to Peabody Award-winning host Terry Gross for insightful conversations with the leading voices in contemporary arts and issues. The renowned program reaches a global audience, with over 620 public radio stations broadcasting Fresh Air, and 3 million podcast downloads each week. Fresh Air has broken the mold of 'talk show' by weaving together superior journalism and intimate storytelling from modern-day intellectuals, politicians and artists alike. Through probing questions and careful research, Gross's interviews are lauded for revealing a fresh perspective on cultural icons and trends. Her thorough conversations are often complemented by commentary from well-known contributors. Fresh Air is produced at WHYY-FM in Philadelphia and broadcast nationally by NPR., INT. 1: Writer and economist DENISE CHONG, author of "The Concubine's Children" (Viking). The book is a history of her family, beginning with her grandmother, May-Ying, a concubine brought to Canada by CHONG's wealthy grandfather. May-Ying had two daughters in China, and CHONG's mother in Canada -- three sisters who hadn't met until Chong persuaded her mother to take the trip to China when she was writing this book. "Publisher's Weekly" says "this suberbly told saga of family loyalties and disaffections reads...like a novel." INT. 2: Actress SARAH JESSICA PARKER. She's been acting for most of her life, including playing Annie on Broadway, the young bimbo SanDeE* in "L.A. Story," and a fed-up fiancee in "Honeymoon in Vegas." PARKER is now starring in the film "Miami Rhapsody," playing a woman having second thoughts about marriage as she learns that everyone in her family has had an affair. REV. : TV critic DAVID BIANCULLI looks at television coverage of the O.J. SImpson trial.