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Wheat and canola are two major economically important food crops grown in western Canada, accounting for billions of dollars in revenue. Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat and blackleg in canola are the most destructive diseases that cause economic losses annually. Both diseases are caused by fungal pathogens, where FHB is primarily caused by Fusarium graminearum, while Leptosphaeria maculans causes the blackleg disease. This project's first objective is to evaluate the Fusarium species diversity and deoxynivalenol (DON) levels in western Canadian wheat fields in 2019 and 2020. The analysis of deoxynivalenol (DON) revealed that spring wheat grain contained higher DON levels than winter wheat grain samples. Additionally, for spring wheat, a significantly lower DON content was found in the grain than in the chaff collected from the same wheat heads for both years. The species diversity analysis showed that F. graminearum was the most frequent Fusarium species found in the infected samples except the samples from Alberta, while the highest percentage of F. graminearum was found in the spring wheat samples from Manitoba. The analysis of chemotype diversity of infected samples showed that 3ADON is the dominant chemotype in FHB disease. For the blackleg disease, a growing concern among blackleg researchers is that resistance (R) genes are identified, the same gene as two different genes by two independent laboratories, as not all research laboratories use a standard set of well-characterized isolates. To standardize the R gene identification and novel R gene discovery, the second objective of this thesis is to develop a procedure to generate L. maculans isolates that only carry a single avirulent (Avr) gene. Mating between two L. maculans isolates showed less efficiency in achieving the above objective. Thus, gene editing with the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 was utilized. Seven transformed isolates displayed reduced virulence on

Wheat and canola are two major economically important food crops grown in western Canada, accounting for billions of dollars in revenue. Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat and blackleg in canola are the most destructive diseases that cause economic losses annually. Both diseases are caused by fungal pathogens, where FHB is primarily caused by Fusarium graminearum, while Leptosphaeria maculans causes the blackleg disease. This project's first objective is to evaluate the Fusarium species diversity and deoxynivalenol (DON) levels in western Canadian wheat fields in 2019 and 2020. The analysis of deoxynivalenol (DON) revealed that spring wheat grain contained higher DON levels than winter wheat grain samples. Additionally, for spring wheat, a significantly lower DON content was found in the grain than in the chaff collected from the same wheat heads for both years. The species diversity analysis showed that F. graminearum was the most frequent Fusarium species found in the infected samples except the samples from Alberta, while the highest percentage of F. graminearum was found in the spring wheat samples from Manitoba. The analysis of chemotype diversity of infected samples showed that 3ADON is the dominant chemotype in FHB disease. For the blackleg disease, a growing concern among blackleg researchers is that resistance (R) genes are identified, the same gene as two different genes by two independent laboratories, as not all research laboratories use a standard set of well-characterized isolates. To standardize the R gene identification and novel R gene discovery, the second objective of this thesis is to develop a procedure to generate L. maculans isolates that only carry a single avirulent (Avr) gene. Mating between two L. maculans isolates showed less efficiency in achieving the above objective. Thus, gene editing with the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 was utilized. Seven transformed isolates displayed reduced virulence on

Ziel der Arbeit ist die ökonomische Bewertung von neuen Ernteverfahren, sogenannten Dop-pelernteverfahren für die gemeinsame Ernte von Körnern und deren Restbiomasse. Im Detail ist das Ziel einerseits die Evaluation der prognostizierten, höheren Qualität und Menge pro Hektar an erntbaren Reststoffbiomassen wie Spreu und Stroh, andererseits jedoch besonders ihren monetären Leistungen in der Gegenüberstellung zu den Verfahrenskosten durch den Einsatz der Doppelernte. Dafür werden Mähdruschverfahren mit zusätzlicher Spreu- bzw. Stroherntekette mit den ver-schiedenen Doppelernteverfahren verglichen, sowohl verfahrenstechnisch als auch monetär. Bei den betrachteten Doppelernteverfahren handelt es sich um den Feldhäckseldrusch, das Ladewagen-Schwadernteverfahren, das Kompakternteverfahren und die Ernte mit einem Äh-renstripper am Traktor. Der Vergleich bezieht sich auf alle Ernteverfahren inklusive der erfor-derlichen Logistikkette und Erntegutnachbehandlung, d.h. der stationären Separation von Korn und Biomasse. Als Berechnungsgrundlage dienen Modellierungen, u.a. für Spreuerträge und Erntegutvolumina in Abhängigkeit vom Kornertrag. Unter der Einbeziehung von Parametern wie z.B. Flächengröße, Feldentfernung, Arbeits- und Transportgeschwindigkeiten und Verlust-zeiten wie z.B. für Wendevorgänge im Feld, wird in einem dafür entwickelten Berechnungsmo-dell die benötigte Zeit für die Ernte von einem Feld für alle Verfahren mit größtmöglicher Ver-gleichbarkeit berechnet. Anhand der in Datenbanken hinterlegten Maschinenkosten, z.B. für Abschreibung oder Verschleiß, die über Auswahllisten automatisiert in die gewünschte Verfah-rensberechnung übernommen werden, können zunächst die Kosten je Betriebsstunde und unter Einbeziehung der Flächenleistung und Flächengröße die Kosten pro Hektar für jedes Ernteverfahren ermittelt werden. Da alle Verfahren unterschiedlich hohe Verluste von Korn und Biomasse aufweisen, werden dementsprechend die verfahrensspezifischen, gesamten Erlöse für Ko, Objective of this work is an economic evaluation of new harvesting methods, so-called “dual- harvesting” methods for common harvesting of grains and their residual biomass. In detail, the aim is on the one hand to evaluate the predicted higher quality and quantity per hectare of har-vestable residual biomass such as chaff and straw that can be realized with dual-harvesting technologies, but on the other hand especially their additional income contrasted to the pro-cess costs by proceeding dual-harvesting. For this purpose, combine harvesting with additional chaff or straw harvesting is compared to some dual-harvesting methods, both in terms of process technology and in monetary terms. Dual-harvesting methods are simulated with self-propelled forage harvester threshing, forage wagon windrow harvesting, compact harvesting and harvesting with a tractor mounted stripper header. The comparison includes the required logistic-chains and crop aftertreatment, i.e. sta-tionary separation of grain and biomass for each method. As basis for calculations is done specific modeling, e.g. for chaff yields and crop volumes as a function of grain yield. Parame-ters such as area size are included and also field distance, loss times, e.g. for turning opera-tions in the field, working speeds and road transport speeds. A calculation model developed for this purpose calculates time required for harvesting of one field for all processes with the greatest possible comparability. Based on machine costs stored in databases, e.g. for depreci-ation or wear and repair, which are automatically transferred to their desired process calcula-tion via selection lists, the costs per operating hour and, including area per hour and area size, costs per hectare can be determined for each harvesting process. Since all processes have different levels of grain and biomass losses, the process-specific, total revenues for grain and biomass are calculated accordingly and process costs calculated in each case are

Ziel der Arbeit ist die ökonomische Bewertung von neuen Ernteverfahren, sogenannten Dop-pelernteverfahren für die gemeinsame Ernte von Körnern und deren Restbiomasse. Im Detail ist das Ziel einerseits die Evaluation der prognostizierten, höheren Qualität und Menge pro Hektar an erntbaren Reststoffbiomassen wie Spreu und Stroh, andererseits jedoch besonders ihren monetären Leistungen in der Gegenüberstellung zu den Verfahrenskosten durch den Einsatz der Doppelernte. Dafür werden Mähdruschverfahren mit zusätzlicher Spreu- bzw. Stroherntekette mit den ver-schiedenen Doppelernteverfahren verglichen, sowohl verfahrenstechnisch als auch monetär. Bei den betrachteten Doppelernteverfahren handelt es sich um den Feldhäckseldrusch, das Ladewagen-Schwadernteverfahren, das Kompakternteverfahren und die Ernte mit einem Äh-renstripper am Traktor. Der Vergleich bezieht sich auf alle Ernteverfahren inklusive der erfor-derlichen Logistikkette und Erntegutnachbehandlung, d.h. der stationären Separation von Korn und Biomasse. Als Berechnungsgrundlage dienen Modellierungen, u.a. für Spreuerträge und Erntegutvolumina in Abhängigkeit vom Kornertrag. Unter der Einbeziehung von Parametern wie z.B. Flächengröße, Feldentfernung, Arbeits- und Transportgeschwindigkeiten und Verlust-zeiten wie z.B. für Wendevorgänge im Feld, wird in einem dafür entwickelten Berechnungsmo-dell die benötigte Zeit für die Ernte von einem Feld für alle Verfahren mit größtmöglicher Ver-gleichbarkeit berechnet. Anhand der in Datenbanken hinterlegten Maschinenkosten, z.B. für Abschreibung oder Verschleiß, die über Auswahllisten automatisiert in die gewünschte Verfah-rensberechnung übernommen werden, können zunächst die Kosten je Betriebsstunde und unter Einbeziehung der Flächenleistung und Flächengröße die Kosten pro Hektar für jedes Ernteverfahren ermittelt werden. Da alle Verfahren unterschiedlich hohe Verluste von Korn und Biomasse aufweisen, werden dementsprechend die verfahrensspezifischen, gesamten Erlöse für Ko, Objective of this work is an economic evaluation of new harvesting methods, so-called “dual- harvesting” methods for common harvesting of grains and their residual biomass. In detail, the aim is on the one hand to evaluate the predicted higher quality and quantity per hectare of har-vestable residual biomass such as chaff and straw that can be realized with dual-harvesting technologies, but on the other hand especially their additional income contrasted to the pro-cess costs by proceeding dual-harvesting. For this purpose, combine harvesting with additional chaff or straw harvesting is compared to some dual-harvesting methods, both in terms of process technology and in monetary terms. Dual-harvesting methods are simulated with self-propelled forage harvester threshing, forage wagon windrow harvesting, compact harvesting and harvesting with a tractor mounted stripper header. The comparison includes the required logistic-chains and crop aftertreatment, i.e. sta-tionary separation of grain and biomass for each method. As basis for calculations is done specific modeling, e.g. for chaff yields and crop volumes as a function of grain yield. Parame-ters such as area size are included and also field distance, loss times, e.g. for turning opera-tions in the field, working speeds and road transport speeds. A calculation model developed for this purpose calculates time required for harvesting of one field for all processes with the greatest possible comparability. Based on machine costs stored in databases, e.g. for depreci-ation or wear and repair, which are automatically transferred to their desired process calcula-tion via selection lists, the costs per operating hour and, including area per hour and area size, costs per hectare can be determined for each harvesting process. Since all processes have different levels of grain and biomass losses, the process-specific, total revenues for grain and biomass are calculated accordingly and process costs calculated in each case are

Productivity of crops and agro-ecological state of soil is significantly influenced by organic fertilizers that along with providing main fertilizer elements to plants contribute to the improvement of physical and physiochemical state of soil. For potatoes organic fertilizers are the best among other fertilizers and a necessary component of growing technologies. It is considered that optimal rate of organic fertilizers for sod-podzol soil is 35-40 tons/hectare and for gray forest soils – 25-30 tons/hectare. Due to drastic reduction of cattle heads decreased amount of humus applied to soil. When potatoes are grown on light grey-forest soil it is suggested to use chaff of grain-crops and green manure. The article investigates possibility of application of chaff (3 tonns/hectares), green manure (12 tons/hectare) and medium amount of mineral fertilizers. It was ascertained that they are highly efficient as regards influence on potato capacity (229-261 centner/hectare) when potatoes are grown on light grey-forest soil., На продуктивність рослин та агроекологічний стан ґрунту значно впливає застосування органічних добрив, які, поряд із забезпеченням рослин основними елементами живлення, сприяють поліпшенню фізичного та фізико-хімічного стану ґрунту. Для картоплі органічні добрива є найкращими з усіх видів та є обов'язковою складовою технології її вирощування. Вважається, що на дерново-підзолистих ґрунтах оптимальними нормами органічних добрив є 35-40 т/га, а на сірих лісових – 25–30 т/га. У зв'язку з різким скороченням поголів'я худоби відповідно зменшилась і кількість гною, що вноситься у ґрунт. При вирощуванні картоплі на ясно-сірому лісовому ґрунті як альтернативне удобрення пропонується використання соломи зернових культур та сидератів. У статті розглянута можливість застосування соломи (3 т/га), сидератів (12 т/га) та помірних норм мінеральних добрив. Встановлено їх високу ефективність щодо впливу на продуктивність картоплі (22,9–26,1 т/га) при вирощуванні на ясно - сірому лісовому ґрунті.

Productivity of crops and agro-ecological state of soil is significantly influenced by organic fertilizers that along with providing main fertilizer elements to plants contribute to the improvement of physical and physiochemical state of soil. For potatoes organic fertilizers are the best among other fertilizers and a necessary component of growing technologies. It is considered that optimal rate of organic fertilizers for sod-podzol soil is 35-40 tons/hectare and for gray forest soils – 25-30 tons/hectare. Due to drastic reduction of cattle heads decreased amount of humus applied to soil. When potatoes are grown on light grey-forest soil it is suggested to use chaff of grain-crops and green manure. The article investigates possibility of application of chaff (3 tonns/hectares), green manure (12 tons/hectare) and medium amount of mineral fertilizers. It was ascertained that they are highly efficient as regards influence on potato capacity (229-261 centner/hectare) when potatoes are grown on light grey-forest soil., На продуктивність рослин та агроекологічний стан ґрунту значно впливає застосування органічних добрив, які, поряд із забезпеченням рослин основними елементами живлення, сприяють поліпшенню фізичного та фізико-хімічного стану ґрунту. Для картоплі органічні добрива є найкращими з усіх видів та є обов'язковою складовою технології її вирощування. Вважається, що на дерново-підзолистих ґрунтах оптимальними нормами органічних добрив є 35-40 т/га, а на сірих лісових – 25–30 т/га. У зв'язку з різким скороченням поголів'я худоби відповідно зменшилась і кількість гною, що вноситься у ґрунт. При вирощуванні картоплі на ясно-сірому лісовому ґрунті як альтернативне удобрення пропонується використання соломи зернових культур та сидератів. У статті розглянута можливість застосування соломи (3 т/га), сидератів (12 т/га) та помірних норм мінеральних добрив. Встановлено їх високу ефективність щодо впливу на продуктивність картоплі (22,9–26,1 т/га) при вирощуванні на ясно - сірому лісовому ґрунті.

Productivity of crops and agro-ecological state of soil is significantly influenced by organic fertilizers that along with providing main fertilizer elements to plants contribute to the improvement of physical and physiochemical state of soil. For potatoes organic fertilizers are the best among other fertilizers and a necessary component of growing technologies. It is considered that optimal rate of organic fertilizers for sod-podzol soil is 35-40 tons/hectare and for gray forest soils – 25-30 tons/hectare. Due to drastic reduction of cattle heads decreased amount of humus applied to soil. When potatoes are grown on light grey-forest soil it is suggested to use chaff of grain-crops and green manure. The article investigates possibility of application of chaff (3 tonns/hectares), green manure (12 tons/hectare) and medium amount of mineral fertilizers. It was ascertained that they are highly efficient as regards influence on potato capacity (229-261 centner/hectare) when potatoes are grown on light grey-forest soil., На продуктивність рослин та агроекологічний стан ґрунту значно впливає застосування органічних добрив, які, поряд із забезпеченням рослин основними елементами живлення, сприяють поліпшенню фізичного та фізико-хімічного стану ґрунту. Для картоплі органічні добрива є найкращими з усіх видів та є обов'язковою складовою технології її вирощування. Вважається, що на дерново-підзолистих ґрунтах оптимальними нормами органічних добрив є 35-40 т/га, а на сірих лісових – 25–30 т/га. У зв'язку з різким скороченням поголів'я худоби відповідно зменшилась і кількість гною, що вноситься у ґрунт. При вирощуванні картоплі на ясно-сірому лісовому ґрунті як альтернативне удобрення пропонується використання соломи зернових культур та сидератів. У статті розглянута можливість застосування соломи (3 т/га), сидератів (12 т/га) та помірних норм мінеральних добрив. Встановлено їх високу ефективність щодо впливу на продуктивність картоплі (22,9–26,1 т/га) при вирощуванні на ясно - сірому лісовому ґрунті.

В статті розглянуто ефективність використання котлів із верхнім горінням. В Україні виробляються теплогенератори з повітряним теплоносієм для спалювання соломи, які можна агрегатувати з сушарками та використовувати для опалення теплиць й виробничих приміщень, водонагрівальні котли для обігріву виробничих приміщень та соціально-культурних об’єктів, котли-теплогенератори для спалювання відходів деревообробки. Проте при спалюванні рослинної біомаси виникають деякі труднощі, пов’язані із неоднорідністю біомаси, як палива; відносно високою вологістю, малим питомим енерговмістом, низькою температурою плавлення золи. Крім того, не вирішені питання дрібнотоварного спалювання соломи. Пропоновані котли мають розподільник повітря, що забезпечує надходження повітря в дві області котла, зону утворення генераторного газу та зону його горіння. Ефективність пропонованих котлів із верхнім горіннямза рахунок використання дешевшого палива вища ніж у котлів, що працюють на природному газу та за рахунок підвищення ефективності спалювання палива вище ніж у традиційних котлів, що працюють на соломі. Крім того, пропоновані котли придатні для дрібнотоварного спалювання соломи., In article efficiency boilers with upper combustion. In Ukraine produced heat generators, air-cooled for straw that can dryer and used for heating greenhouses and industrial premises, water-heating boilers for heating industrial premises, social and cultural facilities, boilers, heat generators for burning waste wood. However, the combustion of biomass having some difficulties related to the heterogeneity of biomass as fuel; relatively high humidity, low specific, low ash melting point. In addition, issues remain small-scale straw. Featured boilers have air distributor, providing the flow of air in two areas of the boiler, generator gas formation zone and a zone of burning. The effectiveness of the proposed boilers with upper combustion through the use of less expensive fuel is higher than boilers that run on natural gas, and by improving the efficiency of fuel combustion higher than traditional boilers straw. Also offered are suitable for small-scale boilers burning straw.

В статті розглянуто ефективність використання котлів із верхнім горінням. В Україні виробляються теплогенератори з повітряним теплоносієм для спалювання соломи, які можна агрегатувати з сушарками та використовувати для опалення теплиць й виробничих приміщень, водонагрівальні котли для обігріву виробничих приміщень та соціально-культурних об’єктів, котли-теплогенератори для спалювання відходів деревообробки. Проте при спалюванні рослинної біомаси виникають деякі труднощі, пов’язані із неоднорідністю біомаси, як палива; відносно високою вологістю, малим питомим енерговмістом, низькою температурою плавлення золи. Крім того, не вирішені питання дрібнотоварного спалювання соломи. Пропоновані котли мають розподільник повітря, що забезпечує надходження повітря в дві області котла, зону утворення генераторного газу та зону його горіння. Ефективність пропонованих котлів із верхнім горіннямза рахунок використання дешевшого палива вища ніж у котлів, що працюють на природному газу та за рахунок підвищення ефективності спалювання палива вище ніж у традиційних котлів, що працюють на соломі. Крім того, пропоновані котли придатні для дрібнотоварного спалювання соломи., In article efficiency boilers with upper combustion. In Ukraine produced heat generators, air-cooled for straw that can dryer and used for heating greenhouses and industrial premises, water-heating boilers for heating industrial premises, social and cultural facilities, boilers, heat generators for burning waste wood. However, the combustion of biomass having some difficulties related to the heterogeneity of biomass as fuel; relatively high humidity, low specific, low ash melting point. In addition, issues remain small-scale straw. Featured boilers have air distributor, providing the flow of air in two areas of the boiler, generator gas formation zone and a zone of burning. The effectiveness of the proposed boilers with upper combustion through the use of less expensive fuel is higher than boilers that run on natural gas, and by improving the efficiency of fuel combustion higher than traditional boilers straw. Also offered are suitable for small-scale boilers burning straw.

В статті розглянуто ефективність використання котлів із верхнім горінням. В Україні виробляються теплогенератори з повітряним теплоносієм для спалювання соломи, які можна агрегатувати з сушарками та використовувати для опалення теплиць й виробничих приміщень, водонагрівальні котли для обігріву виробничих приміщень та соціально-культурних об’єктів, котли-теплогенератори для спалювання відходів деревообробки. Проте при спалюванні рослинної біомаси виникають деякі труднощі, пов’язані із неоднорідністю біомаси, як палива; відносно високою вологістю, малим питомим енерговмістом, низькою температурою плавлення золи. Крім того, не вирішені питання дрібнотоварного спалювання соломи. Пропоновані котли мають розподільник повітря, що забезпечує надходження повітря в дві області котла, зону утворення генераторного газу та зону його горіння. Ефективність пропонованих котлів із верхнім горіннямза рахунок використання дешевшого палива вища ніж у котлів, що працюють на природному газу та за рахунок підвищення ефективності спалювання палива вище ніж у традиційних котлів, що працюють на соломі. Крім того, пропоновані котли придатні для дрібнотоварного спалювання соломи., In article efficiency boilers with upper combustion. In Ukraine produced heat generators, air-cooled for straw that can dryer and used for heating greenhouses and industrial premises, water-heating boilers for heating industrial premises, social and cultural facilities, boilers, heat generators for burning waste wood. However, the combustion of biomass having some difficulties related to the heterogeneity of biomass as fuel; relatively high humidity, low specific, low ash melting point. In addition, issues remain small-scale straw. Featured boilers have air distributor, providing the flow of air in two areas of the boiler, generator gas formation zone and a zone of burning. The effectiveness of the proposed boilers with upper combustion through the use of less expensive fuel is higher than boilers that run on natural gas, and by improving the efficiency of fuel combustion higher than traditional boilers straw. Also offered are suitable for small-scale boilers burning straw.

The problem of localizing in-band wormhole tunnels in MANETs is considered. In an in-band wormhole attack, colluding attackers use a covert tunnel to create the illusion that two remote network regions are directly connected. This apparent shortcut in the topology attracts traffic which the attackers can then control. To identify the nodes participating in the attack, it is necessary to determine the path through which victims' traffic is covertly tunneled. This paper begins with binary hypothesis testing, which tests whether a suspected path is carrying tunneled traffic. The detection algorithm is presented and evaluated using synthetic voice over IP (VoIP) traffic generated in a network testbed. After that, we consider multiple hypothesis testing to find the most likely tunnel path among a large number of candidates. We present a tunnel path estimation algorithm and its numerical evaluation using Poisson traffic. A main feature of the proposed algorithms is their robustness against the presence of chaff packets (possibly introduced to avoid detection), packet loss caused by unreliable wireless links, and clock skew at different nodes., Sponsored in part by Army Research Office grant no. W911NF-08-1-0238.

The briefing looks at the procedures for making EA requests. Provides contact information and references., Annual USN-USMC Spectrum Management Conference (31st), San Diego, CA, 1-5 Mar 2010. The original document contains color images.

Computer Forensic Tools (CFTs) allow investigators to recover deleted files, reconstruct an intruder's activities, and gain intelligence about a computer's user. Anti-Forensics (AF) tools and techniques frustrate CFTs by erasing or altering information; creating chaff that wastes time and hides information; implicating innocent parties by planting fake evidence; exploiting implementation bugs in known tools; and by leaving tracer data that causes CFTs to inadvertently reveal their use to the attacker. Traditional AF tools like disk sanitizers were created to protect the privacy of the user. Anti-debugging techniques were designed to protect the intellectual property of compiled code. Rootkits allow attackers to hide their tools from other programs running on the same computer. But in recent years there has been an emergence of AF that directly target CFTs. This paper categorizes traditional AF techniques such as encrypted file systems and disk sanitization utilities, and presents a survey of recent AF tools including Timestomp and Transmogrify. It discusses approaches for attacking forensic tools by exploiting bugs in those tools, as demonstrated by the 42.zip compression bomb. Finally, it evaluates the effectiveness of these tools for defeating CFTs, presents strategies for their detection, and discusses countermeasures., Presented at the International Conference on Information Warfare and Security (ICIW) (2nd) held in Monterey, CA on 8-9 Mar 2007.

The detection of encrypted stepping-stone attack is considered. Besides encryption and padding, the attacker is capable of inserting chaff packets and perturbing packet timing and transmission order. Based on the assumption that packet arrivals form renewal processes, and a pair of such renewal processes is also renewal, a nonparametric detector is proposed to detect attacking traffic by testing the correlation between interarrival times in the incoming process and the outgoing process. The detector requires no knowledge of the interarrival distributions, and it is shown to have exponentially decaying detection error probabilities for all distributions. The error exponents are characterized using the Vapnik-Chervonenkis Theory. An efficient algorithm is proposed based on the detector structure to detect renewal processes with linearly correlated interarrival times. It is shown that the proposed algorithm is robust against an amount of chaff arbitrarily close to the amount of chaff needed to mimic independent processes., See also ADM002075. Presented at the Army Science Conference (25th) Held 27-30 Nov 2006 in Orlando, FL.

During 1996-1998 experiments were carried out at the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture’s Upyte Research Station to measure the contents of the main nutrients (N, P, K, B, Zn) accumulated in flax plants (seeds, stems and chaff) at harvesting on the following backgrounds: not fertilized, fertilized with P20 and N15P20K60; applied with ZnSO4 at the rates from 0,35 to 4,0 kg ha-1. It was determined that fibre flax seeds accumulated 3.30–4.06 % of N, 0.55–0.78 % of P, 0.69–1.15 % of K, 39.5–68.5 mg kg-1 of Zn, 10.00–27.00 mg kg-1 of B, the stems – 0.32–0.88 % of N, 0.04–0.15 % of P, 0.38–1.45 % of K, 5.0–18.0 mg kg-1 of Zn, 5.16–30.84 mg kg-1 of B, the chaff – 0.94–2.34 % of N, 0.20–0.38 % of P, 0.18– 1.40 % of K, 14.5–57.0 mg kg-1 of Zn, 8.55–38.19 mg kg-1 of B. The obtained data could be used for calculating the amount of main nutrients removed from the soil with flax yield as well as for fixing fertilizer rates more precisely.

Weak air defenses in Afghanistan during Operation ENDURING FREEDOM in 2001 and 2002 failed to down a single U.S. Air Force (USAF) aircraft. In operations between 1990 and 2000, however, the USAF lost 17 airplanes in combat, including 14 over Iraq and 3 over the former Yugoslavia. Thirteen USAF airplanes fell to Soviet-designed surface-to-air missiles (SAMs): 7 to heat-seekers (infrared) and 6 to missiles guided by radar. Antiaircraft artillery (AAA) downed 3 airplanes. One other aircraft maneuvered out of control after falsely perceiving enemy aircraft fire. Allied air superiority assured that no USAF airplanes were lost to enemy aircraft, either in aerial combat or because of enemy raids on friendly airfields. Given the number of sorties flown, the number of aircraft lost is minuscule. For example, during Operation DESERT STORM against Iraq in 1991, the USAF lost a total of 14 aircraft after flying more than 29,300 combat sorties, or .048 percent. This was against an enemy with 16,000 SAMs, 7,000 antiaircraft guns, and 750 combat aircraft. During Operation ALLIED FORCE against Serbia in 1999, the USAF lost one F-16 after more than 4,500 F-16 sorties, or .02 percent. Analysis of the aircraft losses suggests effective countermeasures. Superior fighters and destruction of enemy airfields suppresses the threat of interceptors. Stealth technology provides protection against both radar-guided and heat-seeking SAMs. Flying high, fast, and at night reduces the risk of destruction by relatively small heat-seeking SAMs or AAA. For aircraft that fly slow and low during daylight, flares and armor provide some protection against heat-seekers and AAA. High-speed anti-radiation missiles (HARMs), electronic jamming, destruction of enemy command and control centers, dispensing chaff, and launching decoys counter larger radar-guided SAMs. Flying unpredictably and using standoff weapons, unmanned aircraft, and cruise missiles also reduce manned aircraft losses., The original document contains color images.

This document reports the results from an investigation of the impact of aluminized glass chaff countermeasures on environmental aluminum levels in the Chesapeake Bay. This study was conducted by the Naval Health Research Detachment (Toxicology) in response to concerns expressed over the potential environmental hazards that might be associated with the release of aluminized glass chaff fibers during training exercises by Naval aviators. Chaff used to provide protection against radar based attack on aircraft and other military vehicles is composed of aluminum coated glass fibers. Concern has been expressed as to the environmental hazard and potential for human health risk associated with routine release of this material during training exercises. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of U.S. Navy flight training operations on aluminum content in the Chesapeake Beach region of the Chesapeake Bay, an area over which chaff countermeasure flight training operations have been conducted for nearly a quarter century. Exchangeable and monomeric aluminum content in sediment from the flight path within the Bay is not significantly different from nearby background levels within the Bay. Background residential exchangeable aluminum levels were not significantly different from soil samples obtained from a residential area adjacent to the NRL-CBD complex at Chesapeake Beach.

This report presents the assessment of the environmental effects of radio-frequency (RF) chaff as determined by a Select Panel of university-based research scientists, each with published expertise in a relevant field of study. The analytical approach was to use paradigms from environmental toxicology and related disciples, "upper bounds" (or worst-case) estimates based on the amounts and areas of chaff use, analysis of known lecture data related to the effects of RF chaff, and reasonable, prudent extrapolations and derivations from these data. The Panel concludes that environmental, human, and agricultural impacts of RF chaff as currently used are minimal to be based on all the data, analyses, estimations, and related information.

This disclosure relates to dielectric chaff materials or fibers which are small in character for packing and expandable on release to produce clouds of great cross section. Polymer materials are treated chemically and/or irradiated with nuclear or electronic radiation which partially decomposes the polymer. Upon release, the polymer is heated to Create gas hubbies from within which expand the dielectric fibers to change the density and shape of the dielectric.

Interest in realistic simulation of the space environment as applied to the study of contamination and thruster plumes has led to the development of the CHAFF-4 facility. A multi-fin cryogenically cooled array (approx. 20K) completely envelops the interior of the CHAFF-4 chamber, providing an available condensing surface area of 590 m2. It is anticipated that the equivalent altitudes that can be simulated for various electric propulsion systems vary between 150-350 km (depending on type). The effective pumping speed is predicted to be about 9x106 liters/sec. The facility is designed to accommodate thruster power levels up to 3500 W without the use of supplementary liquid helium, although infrastructure permitting its use is available. Provisions for the simulation of high-speed LEO flow environments have been incorporated in the design, and the corresponding pumping requirements are well within the capabilities of CHAFF-4. Developmental considerations and design issues are discussed based on the requirements of plume testing, in order to ensure the validity of phenomena that are observed in the facility. The construction of the CHAFF-4 facility required a period of about 12 months. It is now complete and preliminary leak checking has been accomplished. Performance testing and more sensitive leak checking in order to bring the facility to operational status will require about six months from the date of this report.

This report responds to your request regarding the use of chaff by the Department of Defense (DOD) and the effects of chaff. Chaff is composed of aluminum coated silica glass fibers that can be spread by aircraft in flight, ships at sea, and vehicles on the ground to help them evade enemy radar. You expressed concern about DOD's continued use of chaff for decades without sufficient knowledge of its long term effects on the environment. As agreed with your office, this report addresses (1) the extent and locations of chaff use, (2) its reported known and potential effects, and (3) the initiatives being taken or considered to address chaff's unintended effects.

Air superiority has become a necessity of modem warfare. Airspace dominance provides overwhelming operational and tactical advantage. It is the realization of this fact that has spawned a universal effort to develop credible air defense. Almost as quickly as warfare took flight, attempts to bring it back to earth began. Suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD) was the answer to this air power counter History shows the leap frog effect that technology advancements in enemy air defense and SEAD have had on each other. Defense radio detection and ranging (RADAR) equipment facilitated the development of RADAR jamming and chaff. RADAR guided surface-to-air missiles (SAM) and antiaircraft artillery (AAA) created the requirement for antiradiation missiles (ARM), drones, and decoys. Linking early warning and acquisition RADARS to SAM sites with radios and data links hastened the development of communication and data link jamming. Computer-aided networking between sites into integrated air defense systems (IADS) have produced complex service-based SEAD strategies. In this post Cold War world, IADS evolution continues to advance as advanced SAMs and digital integration systems are peddled to the highest Third World bidder. Unfortunately SEAD improvements have failed to keep pace. Dedicated SEAD assets are dwindling without replacement. This asset erosion has rendered single service SEAD approaches ineffective as an IADS counter. The answer is development of comprehensive operational joint SEAD strategy that offers synergism of both traditional and nontraditional cross-service SEAD assets.

Modern Surface to Air Missiles (SAMs) present a significant threat to today's military and civilian aircraft. Current countermeasure systems such as flares and chaff rely on decoying the missile threat and do not provide adequate protection against advanced computerized missiles (Schaffer, 1993:1). An aircraft defense system that actively seeks out and defeats an incoming missile by placing a physical barrier in the missile's path offers a promising alternative to current countermeasures technology. This thesis reports the preliminary design of an active aircraft defense system for the protection of the C/KC-135 aircraft from SAMs. The developed system utilizes a kinetic kill mechanism to protect the aircraft from shoulder launched missiles while the aircraft is in the takeoff and climb-out configurations. Both smart anti-missile expendables and dumb projectile expendables are evaluated. The iterative Systems Engineering approach is used to narrow the solution set to the optimal design. The final outcome is the refined design of two candidate aircraft defense system employing a kinetic kill mechanism. Both systems utilize a modified ultra-violet tracker and employ one of two types of nets, one made out of Detonation Cord and the other made out of Spectra.

Rigid containers held assembled together form a dispenser from which chaff is dispersed by internally generated pressure when it exceeds a predetermined ejection level to displace and remove a sealing cap from a retention position causing rupture of an associated snap-lock, followed by controlled dispersal of the chaff.

The effectiveness of infrared guidance and radar guidance jamming with infrared bait and chaff has been proven in modern high-tech warfare. Their jamming regime relies on infrared radiation of the infrared bait, and radar reflective waves from chaff to simulate the target (such as aircraft, warships, tanks, and point targets) performance to confuse, disturb, and jam the infrared guidance and radar guidance, as well as their probing and aiming systems. In tactical applications, these are divided into centroid mode, dump mode, dilution mode, and confusion mode. Study of the jamming performance of infrared bait and chaff is required in developing the smoke, flame, light, and electric/sourceless jamming technologies. It is very important and practical to enhance the jamming performance of infrared bait and chaff, as well as to extend the jamming frequency spectrum., Trans. of Bulletin of Nanjing University of Science and Engineering (China) n7(77), 1994.

Filamentous substrates are coated with diamond by a chemical vapor deposition process. The substrate may then be etched away to form a diamond filament. In a preferred embodiment, the substrate is copper-coated graphite. The copper initially passivates the graphite, permitting diamond nucleation thereon. As deposition continues, the copper-coated graphite is etched away by the active hydrogen used in the deposition process. As a result a substrateless diamond tubule is formed. Diamond-coated and diamond filaments are useful as reinforcement materials for composites, as filtration media in chemical and purification processes, in biomedical applications as probes and medicinal dispensers, and in such esoteric areas as chaff media for jamming RF frequencies. (jg), Supersedes PAT-APPL-710 860-91, AD-D015 038.

This thesis gives an overview of electronic support measures (ESM) and electronic countermeasures (ECM) systems. The objective is to give the intended reader, students of the EW curriculum new to the subject, an introduction to several different electronic warfare systems. The thesis consists of seven chapters discussing different areas of EW. The first two chapters introduce the reader to the definitions of EW and the threat which EW equipment is designed to counter, The following two chapters are a presentation of typical ESM and ECM systems. The final three chapters cover the integration of ESM and ECM systems as well as two subjects, suppression of enemy air defense and directed energy weapons, which differ from the typical ECM systems. Included with each chapter describing systems is a conclusion section which discusses possible future developments for the group of systems. ESM(Electronic Support Measures), ECM(Electronic Countermeasures), EW(Electronic Warfare).

An auxiliary target area chaff container for dispensing chaff and other radar Counter measure materials from an aircraft includes a housing, chaff canister located in said housing; trigger wires for dispensing the chaff means for retaining said chaff canisters in said housing and means for attaching said housing to an aircraft. The chaff canisters are automatically dispensed when a bomb is released., Supersedes PAT-APPL-897 155-92.

A numerical technique for the time domain simulation of the radar return from a chaff cloud is developed. This technique is suitable for pulsed radars. A Monte-Carlo analysis of the effect of this return upon the range discriminant of typical pulsed radar systems is then carried out. Chaff, Radar signals, Time domain, Pulse radar, Monte carlo method, Ship defense systems.

An integrated sidemounting of a rolling airframe missile launcher with a 5'/54 MK-45 gun mount is provided. The integrated gun-missile system permits simultaneous tracking of the missile system and gun system and, through software systems, allows the ship's defensive system to automatically sequence through weapons as required. Chaff, decoys and flares may also be launched using the side-mounted missile launcher., Supersedes PAT-APPL-739 262-91.

Radars have been used for target detection and identification for many years. Their performance is chiefly limited by clutter. New techniques in high resolution radars, millimeter wave systems, polarimetric analysis, bistatic radars, adaptive filtering are being developed. Recent advances in computing speed have enhanced enormously the radars' capability in differentiating targets from clutter. But ultimate performance of these new systems depends on more complex knowledge of clutter and target scattering. Efforts for improving models and their experimental verification are underway concerning the clutter and target characteristics and their impact on radar systems. These issues were addressed during the symposium in the following topics: Models for surface scattering; ground and sea clutter. Models for volume scattering: atmospheric, ionospheric, chaff. Models for target scattering; RCS reduction or modification techniques. Methods of experimental characterization of clutter and targets: calibration procedures. Combined scattering and propagation effects on system performance. Processing for target to clutter enhancement: coding, and modulation, adaptive beam forming and nulling; polarimetric techniques, imaging, interferometric techniques. Processing for target identification. Practical signal processing implementation techniques., Text in English and French.

A long, slender thread or filament of a slow burning substance is metallized, by evaporation, cold spraying, or the like, with aluminum, zinc or other similar substance. A short length at one end is not metallized but is provided with means for igniting the filament when the chaff is dispensed. A bundle of these filaments are then packed in an impermeable foil envelope and preferably filled with an inert atmosphere. When dispensed, the cloud of slow-burning filaments perform toward infrared search or tracking devices in a manner analogous to the clutter signal created in radars by conventional chaff. At the same time, the metallic coating on the filament acts as a conventional chaff, giving a capability to interfere with either infrared or microwave devices and devices with a combination of infrared and microwave capabilities., Supersedes PAT-APPL-915 031-78.

The 'optimal' Wald sequential hypothesis test for diffusion signals is presented. The result is a threshold test with explicitly computable thresholds. Five possible schemes for a numerical implementation of the test are given. A comparison of the different implementations and analysis of the detectors performance is done for the radar problem of ship versus chaff target discrimination using lognormal and Rayleigh models respectively. Parameter estimation for the lognormal and Rayleigh cases is also studied. Finally, a signal estimation scheme is presented utilizing the conditional expectation of the signal computed from the conditional density of the underlying state, which is the solution to the Zakai equation. (jes), Prepared in collaboration with Maryland Univ., College Park, MD.

The design, development of effective and affordable electronic warfare systems has become a difficult challenge which requires full exploitation of the most advanced technology. Recent history has demonstrated that cost, effectiveness and reliability factors have almost driven on-board self-protection ECM systems to the edge of operational viability. The future must include aggressive and innovative use of new technology to produce penetration aids that are operationally useful and supportable. In the mean time, threat density and sophistication make the basic problem of finding, identifying, and countering all types of threat signals very difficult. The operational choices, as a result, have expanded to include 'smart jamming', support jamming in several different forms (stand-off, UAV), expendables (chaff, decoys) and a greater dependence on threat awareness and avoidance. These choices make it imperative to exploit technology to its fullest and in turn they provide an opportunity whereby technologies can be shown to impact the real capability needed operationally. As a result, trends of evolving technologies and visions of what they can mean for the future of electronic warfare are shaping present-day EW research.

During World War II, off-board expendables in the form of chaff, significantly reduced Allied bomber losses to radar guided anti-aircraft artillery. From World War II on, the United States has employed Electronic Counter-Measure (ECM) techniques on various bomber, fighter, cargo and special mission aircraft to enhance their survivability. The primary threats to aircraft today are the highly sophisticated radar and infrared guided air-to-air and surface-to-air missiles. Advances in computer hardware and data/signal processing techniques have enabled these missiles to increasingly distinguish between a target aircraft and current generation self-protection on-board ECM and off-board expendables. One potential counter to these smart missiles is a new self-protection ECM technique called the towed decoy. The towed decoy acts much like a target towed behind an aircraft in that it presents a threat missile with a better target than the intended target aircraft. The same technology advances that have made smart missiles possible, have also made small, relatively inexpensive towed radio frequency and infrared decoys practical.

The propagation mechanisms of ultra-short radio waves and microwaves (10 m - 1 mm) are governed by the composition of the troposphere and their space-time structure of the refractive index field. After a short discussion of the natural environmental parameters, condensed in the complex refractive index, some ideas and examples of man-made changes of the propagation properties of the lower atmosphere are given. Useful effects are obtained by chaff clouds concerning communication channels masking of targets or meteorological research. A wide field of possibilities seems to be within the scope of weather modification experiments. But due to the huge variability of cloud and rain parameters only minor propagation changes are to be expected. A successful application of remotely determining atmospheric temperature profiles is the modulation of the atmospheric refractive index field by sound waves and tracking the acoustic wave fronts by an Doppler radar (Radio Acoustic Sounding System - RASS). Oil and alga slicks on water surfaces may change the reflection / scattering and emission properties for radar waves. They also suppress evaporation which may influence the development of tropical storms but just so evaporation duct propagation of microwaves., This article is from 'Conference Proceedings on Ionosphere Modification and its Potential to Enhance or Degrade the Performance of Military Systems Held in Bergen, Norway on 28-31 May 1990 (La Modification de l'Ionosphere et son Potentiel d'Amelioration ou de Degradation des Performances des Systemes Militaires), AD-A239 823, p33-1 thru p33-11.

The distance between the centre of mass and the mid-point of aluminised glass chaff dipoles. Measurements were made of the longitudinal offset of chaff dipoles by encapsulating them in resin and taking multiple sections, measuring the area of the dipoles and the distance between sections. The position of the centre of mass was determined by taking moments of the elemental volumes so described about one end of each dipole. The measurements were made by photomicrography and manual analysis of the film since the characteristics of packed dipoles put the measurements outside the capabilities of computer based image analysers. The final result was that the offset was very small.

Measurements were made of the distribution of the flight angle of aluminised glass chaff dipoles at a simulated altitude of 10 km and a temperature of minus 20 degrees Centigrade. The method employed was to dispense the dipoles in an airstream flowing vertically upwards, photograph the dipoles and analyse the film. The vertical airstream was obtained from a vertical wind tunnel and the experiment placed a complete wind tunnel with all of the support and measurements facilities of lighting system, dipole dispenser, and cameras into a high altitude chamber and recorded the dispersion of the dipoles, the growth of the cloud of dipoles and the angle of flight of the individual dipoles. The whole experiment was conducted by remote control from outside of the altitude chamber. Measurements were also made under sea level conditions for comparison with earlier experiments. The final results were that the flight angle characteristics at high altitude were virtually identical to those at sea level.

This study documents and interprets the spatial and temporal variation of Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer (MABL) structure during the latter stages of a Cold Air Outbreak (CAO) along the Outer Banks of North Carolina, 8 March 1986, Genesis of Atlantic Lows Experiment (GALE). Two C-band pulsed Doppler radars, one at Ocracoke and the other at Cape Hatteras, were used to collect reflectivity and radial velocity data in the chaff-filled MABL. The single Doppler analysis technique known as Velocity Azimuth Display, henceforth VAD (Browning and Wexler, 1968), was used to attain numerical values for a variety of kinematic properties. Time-height plots of horizontal wind spread, vertical velocity, horizontal divergence and deformation were constructed to depict the temporal variation of the MABL. Horizontal wind speed and direction versus altitude were plotted for each VAD analysis in order that anomalies in the MABL wind profiles may be identified and explained. The VAD analysis radius was varied between 5 and 15 kilometers so that spatial distribution of the wind field could also be observed. Chaff was dispersed by aircraft at a distance equivalent to 40 minutes travel distance upwind from the radar network.

A computer simulation model was developed (interactive Simulation of System Performance, or ISSP) simulating the integrated performance of hard-kill (surface-to-air missile, and close-in weapon system) and soft-kill (defensive jammer, or ECM, and chaff) systems in the defense of a single naval ship against attack threat by four anti-ship missiles. The quantitative contribution of each system to ship survivability is evaluated. The hard-kill and soft-kill weapon systems are the focus of the two major anti-air warfare (AAW) improvement plans assessed in this simulation. Based on these plans, six decision options were created. This study also provides an analysis and comparison of the results of the inner air battle abstracted from various weapon models. Finally, the use of the simulation results in making choices among candidate weapon systems is illustrated. Keywords: Ship defense systems, Naval vessels survivability, Antimissile defense systems, Computerized simulation. Theses.

In order to defend a ship against an attack by anti-ship missiles, it is necessary for the ship to detect the attacking forces, and then to use its entire defensive suite of weapons. These weapons may consist of anti-missile as on-board jammers, off-board decoys, and chaff. To maximize the probability of detecting and identifying the attacking forces and the missiles launched against the ship, information from all of the ship's sensors must be integrated. Similarly, if the chances of defeating the incoming missile attack are to be maximized, the defensive weapons must be deployed in a sequential and co- ordinated manner, in a layered defence. This paper discusses the advantages to be obtained from the integration of sensor data and the co-ordination of hard- kill (missiles, guns) and soft-kill (ECM, decoys, chaff) weapons systems. Problems of information from different sensors, the need for a layered defence, the characteristics of the various systems, a typical scenario to illustrate the need for integration, possible architectures and issues that must be addressed are examined. The approach is from the viewpoint of Electronic Warfare, but encompasses all aspects of the sensors and weapons available. Canada., in English and French.

The models of shipboard surveillance radar clutter described in this appendix are intended to represent in a standardized way those features of the environment which are known to affect radar performance and, because of potential operational significance, are subjects for evaluation. Documentation of these models is motivated by a need to assure that all those operating in roles of radar specifiers, designers, or evaluators view the radar environment with a common perception in the context of a single radar program and that they communicate mutually with a common language. The models included reflect the best data available to date, but precision and level of detail are deliberately tempered to be consistent with the state of solid understanding of the external world as seen with radar, the natural variability of that world, and the sensitivity of radar performance to the details and parameter values., Report on Shipboard Surveillance Radar Systems Program (SSURADS).

This study predicts the time evolution of the attenuation characteristics of a chaff cloud deployed in orbit around the earth. The study consists of three parts: applying the statistical mechanics solution of a satellite breakup model by William Heard of the Naval Research Laboratory, solving for particle density at any time after dispensing, and calculating the attenuation of an 8 GHz signal through the cloud. The study shows that significant levels of signal attenuation can be achieved, with attenuations of greater than -50 db lasting for several hours. Theses.

In this thesis time-varying radar cross sections of chaff clouds are generated for use in radar/ECM computer simulations, under the assumption that scattering from chaff clouds is a wide sense stationary random process. For a jointly gaussian random process, second order statistics are developed from correlated samples of radar cross sections. Applicable statistical tests are performed to validate a set of generated samples. The goodness of fit of the samples compared to the prespecified density function is determined along with a comparison of the correlation coefficients from the generated set to the desired correlation coefficients. Rayleigh and Weibull statistics are also derived from gaussian variables to present an alternative way of describing the probability distributions of chaff cloud cross sections. Topics for further study are suggested. Keywords: Chaff simulation, Correlation techniques, Electronic countermeasures, Radar confusion reflectors, and Radar cross sections.

This is the final report on a l-year study of adaptive arrays in a scattered jamming environment. It is assumed that the jamming signals are scattered into the main receiving beam of radar or communication system. The scattering medium could be terrain, rain, or chaff. Conventional adaptive nulling which uses an angular discrimination cannot be used against this type of interference without also nulling the desired signal, since both the scatterers and signal source are in the main beam. A method of cancelling the scattered jamming signals is outlined in this report. The theory of this type of adaptive cancellation, presented in earlier reports on this contract, is also reviewed. The technique for cancelling scattered jamming uses delayed replicas of the jamming signal. Since the area or volume of scatterers may be large, the resulting adaptive canceller may require a large number of adaptive weights (e.g, 1000 or more). This suggests a complicated adaptive system and the importance of devising methods of simplifying the adaptive weight computation. It has been shown that the required number of adaptive degrees of freedom depends on the frequency spectrum of the jamming. With wide band noise jamming, this frequency spectrum depends on the receivers which can be designed to facilitate scatter cancellation. In earlier reports, two frequency spectra have been investigated, the rectangular bandlimited spectrum and the Gaussian spectrum.

This report describes the modeling of radar returns from chaff. The dipoles are allowed to follow helical paths as they fall, and the signal scintillation characteristics of the entire chaff cloud are assumed to be the same as those of a small collection of up to 1000 dipoles. The dipole motion model is based upon the solution of the aerodynamic force equations over small time intervals. The scintillation signal is normalized with respect to the contribution of a single dipole. The mean amplitude of the return from the entire cloud is computed assuming a bivariate Gaussian distribution for the dipole number density in a plane transverse to the axis of a plume of chaff. The computation of the amplitude requires a numerical integration of the product of the radar antenna radiation pattern and the dipole density in a spherical shell centered on the radar. When this is done for several concentric shells, the range dependence of the return can be displayed. The antenna need not be pointed at the cloud. Unfortunately, the numerical integration consumes large blocks of CPU time and the program was used to study a limited sample of test dipoles. The bandwidth of the signal received from collections of 16 to 1024 dipoles was less than 150 Hz and was essentially independent of the number of dipoles.

This effort is concerned with the development and implementation of a set of digital computer programs that will augment the RADC digital computer radar simulation model procured under Contr F30602-72-C-0393 (01707201). The computer programs shall consist of a sequence of subroutines that correspond to separate functions such as a chaff model, target model, propagation effects and clutter model. The original radar simulation model will be expanded to include a bistatic capability and will include ECM and phase coded pulse compression receiver techniques. In addition, an interactive system has been designed for the simulation. Using an interactive display, an engineer would be able to understand what is happening by being able to observe results at several intermediate points in the problem. A picture is worth a thousand words. For example, an antenna pattern or waveform response to a target is more meaningful than a long table of numerical listings. Parts of the simulation were used by RADC for Deep Space Surveillance Radar (DSSR) waveform analysis, generating antenna patterns and tradeoffs involving phase shifter bit-size for the Advanced Space Defense Program (ASDP). The RADC radar simulation model is being used to support Seek Sail, Cobra Judy, Digital Coded Radar and Seek Sentry. (Author), See also volume 3, AD-A030 572.

This effort is concerned with the development & implementation of a set of digital computer programs that will augment the RADC digital computer radar simulation model. The computer programs shall consist of a sequence of subroutines that correspond to separate functions such as a chaff model, target model, propagation effects and clutter model. The original radar simulation model will be expanded to include a bistatic capability and will include ECM and phase coded pulse compression receiver techniques. In addition, an interactive system has been designed for the simulation. Using an interactive display, an engineer would be able to understand what is happening by being able to observe results at several intermediate points in the problem. A picture is worth a thousand words. For example, an antenna pattern or waveform response to a target is more meaningful than a long table of numerical listings. Parts of the simulation were used by RADC for Deep Space Surveillance Radar (DSSR) waveform analysis, generating antenna patterns and tradeoffs involving phase shifter bit-size for the Advanced Space Defense Program (ASDP). The RADC radar simulation model is being used to support Seek Sail, Cobra Judy, Digital Coded Radar and Seek Sentry., See also Volume 2, Part 1, AD-A102 278.

The 1981 AOC/DoD Western Region Technical Symposium included a broad range of subjects. Senior Officers and Researchers from the US presented overviews, discussions, and technical papers on policy, doctrine, R and D, technology, and operations. Subjects covered included 'Command Control- Communications Countermeasures (C3CM)', 'Hidden and Jam-Resistant Communications', 'Electro-Optics and Millimeter Wave Techniques,' and 'Electronic Warfare Training.' (Author), Report on Association of Old Crows Electomagnetic Combat: Stretching the Boundaries of EW.