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The historic centre of the city of Cuenca is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is located in a zone of high seismic hazard. For these reasons, the Urban Development Plan of Cuenca sets out the need to implement measures for the conservation of buildings. The analysis of the seismic vulnerability of buildings makes it possible to develop effective strategies for the prevention and mitigation of damage and reduction of losses due to earthquakes. Since seismic vulnerability analysis considers the characteristics of a building to quantify damage, it is necessary to determine a model that appropriately reflects the structure of the building under study. The aim of this work is to define a characteristic brick masonry house in the Historic Centre of Cuenca (HCC) and to generalise its architectural features, geometry, structural system and materials. The results of the analysis of field data collected in the HCC comprising 2885 dwellings are presented. Each dwelling was characterised by 5 geometrical and 3 structural parameters. Statistical frequency diagrams were elaborated to define the most representative variable for each parameter. By spatial superimposition in the ArcMap program, the characteristic dwelling was defined as a two-storey masonry house with two transverse and three longitudinal spans and a cantilever on the front façade. The structural system consists of 17 cm thick brick walls, confined by reinforced concrete columns and beams, timber floor structures and a gable roof with ceramic tiles.AbstractEl Centro Histórico de la ciudad de Cuenca es catalogado por la UNESCO como Patrimonio de la Humanidad y se encuentra ubicado en una zona de alto peligro sísmico, por estas razones el Plan de Desarrollo Urbano de Cuenca plantea la necesidad de implementar medidas de conservación de las edificaciones. El análisis de la vulnerabilidad sísmica de las edificaciones permite desarrollar estrategias efectivas para la previsión y mitigación de daños y reducción de las pér

Although Mies van der Rohe’s architecture is often associated with steel and glass, he had a fondness for brick and used it in both Europe and the Americas. For this reason, and because it has received little attention in the academic literature, this article investigates its use in Mies’s work from the perspective of Karl Friedrich Schinkel, an architect known for his innovative use of the material.110 years elapsed between the Bauakademie and Perlstein Hall, a period in which the study variables are clearly visible: Mies’s most important projects are reviewed and compared with Schinkel’s buildings, all of which were designed in brick. This research provides clues how Schinkel influenced Mies’s architecture, demonstrates that both architects used a classic material in a modern, honest way, and which Mies was able to push to its furthest limits by individualising the load-bearing and enclosing functions of the wall in his projects., Aunque la arquitectura de Mies van der Rohe evoca a una materialidad de acero y vidrio, el ladrillo fue querido y utilizado por él en Europa y América. Por ello, y por haber sido poco estudiado, este artículo investiga su uso en la obra de Mies desde la perspectiva de Karl Friedrerich Schinkel, arquitecto que trabajó este material de forma innovadora. De la Bauakademie al Perlstein Hall transcurrieron 110 años, un periodo en el que se pueden apreciar claramente las variables de estudio: se revisan los proyectos más significativos de Mies y se relacionan con los edificios de Schinkel, todos ellos concebidos con ladrillo. La investigación aporta claves sobre la influencia de Schinkel en la arquitectura de Mies, evidenciando que ambos arquitectos emplearon un material clásico de forma moderna y honesta, y que Mies pudo llevar a sus últimas consecuencias individualizando las funciones portantes y de cerramiento del muro.

Sustainable preservation of historic buildings is a long-term process that begins with the analysis of all data related to their creation and further duration and ends with the proposal of measures to preserve their current condition and prevent future damage. In accordance with this, the most important goal of the project Mortar Design for Conservation - Danube Roman Frontier 2000 Years after - MoDeCo2000, was set. Data obtained from the archaeological, architectural, and geological context research with the thorough laboratory testing of sampled Roman mortars along the river Danube in Serbia was used to create valuable proposals for the design of compatible mortar mixtures that could be used for the conservation of the structures in the investigated area.

The aim of the work presented is to study the possibility of using traditional gypsum, which is found in considerable quantities in southern Algeria, to prepare bricks with sufficient mechanical characteristics to qualify them for the various applications and uses in construction. The improvement of the mechanical properties of traditional gypsum was carried out in two phases: The first phase by adding ordinary Portland cement with different mass ratios of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5%. The results showed that the addition of 2% of (OPC) gave the best value to make the bricks more resistant. The second phase is to study the durability and knowledge of the effect of water on traditional plaster bricks and (OPC). After determining the best C2 sample of 98% traditional plaster and 2% (OPC), these samples were placed in drinking water baths and the others in aggressive water baths in 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, 28 days, 60 days and 90 days. After applying the mechanical tests of all the samples on the specified dates, it was found that the mechanical results increased with time.

Recuperation means “regaining something lost or taken” and this has been the main focus of my thesis – essentially reclaiming discarded bricks and educating future bricklayers to work with reclaimed materials. How can the status of craftsmanship be raised through architecture and the processes of crafts be made visible? What opportunities can our current brick stock pose and can derelict buildings be seen as a material bank? My proposal is a bricklaying ”folkhögskola” in Henriksbergshamnen, southwest of central Stockholm, parts laid brick by brick by the students themselves in collaboration with local carpenters. The college campus juts out on the shoreline, complementing existing buildings and revives the site as a handicrafts center in the region. A brick college will teach future masons to work with reclaimed bricks and educate visitors on the possibilites of the brick and its working hands. Further up from the waterfront, a brick recuperation operation collect, clean and carefully inspect donated bricks that have been discarded as construction waste.

Microwave radiation is widely utilized in construction practice, especially for drying building materials, remediating damp masonry, or sterilization of biotic pests that have infested building structures. The available scientific and technical literature reports that certain materials exposed to microwave radiation do not change their physical and mechanical properties, although this has not yet been adequately verified. This paper builds on many years of research in the area, adding to and refining existing information, providing new insights into the mechanical and physical properties of commonly available building materials that have been exposed to controlled microwave radiation, and comparing them with reference values. The experimental research on a set of clay brick samples is carried out using tests according to European standards, and it focuses on the effect of microwave radiation on compressive strength and water absorption. The experimental samples were compared to reference samples that had not been subjected to prolonged exposure to moisture and were subsequently treated with microwave radiation for dehumidification.

The mechanical characterisation of existing masonry in historical structures encounters several technical dif-ficulties due to the complexity and heterogeneity of this traditional material, as well as to the need for respectful inspec-tion activities able to preserve the cultural heritage value of the building. This paper presents and discusses different Minor Destructive Testing (MDT) techniques oriented at estimating, either in-situ or in the laboratory, the mechanical properties of masonry at the level of components, such as units, tiles, and mortar joints, and at the level of the composite material. The research addresses different issues related to the execution of laboratory tests on sampled historical mate-rials, such as selection of the size and shape of specimens, different types of treatments for the sample, testing protocols, and experimental setup. The complementary use of Finite Element Method (FEM) models represents a valuable activity to provide a good understanding of the experimental behaviour exhibited by the specimens, and especially concerning the execution of non-standard laboratory tests. The possibility of in-situ MDT is explored considering techniques based on different portable instruments, previously calibrated through ad-hoc experimental programs under controlled labora-tory conditions. The research is based on a high number of tests executed at the UPC within the context of several experimental programs linked to projects of adaptive reuse of existing masonry buildings and design of green rooftops in Barcelona., The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities of the Spanish Government (MCIU), the State Agency of Research (AEI) as well as that of the ERDF (European Regional De-velopment Fund) through the project SEVERUS (Multilevel evaluation of seismic vulnerability and risk mitigation of masonry buildings in resilient historical urban centres, ref. Num. RTI2018-099589-B-I00). The first author gratefully acknowledges the owners of the historical buildings investigated, as well as people from the institutions and companies involved in the studies and projects mentioned in this work and in particular Sergio Carratalá from MataAlta. The second and third authors gratefully acknowledge the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, and the AGAUR agency of the Generalitat de Catalunya, for the financial support of their predoctoral grants., Peer Reviewed, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::11 - Ciutats i Comunitats Sostenibles, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::11 - Ciutats i Comunitats Sostenibles::11.4 - Redoblar els esforços per a protegir i salvaguardar el patrimoni cultural i natural del món, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::13 - Acció per al Clima, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::13 - Acció per al Clima::13.2 - Incorporar mesures relatives al canvi climàtic en les polítiques, les estratègies i els plans nacionals, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::13 - Acció per al Clima::13.1 - Enfortir la resiliència i la capacitat d’adaptació als riscos relacionats amb el clima i els desastres naturals a tots els països, Postprint (author's final draft)

The territory of the Republic of Ecuador has a high seismicity. In Ecuador, 95.9% of housing structures are built with the use of masonry. It is observed that among construction professionals in Ecuador there is a general lack of knowledge about the properties of the constituent materials of masonry and the standards for their structural design. This lack of knowledge has led to the proliferation of constructions that do not comply with technical standards of seismic resistance and structural safety, which can generate considerable economic losses and, above all, put the physical integrity of people at risk. The objective of this research is to quantitatively determine the local reality of the technical knowledge and use of masonry in Ecuador. The results show that 82% of construction professionals are young professionals; 33.8% are under 30 years of age; 51.2% have less than 5 years of professional experience; 71% never or almost never carry out structural design including masonry as elements of the structural system; 81% never received academic content on structural design of masonry during their higher education in Ecuador; there is a general lack of knowledge about the mechanical properties of masonry materials and the Ecuadorian standard for the design of structural masonry has significant shortcomings., El territorio de la República del Ecuador presenta una alta sismicidad. En Ecuador el 95.9% de estructuras de vivienda son construidas con el uso de mamposterías. Se observa que entre los profesionales de la construcción en Ecuador existe un desconocimiento generalizado sobre las propiedades de los materiales constitutivos de las mamposterías y las normas para su diseño estructural. Tal desconocimiento ha generado la proliferación de construcciones que no cumplen con estándares técnicos de sismorresistencia y seguridad estructural, lo que puede generar considerables pérdidas económicas y sobre todo poner en riesgo la integridad física de las personas. El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar de manera cuantitativa la realidad local sobre el conocimiento técnico y uso de mamposterías en Ecuador. Los resultados evidencian principalmente que, el 82% de profesionales de la construcción son profesionales jóvenes; el 33.8% no supera los 30 años de edad; el 51.2% posee una experiencia profesional menor a 5 años; el 71% nunca o casi nunca realiza el diseño estructural incluyendo las mamposterías como elementos del sistema estructural; el 81% nunca recibió contenidos académicos sobre diseño estructural de mamposterías durante sus estudios superiores en Ecuador; existe un desconocimiento generalizado sobre las propiedades mecánicas de los materiales para mamposterías y la norma ecuatoriana para el diseño de mampostería estructural presenta importantes falencias.

This thesis explores the relationship between the natural and built environment, highlighting the significance of beauty in our surroundings to connect with the sacred. Architecture should not only be driven by practicality, but also by the need to lift our spirits and inspire us in our daily lives. Influenced by a Persian upbringing in music, poetry, and art, I developed a deep appreciation for the interplay between artistic expressions and the natural world. Through the exploration of Persian Gardens, known for their enchanting beauty and reverence for nature, a philosophical and architectural journey unfolded. Delving into the essence of Persian Gardens through extensive research, I uncovered the underlying elements that define their harmonious design language. Guided by this newfound understanding, the project aimed to apply the distinctive design approach to Sätradalsparken, a suburban park in Stockholm, Sweden. The goal was to transform the park into a sanctuary that nourishes the soul, integrating key elements of Persian Gardens and utilizing natural materials. The design creates a welcoming garden with a music school, inviting visitors to appreciate the beauty of nature and the arts. Through this exploration, the project illuminates the captivating relationship between nature, architecture, and the spiritual realm, offering insights into the transformative potential of Persian Gardens for contemporary landscapes.

Microwave radiation is widely utilized in construction practice, especially for drying building materials, remediating damp masonry, or sterilization of biotic pests that have infested building structures. The available scientific and technical literature reports that certain materials exposed to microwave radiation do not change their physical and mechanical properties, although this has not yet been adequately verified. This paper builds on many years of research in the area, adding to and refining existing information, providing new insights into the mechanical and physical properties of commonly available building materials that have been exposed to controlled microwave radiation, and comparing them with reference values. The experimental research on a set of clay brick samples is carried out using tests according to European standards, and it focuses on the effect of microwave radiation on compressive strength and water absorption. The experimental samples were compared to reference samples that had not been subjected to prolonged exposure to moisture and were subsequently treated with microwave radiation for dehumidification.

Microwave radiation is widely utilized in construction practice, especially for drying building materials, remediating damp masonry, or sterilization of biotic pests that have infested building structures. The available scientific and technical literature reports that certain materials exposed to microwave radiation do not change their physical and mechanical properties, although this has not yet been adequately verified. This paper builds on many years of research in the area, adding to and refining existing information, providing new insights into the mechanical and physical properties of commonly available building materials that have been exposed to controlled microwave radiation, and comparing them with reference values. The experimental research on a set of clay brick samples is carried out using tests according to European standards, and it focuses on the effect of microwave radiation on compressive strength and water absorption. The experimental samples were compared to reference samples that had not been subjected to prolonged exposure to moisture and were subsequently treated with microwave radiation for dehumidification.

Nickstadalens hus för hantverk och scenkonst är ett förslag på en ny hybridbyggnad i centrala Nynäshamns västra utkant. I området finns en populär badplats och camping, vilket gör platsen till en viktig samlingspunkt i Nynäshamn under sommarhalvåret. Dalen ramas in av permanent bebyggelse i form av lägenhetshus och villor. Under vinterhalvåret är platsen inte lika välbesökt. Därför kan järnvägsmuseet, som ligger strax norr om campingen, bara kan hålla öppet en gång i månaden under vintern. Syftet med projektet är att skapa en hybridbyggnad i Nynäshamn där invånarna kan samlas för att utöva eller lära sig om hantverk, samt reparera till exempel möbler och kläder. Det i kombination med en plats för att uppleva eller utöva scenkonst. Byggnadens verkstäder kan både nyttjas av invånarna och av teatern för att bygga kuliss och sy upp kostym. Huset är placerat intill järnvägsmuseet på en yta som idag är outnyttjad. Projektets syfte är också att aktivera området även under vinterhalvåret, samt att skapa en fungerande helhet på tomten tillsammans med järnvägsmuseet., Nickstadalen’s House of Crafts and Performing Arts is a proposal for a new hybrid building situated in Nickstadalen, an area on the west edge of central Nynäshamn. The site is an important node in Nynäshamn during the summer months because of its popular beach and camping. More permanent housing such as apartment buildings and villas frame the area. During winter the area is not as frequently visited. Therefore, the Railway Museum situated north of the camping grounds, is only open once a month during winter. The aim of the project is to create a hybrid building in Nynäshamn where the inhabitants can gather and practice or learn about crafts and of how to repair furniture and clothes etc. Moreover, it is a space to practice or experience performing arts. The workshops can be used by the public or by craftsmen to make backdrops, props and costumes for the performances. The building is placed next to the museum, an area which of current state is wasteland. Additionally, the aim is to make Nickstadalen an attractive area all year round and to create an entirety on the plot together with the existing museum.

Denna stora, stenladuliknande byggnad står i mitten av ett vetefält. Man anländer via en grusväg som leder genom fälten där man möts av en siluett som påminner om de engelska Country House och ramas in av det som ska bli mjölet som kommer bakas till bröd inuti. Det här projektet utforskar flera olika punkter men centralt för arbetet med gestaltningen var en frågeställning kring vilken effekt en medveten blandning av gamla och nya arkitekturella formspråk skulle producera. Detta ledde till en intressant blandning av olika uttryck. Även om dessa uttryck inte anses ge några fasta slutsatser har processen lagt grund för vidare, liknande undersökningar. Kärnan av uppgiften var att integrera ett komplext program. Projektet tolkar det ena delen av programmet, folketshus, som en öppen, symbolisk samlingsplats och den andra, bageriet, som en professionell produktion av bakade produkter. Viljan har varit att väva in produktionens centrala delar, de vedeldade ugnarna, i rumsligheterna så att de aktivt och uppenbart formar upplevelsen av byggnaden., This large, barn-like structure stands in the middle of a field wheat. You approach the building on a gravel road leading through the fields and are met by a silhouette reminiscent of and English country house, closely flanked by the produce that will become the flour for the bread baked inside. This project has several focal points. It sets out to find common ground between old and new forms of architectural expression and explore what the effect of this blending would produce. This produced a curious blend of architectural vernaculars with somewhat inconclusive results, though laying good groundwork for similar future enquiries. The core of the assignment is to mix and integrate a complex programme. The project interprets the two seemingly disparate parts of the program as, firstly, the communal and symbolic centre for the public, and secondly, the professional production of baked goods. The project aims to integrate these by putting the production on display and weaving the centrepieces of the bakery, namely the woodfire ovens, into the communal spaces so that their presence is felt in most parts of the building.

Microwave radiation is widely utilized in construction practice, especially for drying building materials, remediating damp masonry, or sterilization of biotic pests that have infested building structures. The available scientific and technical literature reports that certain materials exposed to microwave radiation do not change their physical and mechanical properties, although this has not yet been adequately verified. This paper builds on many years of research in the area, adding to and refining existing information, providing new insights into the mechanical and physical properties of commonly available building materials that have been exposed to controlled microwave radiation, and comparing them with reference values. The experimental research on a set of clay brick samples is carried out using tests according to European standards, and it focuses on the effect of microwave radiation on compressive strength and water absorption. The experimental samples were compared to reference samples that had not been subjected to prolonged exposure to moisture and were subsequently treated with microwave radiation for dehumidification.

Many commercial buildings have a vast network of sensors as part of their building automation systems (BAS) that allows opportunities for energy consumption and cost savings by deploying advanced control sequences. However, this resource is often underutilized since BAS are typically programmed with simple control sequences with limited potential to deliver on these opportunities. The recent availability of ASHRAE Guideline 36 (G36) with advanced HVAC control sequences supports control retrofits in existing buildings to unlock much of the savings potential. However, barriers such as the lack of standard naming convention of building assets and data points, proprietary equipment and BAS, and the inherent uniqueness of buildings and their systems prevent building stakeholders from adopting any “plug-and-play” implementation of G36. Instead, control vendors must often undertake the manual and labor-intensive point mapping process to identify a data stream’s functional and spatial relationship within the HVAC system along with other relevant contexts and map it to the new control sequences. The vendor must carry out the point mapping process in each individual building since the mapping is unlikely to port over to another building. Even for the same building, the point mapping process can occur multiple times if various control vendors implement different control retrofits and/or multiple control retrofits happen over the lifecycle of the building. Then, there is the likelihood that G36 control sequences are programmed uniquely to the building, preventing the same implementation from being reused in another. Therefore, this paper presents a field demonstration of how we leveraged the Brick ontology with BACnet, OpenBuildingControl’s Control Description Language (CDL), and open-source support tools to implement scalable and portable advanced building controls. These tools provide standardized semantic descriptions and relationships of the building’s assets and data point

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Let L be a fixed branch – that is, an irreducible germ of curve – on a normal surface singularity X. If A, B are two other branches, define uL(A, B) := (L · A) (L · B) / A · B , where A · B denotes the intersection number of A and B. Call X arborescent if all the dual graphs of its good resolutions are trees. In a previous paper, the first three authors extended a 1985 theorem of Ploski by proving that whenever X is arborescent, the function uL is an ultrametric on the set of branches on X different from L. In the present paper we prove that, conversely, if uL is an ultrametric, then X is arborescent. We also show that for any normal surface singularity, one may find arbitrarily large sets of branches on X, characterized uniquely in terms of the topology of the resolutions of their sum, in restriction to which uL is still an ultrametric. Moreover, we describe the associated tree in terms of the dual graphs of such resolutions. Then we extend our setting by allowing L to be an arbitrary semivaluation on X and by defining uL on a suitable space of semivaluations. We prove that any such function is again an ultrametric if and only if X is arborescent, and without any restriction on X we exhibit special subspaces of the space of semivaluations in restriction to which uL is still an ultrametric., Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (MINECO), Depto. de Álgebra, Geometría y Topología, Fac. de Ciencias Matemáticas, TRUE, pub

In the thematic environment of conscious use and material resource recycling, the Department of Architecture of the Roma Tre University is currently conducting a research line focused on environmental product innovation. This line consists of two application studies involving manufacturing companies in the construction sector. Both types of research address the issue of additives in the mix design of bricks and concrete, respectively, to achieve better-performing products. The results led to the prototyping of two products: a brick, made from waste replacing a fraction of clay with a mixture of bentonite sludge and metal residues, and a concrete screed mix, made from construction and demolition glass waste replacing natural aggregates. Article info Received: 30/03/2023; Revised: 29/04/2023; Accepted: 08/05/2023, Nel contesto tematico dell’uso consapevole e del riciclo delle risorse materiche, il Dipartimento di Architettura dell’Università di Roma Tre ha in corso una linea di ricerca improntata sui temi dell’innovazione ambientale di prodotto. Tale linea è rappresentata da due ricerche applicative che coinvolgono aziende produttrici del settore delle costruzioni. Entrambe le ricerche affrontano il tema della additivazione delle miscele, rispettivamente del laterizio e del calcestruzzo, per la realizzazione di prodotti con prestazioni migliorate. Gli esiti conducono alla prototipazione di due prodotti: un blocco in laterizio, realizzato con scarti che sostituiscono una frazione di argilla con una miscela di fanghi bentonitici e residui metallici, e una miscela di calcestruzzo per massetti, realizzata con scarti e rifiuti in vetro da costruzione e demolizione che sostituiscono gli aggregati naturali. Info sull'articolo Ricevuto: 30/03/2023; Revisionato: 29/04/2023; Accettato: 08/05/2023

In this study, the applicability of construction and demolition waste (C&DW) in geopolymerization technology was investigated. The C&DW components, concrete and solid bricks, were collected from demolition sites in Belgrade, Republic of Serbia. The concrete sample came from a demolished fifty-year-old construction road, while the remains of solid bricks originated from a 1930s building. Prior to mechanical testing, the C&DW components were characterized by XRD analysis for their mineralogical composition. The results showed that the concrete waste consisted mainly of quartz (SiO2) and calcite (CaCO3), while the brick waste sample contained anorthite from the feldspar group (CaAl2Si2O8), wollastonite (Ca0.957Fe0.043O3Si) and mullite (Al2.4O4.8SiO6). The mechanical properties were examined using the screening method on three geopolymer mixtures, one of each mixture of concrete and brick powders and a mixture of both C&DW components. According to the standard SRPS EN 12390-3:2010 for cubic samples, the geopolymer samples were prepared with alkaline activators for testing the compressive strength as the dominant parameter in the mortar and concrete evaluation. The compressive strength values increased in the range of 2.4 MPa for concrete, 10.2 MPa for brick, and 10.8 MPa for the mixed geopolymer sample. The low compressive strength result of the concrete sample was the consequence of the mineral composition, i.e., the absence of aluminosilicate. However, the brick and the sample with a combination of both types of waste showed moderately satisfactory compressive strength, which could be the starting point for further investigations.

Recycled aggregate concrete is emphasized more and more nowadays due to its importance towards the construction industry and general welfare of our planet. Being such a significant feature with regard to universal sustainable development, every aspect of its properties should be evaluated, examined and optimized so that there is a well-known, well-described and ready to use product. This project aimed at correlating some of the established parameters of conventional concrete such as water absorption of the coarse aggregate fraction and the resulting compressing strength, only applied in the field of recycled aggregate concrete. Along with these two properties, a prediction model was sought for which would be able to forecast the mechanical strength of concrete based on its coarse aggregate composition. A series of experiments were performed on samples fabricated for water absorption tests and compressive strength assessment. In total, 112 water absorption samples and over 250 concrete specimens were prepared and examined for the respective attribute. These samples used natural aggregate as the base of the coarse aggregate portion of the mix design, alongside a series of so-called contaminants which replaced the gravel in certain concentrations. These contaminants included bricks, ceramic tiles, glass, wood, gypsum, plastics, mineral fibers and recycled sand concrete and were entirely based upon the C&DW composition globally. Further investigation was done on the inclusion of air within concrete so that contaminated concrete results could be equated to this constant. All water absorption tests were performed according to the current standards and concrete specimens were crushed after 7 and 28 days of curing in order to obtain their strength in compression, while the predictive model was initiated via the Minitab statistical software. The results indicated some interesting and promising trends. From both sets of experiments, it was evident that the water absor, Civil Engineering

In urban areas, the promotion of biodiversity is gaining importance. On the one hand, biodiversity is dwindling due to intensive agriculture and the loss of habitats; on the other, cities offer a variety of suitable microclimatic conditions for plant communities and animals, which can be implemented through sustainable planning. This work aimed to develop a feasible concept for a building envelope to promote biodiversity, considering the surrounding habitats while addressing the specific needs of target animal species. This required a close cooperation between architects and environmental engineers. The study case selected was a family house in Gattikon (Zurich, Switzerland), belonging to the Swiss architectural office VBAU and subjected to renovation. First, a site analysis was run to map local habitats, animal species occurrence and wildlife barriers, and simulate the time exposure to sunlight/ shadows on the building envelope. Second, the criteria to rule out habitats and species was identified following an exclusion procedure. As a result, three habitats and six animal species were selected. Last, a concept for the design of the facade on the base of the ecological analysis results was developed. Bricks were used as suitable material to create a structured green facade that mimics the selected habitats while meeting the ecological requirements of the selected target plant and animal species. In conclusion, considering both the habitats as a model and the life cycle of the target animal species enabled the selection of plant species to green the facades without missing the survival needs of animal species.

We are living in a perfect storm of catastrophes; overpopulation, desertification, deterioration of biodiversity, and a weakened ecological system are threatening our current way of living. It is essential we look for new ways of living and building. This paper is an experimental research on how to use waste-based brick as a building material to strengthen the ecological system in the surrounding environment. The context is shortly introduced, followed by an overview of the experimenting on waste-based brick characteristics, building technology, and the composition of the material and the building process. Subsequently, experiments on the durability and liveability of the material are conducted. Lastly, a conclusion is conducted for designing with waste-based brick to maximize the ecological value of different building components. In the conclusion, I reflect on an example of waste-based brick., This research took a place during the coronavirus pandemic and there were multiple difficulties., Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences

Environmental pollution has become a big problem, in an age where the industrial revolution and technological development are predominant and dominant in the life of the human being, which has led to excessive consumerism. Problem evidenced in the plastics industry, and that requires looking for alternatives that allow a new use of discarded plastics, returning them to the production chain. This article presents results of the project that was developed using polypropylene, from plastic caps, in the production of plastic bricks, as a sustainable material for the construction of social housing. The behavior of these specimens was compared with conventional clay bricks, based on laboratory tests that allow evidence of a better behavior of the plastic prototypes compared to conventional bricks. These aspects allow us to see the viability of the element for construction purposes., La contaminación del medio ambiente se ha convertido en una gran problemática, en una era donde la revolución industrial y el desarrollo tecnológico son predominantes y dominantes en la vida del ser humano, que lo ha llevado a un consumismo desmesurado. Problemática evidenciada en la industria del plástico, y que requiere buscar alternativas que permitan dar un nuevo uso a los plásticos descartados, retornándolos a la cadena productiva. En este artículo se presentan resultados del proyecto que se desarrolló utilizando el polipropileno, procedente de tapas plásticas, en la elaboración de ladrillos de plástico, como material sostenible para la construcción de vivienda de interés social. Se comparó el comportamiento de estos especímenes con los ladrillos de arcilla convencional, con base en ensayos de laboratorio que permiten evidenciar un mejor comportamiento de los prototipos de plástico respecto a los ladrillos convencionales. Estos aspectos permiten ver la viabilidad del elemento con fines constructivos.

Improvement properties of building materials are essential. In this dissertation thesis, the main concern had been on synthesizing a new resin to improve the properties of concrete and brick. Solvent-based polymers have been used for many years to improve the quality of building materials. In contrast to solvent-based polymers, water-based emulsion polymers are one of the available solutions that have been used to improve the quality of building materials. Several advantages can be enumerated for water-based emulsion polymers such as lower volatile organic compounds (VOC), easier application, lower carbon dioxide emissions in the production, and fossil resource preservation. Water-based emulsion polymers are synthesized from simple homopolymers to copolymers with various monomers and additives. In this research, the synthesis and characterization of water-based acrylic styrene emulsion copolymer had been the main concern. Acrylic monomers could develop the qualities such as thermoplasticity, water solubility, and a longer lifespan of the polymer, while styrene monomers will impart water resistance and stiffness properties. In this research, the first step had been the synthesis of a water-based emulsion copolymer. Furthermore, considering the importance of biodegradability of the synthesized copolymer, the research followed by the replacement of ingredients such as emulsifiers with higher biodegradability characteristics with eco-friendly by-products, i.e. reducing the microplastic hazards. As a result, the copolymer could be decomposed better, and consequently, problems with the release of microplastics will be reduced. The synthesized water-based acrylic styrene emulsion copolymer was characterized by FTIR, DSC, and TGA. The FTIR results confirmed successful emulsion polymerization of acrylic styrene copolymer. DSC results confirmed the formation of an amorphous thermoplastic type of copolymer with a single glass transition temperature. The TGA result also confirm

Nygaardsplassen is a mixed-use complex of buildings designed by Mad Arkitekter for a previously run-down area of the city center of Fredrikstad, Norway. A square dating from the 1800s surrounded by old wooden buildings, some of them listed log structures, and some postmodern brick buildings, had over time turned into an ill-defined and neglected open space, constituting the rear of the surrounding urban fabric. The new buildings filling it have provided the area with a new layout including a lively piazza and street, with restaurants and cafés on the ground floor and apartments above. The massing, detailing, and brick façades align the new buildings with the existing context, providing a coherent and humanized whole which has proved hugely successful., Nygaardsplassen es un complejo de edificios de uso mixto diseñado por Mad Arkitekter para una zona deteriorada en el centro de la ciudad de Fredrikstad, Noruega. La plaza, que data del siglo XIX y está rodeada por viejos edificios de madera, algunos con estructuras protegidas, y otros edificios posmodernos de ladrillo, se había convertido con el paso del tiempo en un espacio abierto mal definido y descuidado que formaba la parte trasera del tejido urbano circundante. Los nuevos edificios que ahora la completan han dotado a la zona de un nuevo trazado que incluye una plaza y una calle llenas de vida, con restaurantes y cafés en la planta baja y apartamentos en la parte superior. Los volúmenes, los detalles constructivos y las fachadas de ladrillo armonizan los nuevos edificios con el contexto existente, y se crea así un conjunto coherente y humanizado que ha tenido un gran éxito.

Environmental pollution has become a big problem, in an age where the industrial revolution and technological development are predominant and dominant in the life of the human being, which has led to excessive consumerism. Problem evidenced in the plastics industry, and that requires looking for alternatives that allow a new use of discarded plastics, returning them to the production chain. This article presents results of the project that was developed using polypropylene, from plastic caps, in the production of plastic bricks, as a sustainable material for the construction of social housing. The behavior of these specimens was compared with conventional clay bricks, based on laboratory tests that allow evidence of a better behavior of the plastic prototypes compared to conventional bricks. These aspects allow us to see the viability of the element for construction purposes., La contaminación del medio ambiente se ha convertido en una gran problemática, en una era donde la revolución industrial y el desarrollo tecnológico son predominantes y dominantes en la vida del ser humano, que lo ha llevado a un consumismo desmesurado. Problemática evidenciada en la industria del plástico, y que requiere buscar alternativas que permitan dar un nuevo uso a los plásticos descartados, retornándolos a la cadena productiva. En este artículo se presentan resultados del proyecto que se desarrolló utilizando el polipropileno, procedente de tapas plásticas, en la elaboración de ladrillos de plástico, como material sostenible para la construcción de vivienda de interés social. Se comparó el comportamiento de estos especímenes con los ladrillos de arcilla convencional, con base en ensayos de laboratorio que permiten evidenciar un mejor comportamiento de los prototipos de plástico respecto a los ladrillos convencionales. Estos aspectos permiten ver la viabilidad del elemento con fines constructivos.

Folkets Hus on Krusgårdsberget is located in northwest Eskilstuna in Torshälla on Skeppargatan with a driveway entrance from Snäckbergsstigen. From Krusgårdsberget you can see i.a. the church tower and from there it is easy to get over Julinbron, the pedestrian and bicycle bridge, to the other side of Torshällaån, Rådhustorget, Bergströmska gården with the local history museum, the church and the harbor at Storgatan. The land area is limited by the Eskilstuna canal towards Lake Mälaren in the north. Holmenleden, Eskilstunavägen and Hammarbyvägen, which changes its name to Brogatan, connect the eastern part of Torshälla with the surrounding landscape. Previously, there was a community house at Rådhustorget with an assembly hall facing the square and a café and residential area facing Lilla gatan. The assembly hall was used for theater and cinema performances as well as lectures by research travelers. The house also housed the city's library and the café was a gathering place for vacant Torshälla residents. The house was built by Torshälla Allmänna Byggnads AB in 1900 and demolished in 1962. The community house I designed is a slope house with a brick facade and a flat roof on three levels. It houses a theater with 403 seats. Around the light courtyard with the large stairs there is a separate assembly hall. In addition, there are smaller office and meeting rooms, a restaurant and a hotel in the building. North of the parking lot at the main entrance, I have designed a garden that adjoins the wooded hill behind the house., Folkets Hus på Krusgårdsberget ligger i nordvästra Eskilstuna i Torshälla på Skeppargatan med en infart från Snäckbergsstigen. Från Krusgårdsberget kan man se bl.a. kyrktornet och därifrån är det lätt att ta sig över Julinbron, gång- och cykelbron, till andra sidan Torshällaån, Rådhustorget, Bergströmska gården med hembygdsmuseet, kyrkan och hamnen vid Storgatan. Landområdet begränsas av Eskilstuna kanal mot Mälaren i norr. Holmenleden, Eskilstunavägen och Hammarbyvägen som byter namn till Brogatan förbinder den östra delen av Torshälla med kringliggande landskap. Tidigare har det funnits ett folkets hus vid Rådhustorget med en samlingslokal mot torget och en kafé- och bostadsdel mot Lilla gatan. Samlingslokalen användes till teater- och bioföreställningar samt föredrag av forskningsresande. Huset inrymde även stadens bibliotek och kaféet var en samlingsplats för lediga torshällabor. Huset byggdes av Torshälla Allmänna Byggnads AB år 1900 och revs 1962. Det folkets hus jag ritat är ett suterränghus med tegelfasad och platt tak i tre nivåer. Huset inrymmer en teater med 403 sittplatser. Runt ljusgården med den stora trappan finns det en avskild samlingslokal. Därtill finns det mindre kontors- och mötesrum, restaurang och hotell i byggnaden. Norr om parkeringen vid huvudentrén har jag designat en trädgård som angränsar till det skogsbeklädda berget bakom huset.

The Blooming Factory is a proposal to restore and care for the abandoned Nitrolack-factory and the surrounding industrial site of Lövholmen in Stockholm. The aim is to protect the character of the building and the site while transforming the program into spaces that support the city long-term as a neighboorhod of care that align with the cycles of nature and its use of natural resources. The project developed from the overall principle of Care and Bengt Warnes ‘Naturhus’ typology where the green house function as a structural framework for working with natural cycles in the built environment. Through cultivating the flow of resources such as energy, water, and food we also create pleasurable habitats for ourselves (and other creatures.) In the Blooming Factory, the existing building and the green house extension support each other as well as the neighbourhood. By extending the western brick façade with a greenhouse, the façade character is protected, and the material re-used both as structural support, isolation, and heat storage. The cultivation and harvesting of produce in the greenhouse support the existing building as well as the neighbourhood with food, energy, financial revenue, and knowledge.

The central part of my project is its brewery. This is the first thing you see when entering the building and the opening in the brewery’s roof offers a visual connection between the two floors of the building. Beer from the brewery is served in the restaurant. There are a variety of seating possibilities, inside, outside or up on the second floor. The inside of the first floor offers a cozy basement-like environment with brick walls ant a relatively low ceiling. Outside there’s a terrace with views of the Eskilstuna river in every direction. On the second floor there are rooms with possibility of seating groups, for example for beer tastings.The building is built of brick. The intention is to use recycled bricks and to assemble it in suck a way as to make it easier to dismantle for future recycling. This can be achieved by using weaker mortar that is possible to clean off without damaging the brick. The building is placed at the Eskilstuna river at the edge of the water. This is partially to offer the views of the river but the river’s water can also be used for cooling in the brewing process., Mitt projekts centrala del är dess bryggeri. Det är det första du ser när du kommer innanför dörren och öppningen i bryggeriets tak erbjuder en visuell koppling mellan byggnadens två våningar. Öl från bryggeriet erbjuds i serveringen/restaurangen. Det finns en variation av sittningsmöjligheter, inne, ute eller uppe. Inne på undervåningen erbjuds en mysigt källarlik miljö med teglade väggar och relativt låg takhöjd. Ute finns en terrass med utsikt över Eskilstunaån i alla riktningar. På övervåningen finns lokaler med möjlighet att sitta grupper för exempelvis ölsmakning. Byggnaden är uppbyggd med en tegelstomme. Avsikten är att använda återbrukat tegel och att bygga den på ett sätt som underlättar nedmontering av teglet för att underlätta framtida återbruk. Detta genom användning av svagare bruk som går att rensa från teglet utan att teglet själv går sönder. Byggnaden är placerad vid Eskilstunaån precis invid vattnet. Detta delvis för utsikten som ån erbjuder men vattnet kan även användas till nedkylning i bryggprocessen.

This project focuses on making a “Folkets hus”, a form of community centre available for its surrounding inhabitants to express their identities and experience different cultures, these buildings usually contain libraries, theatre, restaurants, art centre, educational spaces, a child section and more. The city chosen for this project was Arboga, a small old industrial town from the 13th century a few miles west about Eskilstuna. Approximately 14,100 inhabitants, of which 11,400 live in the city. Arboga has identified that the after school-centre and culture school needs to be expanded and renovated, due to a higher demand. There is also a demand for more houses and living space adapted for the elderly. I picked an old abandoned silo industry building next to a very old beautiful park to work on. The building has not been standing for more than 50 years and is already abandoned. I saw an opportunity to urbanise the building and give locals the chance to use its height to see their city from above. My project called “SILO” is a six floor community centre and a ten floor high apartment building. The community centre contains: restaurants, library, dance rooms, theatre room, music and radio room, art room, after school-centre, art gallery, lecture room, rooftop with a garden, an office floor and lots of spaces focusing on creative activities for all ages. The apartment building to the east contains eighteen 1 room apartments and eighteen 3 room apartments., Projekt fokuserar på ”Folkets hus”, en plats för invånare för att uttrycka sin identitet och uppleva olika kulturer, dessa byggnader innehåller vanligtvis bibliotek, teater, restauranger, konsthall, utbildningslokaler, en barnavdelning och mer. Staden som valdes för detta projekt var Arboga, en liten gammal industristad från 1200-talet några mil väster om Eskilstuna. Cirka 14 100 invånare därav 11 400 bor I staden. Arboga har identifierat att fritidshemmet och kulturskolan behöver byggas ut och renoveras, på grund av en högre efterfrågan. Det efterfrågas också fler hus och bostadsrätt anpassade för äldre. Jag valde en gammal övergiven silo industribyggnad som låg bredvid en fin gammal park. Byggnaden har inte stått på mer än 50 år och är redan övergiven. Jag såg en möjlighet att urbanisera byggnaden och ge Arbogaborna chansen att använda dess höjd för att se sin stad från ett nytt perspektiv. Mitt projekt som heter "SILO", ett sexvåning högt kulturhus och ett tio våningar högt lägenhet hus. Folkhuset innehåller: restauranger, bibliotek, dansrum, teaterrum, musik- och radiorum, konstrum, fritidshem, konsthall, föreläsningssal, takterrass med örtagård, kontorsvåning och massor av utrymmen som fokus på kreativa aktiviteter för alla åldrar. Hyreshuset i öster innehåller arton anpassade 1:or och arton loft 3:or.

Since most of the inner city of Stockholm and its nearest surroundings is built, the city is now aiming its strategy of development towards the suburbs of the outer city. Two of these are Hökarängen and Gubbängen of which both have seen several housing densification projects lately. The regional plan states how planning investments in the outer parts of the city should contribute with public space and urban connections. Despite this, what is built is housing with low public ambitions. In this thesis I therefore propose how Hökarängen and Gubbängen could be developed in terms of public space that contribute to the urban connection of the two suburbs. I propose a series of typical public buildings, a bath, a library, a cinema, and a theater. The bath attaches itself to the character of Gubbängsfältet as a sports and recreational field. The library and the cinema are placed in the middle of the two suburbs as a central meeting place, while the theater is placed towards Hökarängen. The gathering buildings are kept together by lower perimeter buildings creating embraced courtyards for cultural meetings, recreation, bath, and play.

Complex research of late antique bricks from the area of today's Serbia, conducted at the beginning of the 21st century, included the analysis of this material from several archaeological sites, including the ancient Viminacium. The idea was to determine the similarities and deviations of bricks and brick construction techniques in the observed areas concerning the overall late antique architecture of ancient Rome. Therefore, extensive analyses of the literature and the results of previous research were conducted, in conjunction with fieldwork and laboratory testing of appropriate samples from the field. The research indicated that construction techniques that were used in the area of today's Serbia in the time of late antiquity were completely in line with the way of building in the area of the Eastern Roman Empire. As a rule, they included the use of bricks, and most often it was the opus mixtum technique, performed in a manner of late antiquity, while in the case of smaller buildings, the opus testaceum technique could also be used. The analyzed area had a specific role in the turbulent period of the invasion of barbarian tribes in the Eastern Roman Empire resulting that by the end of the 4th century the area was mostly devastated and depopulated. However, during the 6th century and the reign of Emperor Justinian, the area of northern Illyricum revived and gained strategic importance to preserve the northern borders of the Empire, so that some cities were revived, while completely new fortified settlements were built. The new circumstances have contributed to the intensification of construction activities with noticeably more extensive use of brick and more frequent application of the opus testaceum technique on significantly larger buildings than was the case in the previous period of construction activity during the 4th century. At the same time, there is a certain change in the formats of bricks, which from the elongated rectangular formats that were typical o

The industrial raw material compositions in brick or tile production are normally adapting from time to time with novel clays. The proper raw material change must be based on the reliable raw material characterization tests. Regardless to the fact that commonly used (Bigot, Muller- Biehl, Ratzenberger, Piltz, Hermansons, etc.) drying sensitivity criterions allow the comparison of different raw materials they are not related with the mineral composition and mechanical nature of clays. Besides these are timedemanding tests. The X-ray characterization of raw material is reliable only when orientated samples are prepared. In other cases, it is necessary to have additional characterization test such as thermo-differential (DTA) and thermo-gravimetric (TG) analysis in order to confirm the presence or absence of individual clay minerals. The quantity of the interlayer water content present in clays is in direct correlation with the mineralogical composition and the clay type. This effect can be easily qualified on the DTA/TG curves. This was a trigger for establishing the novel rapid drying sensitivity criteria. The analysis of different raw materials has confirmed that the moisture loss registered on TG curves at 2000C can be used as novel drying sensitivity criterion. This value is respectively for insensitive raw materials less than 2.0 while for highly sensitive one is larger than 2.80. The proposed method is very simple, rapid and reliable for the application in brick and tile industry. The second objective of this paper was to compare the results of the proposed method with the widely used Bigoth, Ratzenberg and Piltz tests. A good correlation was found.

This study aims to determine the financial literacy of brick business actors in Bontotangnga Village, Bajeng District, Gowa Regency. This study uses a qualitative approach to the type of phenomenological research. Data collection techniques were carried out by interviews, observation, and documentation. The results of the study show that each entrepreneur has not utilized the services and products of existing financial institutions. Even though the services of financial institutions will greatly assist business transactions and can facilitate the expansion of sales. The results of this study found that the opening of a brick business was due to the basic factors inherited from their parents' business. Brick entrepreneurs are also influenced by suppliers of raw materials, so that output and fluctuations in raw materials will affect production costs which ultimately reduce profits, especially for brick entrepreneurs who do not record income and expenses in their business activities.

Deterioration of porous materials lead to severe damage in buildings. Salt weathering being the most common deterioration mechanism in porous materials which is related with the growth of crystal and pressure inside the pores of the materials associated with masonry. However the study on effect of salts on behavior of masonry as a whole unit and their individual components have not been elucidated for Indian conditions and only limited knowledge is available on deterioration of mortars which is the binder of brick masonry. This paper presents primary investigational study on components of masonry made of burnt clay bricks and cement mortar at joints in order to assess the damage induced by salts (sulphate and chloride). With this as aim, specimens were prepared in laboratory and were subjected to accelerated weathering conditions of different durations in sodium chloride and magnesium sulphate solutions which are the most common salts of attack in brick masonries when the environmental ambiance is strongly aggressive, either acidic or alkaline or in presence of sulphate and chloride produces physicochemical external attack and alterations in their integrity. Relevant studies have also been performed in the field by other authors, but in the study, conventional mortar mixes are manufactured and their behavior in aggressive environments. Certain mortar properties related to their behavior such as density, compressive strength, water absorption and porosity are analyzed for their disruptive effects. The paper presents the results obtained by the exposure of brick masonry and its components for a total duration of 14 weeks exposed to aggressive environment. Variation in mechanical properties of brick and its components were observed as the concentration of salts increased in the simulated environment created artificially in laboratory.

[ES] Situada en el municipio de Oliva, en el límite entre la zona industrial de Els Rajolars y la enorme huerta que se extiende a su alrededor, Arlandis es una fábrica en estado de abandono y decadencia en la que su antigua producción cerámica se evidencia y mantiene en la atmósfera a través de su materialidad, múltiples celosías, horno tipo Hoffman y chimenea que le acompaña. Frente a ella, gran cantidad de cultivos no rentables, aferrados a la antigua producción agrícola -actividad que ha mantenido la economía de Oliva durante la mayor parte de su historia-, piden a gritos su puesta en valor y su recuperación como fuente de beneficio, trabajo y reclamo turístico. Son, por tanto, esta tradición y este conocimiento agrícola extendido en la población los que garantizan la posibilidad de desarrollar un centro de investigación, con diferentes unidades I+D, que impulse un nuevo tipo de producción ecológica y arrastre a la comunidad olivense a un modelo de vida sostenible que garantice el bienestar de futuras generaciones. El proyecto se concibe como un filtro entre lo industrial y lo agrícola, otorgando a la huerta la libertad de colonizar suelo fabril y naturalizar el ambiente de trabajo. De esta manera los límites se hacen difusos; lo industrial deja de ser tan industrial, lo natural deja de ocupar la periferia de forma exclusiva, y la antigua fábrica se convierte en una envolvente en la que investigación, producción, relación y cultivo habitan el espacio de forma armónica. Un territorio obsoleto convertido en resiliente., [EN] Located in Oliva, at the limit between the industrial area Els Rajolars and the huge orchard extended all around, Arlandis is an abandoned factory in a decline situation in which materials, multiple latticework, Hoffman kiln, and a chimney shows its previous ceramic production. Facing the factory, lots of non-profitable cultivatable lands, retained by the old farming production ¿Oliva¿s main economic activity through the past years-, are asking for being revalued and reestablished as a profit, job and tourist claim source. So, is this tradition and agricultural knowledge widespread across the population what ensure the possibility of creating an investigation institute, with different I+D units, that promotes a new ecological production and drives Oliva¿s residents into a sustainable lifestyle which guarantees the well-being of future generations. The project is conceived as a filter between the industrial and the agricultural, giving the orchard the necessary freedom to occupy the factory site and to bring green to the work environment. Thus, limits fade; industrial is less industrial, nature is not subordinated to periphery, and the old factory becomes a covering where investigation, production, relationship and farming use the space in a harmonious way. An obsolete territory brought into a resilient one.

[ES] Los atributos y la evolución de la vivienda se han remontado a constantes transformaciones a lo largo de la historia, en busca de responder a demandas sociales, culturales, del lugar y de las personas que la habitan. Estos cambios se ven también definidos por la época en la que se diseñan, los materiales que la definen y las características del arquitecto. Esta investigación toma como objeto de estudio doce viviendas modernas declaradas patrimonio colombiano. Las viviendas han sido clasificadas en tres tipos distintos, unifamiliares y multifamiliares, que a su vez se dividen en bloques y torres. Por su representatividad, singularidad, valor y autor se han destacado en la arquitectura moderna en Colombia. Se pretende establecer relaciones de diseño entre las diferentes viviendas por medio de la identificación de sus características técnicas, históricas, funcionales y estéticas para identificar sus valores patrimoniales, como base de su catalogación en bienes de interés cultural. De las doce viviendas estudiadas, este estudio se centrará en el análisis patológico de siete de ellas, centrado en la característica en común de haber sido construidas en ladrillo, un material representativo y autóctono colombiano que identifica una gran parte de la arquitectura moderna en Bogotá, y de Colombia en particular., [EN] The attributes and evolution of the home have undergone constant transformations throughout history answering the social, cultural and location based requisites as well as those of the people that inhabit them. These changes have been defined by the period in which they were designed, the materials available and the characteristics or style of the architect. The purpose of this investigation is to study twelve modern dwellings declared as Colombian heritage that have been categorised into three different types, namely single-family dwellings and multi-family dwellings such as blocks of flats and towers that, for their representativeness, uniqueness value and author form the backdrop of modern Colombian architecture. I aim to highlight the relationship between the designs of each housing project by means of classifying their characteristics such as location, technique, history, function and aesthetics in order to identify their respective patrimonial values, which have led them to be recognised today as assets of cultural interest. Of the twelve aforementioned dwellings, this study will focus specifically around the in-depth analysis of seven of them; the common feature having been built in brick, an autochthonous and representative material that today defines a large part of modern architecture throughout the country., [VA] Els atributs i l'evolució de l'habitatge s'han remuntat a constants transformacions al llarg de la història, a la recerca de respondre a demandes socials, culturals, del lloc i de les persones que l'habiten. Aquests canvis es veuen també definits per l'època en la qual es dissenyen, els materials que la defineixen i les característiques de l'arquitecte.Aquesta investigació pren com a objecte d'estudi dotze habitatges moderns declarades patrimoni colombià. Els habitatges han sigut classificades en tres tipus diferents, unifamiliars i multifamiliars, que al seu torn es divideixen en blocs i torres. Per la seua representativitat, singularitat, valor i autor s'han destacat en l'arquitectura moderna a Colòmbia.Es pretén establir relacions de disseny entre els diferents habitatges per mitjà de la identificació de les seues característiques tècniques, històriques, funcionals i estètiques per a identificar els seus valors patrimonials, com a base de la seua catalogació en béns d'interés cultural.Dels dotze habitatges estudiades, aquest estudi se centrarà en l'anàlisi patològica deset d'elles, centrat en la característica comuna d'haver sigut construïdes en rajola, un material representatiu i autòcton colombià que identifica una part de l'arquitectura moderna a Bogotà, i de Colòmbia en particular.

[EN] Structures and elements buried beneath heritage buildings are frequent but are often unknown and inaccessible. Therefore, they are difficult to locate in general if an archaeological excavation is not carried out, with the economic cost and time involved. It is important to discover them in order to increase our knowledge of cultural heritage, as well as to know, recover and improve the state of conservation of the materials that make up these structures. This paper presents methodologies for locating old structures using a low-cost NDT approach, with a qualitative and quantitative analysis of GPR profiles in heritage buildings. Small perforations are performed at critical points and introducing an endoscope for verification. Various crypts have been located using the proposed methodologies in a real study case: The Church of the Asución of Llíria in Spain.

[EN] The Peru Pavilion was built for the Ibero-American Exposition of 1929 in Seville. In 2017 the building presented significant alterations, mainly consisting of large quantities of dirt, many cracks and the detachment of fragments affecting the ornamental concrete and mortar elements on its façades. This was the reason why it was necessary to develop a restoration project and the subsequent intervention on the façades. This research was based on a preliminary study phase in which the main causes of alterations in the building were identified, to evaluate the most appropriate preventive treatments for its conservation. The second phase focused specifically on controlling restoration work, mainly to verify the efficacy and suitability of the treatment applied through onsite tests and instrumental analysis techniques in the laboratory., [ES] El Pabellón del Perú fue construido para la Exposición Iberoamericana de 1929 en Sevilla. En 2017, el edificio presentaba un alto grado de suciedad, grietas y desprendimiento de fragmentos como principales manifestaciones de degradación en los elementos ornamentales de hormigón y mortero que componen sus fachadas. Tal estado de conservación hizo necesaria la redacción de un proyecto de restauración de las fachadas y la consecuente intervención. Este trabajo se basó en una fase de estudio previo en la que se identificaron las principales causas de deterioro del edificio para evaluar cuáles podrían ser los tratamientos más convenientes de cara a su conservación preventiva. En una segunda fase se abordó el control específico de la intervención de restauración, en particular para verificar la eficacia e idoneidad del tratamiento aplicado mediante pruebas in situ y técnicas de análisis instrumental.

This article is devoted to the issue of Kalon Mosque and its history. Also analyzis of the historical information about the history of construction, architecture and internal and external structure of Kalon Mosque is conducted

Results of scientific research on determination of optimum prescription and technological parameters of effective ceramic brick with burn-out additives, obtained by the method of mathematical planning of experiments are given in the article.

La bóveda tabicada o bóveda catalana es uno de los sistemas constructivos cerámicos que requieren menos tiempo y coste económico en su ejecución, aportando una estructura de cubierta lo suficientemente estable como para cubrir grandes espacios. Se trata de un elemento que, a lo largo de la historia, ha evolucionado gracias a los avances que realizaron aquellos arquitectos, tanto nacionales como internacionales, como Gaudí, Moya o Dieste, que lo emplearon en gran parte de su obra, modificando algunos de los criterios constructivos fijados por la tradición según el desarrollo tecnológico que tenían a su alcance. Estos avances han presentado ciertas limitaciones debido a las diversas restricciones tecnológicas de cada momento histórico, por lo que muchos de ellos no siempre eran completamente satisfactorios. Sin embargo, se considera que hubo algunos puntos de inflexión, donde se realizaba un gran avance a pesar de las limitaciones tecnológicas. Actualmente, el desarrollo de las herramientas digitales marca otro punto de inflexión en el progreso de los sistemas constructivos. La modelización de una maqueta en un entorno virtual permite analizar y comprender el sistema constructivo de las bóvedas tabicadas desde un nuevo punto de estudio, en el que se genera la geometría óptima en función del modelo de diseño que se necesite. Aquí surge un punto de encuentro entre los criterios de control a tener en cuenta, que los antiguos maestros realizaban para construir las bóvedas tabicadas in situ, y la tecnología actual, que permite implementar digitalmente estos criterios constructivos de forma paramétrica, desde la fase proyectual, y obtener los mejores resultados posibles optimizando su diseño., The tile vault or Catalan vault is one of the ceramic construction systems that require less time and economic cost in its execution, providing a roof structure stable enough to cover large spaces. It is an element that, throughout the history, has evolved thanks to the advances made by those archiets, both national and international, such as Gaudí, Moya or Dieste, who used it in much of their work, modifying some of the construction criteria established by tradition according to the technological development available to them. These advances have had certain limitations due to the various technological constraints of each historical moment, so that many of them were not always completely satisfactory. However, it is considered that there were some turning points when a considerable progress was made despite the technological limitations. Nowadays, the development of digital tools marks another turning point in the progress of construction systems. The modelling of a model in a virtual environment makes it possible to analyse and understand the construction system of the vaults from a new point of study, in which the optimum geometry is generated according to the design model required. Then, a meeting point arises between the the control criteria to be considered, which the old masters used to carry out in order to build the vaults in situ, and current technology, which makes it possible to digitally implement these construction criteria in a parametric way, from the project phase, and to obtain the best possible results by optimizing their design.

The Ikebana gallery school positions itself in a dense urban context with a secure connection to its didactic elements and the reappreciation of the chosen craft. It is a multi-faced project which sheds light on education, residents and parties to re-direct the urban context. My interventions for the Gasthuisplaats allow me the opportunity to communicate my view for a contemporary school building in the historic city centre of Delft while improving the public realm., Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences

The city of Nijmegen transformed drastically during the last century during its reconstruction period after the war. The city we know now is characterised by the commodification of city centre. With the proliferation of shopping in the city, the community and neighbourhood became overlooked. However, the people's mentality is still very much rooted in the social activism that identified the city of Nijmegen during the 80s. The need for commons stems from a global socio-economic crisis on the inability of market and state to govern the city. Commons is about building working systems for the subsistence of households outside of the market and state. It is also about the political dimension of approaching the space for non market functions in our neoliberal society, instead focusing on local industries, initiatives and communities. Increasingly there is an idea that architectural projects are not single-authored ventures, but rather complex and layered processes that depend upon multiple agencies that establish a commonality. Commons are constructed in the sense that their creation, existence, operation and persistence are matters of not pure accident or random chance, but instead of social practices and institutional design. An architecture of the commons should be understood as an intervention in these commons resources and in the collection of people, skills and knowledge that are part of them. The process of making architecture is strongly rooted with the notion of constructing commons and sharing between different people, skills and materials. Engaging in local material industries is not only important for the material itself, but also holds knowledge on the processing and construction techniques of the specific context. Memories, secrets and craftsmanship are part the network that commonalities of architecture are focussed on. It consists of different people with different knowledge, skills, materials and construction techniques. The artist community in Nijmegen, Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences | Building Technology

This is an architectural master thesis with the chair of Urban Architecture. The project analysis the city of Nijmegen with a special focus on its topography. In the design part, a new urban plan is suggested for the project location. One of the buildings was chosen and the newly introduced function is a Museum that offers spatially different exhibition spaces. The Museum with the title "the 8th mountain" creates different platforms that offer living spaces on them and the facade to various plants and animals. The Project is focused on adding density to the museum with nature inclusive design. Spaces that are not used by humans was turned into living spaces for animals and plants., Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences | Building Technology

The effect of mortar and brick properties on the growth of ivy-leaved toadflax (Cymbalaria muralis) and yellow corydalis (Pseudofumaria lutea) has been investigated in laboratory. Different mortar compositions were designed and tested in combination with two different bricks. Highly porous bricks and mortars showed good bioreceptivity; mortars with lime-trass and, in lower extent, those with natural hydraulic lime binder, gave the best results in terms of bioreceptivity. The addition of vermiculite to the mortar was beneficial for plant growth. The brick-mortar combinations most favourable for plant growth were those with estimated low compressive and flexural bond strength values. Proposals are advanced for obtaining a compromise between mechanical strength and bioreceptivity., Heritage & Technology, Design of Constrution, Applied Mechanics

Este Trabajo Final de Grado aborda la corriente expresionista de la arquitectura, que, contando con su foco más activo en Alemania, la producción de algunos de los arquitectos no ha tenido demasiada repercusión a nivel bibliográfico fuera de su entorno nacional. Se hace, por tanto, una revisión del discurso histórico del Expresionismo, para entender su grado de marginación, así como se reevalúa su relación con la Nueva Objetividad, revindicando el papel del mismo como Arquitectura Moderna. Se intenta revisar esta arquitectura, realizando un pequeño acercamiento global, para, contextualizada, centrarse en la producida en el Norte de Alemania. Se estudian sus influencias principales y se aportan algunos ejemplos significativos, destacando las figuras de Fritz Höger y Fritz Schumacher. Se revisan sus trayectorias para entender su papel en la época de las vanguardias y se analizan algunas de sus obras más significativas, profundizando en la Chilehaus de Höger y el Krematorium en Ohlsdorf de Schumacher, ambas en Hamburgo. Con esto se pretende completar nuestra propia visión de aquel momento histórico, y rescatar sus posibles valores materiales para la arquitectura contemporánea., The following paper address the expressionist architectural stream, which main focus is located in Germany. Outside their national borders, the work of some architects remains unknown due to a lack of diffusion. In order to understand this exclusion, a revaluation of the historical discourse is made, along with a revision of the relation between Expressionism and New Objetivity architecture. Here, a deman of the Expressionism architecture as part of the Modern Architecture is defended. Then follows a brief global approach to the stream, that onces contextualized, focus on the one created in North Germany. Their main influences are studied as well as some significant examples, paying special consideration to Fritz Höger und Fritz Schumacher. Their professional careers are analysed as a way to understand their role at that time, in particular the Höger’s Chilehaus and Schumacher’s Krematorium in Ohlsdorf, both located in Hamburg. With this, a reinterpretation of this architecture is aimed, longing for a wider vision on the toppic and hoping that it may be useful for the contemporary architecture.

Folkets hus med snickeri för allmänheten i ett litet kustsamhälle. Projektet tar avstamp i en idé om att stimulera små samhällen runt Mälaren att växa fram från vattnet i stället för från landsvägen. Bilen ersätts av eldrivna båtar för pendling och frakt. Ett ökat fokus på landsbygder skapar möjligheter för lokala producenter att fortsätta sina verksamheter och erbjuda närodlade varor för de boende. Tanken om ett folkets hus med ett gemensamt snickeri handlar om att bygga själv efter egna förutsättningar och att ta vara på material. För vissa används platsen som en bas för ett renoveringsprojekt eller för att bygga sitt nya hem. För andra kan det vara en viktig social plats och fungera som en fritidsgård för närområdet. Byggnaden står, delvis i vatten, på en grund av platsgjuten betong och har en solid tegelmur kompletterad med pelare och balkar i KL-trä. Byggnadens omformbarhet öppnar för framtida möjliga användningsområden för andra syften som till exempel idrottshall, skola eller kulturcenter., Community center with public woodshop in a coastal village. The project is based on an idea to stimulate small communities around Lake Mälaren to grow from the seaside rather than from the road. The car is here being replaced by electric boats for commuting and shipping. An increased focus on rural areas creates opportunities for local producers to continue offer locally grown goods to the residents. The idea behind a community center with a public woodshop is to make use of material available and build things yourself according to your own prerequisites. The woodshop could be used as a base for renovation projects or to build elements of a new home. Equally important is the social function where the place can function as a leisure center for the local area. The building is situated partly in water. On a foundation of cast-in-place concrete stands a solid brick wall supplemented by columns and beams of cross-laminated timber. The open floor plan and the transformability of the building makes possible other future uses of the community center such as a sports hall, a school or a cultural center.