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Lead (Pb) is a highly toxic heavy metal of industrial importance; its presence continues to be a risk in the environment. The concentrations of this metal exceed the limits established by government agencies, representing a menace to the health of the population, mainly in developing countries. Pb affects several systems, including the reproductive system. In this work, research on its toxic effects of Pb on the ovaries is reviewed, addressing studies carried out in vivo and in vitro in mammals, mainly rats, mice and humans from 2000 to 2020. Among the main findings are the modification of the cellular REDOX balance, separation of granulosa cells that conform the follicle, and increased follicular atresia, among others, which consequently alter the reproductive process. Further interdisciplinary studies will help improve the understanding of the mechanisms of action of Pb in the ovary, as well as the risk it represents for female reproductive health., El plomo (Pb) es un metal pesado altamente tóxico de importancia industrial cuya presencia continúa siendo un riesgo en el ambiente. Las concentraciones de este metal sobrepasan los límites establecidos por las agencias gubernamentales, amenazando la salud de la población, principalmente en los países en desarrollo. El Pb afecta a varios sistemas del organismo, incluyendo al reproductor. En este trabajo se revisan las investigaciones sobre sus efectos tóxicos en los ovarios, abordando estudios realizados in vivo e in vitro en mamíferos, principalmente rata, ratón y humanos, desde el año 2000 al 2020. Entre los principales hallazgos se encuentran las modificaciones del balance óxido-reducción (REDOX) celular, la separación de las células de la granulosa que conforman al folículo y el aumento de la atresia folicular, entre otros, que alteran los procesos reproductores. La realización de más estudios interdisciplinarios ayudará a mejorar la comprensión de los mecanismos de acción del Pb en el ovario y el riesgo a la salud reproductora femenina.

This report describes successful surgical correction and long-term survival of a case of large colon atresia in a 24-h-old Warmblood colt, referred with signs of unrelenting abdominal pain and a suspicion of meconium impaction. Radiographic and ultrasonographic examination was indicative of large colon meconium impaction with secondary ileus. Due to deterioration of the foal, surgery was recommended. An atretic segment was found between the left ventral and dorsal large (ascending) colon. A band of fibrous tissue with no identifiable lumen connected the segments. Surgical correction was done by performing a stapled side-to-side anastomosis. Twelve days after surgery, the foal was discharged. Twenty-two months after discharge, the owner reported the foal developing as expected compared with its peers, but had a mild, self-limiting episode of colic at 20 months of age.

Clarias gariepinus juveniles were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of 0 (control), 2.5, 25, 250 and 500 μg L−1 atrazine in a quality-controlled 28-day laboratory procedure. Findings revealed a significant decrease in the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and prolactin relative to control (p < 0.05). Atrazine reduced the levels of testosterone while increasing the concentration of progesterone. Histologically, the control and treatments presented three stages of oocyte maturation: the chromatin nucleolar oocyte stage, early perinucleolar oocyte stage and the vitellogenic oocyte stage. However, in the ovaries of the treatment group with the lowest treatment concentration (2.5 μg L−1), atretic oocytes with broken membranes invaded many of the dead ova and empty spaces. In other treatments (25, 250 and 500 μg L−1), interfollicular spaces, vacuolation in oocyte formation, and dissolution of oocyte walls were observed. Disruption of the yolk vesicle and clumping of the cytoplasm in maturing oocytes was observed only at the highest atrazine concentration (500 μg L−1). Gross alterations in ovarian histoarchitecture and reproductive hormone levels observed in this study showed interference with oogenesis which may result in reduced egg viability and fecundity in fish with ecological implications in water bodies exposed to atrazine even at reduced concentrations

[ES] La atresia de vías biliares es una colangiopatía inflamatoria de etiología desconocida que cursa con fibrosis y obliteración progresiva tanto de la vía biliar intra como extrahepática. Es la primera indicación de trasplante hepático en la infancia. Su pronóstico depende de un diagnóstico y tratamiento precoces. El objetivo del estudio es realizar una revisión de todos los pacientes diagnosticados de atresia de vías biliares en los últimos 15 años

The Chilean jack mackerel Trachurus murphyi support an important fishery in the South-eastern Pacific Ocean and has declined considerably over time. T. murphyi have asynchronous ovarian development with an oceanic spawning (September to January). Despite the economic importance of this resource critical issue such as characteristics and dynamics of atresia, which affect the reproductive output, are unknown. Females of T. murphyi caught in different spawning seasons were analysed to describe patterns of prevalence and intensity of atresia. General linear models (GLM) were performed by using prevalence and intensity atresia as response variables and gonadosomatic index, condition factor, sea surface temperature, postovulatory follicles and month/year as explanatory variables. The batch fecundity and relative fecundity were compared between females showing atresia, postovulatory follicles and non-atretic females. The stages of atresia identified were alpha, beta and gamma. The GLM showed that variations in the prevalence and intensity of atresia were explained for all variables, except condition factor for prevalence, and gonadosomatic index for intensity of atresia. According to our results, the dynamic of alpha and beta atresia could be considered a potential proxy for any disruption of spawning season. The batch fecundity and relative fecundity were lowest compared with other Trachurus spp. This is the first assessment comparing fecundity between atretic and not atretic females for this species., Resumen: El jurel, Trachurus murphyi sustenta una importante pesquería en el Pacífico sureste la que ha declinado considerablemente en el tiempo. T. murphyi tiene un desarrollo ovárico asincrónico con desoves oceánicos (septiembre a enero). A pesar de la importancia económica de este recurso, se desconocen aspectos críticos de su biología, como las características y la dinámica de la atresia, que pueden afectar el rendimiento reproductivo. Hembras de T. murphyi capturadas en distintas estaciones de desove fueron analizadas para describir los patrones de prevalencia e intensidad de atresia. Se realizaron modelos lineales generales (GLM) usando prevalencia e intensidad de atresia como variables de respuesta e índice gonadosomático, factor de condición, temperatura de la superficie del mar, folículos postovulatorios y mes/año como variables predictoras. La fecundidad parcial y la fecundidad relativa se compararon entre hembras con atresia, hembras con folículos postovulatorios y hembras no atrésicas. Las etapas de atresia identificadas fueron alfa, beta y gamma. El GLM mostró que las variaciones en la prevalencia e intensidad de la atresia fueron explicadas por todas las variables, excepto el factor de condición para la prevalencia y el índice gonadosomático para la intensidad de atresia. De acuerdo con estos resultados, la dinámica de alfa y beta atresia pueden considerarse un potencial proxy para cualquier interrupción de la temporada de desove. La fecundidad parcial y la fecundidad relativa fueron más bajas en comparación con otros Trachurus spp. En esta especie, se hace una primera evaluación que compara la fecundidad entre hembras con y sin atresia.

This case documents a rare set of congenital anomalies that resulted in an atypical cystic lesion in the cranial vagina of a queen. A discrete cystic lesion was identified in an 8 year old intact female domestic shorthair cat presenting for routine ovariohysterectomy. Morphological, radiographic, and histopathological findings were consistent with segmental aplasia of the uterus, cervix, and vagina resulting in a blind dilation of the cranial vagina. Segmental vaginal aplasia in combination with the failed canalization of the cervix resulted in a blind portion of the cranial vagina, in which normal secretions collected and became inspissated. This formed a discrete cystic structure. This case represents a novel combination and clinical presentation of segmental aplasia in the cat, involving both the uterus and cranial vagina. Ovariohysterectomy was performed for sterilization and a partial vaginectomy was performed to remove the cystic lesion in its entirety.

Introduction: First-trimester ultrasound is widely accepted as part of standard care in many countries. With improvements in equipment, expertise and increasing number of technical studies describing imaging techniques, the detection rate for major fetal anomalies in the first trimester continues to rise and can be as high as 60% in high-risk populations. Method(s): We set out to create a systematic pictorial guide for trained ultrasound providers to describe the common anatomical structures that are identifiable in the first trimester with provided images. In addition to normal anatomical structures, a number of anomalies with high detection rates are listed. Conclusion(s): A large proportion of the major fetal abnormalities can be detected in the first trimester. A systematic approach is essential to ensure that anomalies are equally likely to be detected for patients of any risk background.Copyright © 2018 Australasian Society for Ultrasound in Medicine

There is a general agreement that granulosa cell apoptosis is the cause of antral follicle attrition. Less clear is whether this pathway is also activated in case of preantral follicle degeneration, as several reports mention that the incidence of granulosa cell apoptosis in preantral follicles is negligible. Our objective is therefore to determine which cell-death pathways are involved in preantral and antral follicular degeneration.Atretic preantal and antral follicles were investigated using immunohistochemistry and laser-capture microdissection followed by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Microtubule-associated light-chain protein 3 (LC3), sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1/P62), Beclin1, autophagy-related protein 7 (ATG7), and cleaved caspase 3 (cCASP3) were used as markers for autophagy and apoptosis, respectively. P62 immunostaining was far less intense in granulosa cells of atretic compared to healthy preantral follicles, while no difference in LC3 and BECLIN1 immunostaining intensity was observed. This difference in P62 immunostaining was not observed in atretic antral follicles. mRNA levels of LC3 and P62 were not different between healthy and atretic (pre)antral follicles. ATG7 immunostaining was observed in granulosa cells of preantral atretic follicles, not in granulosa cells of degenerating antral follicles. The number of cCASP3-positive cells was negligible in preantral atretic follicles, while numerous in atretic antral follicles. Taken together, we conclude that preantral and antral follicular atresia is the result of activation of different cell-death pathways as antral follicular degeneration is initiated by massive granulosa cell apoptosis, while preantral follicular atresia occurs mainly via enhanced granulosa cell autophagy.

Цель — исследовать факторы риска и их влияние на результаты хирургического лечения низкой врожденной обструкцией тонкой кишки у новорожденных детей.Материалы и методы. Проведен ретроспективный анализ медицинских карт 35 новорожденных детей с низкой врожденной обструкцией тонкой кишки и протоколов вскрытий детей, умерших после проведенного хирургического лечения. Для исследования влияния различных факторов на смертность среди этих новорожденных все пациенты были разделены на две группы. В 1-ю группу вошли дети с низкой врожденной обструкцией тонкой кишки, которые выздоровели после проведения оперативного лечения (n=20). Во 2-ю группу отнесены новорожденные с низкой врожденной обструкцией тонкой кишки, умершие после проведенного хирургического лечения (n=15).Результаты. По результатам нашего исследования, такие факторы, как пренатальное выявление врожденной обструкции тонкой кишки, рождение в условиях перинатального центра, гестационный возраст и вес ребенка при рождении, наличие врожденных и хирургических послеоперационных осложнений, не имели существенного влияния на летальность (Р>0,05). Внутриутробное инфицирование, возраст на момент проведения первичного оперативного вмешательства, сепсис, дыхательная и сердечно$сосудистая недостаточность статистически достоверно влияли на смертность новорожденных детей с низкой врожденной обструкцией тонкой кишки (Р<0,05).Выводы. Факторами, которые влияют на результаты лечения новорожденных детей с низкой врожденной обструкцией тонкой кишки, является внутриутробное инфицирование, сепсис, дыхательная и сердечно-сосудистая недостаточность, а также несвоевременное проведение оперативного лечения., Мета — дослідити фактори ризику та їх вплив на результати хірургічного лікування низької природженої обструкції тонкої кишки в новонароджених дітей.Матеріали та методи. Проведено ретроспективний аналіз медичних карток 35 новонароджених дітей із низькою природженою обструкцією тонкої кишки та протоколів аутопсій дітей, які померли після хірургічного лікування. Для дослідження впливу різних чинників на смертність серед цих новонароджених усі пацієнти були розділені на дві групи. До 1-ї групи увійшли діти з низькою природженою обструкцією тонкої кишки, які одужали після оперативного лікування (n=20). До 2-ї групи зараховано новонароджених із низькою природженою обструкцією тонкої кишки, які померли після проведеного хірургічного лікування (n=15).Результати. За результатами нашого дослідження, такі чинники, як пренатальне виявлення вади, народження в умовах перинатального центру, гестаційний вік та вага дитини при народженні, наявність природжених та хірургічних післяопераційних ускладнень, не мали достовірного впливу на летальність (Р>0,05). Внутрішньоутробне інфікування, вік на момент проведення первинного оперативного втручання, сепсис, дихальна та серцево-судинна недостатність статистично достовірно впливали на смертність новонароджених дітей з низькою природженою обструкцією тонкої кишки (Р<0,05).Висновки. Факторами, які впливають на результати лікування новонароджених дітей з низькою природженою обструкцією тонкої кишки, є внутрішньоутробне інфікування, сепсис, дихальна та серцево-судинна недостатність, а також невчасне проведення оперативного лікування., Purpose — to investigate the risk factors and their impact on the surgical results of jejunoileal obstruction in newborns.Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of medical records of 35 infants with jejunoileal obstruction and autopsy protocols of children who died after surgery was conducted. To study the influence of various factors on mortality among these infants, all patients were divided into two groups. Children with jejunoileal obstruction who recovered after surgery were enrolled in the 1st group (n=20). In the 2nd group infants with jejunoileal obstruction who died after surgery were included (n=15).Results. According to our study, the impact of prenatal diagnosis, delivery in the perinatal center, term of gestation and birthweight, congenital disorders and surgical postoperative complications was statistically invalid in terms of mortality (P>0.05). Intrauterine infection, age at the time of primary surgery, sepsis, respiratory and cardiovascular failure made statistically significant impact on mortality in newborns with jejunoileal obstruction (P<0.05).Conclusions. Failure to conduct timely surgery, age at time of primary surgery, intrauterine infection, sepsis, respiratory and cardiovascular failure are factors that influence on outcomes in newborns with jejunoileal obstruction.

The knowledge of ovarian morphology and its seasonal variations is essential to interpret the reproductive strategies of reptiles. The ovarian morphology and histology of Liolaemus azarai, was analyzed in order to characterize its changes and to provide information to determine their reproductive cycle. One germinal bed per ovary with oogonia and primary oocytes, it demonstrates that the proliferative activity of the germ line is maintained in adult. During previtellogenic stages, all of the females captured, the oocyte grows near 30 times due to increase of cytoplasmic contents, and follicular layer with three types of cells develops. The vitellogenic stages are characterized by the incorporation of the yolk platelets and important modifications in the follicular epithelium, is organized in a layer of flats cells, this time were observed in September, October, November and December. The corpora lutea was observed in an advanced stage of development, in October and December, according to the degree of intrauterine embryonic development. The atretic follicles were observed in October and December. The early atretic showed oocyte phagocytosis, abundant follicular cells and invation of blood cells; the advanced atretic follicles were characterized by autophagic cells. These results are the first contribution to the knowledge of follicular dynamics of L. azarai, and will be useful for to interpret the unknown reproductive cycle and embryonic developmental of this specie., El estudio de la estructura ovárica y sus variaciones estacionales resulta fundamental para interpretar las estrategias reproductivas de los reptiles. Se analizó la morfología e histología del ovario de Liolaemus azarai a fin de caracterizar sus cambios y ofrecer información para determinar su ciclo reproductivo. Se registró, un nido germinal por ovario, con ovogonias y ovocitos primarios lo que evidencia que la capacidad proliferativa de la línea germinal se mantiene en el estado adulto. Durante la previtelogénesis, en todas las hembras capturadas, se verificó un incremento de hasta 30 veces el tamaño del ovocito debido al aumento del contenido citoplasmático, distinguiéndose una capa folicular con tres tipos celulares. La vitelogénesis se caracterizó por la incorporación del vitelo al ovocito y por las modificaciones que sufrió el epitelio folicular, el cual quedó formado por células planas, esta etapa se observó en septiembre, octubre, noviembre y diciembre. Se observaron cuerpos lúteos en estado avanzado del desarrollo, en octubre y en diciembre, coincidiendo con el grado de desarrollo embrionario intrauterino. Folículos atresicos se observaron en octubre y diciembre. La atresia temprana se evidenció fagocitosis del ovocito, abundantes células foliculares e invasión de células sanguíneas, mientras que en estados de atresia avanzada se observó la presencia de células autofágicas. Los resultados constituyen el primer aporte al conocimiento de la dinámica folicular de L. azarai y servirán como base para interpretar el ciclo reproductivo y desarrollo embrionario aún desconocidos para la especie.

The morphological selection of cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) is an important step for in vitro embryo production. It has been suggested that COC showing signs of atresia have the ability to generate embryos. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of COC morphology from Bos indicus animals with signs of early atresia versus no signs of atresia on in vitro embryo production. COC were classified in: Type I (TI): homogeneous ooplasm with ≥ 4 layers of compact cumulus cells (CC) and Type II (TII): granular ooplasm and ≥ 4 layers of CC slightly expanded. The COC were matured in vitro for 24 hours in TCM199 medium and subsequently fertilized in vitro for 18 h. The suspected zygotes were cultured in vitro for seven days in modified SOFaa medium. Embryonic quality was determined by blastomeric count following staining with Hoechst 33342. Student test was used to determine statistical differences for cleavage, blastocyst rate and blastomeric counts between types of COC. The cleavage rate for TI (n = 220) and TII (n = 161) was 88 ± 4% and 89 ± 8% respectively (p> 0.05); embryo development rate was 36 ± 7% and 33 ± 8% (p>0.05) respectively. The blastomeric count for both groups was 101 and 104 cells for TI and TII respectively (n = 10), (p>0.05). These results demonstrate that there is no difference in the quantity and quality of embryos produced in vitro using COC type I or type II, suggesting that both types could be used for bovine in vitro embryo production in Bos indicus cows., Resumo A seleção morfológica dos complexos cumulus-oócito (COC) é crucial para a produção in vitro de embriões. Relata-se que COC que apresentam sinais de atresia têm a capacidade de gerar embriões. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito morfológico dos COC de animais Bos indicus com sinais de atresia precoce ou sim sinais de atresia sobre a produção in vitro de embriões. COC obtidos de ovários de animais abatidos foram classificados em dois grupos: tipo I (TI): ooplasma homogéneo com ≥ 4 camadas de células do cúmulos (CC) compactos e Tipo II (TII): ooplasma granular e ≥ 4 camadas CC levemente expandidas. Os COC foram submetidos à maturação por 24 horas em meio TCM199 e depois fertilizados in vitro por 18 h. Os prováveis zigotos foram cultivados in vitro por sete dias em meio SOFaa modificado. A qualidade embrionária foi determinada pela contagem dos blastômeros após coloração com Hoechst 33342. O teste t foi utilizado para determinar diferenças estatísticas significativas. A taxa de clivagem para os COC TI (n = 220) e TII (n = 161) foi de 88 ± 4% e 89 ± 8%, respectivamente (p>0,05); a taxa de desenvolvimento embrionário foi de 36 ±7% e 33 ±8% (p>0,05), respectivamente. E a contagem de blastômeros para ambos os grupos foi (TI: 101, TII: 104) (n = 10) (p>0,05). Com base nos resultados deste trabalho conclui-se que não existe diferença na quantidade e qualidade dos embriões produzidos in vitro, utilizando COC tipo I ou tipo II, sugerindo que ambas as qualidades podem ser utilizadas na produção in vitro de embriões em animaes Bos indicus., Resumen La selección morfológica de los complejos cúmulo-oocito (COC) es crucial para la producción de embriones in vitro. Se ha sugerido que COC que muestran signos de atresia poseen capacidad de generar embriones. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la morfología de los COC provenientes de animales Bos indicus con signos de atresia temprana y sin signos de atresia sobre la producción de embriones in vitro. Se clasificaron COC obtenidos de ovarios de faenado en dos grupos: Tipo I (TI): ooplasma homogéneo con ≥ 4 capas de células del cumulo (CC) compactas y Tipo II (TII): ooplasma granular y ≥ 4 capas de CC ligeramente expandidas. Los COC fueron madurados por 24 horas en medio TCM199 y posteriormente fueron fertilizados in vitro durante 18 h. Los presuntos cigotos se cultivaron in vitro por siete días en medio SOF modificado. La calidad embrionaria se determinó por conteo de blastómeras posterior a tinción con Hoechst 33342. Se usó la prueba t para determinar diferencias estadísticas. La tasa de clivaje para los COC, TI (n=220) y TII (n=161), fue 88 ± 4% y 89 ± 8% respectivamente (p>0,05); la tasa de desarrollo embrionario fue 36 ± 7% y 33 ± 8% (p>0,05) respectivamente. El conteo de blastómeras para ambos grupos fue de (TI:101,TII:104) (n=10), (p>0,05). Los resultados de este trabajo permiten concluir que no hay diferencia en la cantidad y calidad de embriones producidos in vitro utilizando COC tipo I o tipo II, sugiriendo que ambas calidades podrían ser usadas en la producción de embriones in vitro a partir de animales Bos indicus.

In vitro production (IVP) of bovine embryos has become widespread technology implemented in cattle breeding and production. Here, we review novel data on cumulus/granulosa cell gene expression, as determined by RNAseq on cellular material from pooled follicular fluids at the single animal level, and relate these finding to previous data on oocyte developmental competence and ultrastructure. The cumulus/granulosa cell gene expression patterns indicate that early follicular atresia is associated with increased blastocyst yield and this hypothesis is supported by previous data on oocyte competence and ultrastructure.

Study hypothesisWe hypothesized that the mitochondria of granulosa cells (GC) and/or oocytes might be abnormal in a mouse model of fragile X premutation (FXPM).Study findingMice heterozygous and homozygous for the FXPM have increased death (atresia) of large ovarian follicles, fewer corpora lutea with a gene dosage effect manifesting in decreased litter size(s). Furthermore, granulosa cells (GC) and oocytes of FXPM mice have decreased mitochondrial content, structurally abnormal mitochondria, and reduced expression of critical mitochondrial genes. Because this mouse allele produces the mutant Fragile X mental retardation 1 (Fmr1) transcript and reduced levels of wild-type (WT) Fmr1 protein (FMRP), but does not produce a Repeat Associated Non-ATG Translation (RAN)-translation product, our data lend support to the idea that Fmr1 mRNA with large numbers of CGG-repeats is intrinsically deleterious in the ovary.What is known alreadyMitochondrial dysfunction has been detected in somatic cells of human and mouse FX PM carriers and mitochondria are essential for oogenesis and ovarian follicle development, FX-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI) is seen in women with FXPM alleles. These alleles have 55-200 CGG repeats in the 5' UTR of an X-linked gene known as FMR1. The molecular basis of the pathology seen in this disorder is unclear but is thought to involve either some deleterious consequence of overexpression of RNA with long CGG-repeat tracts or of the generation of a repeat-associated non-AUG translation (RAN translation) product that is toxic.Study design, samples/materials, methodsAnalysis of ovarian function in a knock-in FXPM mouse model carrying 130 CGG repeats was performed as follows on WT, PM/+, and PM/PM genotypes. Histomorphometric assessment of follicle and corpora lutea numbers in ovaries from 8-month-old mice was executed, along with litter size analysis. Mitochondrial DNA copy number was quantified in oocytes and GC using quantitative PCR, and

Maternal obesity predisposes offspring to metabolic and reproductive dysfunction. We have shown previously that female rat offspring born to mothers fed a high-fat (HF) diet throughout pregnancy and lactation enter puberty early and display aberrant reproductive cyclicity. The mechanisms driving this reproductive phenotype are currently unknown thus we investigated whether changes in ovarian function were involved. Wistar rats were mated and randomized to: dams fed a control diet (CON) or dams fed a HF diet from conception until the end of lactation (HF). Ovaries were collected from fetuses at Embryonic Day (E) 20, and neonatal ovaries at Day 4 (P4), prepubertal ovaries at P27 and adult ovaries at P120. In a subset of offspring, the effects of a HF diet fed postweaning were evaluated. The present study shows that fetuses of mothers fed a HF diet had significantly fewer oocytes at E20, and in neonates, have reduced AMH signaling that may facilitate an increased number of assembled primordial follicles. Both prepubertally and in adulthood, ovaries show increased follicular atresia. As adults, offspring have reduced FSH responsiveness, low expression levels of estrogen receptor alpha (Eralpha), the oocyte-secreted factor, Gdf9, oocyte-specific RNA binding protein, Dazl, and high expression levels of the granulosa-cell derived factor, AMH, in antral follicles. Together, these data suggest that ovarian compromise in offspring born to HF-fed mothers may arise from changes already observable in the fetus and neonate and in the long term, associated with increased follicular atresia through adulthood.

Study hypothesisWe hypothesized that the mitochondria of granulosa cells (GC) and/or oocytes might be abnormal in a mouse model of fragile X premutation (FXPM).Study findingMice heterozygous and homozygous for the FXPM have increased death (atresia) of large ovarian follicles, fewer corpora lutea with a gene dosage effect manifesting in decreased litter size(s). Furthermore, granulosa cells (GC) and oocytes of FXPM mice have decreased mitochondrial content, structurally abnormal mitochondria, and reduced expression of critical mitochondrial genes. Because this mouse allele produces the mutant Fragile X mental retardation 1 (Fmr1) transcript and reduced levels of wild-type (WT) Fmr1 protein (FMRP), but does not produce a Repeat Associated Non-ATG Translation (RAN)-translation product, our data lend support to the idea that Fmr1 mRNA with large numbers of CGG-repeats is intrinsically deleterious in the ovary.What is known alreadyMitochondrial dysfunction has been detected in somatic cells of human and mouse FX PM carriers and mitochondria are essential for oogenesis and ovarian follicle development, FX-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI) is seen in women with FXPM alleles. These alleles have 55-200 CGG repeats in the 5' UTR of an X-linked gene known as FMR1. The molecular basis of the pathology seen in this disorder is unclear but is thought to involve either some deleterious consequence of overexpression of RNA with long CGG-repeat tracts or of the generation of a repeat-associated non-AUG translation (RAN translation) product that is toxic.Study design, samples/materials, methodsAnalysis of ovarian function in a knock-in FXPM mouse model carrying 130 CGG repeats was performed as follows on WT, PM/+, and PM/PM genotypes. Histomorphometric assessment of follicle and corpora lutea numbers in ovaries from 8-month-old mice was executed, along with litter size analysis. Mitochondrial DNA copy number was quantified in oocytes and GC using quantitative PCR, and

A collection of 4770 histological slides collected in NAFO divisions 3LMN in a depth range from 200 to 1500 m and covering a time period between 2001 and 2015, has been reviewed to obtain information on reproductive biology of Macrourus berglax. Especial attention has been paid in atresia because its potential impact on stock productivity. Spatial and temporal variability of size and age at maturity of female roughhead grenadier was analyzed in NAFO divisions 3LMN based on microscopic maturity staging and individual age readings. Spawning capable females are homogeneously distributed nearly year-round, but in scarce numbers what prevent to define a spawning season. This statement united to the high levels of atresia could indicate a reproductive migration. We observed a clear decrease in length at first maturity (L50) of females from 27.8 cm in the period 2005-2011 to 25.6 cm in the last four years. The age at first maturity, A50, varied between 13.1 and 15 years, and there is not an evident trend of change over the years.

Female reproduction is tightly linked to body energy status and it has become increasingly clear that disturbed energy metabolism can negatively affect reproductive performance. Nevertheless, the way how a disturbed energy status affects ovarian follicular reserve as well as follicular recruitment and growth is little investigated and not fully elucidated. Therefore, the overall goal of this thesis was to investigate the effects of an altered metabolism, and particularly an altered energy status, on ovarian follicular development. To achieve this goal, the first aim was to establish the role of autophagy in follicular degeneration under normal physiological conditions, with focus on preantral and antral follicles; The second aim was to elucidate the effects of a diet-induced reduction in thyroid hormone concentrations, affecting whole body metabolism, on ovarian follicular development; The third aim was to investigate the effect of an increased nutrient flux towards skeletal muscle on ovarian follicular development and the possible underlying mechanism. It is well known that granulosa cell death via apoptosis is the main cause of atresia of antral follicles, however, whether preantral follicular attrition makes use of the same cell death pathway is not clear. Therefore, in chapter 2 I have investigated different cell death pathways in the adult rat ovary to examine whether they represent the reported histological differences between preantral and antral atretic follicles. Based on the results of studies in other organs, I used microtubule-associated light-chain protein 3 (LC3) and QSQTM1/p62 as markers of autophagy and cleaved caspase 3 (cCASP3) as marker of apoptosis, using immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and laser capture micro-dissection followed by qRT-PCR. The results showed that in the granulosa cells of atretic preantral follicles, p62 immunostaining was less intense compared to healthy preantral follicles, while no difference in LC3 immunostaining in

Atresia has been poorly examined in cephalopods. We here provide a histological description of this process along the whole ovary development for Octopus vulgaris. Additionally, we related its occurrence to morphometric parameters, and its seasonal cycle was further analysed. Atresia occurred all year round in immature and mature females and in previtellogenic and vitellogenic oocytes. However, more mature females were more prone of being atretic. This occurred mainly in spring when females had atretic previtellogenic oocytes in mature macrostages. By contrast, vitellogenic atresia occurred mainly from spawning to post-spawning females. Furthermore, two types of phagocytic cells were identified as responsible for the reabsorption during atresia. The phagocytic follicle cells only occurred in yolk-bearing oocytes; and within the two haemocyte populations only the smaller ones seemed to be involved in engulfing atretic oocytes. Additionally, advanced atresia in post-spawning females showed yellow–brown bodies as a possible result of follicle cell apoptosis and highlighting the end of the reproductive cycle. Given the pattern of atresia, the reproductive strategy of this species is based on an asynchronic ovary development and a synchronous ovulation during spawning. We further suggest that potential fecundity for this species should be measured on late vitellogenic oocytes in pre-spawning females

Atresia of atresie van het spijsverteringsstelsel is het niet aanwezig zijn van een bepaald stuk van de darmen. Dit kan ontstaan door genetische factoren, omgevingsfactoren of een combinatie van beide.

Stent implantation in children can be problematic due to the possibility of growth incapacity and difficulties during later surgery. For these reasons, bioresorbable stents may be a good alternative to conventional stents. We report our experience with implantation of an Absorb bioresorbable stent in the stenotic major aortopulmonary collateral artery (MAPCA) of a 1-year-old girl born with pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect., SCOPUS: ar.j, FLWIN, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

It is well known that parameters relating to physical condition and reproduction of fish provide essential data for estimating the productivity of exploited populations, as is the case with the European hake (Merluccius merluccius) in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Although parasitism might affect these parameters, research in this area is very scarce (and in the case of the Mediterranean almost non-existent). This study evaluates for the first time the potential link between parasitism, condition and reproduction of the European hake. Indicators of fish energy reserves (total lipid content in liver and gonads) and reproductive capacity (fecundity, egg quality and atresia) were evaluated, as were the prevalence and intensity of infection by metazoan parasites. The results indicate that the impact of anisakid nematodes is mostly negative and occurs mainly when hake are allocating their energy reserves to gonadal development. Although the results reveal a link between parasitism, condition and reproduction, we concluded that the northwestern Mediterranean hake population is in equilibrium with its metazoan parasites, which are not causing severe impairment to their physical condition or reproductive capacity

The pollack, Pollachius pollachius, is an important commercial species for the Spanish artisanal fleet in Atlantic Iberian waters. This study provides information on the reproductive biology of the species, including length at maturity, reproductive cycle and gamete development pattern based on histological methods. A collection of 622 individuals were sampled from fish markets along the western coast of Galicia (NW Spain), between November 2009 and October 2010. Histological examination of the gonads revealed an asynchronous development of secondary growth follicles. Testicular tissue was of lobular type. The reproductive season extended from January to April for females and from January to May for males, with a peak of reproductive activity in February for both sexes. The hepatosomatic index was related to the reproductive cycle, with a mean maximum value during the developing reproductive phase. Length at 50% maturity was significantly different between females (47.1 cm) and males (36.1 cm).

The new information reported in this paper is based on five maturing and mature females of the large-tuberculate octopus Graneledone macrotyla. These specimens were caught in bottom trawl surveys ATLANTIS 2009 (February 24 to April 1, 2009) and ATLANTIS 2010 (March 9 to April 5, 2010) carried out off the Argentinean Economic Exclusive Zone. Capture depth ranged from 475 to 921 m and sea bottom temperature between 2.8 and 3.1 °C. Development of the complex ovary, oviducts, and oviducal glands during gonadic maturation is described. The absence of spermathecae in the oviducal glands and the presence of fertilized eggs inside the ovary suggested that fertilization took place within the ovary. Histological techniques showed the presence of four types of oocytes. Maturing oocyte size–frequency distribution was polymodal. Fluorescence reaction showed that atresia occurred in both early and later oocyte maturation stages. Atresia affected 48–55 % of the initial number of oocytes. The maximum observed potential fecundity was estimated at 250–300 eggs. G. macrotyla showed a group-synchronous ovulation pattern, regulative atresia, and a batching spawning pattern with a few egg batches spawned intermittently over an extended period of spawning.

Seasonal variability in fecundity has been observed in a number of marine fishes and is important towards understanding the reproductive potential of a fish stock. However, the seasonal dynamics of egg production of Baltic sprat (Sprattus sprattus balticus S) have not been well described to date. We present data on the timing of spawning, and the seasonal variability in batch fecundity, number of developing oocytes, oocyte dry weight, spawning fraction, fish condition and atresia for this species in the Bornholm Basin, Baltic Sea. Histological techniques in combination with image analysis were applied to investigate those variables based upon material sampled in 2005 and 2008. Sprat were reported to be in spawning condition from January to June in each year plus in 2008 signs of ovarian maturation were also observed in November. Relative batch fecundity was found to vary two-fold with 85 eggs g−1 ovary free body weight observed early in the spawning season (January 2005) and 165 eggs g−1 ovary free body weight late in the spawning season (June 2008). Variability in batch fecundity during peak spawning was rather low. A seasonal decrease in oocyte dry weight was related to an increase in batch fecundity. Spawning fraction varied over the course of the spawning period with values ranging from 0.29 in March to 0.18 in June. Stereometric analyses confirmed the indeterminate fecundity of Baltic sprat. Prevalence of atresia was low during peak spawning in April to June (1.0–4.0%) but considerably higher during the early spawning period in March (16.4%) and highest in November (38.5%). Female sprat condition was low during the spawning period and increased sharply after spawning ceased. Our study provides a better understanding of fecundity and spawning dynamics of Baltic sprat which will aid to improve the assessment of reproductive potential of this ecologically and economically important fish species.

Three cases of airway obstruction in fetuses born at 21, 32 and 40 weeks gestation are reported. The first had laryngeal atresia, cystic dysplastic kidneys, oligohydramnios and immense fluid-filled lungs. The second had upper tracheal agenesis, a tracheo-oesophageal fistula, a cystic dysplastic horsehoe kidney, oligohydramnios and normal-sized lungs. The third had a pin-hole mucosal tract through an otherwise atretic larynx, normal kidneys, no oligohydramnios and normal-sized lungs. Lung weight:body weight ratios, radial alveolar or radial canalicular counts and point-counting of sections of lungs in cases 1 and 2 show that laryngeal or tracheal obstruction may prevent or reduce the pulmonary hypoplasia associated with renal dysplasia, and in cases 2 and 3, that grossly enlarged, hyperplastic lungs may not be seen unless obstruction is complete.

Although the use of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) has been banned for several decades, they are still present in the environment and are occasionally mechanically released from sediment or transferred through the trophic chain. Field analyses have established correlations between exposure to PCBs and alterations in fish physiology including reproductive function. Experimental exposures have been mainly performed using dioxin-like PCBs or other congeners at very high concentrations. However, these studies are often difficult to relate to real-life conditions. In the present study, we performed a life-cycle exposure using zebrafish model and mixtures representative of some environmental situations in terms of doses, composition and containing mainly non dioxin-like congeners. Exposure was performed through diet which is the main contamination route in the field. We demonstrated a bioaccumulation of PCBs in males and females as well as a maternal transfer to the eggs. Survival, growth and organ size were similar for all conditions. Several reproductive traits were altered after exposure to a PCB-contaminated diet, including a reduction in the number of fertilized eggs per spawn as well as an increase of the number of poorly fertilized spawns. This latter observation was found irrespective of the sex of contaminated fish. This is related to modifications of ovary histology revealing a decrease of maturing follicles and an increase of atretic follicles in the ovaries of females exposed to PCBs. These results indicate that exposure to PCBs mixtures mimicking some environmental situations, including mainly non dioxin-like congeners, can lead to a dramatic reduction in the number of offspring produced by a female over a lifetime. This is of great concern for wild species living under natural conditions. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Antral follicle development in the ovary of female cattle is the product of a complex of endocrine, paracrine and autocrine relationships. The interactions of the pituitary gonadotropins over granulosa and theca cells prepare the follicle to produce estradiol and for the final stages of maturation of the oocyte and its potencial ovulation or atresia inside subordinate follicles. It is a dynamic event where cellular signaling patterns changes sequentially and quickly at different stages of follicular development (recruitment, selection and dominance). This model illustrates the revision of some of these interactions., El desarrollo del folículo antral en el ovario de la hembra bovina es producto de un complejo de relaciones endocrinas, paracrinas y autocrinas. Las interacciones propiciadas por las gonadotropinas hipofisiarias entre las células de la granulosa y la teca preparan al folículo para la producción de estradiol y posteriormente para las fases finales de maduración oocitaria en el folículo dominante y su posible ovulación, o para la atresia en los folículos subordinados. Es un evento dinámico, donde los patrones de señalización celular cambian secuencial y rápidamente en las diferentes fases de desarrollo folicular (reclutamiento, selección y dominancia). El presente modelo ilustra la revisión de algunas de estas interacciones.

One of the major objectives of the aquaculture industry is the production of a large number of viable eggs with high survival. Major achievements have been made in recent years in improving protocols for higher efficiency of egg production and viability of progeny. Main gaps remain, however, in understanding the dynamic processes associated with oogenesis, the formation of an egg, from the time that germ cells turn into oogonia, until the release of ova during spawning in teleosts. Recent studies on primordial germ-cells, yolk protein precursors and their processing within the developing oocyte, the deposition of vitamins in eggs, structure and function of egg envelopes and oocyte maturation processes, further reveal the complexity of oogenesis. Moreover, numerous circulating endocrine and locally-acting paracrine and autocrine factors regulate the various stages of oocyte development and maturation. Though it is clear that the major regulators during vitellogenesis and oocyte maturation are the pituitary gonadotropins (LH and FSH) and sex steroids, the picture emerging from recent studies is of complex hormonal cross-talk at all stages between the developing oocyte and its surrounding follicle layers to ensure coordination of the various processes that are involved in the production of a fertilizable egg. In this review we aim at highlighting recent advances on teleost fish oocyte differentiation, maturation and ovulation, including those involved in the degeneration and reabsorption of ovarian follicles (atresia). The role of blood-borne and local ovarian factors in the regulation of the key steps of development reveal new aspects associated with egg formation

The bluemouth Helicolenus dactylopterus dactylopterus is a zygoparous species that spawns multiple batches of embryos enclosed within a gelatinous matrix. Oocyte development is asynchronous, and the recruitment of secondary growth oocytes occurs continuously during the developing phase, but stops before the start of the first spawning (i.e. fecundity is determinate). The number of developing oocytes can be estimated as a function of the total length of the fish, its ovary mass and its gonado-somatic index. Only at the onset of spawning, when potential fecundity is determined, does condition also have a significant effect. The low levels of atresia detected during most of the spawning season show that this mechanism does not substantially affect the process. There is variability both in the spawning interval (with a mean of 2 days) and in the number of embryos comprising every single batch (up to 37 000). Expected effect of fisheries on the reproductive traits of this deep-sea species is also discussed

The proliferation of the voluntarily-introduced cupped oyster, Crassostrea gigas, has attained the proportions of species invasion in many intertidal habitats in Europe, presumably resulting from successful reproduction of farmed individuals. It is thus imperative to better understand the reproductive characteristics of farmed oysters, since they are directly under human control. We quantified the dry tissue mass (DTM), gametosomatic index (GSI), and reproductive cycle of farmed oysters at two sites in Bourgneuf Bay, France, in relation to environmental parameters using continuously-recording probes in 2005 and 2006. The GSI was developed for this study, based on the actual area occupied by gametes, rather than the area of the gonad previously used for quantitative histological estimation of reproductive effort. The two sites, intermediate - (IT) and high-turbidity (HT), differed markedly in the amount and quality of particulate suspended matter, and also in fine-scale temperature variations. Oysters at both sites presented two spawning periods in both 2005 and 2006; Bourgneuf Bay is thus near the northernmost European limit for a 2-spawning cycle in Crassostrea gigas. Gonad maturation was initiated when spring water temperature reached 8-10 degrees C, and gamete atresia occurred when water temperatures transiently dipped to 15-18 degrees C. Spawns, which occurred above 18 degrees C, were timed by fine-scale water temperature variations. Particulate organic matter quality peaks, coinciding with gonad maturation, were related to DTM variations before spawning periods, for the IT oysters in both years, and for the HT oysters in 2006. The reproductive effort (GSI) of oysters was similar at both sites; however, the fates of the gametes differed according to site. At the first spawning, the IT oyster gamete emissions were +1 month delayed, as were peak water temperatures greater than 18 degrees C, and more pronounced, compared to the HT site. Although the second spawning

The gonadosomatic index (GSI) and the gonadic relative index (GRI) were used for monthly monitoring of Pacific sardine maturity in Bahia Magdalena, Mexico, for the reproductive season of 1999-2000. These indices showed an increase in gonadic growth in January and March, and a decline in February. Histological analysis of ovaries showed a short spawning season. Juvenile fish were recorded in December. Adults appeared until January. In February, high incidence of atresia in oocytes at the cortical alveolli stage was detected. Later, atresia occurred in advanced vitellogenic oocytes. The active female frequency ranged from 11 to 55% in the spawning season of 1999-2000. Atresia on isolated oocyte frequency was 9% in January 2000, at the beginning of the spawning season. The incidence of major atresia started in February, and reached 54% in March, indicating the end of the spawning season. These results were compared with time series from 1980-1990 on Pacific sardine reproduction in Bahia Magdalena. Evidence indicates that the Pacific sardine spawning season was reduced to two months, and that the active female frequency was low. Environmental influence on ovary reabsorption and skip reproduction season is discussed., Durante la temporada de pesca 1999-2000 en Bahía Magdalena, México, se hizo un seguimiento de la reproducción de la sardina monterrey por medio de los índices gonadosomático (IGS) y gonádico relativo (IGR). En diciembre se registraron solo sardinas juveniles y los adultos se encontraron hasta enero. Se observó una variación atípica con respecto a años anteriores; un incremento del peso de la gónada en enero, declinación en febrero y una recuperación nuevamente en marzo. El análisis histológico de los ovarios mostró que la actividad gametogénica se inició en enero y terminó en marzo. Desde el inicio de la temporada reproductiva en enero de 2000 se registró una alta incidencia de atresia en oocitos en estadio de alveolo cortical (9%). En marzo, cuando normalmente se presenta el máximo de puesta se registró atresia también en oocitos en vitelogénesis avanzada y atresia mayor con una frecuencia de 90%. Lo anterior indicó una interrupción de la temporada reproductiva evidenciándose por una frecuencia mínima de hembras reproductivamente activas. Se discute la influencia del ambiente en la reabsorción ovárica y en la interrupción de la reproducción de la sardina monterrey.

The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA) destroys primordial, primary, and secondary ovarian follicles in rodents, but its effects on antral follicles have received limited attention. PAHs are metabolized to reactive species, some of which can undergo redox cycling to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). We previously showed that ROS initiate apoptosis in preovulatory follicles cultured without gonadotropin support and that glutathione (GSH) depletion induces apoptosis in the presence of gonadotropins. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that DMBA induces apoptosis in preovulatory follicles, which is mediated by ROS and prevented by GSH. Preovulatory follicles were isolated from ovaries of 25-day-old rats 48 h after the injection of 10 IU of eCG and were cultured with DMBA in the presence of FSH for 2 to 48 h. DMBA induced granulosa cell (GC) and theca cell (TC) apoptosis at 48 h, as judged by TUNEL and activated caspase-3 immunostaining. DMBA treatment also increased the numbers of GCs and TCs that immunostained for the proapoptotic protein BAX. Follicular ROS levels were significantly increased in DMBA-treated follicles at 12, 24, and 48 h. GSH supplementation protected against and GSH depletion enhanced the induction of apoptosis in GCs and TCs by DMBA. These findings suggest that GSH is a critical protective mechanism against DMBA-induced apoptosis in antral follicles and that ROS generation may mediate DMBA-induced GC apoptosis.

After more than a decade of studying rockfish reproduction, growth and development, biologists in 2006 successfully reared brown rockfish (Sebastes auriculatus) from birth through their critical life stages. The achievement is significant because rockfish, more than other fish, have fragile and complicated early life histories. They are also prone to overfishing and hence have been a priority for fisheries management.

At birth, the mammalian ovary has a finite number of dormant primordial follicles. Repeated daily dosing of rats with the occupational chemical, 4- vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD), depletes the ovary of small pre-antral follicles (primordial and primary follicles) through an increase in the natural process of atresia (apoptosis). In addition, in vitro exposure of postnatal day 4 (PND4) rat ovaries to VCD causes a similar depletion of ovarian follicles. Since many growth factors play crucial roles in the promotion of early folliculogenesis and follicle survival, it is possible that any number of factors and subsequent signaling pathways could be disrupted in response to VCD exposure. Therefore, the studies in this work address the hypothesis that VCD disrupts oocyte-granulosa cell survival pathways in the rat ovary, thereby compromising cell-cell communication and causing follicle cell death. The results from the first aim reveal that through the use of genomic analyses a subset of genes were determined to be affected via in vivo and in vitro exposure routes to VCD. The results of the second aim show that two transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) growth factors, growth and differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9), and bone morphogenetic factor-4 (BMP-4), are not likely involved in VCD-induced ovotoxicity as they were unable to prevent ovarian follicle loss in the presence of VCD. The results of the third aim reveal that expression of the c-Kit receptor, present on the oocytes, is decreased and its ligand, Kit Ligand (KL), produced from the granulosa cells, is increased in response to in vitro VCD exposure. In addition, attenuation of VCD-induced follicle loss occurs in the presence of exogenous KL. Finally, the results of the fourth aim examines the involvement of the AKT signaling molecule in response to VCD exposure, in which the active phosphorylated AKT is determined to be down-regulated by VCD. Taken together, these studies show that VCD is able to disrupt at least one o

During the gametogenic cycle of Mytilus, we observed atresic phenomena in gametes at different cycle stages. Gametes are degraded both within the follicle and throughout the gonoduct. This degradation shows two consecutive phases: lysis of cytoplasmatic structures and membranes, more evident in oocytes; and haemocytic digestion of lisated material. Environmental factors clearly influence this phenomenon. Atresia is intense in winter, decreases during spring, and rises again at the end of the gonadal cycle. In winter, it is related to overmaturation of gametes due to unfavourable conditions for stimulating spawning (low temperatures and lack of food availability). In summer, the high temperatures trigger the end of gametogenic cycle, and total degeneration and resorption of gonadal tissue., Durante el desarrollo gametogénico de Mytilus se han observado fenómenos de atresia de gametos en distintos momentos del ciclo. La degradación se produce en los folículos gonadales y a lo largo del gonoducto, e incluye dos etapas consecutivas: lisis de las estructuras y membranas citoplasmáticas, más evidente en ovocitos, y digestión hemocitaria del material lisado. La influencia de factores ambientales en este fenómeno es clara. La atresia es intensa en invierno, disminuye durante la primavera y vuelve a aumentar al final del ciclo gametogénico. En invierno se relaciona con la sobremaduración de gametos debida a condiciones desfavorables para el desove (bajas temperaturas y escasez de alimento). En verano, las altas temperaturas determinan la finalización del ciclo gametogénico y la degeneración y resorción total del tejido gonadal.

During the gametogenic cycle of Mytilus, we observed atresic phenomena in gametes at different cycle stages. Gametes are degraded both within the follicle and throughout the gonoduct. This degradation shows two consecutive phases: lysis of cytoplasmatic structures and membranes, more evident in oocytes; and haemocytic digestion of lisated material. Environmental factors clearly influence this phenomenon. Atresia is intense in winter, decreases during spring, and rises again at the end of the gonadal cycle. In winter, it is related to overmaturation of gametes due to unfavourable conditions for stimulating spawning (low temperatures and lack of food availability). In summer, the high temperatures trigger the end of gametogenic cycle, and total degeneration and resorption of gonadal tissue., Durante el desarrollo gametogénico de Mytilus se han observado fenómenos de atresia de gametos en distintos momentos del ciclo. La degradación se produce en los folículos gonadales y a lo largo del gonoducto, e incluye dos etapas consecutivas: lisis de las estructuras y membranas citoplasmáticas, más evidente en ovocitos, y digestión hemocitaria del material lisado. La influencia de factores ambientales en este fenómeno es clara. La atresia es intensa en invierno, disminuye durante la primavera y vuelve a aumentar al final del ciclo gametogénico. En invierno se relaciona con la sobremaduración de gametos debida a condiciones desfavorables para el desove (bajas temperaturas y escasez de alimento). En verano, las altas temperaturas determinan la finalización del ciclo gametogénico y la degeneración y resorción total del tejido gonadal.

Study of follicular atresia occurrence and intensity in fish ovaries are key factors to estimate realized fecundity and hence stock reproductive potential. These structures are the consequence of a rapid degenerative process by which oocytes at different stages are lost from the ovary. They have been classified according to their resorption state in alfa, beta and gamma-atresia. In the present study it is described new atretic structures that have never been cited before on this species. In these structures, hypertrophied connective tissue grows around atretic oocytes, getting into cysts. Aims of this poster are: • Describing morphology of these structures. • Analysing the relation between the occurrence of these structures, body size, condition and reproductive cycle stage • Estimating their influence on reproductive potential of M. merluccius in Galician waters

Potential and batch fecundity has been estimated in european hake (Merluccius merluccius) on Galician coast from 1999 to 2004. It is known that female fish proximate composition may act as determining factor in reproductive success and egg production. Energetic components (lipids, proteins and glycogen) of different body tissues (liver, muscle and gonad) have been determined. Fecundity and atresia intensity variations are analyzed in relation with proximate composition and other maternal features, to determine the reproductive dynamics along the reproductive cycle, more specifically: • Observing female energetic stores influence (quantitative and qualitatively) on potential, relative and batch fecundity and consequently on reproductive potential. • Establishing fish proximate composition significance on atresia levels determination and the occurrence of skip spawners. • Defining new models (equations) that include bioenergetics effects on fecundity estimates

A review was undertaken of the range of possible congenital lesions of the major airways and adjacent tissues that may cause critical compromise of luminal diameter with resultant respiratory arrest from airway occlusion. Lesions included micrognathic syndromes, macroglossia, choanal atresia and stenosis, tumors and choristomas, posterior lingual masses, laryngeal atresia and stenosis, laryngeal webs, laryngeal cysts and laryngoceles, laryngomalacia, tracheomalacia, and bronchomalacia. An autopsy approach to possible congenital obstructive lesions of the upper airway requires: (1) review of the clinical and family histories looking specifically at the nature of the terminal episode; (2) external examination looking for dysmorphic syndromes with mandibular or mid-facial hypoplasia; and (3) internal examination with layer dissection of the soft tissues of the neck and en bloc removal of the upper aerodigestive tract, with photographic recording and histological sampling.

Treatment with the anticancer drug cyclophosphamide (CPA) destroys ovarian follicles. The active metabolites of CPA are detoxified by conjugation with glutathione (GSH). We tested the hypotheses that CPA causes apoptosis in ovarian follicles and that suppression of ovarian GSH synthesis before CPA administration enhances CPA-induced apoptosis. Proestrous rats were given two injections, 2 h apart, with (1) saline, then saline; (2) saline, then 50 mg/kg CPA; (3) saline, then 300 mg/kg CPA; or (4) 5 mmol/kg buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) to inhibit glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL), the rate-limiting enzyme in GSH synthesis, and then 50 mg/kg CPA. Statistically significantly increased DNA fragmentation by agarose gel electrophoresis and granulosa cell apoptosis by TUNEL were observed in the CPA-treated ovaries 24 h after the second injection, but BSO did not enhance the effect of 50 mg/kg CPA. We next tested the hypothesis that CPA depresses ovarian GSH concentration and expression of the rate-limiting enzyme in GSH synthesis, GCL. Proestrous rats were injected with 300 or 50 mg/kg CPA or vehicle and were sacrificed 8 or 24 h later. After CPA treatment, ovarian and hepatic GSH levels decreased significantly, and ovarian GCL subunit mRNA levels increased significantly. There were no significant changes in GCL subunit protein levels. Finally, we tested the hypothesis that GSH depletion causes apoptosis in ovarian follicles. Proestrous or estrous rats were injected with 5 mmol/kg BSO or saline at 0700 and 1900 h. There was a significant increase in the percentage of histologically atretic follicles and a nonsignificant increase in the percentage of apoptotic, TUNEL-positive follicles 24 h after onset of BSO treatment. Our results demonstrate that CPA destroys ovarian follicles by inducing granulosa cell apoptosis and that CPA treatment causes a decline in ovarian GSH levels. More pronounced GSH suppression achieved after BSO treatment did not cause a statistically significant

The overall objective of the project was to improve our understanding of the unique reproductive processes in a representative nearshore rockfish, Sebastes rastrelliger (grass rockfish). The research contributes to the available scientific information on the reproductive biology of an important component of the Californian nearshore fishery which may be incorporated into the development of a comprehensive management plan as envisaged in the California State legislation, Senate Bill AB 1241.

Appraisal of reproductive strategy and fecundity is necessary to evaluate the reproductive potential of individual fish species. To estimate reproductive potential, one needs to consider a variety of attributes including onset of maturity, fecundity, atresia, duration of reproductive season, daily spawning behaviour and spawning fraction. In this contribution, we review several methods currently used to estimate fecundity of marine fishes collected in the field in relation to their reproductive strategy. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are provided. Requirements are given to appropriately sample gonadal tissue that will enable researchers to establish incidence of sexual maturity and estimate fecundity.

We collected examined and analyzed 1378 fish of 99 species from 47 sites in the Mississippi River basin (MRB) during 1995 and from a reference site in 1996. The sampling sites in the MRB represented National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program (NCBP) stations situated at key points on major rivers and National Water Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA) stations located on lower-order rivers and streams in the Eastern Iowa Basins (FIB) and Mississippi Embayment (MSE) Study Units. The reference site was the water supply system of the USGS-Leetown Science Center in rural Jefferson County WV Common carp (Cyprinus carpio; carp) and black basses (Micropterus spp., bass) the targeted species together represented 82% of the fish collected. Each fish was examined in the field for externally and internally visible gross lesions selected organs were weighed to compute various ponderal and organo-somatic indices and selected tissues and fluids were obtained and preserved for analysis of biomarkers. Fish health indicators included splenic macrophage aggregates lysozyme activity and hispathological anlysis of liver kidney and of liver tissues. Reproductive biomarkers included analysis of plasma concentrations of vitellogenin (vtg) and the sex steroid hormones 17beta-estradiol (E2) and 11-ketotestosterone (11- kt), and the histological determination of percent oocyte atresia (in female fish) and gonadal stage. Hepatic ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity was also measured. Composite samples of whole fish from each station were grouped by species and gender and analyzed for persistent organochlorine and elemental contaminants and for dioxin-like activity (TCDD-EQ) using the H411E rat hepatoma cell bioassay., The original document contains color images.

This document describes the suite of biological methods of the U.S. Geological Survey Biomonitoring of Environmental Status and Trends program for monitoring chemical contaminants and their effects on fish. The methods, which were selected by panels of experts, are being field-tested in rivers of the Mississippi River, Columbia River, and Rio Grande basins. General health biomarkers include a health assessment index based on gross observation; histopathological examination of selected organs and tissues; condition factor; and the heptosomatic and splenosomatic indices. Immune system indicators are plasma lysozyme activity and measures of splenic macrophage aggregates. Reproductive biomarkers include plasma concentrations of sex steroids hormones (17beta-estradiaol and 11-ketotestosterone) and vitellogenin, gonadal histopathology (including reproductive stage and, in females, gonadal atresia), and the gonadosomatic index. Indicators of exposure to polycyclic aromatic and polyhalogenated hydrocarbons are the H4IIE rat hepatoma cell bioassay (performed on solvent extracts of composite fish samples) and hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity. Stable nitrogen isotope ratios are used to assess the trophic position of the fish and their exposure to sewage and other animal wastes. For each indicator we describe endpoints(s) and methods, and discuss the indicator's value and limitations for contaminant monitoring and assessment.

Pre-maturational or full-grown ovarian follicles were isolated from captive, spawning black sea bass, Centropristis striata, at different times during the spawning season and tested for their ability to undergo oocyte maturation in vitro in response to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). The gonadosomatic index (GSI) was greatest in females collected during the mid-spawning period and the number of abnormal (atretic) follicles in the ovary progressively increased throughout the spawning season. The maturational response of follicles induced by hCG generally declined as the spawning interval progressed; an increased inhibition of oocyte maturation by doses ≥ 50 IU ml−1 hCG was also observed. Linear regression analyses indicated that the percentage of inhibition of oocyte maturation by 50, 100 and 500 IU ml−1 hCG was positively correlated with increasing levels of atresia within the ovaries from which the follicles were isolated. In females with low incidence of ovarian atresia (0–5%), follicular maturation achieved with 1–10 IU ml−1 hCG positively correlated with the GSI. However, when follicles isolated from females with a GSI ≥ 8 were treated with 50–500 IU ml−1 hCG the maturational response of follicles was reduced in comparison with the maturation of follicles from females with lower GSI that were treated with the same doses of hCG. In addition, doses of 100 and 500 IU ml−1 hCG appeared to be inhibitory on oocyte maturation once the GSI ≥ 8. These results suggest that the sensitivity of C. striata pre-maturational follicles to gonadotropin (GtH) may be regulated differently depending on both the overall state of follicular development and the levels of atresia within the ovary; the desensitization of GtH receptors may be one of the mechanisms possibly involved. It is recommended that the specific physiological condition of the ovary must be considered in selecting the timing and the dose of hCG to induce ovulation in this species

The ovary atresia characteristics of sardine, Sardina pilchardus, on the Iberian Peninsula were described using the same nomenclature and criteria adopted for the northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax J., by Hunter and Maceuncz (1985a). The data used were based on sardine biological information obtained from laboratory experiments and Daily Egg Production Method (DEPM) survey samples. In the laboratory, the occurrence of atresia was low, and most atresia stages corresponded to a-stage. An increase in the number of females in more advanced degeneration stages was noted as starvation time increased. In the natural population, atresia stages mostly appeared after the complete degeneration or postovulatory follicles. The complete yolked oocyte atresia process took no more than 6 days., Se describen las cararteristicas del proceso de atresia en el ovario de Sardina pilchardus, de la península Ibérica, usando los mismos criterios adoptados para la anchoa, Engraulis mordax J., por Hunter and Macewicz (1985a). Los datos utilizados proceden de experimentos realizados en cultivo de laboratorio y de las muestras de campaña del Método de Producción Diaria de Huevos (DEPM) de 1988. La presencia de atresia en los ovarios de sardinas mantenidas en laboratorio es baja y la mayoría de los estados de atresia son del tipo de a-atresia. Se produjo un incremento del número de hembras con estados más avanzados de atresia al ser mantenidas éstas en inanición. Los datos de sardinas de la población demuestran que el porcentaje de ovarios con ouocitos vitelados atrésicos se incrementa después de la completa degeneración de los folículos postovulatorios. El proceso completo de degeneración de estos folículos no supera el período de 6 días.

En un niño de dos días de nacido se diagnosticó una atresia de esófago tipo B. se decidió efectuar la reconstrucción del esófago utilizando para el efecto un segmento de colon. En un primer tiempo se realizó una esofagostomía cervical y una gastrostomía a través de la cual se administró líquido de alto contenido calórico por el tiempo de tres años. Transcurrido este periodo se efectúo el segundo tiempo quirúrgico, consiste en trasplantar el colon hacia un túnel retroesternal extrapleural. Complementariamente se realizaron las correspondientes anastomosis a esófago cervical y a estómago, restableciendo de este modo la continuidad esofágica. El post operatorio mediato e inmediato, no presento complicación alguna. Un control médico, luego de nueve meses de intervención, demostró normalidad en cuanto a permeabilidad esofágica y a ingestión de alimentos.