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Hydrogen fuel can be harnessed to power countless technologies, including hydrogen fuel cell devices and hydrogen-powered cars, buses, boats, aircraft, etc. High-purity hydrogen can be easily, rapidly, and successfully produced from the direct reaction of water with “activated” Al. Al by itself does not significantly react with water, but activated Al is Al that is made to be water-reactive via dissolving it in liquid Ga or liquid “eGIS.” eGIS is eutectic galinstan: 68.5wt%Ga, 21.5wt%In, and 10wt%Sn. | | | | | | | | | | A fairly novel processing technique—amalgamation via a dental amalgamator—was used to fabricate activated Al. This is a single-step technique that is rapid, can be performed at room temperature, and increases the surface-area-to-volume ratio of the activated Al to facilitate faster hydrogen-generation rates, as compared to traditional fabrication technologies. | | | | | | | | | | A very promising result was that the 10wt%eGIS-90wt%Al amalgam was shown to offer a full yield of high-purity hydrogen when it was reacted in water, regardless of variability in water pH and variability in chemical substance contaminants that were present in several tested types of waters—and even in relatively inexpensive and “dirty” tap water. The use of tap water, alkaline water, distilled water, and deionized water all resulted in the successful generation of approximately 100% yield of hydrogen. The 10wt%eGIS-90wt%Al amalgam reacted very rapidly in the 50°C deionized/distilled waters, reaching a 90% yield of hydrogen in as fast as 18 seconds, and reaching ~100% yield shortly thereafter. In 50°C waters, the hydrogen-generation rate of the 10wt%eGIS-90wt%Al amalgam in the deionized water was essentially identical to that in the distilled water and was ~11 times faster than in the alkaline water and ~28 times faster than in the tap water. | | | | | | | | | | Commercially relevant conditions of operational stability and shelf-life stability of the 10wt%eGIS-90wt%Al amalgam

Feline postvaccinal sarcoma, or injection site sarcoma (FISS), is a poorly described neoplasm in felines in Colombia that occurs after the use of inactive vaccines with adjuvant. The objective of this report is to describe the presence of a feline sarcoma after vaccination with inactive feline leukemia virus, the first case documented in Colombia. A 7-year-old male, mestizo, sterilized feline, vaccinated with inactive feline leukemia for 3 years, develops a 5 cm diameter nodule in the dorsal region, firm and painless. In deep dermis and striated muscle, there is evidence of neoplastic proliferation of spindle cells, of mainly expansive growth and to a lesser extent invasive, organizing and forming short bundles and long bundles that intersect, with dense and lax foci and in foci it is arranged in a pattern of fishbone . The cells have a fusiform, slightly ovoid, irregular morphology, some rounded, with tenuous and intense eosinophilic cytoplasm in other denser foci. Cellular pleomorphism and moderate anisocytosis are evident. The nuclei present round, ovoid, and irregular morphology. The presence of one or more nucleoli is evidenced in some of its cells, mainly fine granular chromatin, nuclear pleomorphism and moderate anisokaryosis. 4 mitoses were recorded in 10 fields with the high-power objective of 2,37 mm2, no apparent lymphovascular invasion was observed, there was evidence of involvement of the lateral borders. Additionally, discrete multifocal necrosis foci < 50%, mixed polymorphonuclear inflammatory infiltrate with moderate multifocal neutrophils and multifocal lymphocytic mononuclear infiltrate., El sarcoma felino posvacunal o sarcoma de sitio de inyección (FISS) en una neoplasia poco descrita en felinos en Colombia, se presenta posterior al uso de vacunas inactivas con adyuvante. El objetivo fue describir la presencia de un sarcoma felino posterior a la vacunación con leucemia felina virus inactivo, primer caso documentado en Colombia. Un felino, macho, mestizo, de 7 años de edad, esterilizado, vacunado con leucemia felina inactiva desde hace 3 años, desarrolla un nódulo de 5 cm de diámetro en la región dorsal, firme y no doloroso. En dermis profunda y músculo estriado, se evidencia proliferación neoplásica de células fusiformes, de crecimiento principalmente expansivo y en menor medida invasivo, que se organiza y forma haces cortos y fascículos largos que se entrecruzan, con focos densos y laxos y en focos se dispone en un patrón de espina de pescado. Las células presentan morfología fusiforme, ligeramente ovoide, irregular, algunas redondeadas, con citoplasma eosinófilo tenue e intenso en otros focos más densos. Se evidencia pleomorfismo celular y anisocitosis moderadas. Los núcleos presentan morfología redonda, ovoide e irregular. Se evidencia la presencia de uno o más nucléolos en algunas de sus células, cromatina principalmente granular fina, pleomorfismo nuclear y anisocariosis moderada. Se contabilizaron 4 mitosis en 10 campos con el objetivo de alto poder en 2,37 mm2, no se observa aparente invasión linfovascular, se evidencia compromiso de bordes laterales. Adicionalmente, discretos focos de necrosis multifocal < 50%, infiltrado inflamatorio mixto polimorfonuclear, neutrófilos moderados multifocales e infiltrado mononuclear linfocítico multifocal.

The article covers the state of pre-chemical treatment of natural water at Tashtpp with the use of aluminum sulphate and the creation of an experimental unit for producing coagulant, aluminum sulphate, as well as a block diagram of the proposed electrocoagulation unit for pre-treatment and clarification of water. An electrocoagulation technology for pre-treatment and clarification of water for Tashtpp steam boilers has been developed.

The article covers the state of pre-chemical treatment of natural water at Tashtpp with the use of aluminum sulphate and the creation of an experimental unit for producing coagulant, aluminum sulphate, as well as a block diagram of the proposed electrocoagulation unit for pre-treatment and clarification of water. An electrocoagulation technology for pre-treatment and clarification of water for Tashtpp steam boilers has been developed.

The article covers the state of pre-chemical treatment of natural water at Tashtpp with the use of aluminum sulphate and the creation of an experimental unit for producing coagulant, aluminum sulphate, as well as a block diagram of the proposed electrocoagulation unit for pre-treatment and clarification of water. An electrocoagulation technology for pre-treatment and clarification of water for Tashtpp steam boilers has been developed.

The article covers the state of pre-chemical treatment of natural water at Tashtpp with the use of aluminum sulphate and the creation of an experimental unit for producing coagulant, aluminum sulphate, as well as a block diagram of the proposed electrocoagulation unit for pre-treatment and clarification of water. An electrocoagulation technology for pre-treatment and clarification of water for Tashtpp steam boilers has been developed.

The article covers the state of pre-chemical treatment of natural water at Tashtpp with the use of aluminum sulphate and the creation of an experimental unit for producing coagulant, aluminum sulphate, as well as a block diagram of the proposed electrocoagulation unit for pre-treatment and clarification of water. An electrocoagulation technology for pre-treatment and clarification of water for Tashtpp steam boilers has been developed.

The article covers the state of pre-chemical treatment of natural water at Tashtpp with the use of aluminum sulphate and the creation of an experimental unit for producing coagulant, aluminum sulphate, as well as a block diagram of the proposed electrocoagulation unit for pre-treatment and clarification of water. An electrocoagulation technology for pre-treatment and clarification of water for Tashtpp steam boilers has been developed.

Hydrogen is a clean, zero-emission technology with significant potential to replace fossil fuels in a variety of applications and industries, especially those that are hard to decarbonize like metals and chemical manufacturing. Hydrogen has high gravimetric energy density but low volumetric energy density due to its small size and must be compacted into a liquid or compressed gas for practical uses like long term storage and transportation. Moreover, safely containing this volatile and flammable species when compressed still presents challenges and requires widespread rigorous testing as well as standardized safety codes. It has been shown that through a reaction between aluminum and water, hydrogen gas and aluminum hydroxide can be quickly and spontaneously produced with no carbon emissions. Aluminum and water are the energy and hydrogen sources, respectively. Aluminum on its own, however, is passivated with an aluminum oxide layer that prevents any reaction. The aluminum must be activated to overcome this barrier. One activation method is by combining with other metals to form low melting temperature alloys. In this activation, gallium is used to alloy with aluminum, which has a eutectic temperature of 26.6C at a composition of 0.8 wt% Al-99.2 wt% Ga. Therefore, aluminum-gallium alloys can react with water at near room temperature conditions which is advantageous for practical applications. Solid aluminum-gallium alloys are in the activated state when liquid alloy is present at the interior grain boundaries. These alloys are high in aluminum and low in gallium weight percent. However, they suffer from low reaction rates and result in less than 100% yields. Liquid aluminum-gallium alloys react at significantly higher rates and do achieve 100% yields. This thesis focuses on low aluminum content liquid alloys in the water-splitting reaction. This technology provides a pathway for safe hydrogen production on-demand and at the point of use by storing and transporting

Hydrogen is a clean, zero-emission technology with significant potential to replace fossil fuels in a variety of applications and industries, especially those that are hard to decarbonize like metals and chemical manufacturing. Hydrogen has high gravimetric energy density but low volumetric energy density due to its small size and must be compacted into a liquid or compressed gas for practical uses like long term storage and transportation. Moreover, safely containing this volatile and flammable species when compressed still presents challenges and requires widespread rigorous testing as well as standardized safety codes. It has been shown that through a reaction between aluminum and water, hydrogen gas and aluminum hydroxide can be quickly and spontaneously produced with no carbon emissions. Aluminum and water are the energy and hydrogen sources, respectively. Aluminum on its own, however, is passivated with an aluminum oxide layer that prevents any reaction. The aluminum must be activated to overcome this barrier. One activation method is by combining with other metals to form low melting temperature alloys. In this activation, gallium is used to alloy with aluminum, which has a eutectic temperature of 26.6C at a composition of 0.8 wt% Al-99.2 wt% Ga. Therefore, aluminum-gallium alloys can react with water at near room temperature conditions which is advantageous for practical applications. Solid aluminum-gallium alloys are in the activated state when liquid alloy is present at the interior grain boundaries. These alloys are high in aluminum and low in gallium weight percent. However, they suffer from low reaction rates and result in less than 100% yields. Liquid aluminum-gallium alloys react at significantly higher rates and do achieve 100% yields. This thesis focuses on low aluminum content liquid alloys in the water-splitting reaction. This technology provides a pathway for safe hydrogen production on-demand and at the point of use by storing and transporting

The article covers the state of pre-chemical treatment of natural water at Tashtpp with the use of aluminum sulphate and the creation of an experimental unit for producing coagulant, aluminum sulphate, as well as a block diagram of the proposed electrocoagulation unit for pre-treatment and clarification of water. An electrocoagulation technology for pre-treatment and clarification of water for Tashtpp steam boilers has been developed.

Aluminum (Al)-based salts are widely used adjuvants in ruminants and other species to strengthen the immune response elicited against vaccine antigen(s). However, they can lead to the formation of long-lasting granulomas composed of abundant activated macrophages. Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) are widely distributed macrophage-tropic retroviruses that cause persistent infections in sheep and goats. Infected monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells establish an inflammatory microenvironment that eventually leads to clinical manifestations. The aim of this work was to study the effect of Al-induced granulomas in the replication and pathogenesis of SRLV. Eleven adult, naturally SRLV-infected sheep showing clinical arthritis were distributed in vaccine (n = 6), adjuvant-only (n = 3), and control (n = 2) groups and inoculated with commercial Al-based vaccines, Al hydroxide adjuvant alone, or phosphate-buffered saline, respectively. In vitro studies demonstrated viral replication in Al-induced granulomas in 5 out of 10 sheep. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) evinced granular, intracytoplasmic SRLV presence in macrophages within granulomas. Viral sequences obtained from granulomas, blood monocytes, and other tissues were highly similar in most animals, suggesting virus circulation among body compartments. However, notable differences between isolated strains in granulomas and other tissues in specific animals were also noted. Interestingly, the B2 subtype was the most commonly found SRLV genotype, reaching a wider body distribution than previously described. Recombination events between genotypes B2 and A3 along the gag region were identified in two sheep. Our results indicate that Al-hydroxide-derived granulomas may represent an ideal compartment for SRLV replication, perhaps altering natural SRLV infection by providing a new, suitable target tissue. IMPORTANCE Granulomas are inflammation-derived structures elicited by foreign bodies or certain infections. Aluminum adjuva

There have been few in vivo studies on the effect of aluminum hydroxide adjuvant and its influence on the immune response to vaccination. In this study, lambs received a parallel subcutaneous treatment with either commercial vaccines containing aluminum hydroxide or an equivalent dose of this compound only with the aim of identifying the activated molecular signature. Blood samples were taken from each animal at the beginning and at the end of the experiment and PBMCs isolated. Total RNA and miRNA libraries were prepared and sequenced. After alignment to the Oar3.1 reference genome and differential expression with 3 programs, gene enrichment modeling was performed. For miRNAs, miRBase and RNAcentral databases were used for detection and characterization. Three expression comparisons were made: vaccinated animals at the beginning and at the end of the treatment, adjuvanted animals at the same times, and animals of both treatments at the end of the experiment. After exposure to both treatments, a total of 2,473; 2,980 and 429 differentially expressed genes were identified in vaccinated animals, adjuvanted animals and animals at the end of both treatments, respectively. In both adjuvant and vaccine treated animals the NF-kappa B signaling pathway was enriched. On the other hand, it can be observed a downregulation of cytokines and cytokine receptors in the adjuvanted group compared to the vaccinated group at the final time, suggesting a milder induction of the immune response when the adjuvant is alone. As for the miRNA analysis, 95 miRNAs were detected: 64 previously annotated in Ovis aries, 11 annotated in Bos taurus and 20 newly described. Interestingly, 6 miRNAs were differentially expressed in adjuvant treated animals, and 3 and 1 in the other two comparisons. Lastly, an integrated miRNA-mRNA expression profile was developed, in which a miRNA-mediated regulation of genes related to DNA damage stimulus was observed. In brief, it seems that aluminum-containing adjuv

There have been few in vivo studies on the effect of aluminum hydroxide adjuvant and its influence on the immune response to vaccination. In this study, lambs received a parallel subcutaneous treatment with either commercial vaccines containing aluminum hydroxide or an equivalent dose of this compound only with the aim of identifying the activated molecular signature. Blood samples were taken from each animal at the beginning and at the end of the experiment and PBMCs isolated. Total RNA and miRNA libraries were prepared and sequenced. After alignment to the Oar3.1 reference genome and differential expression with 3 programs, gene enrichment modeling was performed. For miRNAs, miRBase and RNAcentral databases were used for detection and characterization. Three expression comparisons were made: vaccinated animals at the beginning and at the end of the treatment, adjuvanted animals at the same times, and animals of both treatments at the end of the experiment. After exposure to both treatments, a total of 2,473; 2,980 and 429 differentially expressed genes were identified in vaccinated animals, adjuvanted animals and animals at the end of both treatments, respectively. In both adjuvant and vaccine treated animals the NF-kappa B signaling pathway was enriched. On the other hand, it can be observed a downregulation of cytokines and cytokine receptors in the adjuvanted group compared to the vaccinated group at the final time, suggesting a milder induction of the immune response when the adjuvant is alone. As for the miRNA analysis, 95 miRNAs were detected: 64 previously annotated in Ovis aries, 11 annotated in Bos taurus and 20 newly described. Interestingly, 6 miRNAs were differentially expressed in adjuvant treated animals, and 3 and 1 in the other two comparisons. Lastly, an integrated miRNA-mRNA expression profile was developed, in which a miRNA-mediated regulation of genes related to DNA damage stimulus was observed. In brief, it seems that aluminum-containing adjuv

There have been few in vivo studies on the effect of aluminum hydroxide adjuvant and its influence on the immune response to vaccination. In this study, lambs received a parallel subcutaneous treatment with either commercial vaccines containing aluminum hydroxide or an equivalent dose of this compound only with the aim of identifying the activated molecular signature. Blood samples were taken from each animal at the beginning and at the end of the experiment and PBMCs isolated. Total RNA and miRNA libraries were prepared and sequenced. After alignment to the Oar3.1 reference genome and differential expression with 3 programs, gene enrichment modeling was performed. For miRNAs, miRBase and RNAcentral databases were used for detection and characterization. Three expression comparisons were made: vaccinated animals at the beginning and at the end of the treatment, adjuvanted animals at the same times, and animals of both treatments at the end of the experiment. After exposure to both treatments, a total of 2,473; 2,980 and 429 differentially expressed genes were identified in vaccinated animals, adjuvanted animals and animals at the end of both treatments, respectively. In both adjuvant and vaccine treated animals the NF-kappa B signaling pathway was enriched. On the other hand, it can be observed a downregulation of cytokines and cytokine receptors in the adjuvanted group compared to the vaccinated group at the final time, suggesting a milder induction of the immune response when the adjuvant is alone. As for the miRNA analysis, 95 miRNAs were detected: 64 previously annotated in Ovis aries, 11 annotated in Bos taurus and 20 newly described. Interestingly, 6 miRNAs were differentially expressed in adjuvant treated animals, and 3 and 1 in the other two comparisons. Lastly, an integrated miRNA-mRNA expression profile was developed, in which a miRNA-mediated regulation of genes related to DNA damage stimulus was observed. In brief, it seems that aluminum-containing adjuv

Chlamydia trachomatis is one of the most common sexually transmitted pathogens and the development of an effective vaccine is highly desirable. The Major Outer Membrane Protein (MOMP) is one of the most abundant and immunogenic chlamydial proteins. Here we investigated the effects of phosphate substitution on the physicochemical and immunochemical properties of an experimental vaccine composed of serovar E recombinant MOMP (rMOMP) and a proprietary adjuvant system SPA08, consisting of aluminum oxyhydroxide (AlOOH) containing the TLR4 agonist E6020. An increase in phosphate substitution in the AlOOH component of the adjuvant markedly decreased the adsorptive coefficient and adsorptive capacity for both Ser E rMOMP and E6020. In vaccine formulations used for immunizations, phosphate substitution induced a decrease in the % adsorption of Ser E rMOMP without affecting the % adsorption of E6020. Immunogenicity studies in CD1 mice showed that an increase in phosphate substitution of the SPA08 adjuvant resulted in an increase in Ser E rMOMP-specific serum total IgG and IgG1 but not IgG2a titers. The degree of phosphate substitution in SPA08 also significantly increased in vitro neutralization concomitant with a decrease in proinflammatory cytokines secreted by Ser E rMOMP-restimulated splenocytes. Taken together, the results of these studies suggest that the degree of phosphate substitution in AlOOH greatly affects the adsorption of E6020 and Ser E rMOMP to AlOOH resulting in significant effects on vaccine-induced cellular and humoral responses.

Chlamydia trachomatis is one of the most common sexually transmitted pathogens and the development of an effective vaccine is highly desirable. The Major Outer Membrane Protein (MOMP) is one of the most abundant and immunogenic chlamydial proteins. Here we investigated the effects of phosphate substitution on the physicochemical and immunochemical properties of an experimental vaccine composed of serovar E recombinant MOMP (rMOMP) and a proprietary adjuvant system SPA08, consisting of aluminum oxyhydroxide (AlOOH) containing the TLR4 agonist E6020. An increase in phosphate substitution in the AlOOH component of the adjuvant markedly decreased the adsorptive coefficient and adsorptive capacity for both Ser E rMOMP and E6020. In vaccine formulations used for immunizations, phosphate substitution induced a decrease in the % adsorption of Ser E rMOMP without affecting the % adsorption of E6020. Immunogenicity studies in CD1 mice showed that an increase in phosphate substitution of the SPA08 adjuvant resulted in an increase in Ser E rMOMP-specific serum total IgG and IgG1 but not IgG2a titers. The degree of phosphate substitution in SPA08 also significantly increased in vitro neutralization concomitant with a decrease in proinflammatory cytokines secreted by Ser E rMOMP-restimulated splenocytes. Taken together, the results of these studies suggest that the degree of phosphate substitution in AlOOH greatly affects the adsorption of E6020 and Ser E rMOMP to AlOOH resulting in significant effects on vaccine-induced cellular and humoral responses.

Chlamydia trachomatis is one of the most common sexually transmitted pathogens and the development of an effective vaccine is highly desirable. The Major Outer Membrane Protein (MOMP) is one of the most abundant and immunogenic chlamydial proteins. Here we investigated the effects of phosphate substitution on the physicochemical and immunochemical properties of an experimental vaccine composed of serovar E recombinant MOMP (rMOMP) and a proprietary adjuvant system SPA08, consisting of aluminum oxyhydroxide (AlOOH) containing the TLR4 agonist E6020. An increase in phosphate substitution in the AlOOH component of the adjuvant markedly decreased the adsorptive coefficient and adsorptive capacity for both Ser E rMOMP and E6020. In vaccine formulations used for immunizations, phosphate substitution induced a decrease in the % adsorption of Ser E rMOMP without affecting the % adsorption of E6020. Immunogenicity studies in CD1 mice showed that an increase in phosphate substitution of the SPA08 adjuvant resulted in an increase in Ser E rMOMP-specific serum total IgG and IgG1 but not IgG2a titers. The degree of phosphate substitution in SPA08 also significantly increased in vitro neutralization concomitant with a decrease in proinflammatory cytokines secreted by Ser E rMOMP-restimulated splenocytes. Taken together, the results of these studies suggest that the degree of phosphate substitution in AlOOH greatly affects the adsorption of E6020 and Ser E rMOMP to AlOOH resulting in significant effects on vaccine-induced cellular and humoral responses.

В данной статье рассмотрены меры по повышению эффективности разложения алюминатных растворов. Все эти меры направлены на увеличение крупности кристаллов гидроксида алюминия и увеличение степени разложения алюминатных растворов., This article describes the steps to improve the efficiency of the decomposition of aluminate solutions. All these measures are aimed at increasing the size of the crystals of aluminum hydroxide and an increase in the degree of decomposition of aluminate solutions.

Aviation fuel (i.e., jet fuel) requires a mixture of C9 -C16 hydrocarbons having both a high energy density and a low freezing point. While jet fuel is currently produced from petroleum, increasing concern with the release of CO2 into the atmosphere from the combustion of petroleum-based fuels has led to policy changes mandating the inclusion of biomass-based fuels into the fuel pool. Here we report a novel way to produce a mixture of branched cyclohexane derivatives in very high yield (>94 %) that match or exceed many required properties of jet fuel. As starting materials, we use a mixture of n-alkyl methyl ketones and their derivatives obtained from biomass. These synthons are condensed into trimers via base-catalyzed aldol condensation and Michael addition. Hydrodeoxygenation of these products yields mixtures of C12 -C21 branched, cyclic alkanes. Using models for predicting the carbon number distribution obtained from a mixture of n-alkyl methyl ketones and for predicting the boiling point distribution of the final mixture of cyclic alkanes, we show that it is possible to define the mixture of synthons that will closely reproduce the distillation curve of traditional jet fuel.

Aviation fuel (i.e., jet fuel) requires a mixture of C9 -C16 hydrocarbons having both a high energy density and a low freezing point. While jet fuel is currently produced from petroleum, increasing concern with the release of CO2 into the atmosphere from the combustion of petroleum-based fuels has led to policy changes mandating the inclusion of biomass-based fuels into the fuel pool. Here we report a novel way to produce a mixture of branched cyclohexane derivatives in very high yield (>94 %) that match or exceed many required properties of jet fuel. As starting materials, we use a mixture of n-alkyl methyl ketones and their derivatives obtained from biomass. These synthons are condensed into trimers via base-catalyzed aldol condensation and Michael addition. Hydrodeoxygenation of these products yields mixtures of C12 -C21 branched, cyclic alkanes. Using models for predicting the carbon number distribution obtained from a mixture of n-alkyl methyl ketones and for predicting the boiling point distribution of the final mixture of cyclic alkanes, we show that it is possible to define the mixture of synthons that will closely reproduce the distillation curve of traditional jet fuel.

Background Tranexamic acid reduces haemorrhage through its antifibrinolytic effects. In a previous version of the present review, we found that tranexamic acid may reduce mortality. This review includes updated searches and new trials.Objectives To assess the effects of tranexamic acid versus no intervention, placebo or other antiulcer drugs for upper gastrointestinal bleeding.Search methods We updated the review by performing electronic database searches (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL),MEDLINE, EMBASE, Science Citation Index) and manual searches in July 2014.Selection criteriaRandomised controlled trials, irrespective of language or publication status.Data collection and analysis We used the standard methodological procedures of the The Cochrane Collaboration. All-cause mortality, bleeding and adverse events were the primary outcome measures. We performed fixed-effect and random-effects model meta-analyses and presented results as risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and used I² as a measure of between-trial heterogeneity. We analysed tranexamic acid versus placebo or no intervention and tranexamic acid versus antiulcer drugs separately. To analyse sources of heterogeneity and robustness of the overall results, we performed subgroup, sensitivity and sequential analyses.Main results We included eight randomised controlled trials on tranexamic acid for upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Additionally, we identified one large ongoing pragmatic randomised controlled trial from which data are not yet available. Control groups were randomly assigned to placebo (seven trials) or no intervention (one trial). Two trials also included a control group randomly assigned to antiulcer drugs(lansoprazole or cimetidine). The included studies were published from 1973 to 2011. The number of participants randomly assigned ranged from 47 to 216 (median 204). All trials reported mortality. In total, 42 of 851 participants randomly assigned to

Background Tranexamic acid reduces haemorrhage through its antifibrinolytic effects. In a previous version of the present review, we found that tranexamic acid may reduce mortality. This review includes updated searches and new trials.Objectives To assess the effects of tranexamic acid versus no intervention, placebo or other antiulcer drugs for upper gastrointestinal bleeding.Search methods We updated the review by performing electronic database searches (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL),MEDLINE, EMBASE, Science Citation Index) and manual searches in July 2014.Selection criteriaRandomised controlled trials, irrespective of language or publication status.Data collection and analysis We used the standard methodological procedures of the The Cochrane Collaboration. All-cause mortality, bleeding and adverse events were the primary outcome measures. We performed fixed-effect and random-effects model meta-analyses and presented results as risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and used I² as a measure of between-trial heterogeneity. We analysed tranexamic acid versus placebo or no intervention and tranexamic acid versus antiulcer drugs separately. To analyse sources of heterogeneity and robustness of the overall results, we performed subgroup, sensitivity and sequential analyses.Main results We included eight randomised controlled trials on tranexamic acid for upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Additionally, we identified one large ongoing pragmatic randomised controlled trial from which data are not yet available. Control groups were randomly assigned to placebo (seven trials) or no intervention (one trial). Two trials also included a control group randomly assigned to antiulcer drugs(lansoprazole or cimetidine). The included studies were published from 1973 to 2011. The number of participants randomly assigned ranged from 47 to 216 (median 204). All trials reported mortality. In total, 42 of 851 participants randomly assigned to

Zinc–Aluminium Layered Double Hydroxides (Zn–Al–NO3–LDHs) were prepared using the coprecipitation method at different Zn2+/Al3+ molar ratios (2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) with adjusting pH value at 7.5 and at different pH values (6, 7, 8, 9 and 10) with constant molar ratio of 4. The second part of the work is the calcination of Zn–Al–NO3–LDH sample prepared at Zn2+/Al3+ molar ratio of 4 and pH value of 7 at two temperature ranges; 50–500 °C and 200–1000 °C. The structural, textural, morphological, thermal and optical properties were studied for all the samples. In addition, the dielectric responses and ESR spectra were also investigated. Analysis of the XRD spectra of LDH showed that the crystallite size was in the range of 15–36 nm which confirmed that the LDH is a nanocomposite. This is corroborated by the results of unit cell parameters (a and c) which showed that the construction of LDH resulted in nanolayers. For the calcined LDH sample at 200 °C and above, the crystallite size were in the range of 42.7–51.2 nm which is attributed to the formation nanostructure of ZnO phase. For the samples prepared at different Zn2+/Al3+ molar ratios, the crystallinity of LDHs was found to improve as molar ratio decreased due to the distortion of the hydroxide sheet networks of the LDH crystal by the larger difference in ionic radii of Zn2+ and Al3+. On the other hand, the crystallinity of the samples prepared at different pH-values was improved as the pH-value increased due to the increasing of the precipitation of Zn2+ ions into the LDH slurry. For the calcination temperature below 200 °C, LDH structure was well preserved,ZnOstructure was well preserved, but started to collapse and transformed zinc oxide (ZnOstructure was well preserved, but started to collapse and transformed zinc oxide (ZnOstructure was well preserved, (ZnO)phase at 200°C and above due to the water loss and decomposition nitrate anions of LDH interlayer At600 °C and above ZnAl2O4 spinel was formed and the crystallin

Zinc–Aluminium Layered Double Hydroxides (Zn–Al–NO3–LDHs) were prepared using the coprecipitation method at different Zn2+/Al3+ molar ratios (2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) with adjusting pH value at 7.5 and at different pH values (6, 7, 8, 9 and 10) with constant molar ratio of 4. The second part of the work is the calcination of Zn–Al–NO3–LDH sample prepared at Zn2+/Al3+ molar ratio of 4 and pH value of 7 at two temperature ranges; 50–500 °C and 200–1000 °C. The structural, textural, morphological, thermal and optical properties were studied for all the samples. In addition, the dielectric responses and ESR spectra were also investigated. Analysis of the XRD spectra of LDH showed that the crystallite size was in the range of 15–36 nm which confirmed that the LDH is a nanocomposite. This is corroborated by the results of unit cell parameters (a and c) which showed that the construction of LDH resulted in nanolayers. For the calcined LDH sample at 200 °C and above, the crystallite size were in the range of 42.7–51.2 nm which is attributed to the formation nanostructure of ZnO phase. For the samples prepared at different Zn2+/Al3+ molar ratios, the crystallinity of LDHs was found to improve as molar ratio decreased due to the distortion of the hydroxide sheet networks of the LDH crystal by the larger difference in ionic radii of Zn2+ and Al3+. On the other hand, the crystallinity of the samples prepared at different pH-values was improved as the pH-value increased due to the increasing of the precipitation of Zn2+ ions into the LDH slurry. For the calcination temperature below 200 °C, LDH structure was well preserved,ZnOstructure was well preserved, but started to collapse and transformed zinc oxide (ZnOstructure was well preserved, but started to collapse and transformed zinc oxide (ZnOstructure was well preserved, (ZnO)phase at 200°C and above due to the water loss and decomposition nitrate anions of LDH interlayer At600 °C and above ZnAl2O4 spinel was formed and the crystallin

We sought to define protective mechanisms of immunity to Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans bloodstream infections in mice immunized with the recombinant N-terminus of Als3p (rAls3p-N) vaccine plus aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH(3)) adjuvant, or adjuvant controls. Deficiency of IFN-gamma but not IL-17A enhanced susceptibility of control mice to both infections. However, vaccine-induced protective immunity against both infections required CD4+ T-cell-derived IFN-gamma and IL-17A, and functional phagocytic effectors. Vaccination primed Th1, Th17, and Th1/17 lymphocytes, which produced pro-inflammatory cytokines that enhanced phagocytic killing of both organisms. Vaccinated, infected mice had increased IFN-gamma, IL-17, and KC, increased neutrophil influx, and decreased organism burden in tissues. In summary, rAls3p-N vaccination induced a Th1/Th17 response, resulting in recruitment and activation of phagocytes at sites of infection, and more effective clearance of S. aureus and C. albicans from tissues. Thus, vaccine-mediated adaptive immunity can protect against both infections by targeting microbes for destruction by innate effectors.

We sought to define protective mechanisms of immunity to Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans bloodstream infections in mice immunized with the recombinant N-terminus of Als3p (rAls3p-N) vaccine plus aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH(3)) adjuvant, or adjuvant controls. Deficiency of IFN-gamma but not IL-17A enhanced susceptibility of control mice to both infections. However, vaccine-induced protective immunity against both infections required CD4+ T-cell-derived IFN-gamma and IL-17A, and functional phagocytic effectors. Vaccination primed Th1, Th17, and Th1/17 lymphocytes, which produced pro-inflammatory cytokines that enhanced phagocytic killing of both organisms. Vaccinated, infected mice had increased IFN-gamma, IL-17, and KC, increased neutrophil influx, and decreased organism burden in tissues. In summary, rAls3p-N vaccination induced a Th1/Th17 response, resulting in recruitment and activation of phagocytes at sites of infection, and more effective clearance of S. aureus and C. albicans from tissues. Thus, vaccine-mediated adaptive immunity can protect against both infections by targeting microbes for destruction by innate effectors.

Nowadays, new processes of H2 generation from water via Al corrosion are mainly limited by Al passivation. Here we report on the systematic assessment of H2 production by corrosion of Al in seawater suspensions prepared with NaAlO2. The reported results are encouraging, since it was observed that seawater suspensions tested can prevent Al passivation during H2 evolution, reaching 100% yields at ca. 700 cm3 H2 min-1. XRD analysis revealed the formation of solid Al(OH)3 (bayerite) in initial seawater suspensions. So, model suspensions were prepared using NaAlO2 + Al(OH)3 in distilled water, which even improved the results obtained in seawater. Suspended particles of Al(OH)3 act as nuclei in a mechanism of seeded crystallization, which prevents Al surface passivation. Moreover, a synergistic effect of Al(OH)3 suspensions in combination with NaAlO2 solutions was key in promoting Al corrosion. The effect of NaCl in aqueous suspensions was also studied, but it was insignificant compared to this synergistic effect. The composition of suspensions was optimized and a 0.01 M NaAlO2 solution with 20 g dm-3 Al(OH)3 was selected as candidate to generate H2 at pH ca. 12 with high efficiency. Consecutive runs of the selected composition were performed obtaining ca. 90% yields in all of them., Postprint (published version)

The serological response and efficacy of Bacillus anthracis recombinant protective antigen (rPA) vaccines formulated with aluminum hydroxide adjuvant, either with or without formaldehyde, were evaluated in rabbits. Rabbits that had been injected with a single dose of 25mug of rPA adsorbed to 500mug of aluminum in aluminum hydroxide gel (Alhydrogel) had a significantly higher quantitative anti-rPA IgG ELISA titers (p<0.0001) and toxin neutralizing antibody (TNA) assay titers (p<0.0001) than rabbits tested at the next lowest concentration of aluminum (158mug). Rabbits injected with two doses of 50mug of rPA formulated with 500mug of aluminum also had significantly higher serological responses, as measured by a quantitative anti-rPA IgG ELISA (p<0.0001) and TNA assay (p<0.0001), than sera from rabbits injected with a rPA vaccine formulated without adjuvant. Short-term protection against an aerosol spore challenge (448 LD(50)), however, was not significantly different between the two groups (12/12 and 11/12, respectively). Rabbits injected with a single dose of 50mug of rPA formulated with 500mug of aluminum and 0.2% formaldehyde had significantly higher ELISA (p<0.0001) and TNA assay (p<0.0001) titers than rabbits that had been injected with a rPA vaccine formulated with adjuvant but without formaldehyde. Short-term protection against a 125 LD(50) parenteral spore challenge, however, was not significantly different between the two groups (14/24 and 9/24, respectively; p=0.2476). Under the conditions tested in the rabbit animal model, significantly higher serological responses were observed in rabbits that had been injected with rPA formulated with aluminum hydroxide gel adjuvant and formaldehyde. However, differences in short-term efficacy were not observed., Pub. in Jnl. of Vaccine, v25 p2771-2777, 2007.

Sodium pyrophosphate (pyro-P, Na4P2O7), sodium tripolyphosphate (tripoly-P, Na5P3O10), and sodium hexametaphosphate (meta- P, (NaPO3)6) were selected as the model compounds of condensed phosphate to investigate the adsorption behavior of condensed phosphate on aluminum hydroxide. The adsorption was found to be endothermic and divisible into two stages: (1) fast adsorption within 1 h; and (2) slow adsorption between 1 and 24 h. The modified Freundlich model simulated the fast adsorption stage well; the slow adsorption stage was described well by the first-order kinetics. The activation energies of pyro-P, tripoly-P, and meta-P adsorption on aluminum hydroxide were determined to be 20.2, 22.8 and 10.9 kJ/mol P adsorbed, respectively, in the fast adsorption stage and to be 66.3, 53.5 and 72.5 kJ/mol P adsorbed, respectively, in the slow adsorption stage. The adsorption increased the negative charge of the aluminum hydroxide surface. Transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis analyses provided evidence that the adsorption was not uniform on the surface and that the small crystals contributed more to the fast adsorption than the normal sites did. The results from X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy tests also revealed the uneven adsorption of condensed phosphate as a function of the penetration depth. More condensed phosphates were adsorbed on the outer surface of aluminum hydroxide than in its inner parts. © 2007 The Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Sodium pyrophosphate (pyro-P, Na4P2O7), sodium tripolyphosphate (tripoly-P, Na5P3O10), and sodium hexametaphosphate (meta- P, (NaPO3)6) were selected as the model compounds of condensed phosphate to investigate the adsorption behavior of condensed phosphate on aluminum hydroxide. The adsorption was found to be endothermic and divisible into two stages: (1) fast adsorption within 1 h; and (2) slow adsorption between 1 and 24 h. The modified Freundlich model simulated the fast adsorption stage well; the slow adsorption stage was described well by the first-order kinetics. The activation energies of pyro-P, tripoly-P, and meta-P adsorption on aluminum hydroxide were determined to be 20.2, 22.8 and 10.9 kJ/mol P adsorbed, respectively, in the fast adsorption stage and to be 66.3, 53.5 and 72.5 kJ/mol P adsorbed, respectively, in the slow adsorption stage. The adsorption increased the negative charge of the aluminum hydroxide surface. Transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis analyses provided evidence that the adsorption was not uniform on the surface and that the small crystals contributed more to the fast adsorption than the normal sites did. The results from X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy tests also revealed the uneven adsorption of condensed phosphate as a function of the penetration depth. More condensed phosphates were adsorbed on the outer surface of aluminum hydroxide than in its inner parts. © 2007 The Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

The adsorption isotherm of and the pH effect on the adsorption of myo-mositol hexaphosphate (myo-IP6) on amorphous aluminum hydroxide was investigated. It was found that the adsorption isotherm of myo-IP6 on aluminum hydroxide could be well fitted with the Freundlich isotherm. The amount of myo-IP6 adsorbed remained almost constant in the range of pH 4.0 to 7.0, but it decreased considerably as the initial pH was over 7. The adsorption of myo-IP6 resulted in an increase in the pH level due to the release of OH- ions, which suggested that the adsorption of myo-IP6 on aluminum hydroxide was caused by a ligand exchange reaction. ATR-FTIR analysis of myo-IP6 in solution and adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide at different pH were performed. The ATR-FTIR investigation indicated that myo-IP6 was adsorbed onto aluminum hydroxide by forming inner-sphere complexes and adsorption facilitated the deprotonation of phosphate groups. The asymmetric vibration of the P-O bond in =Al-PO3- appearing at a lower frequency than that in the terminal HPO3- indicated that Al bound to the 0 atom not as strongly as the H atom did. The ATR-FTIR investigation and theoretical calculation (with the Gaussian 03 program) revealed that three of the six phosphate groups in myo-IP6 molecules were bound to aluminum hydroxide while the other three remained free when myo-IP6 was adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The adsorption of a series of aromatic carboxylic acids, with different numbers and positions of carboxyl groups in the phenyl ring, on aluminum hydroxide was investigated with ATR-FTIR and kinetic analyses to verify the role of aromatic carboxyl groups in the surface complexation of NOM with aluminum hydroxide. It was revealed that the formation of outer-sphere complexes dominated the adsorption of most of the aromatic carboxylates over the pH range examined in this study. Inner-sphere complexes were only detected at some pH levels for some aromatic carboxylates adsorption. The aromatic carboxylates were most likely to be adsorbed onto the first surface layer of hydroxyl groups and water molecules without forming coordinative bonds with the aluminum hydroxide surfaces, but strong hydrogen bonds were formed in this process. The adsorption data fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetic model very well. The activation energies of adsorption calculated from the rate constants of pseudo-second-order kinetics agreed with the ATR-FTIR analysis that the aromatic carboxylates, except pyromellitate, were adsorbed predominantly as outer-sphere complexes on aluminum hydroxide at pH 7. This study revealed that phenolic groups may be more significant than carboxylic groups for the chemical adsorption of NOM onto minerals. The presence of additional carboxylic groups enhanced the adsorption considerably, while the enhancement was limited when there were three or four carboxylic groups on the phenyl ring. The adsorption of aromatic carboxylates was affected by the positions and pK(a) values of the donor groups and the solution pH. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Inc.

The adsorption isotherm of and the pH effect on the adsorption of myo-mositol hexaphosphate (myo-IP6) on amorphous aluminum hydroxide was investigated. It was found that the adsorption isotherm of myo-IP6 on aluminum hydroxide could be well fitted with the Freundlich isotherm. The amount of myo-IP6 adsorbed remained almost constant in the range of pH 4.0 to 7.0, but it decreased considerably as the initial pH was over 7. The adsorption of myo-IP6 resulted in an increase in the pH level due to the release of OH- ions, which suggested that the adsorption of myo-IP6 on aluminum hydroxide was caused by a ligand exchange reaction. ATR-FTIR analysis of myo-IP6 in solution and adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide at different pH were performed. The ATR-FTIR investigation indicated that myo-IP6 was adsorbed onto aluminum hydroxide by forming inner-sphere complexes and adsorption facilitated the deprotonation of phosphate groups. The asymmetric vibration of the P-O bond in =Al-PO3- appearing at a lower frequency than that in the terminal HPO3- indicated that Al bound to the 0 atom not as strongly as the H atom did. The ATR-FTIR investigation and theoretical calculation (with the Gaussian 03 program) revealed that three of the six phosphate groups in myo-IP6 molecules were bound to aluminum hydroxide while the other three remained free when myo-IP6 was adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The adsorption of a series of aromatic carboxylic acids, with different numbers and positions of carboxyl groups in the phenyl ring, on aluminum hydroxide was investigated with ATR-FTIR and kinetic analyses to verify the role of aromatic carboxyl groups in the surface complexation of NOM with aluminum hydroxide. It was revealed that the formation of outer-sphere complexes dominated the adsorption of most of the aromatic carboxylates over the pH range examined in this study. Inner-sphere complexes were only detected at some pH levels for some aromatic carboxylates adsorption. The aromatic carboxylates were most likely to be adsorbed onto the first surface layer of hydroxyl groups and water molecules without forming coordinative bonds with the aluminum hydroxide surfaces, but strong hydrogen bonds were formed in this process. The adsorption data fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetic model very well. The activation energies of adsorption calculated from the rate constants of pseudo-second-order kinetics agreed with the ATR-FTIR analysis that the aromatic carboxylates, except pyromellitate, were adsorbed predominantly as outer-sphere complexes on aluminum hydroxide at pH 7. This study revealed that phenolic groups may be more significant than carboxylic groups for the chemical adsorption of NOM onto minerals. The presence of additional carboxylic groups enhanced the adsorption considerably, while the enhancement was limited when there were three or four carboxylic groups on the phenyl ring. The adsorption of aromatic carboxylates was affected by the positions and pK(a) values of the donor groups and the solution pH. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Inc.

The formation of colloids during the weathering of phyllite was investigated by exposing ground phyllite to water. Secondary mineral colloids of 10E+1 to 10E+2 nm were detected in significant concentrations. At pH of about 8.5, the solution concentration of these colloids reached up to 10 mg/L (however, acidification to pH 4.0 prevented the formation of the colloids). The mineralogical composition of the secondary mineral colloids is assumed to be a mixture of ferrihydrite, aluminosilicates, amorphous Al(OH)3 and gibbsite with possible additions of iron silicates and iron-alumino silicates. The colloids were stable over longer periods of time (at least several weeks), even in the presence of suspended ground rock. Direct formation of iron-containing secondary mineral colloids at the rock-water interface by the weathering of rock material is an alternative to the well-known mechanism of iron colloid formation in the bulk of water bodies by mixing of different waters or by aeration of anoxic waters. This direct mechanism is of relevance for colloid production during the weathering of freshly crushed rock in the unsaturated zone as for instance crushed rock in mine waste rock piles. Colloids produced by this mechanism, too, can influence the transport of contaminants such as actinides because these colloids have a large specific surface area and a high sorption affinity.

The adsorption of a series of aromatic carboxylic acids, with different numbers and positions of carboxyl groups in the phenyl ring, on aluminum hydroxide was investigated with ATR-FTIR and kinetic analyses to verify the role of aromatic carboxyl groups in the surface complexation of NOM with aluminum hydroxide. It was revealed that the formation of outer-sphere complexes dominated the adsorption of most of the aromatic carboxylates over the pH range examined in this study. Inner-sphere complexes were only detected at some pH levels for some aromatic carboxylates adsorption. The aromatic carboxylates were most likely to be adsorbed onto the first surface layer of hydroxyl groups and water molecules without forming coordinative bonds with the aluminum hydroxide surfaces, but strong hydrogen bonds were formed in this process. The adsorption data fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetic model very well. The activation energies of adsorption calculated from the rate constants of pseudo-second-order kinetics agreed with the ATR-FTIR analysis that the aromatic carboxylates, except pyromellitate, were adsorbed predominantly as outer-sphere complexes on aluminum hydroxide at pH 7. This study revealed that phenolic groups may be more significant than carboxylic groups for the chemical adsorption of NOM onto minerals. The presence of additional carboxylic groups enhanced the adsorption considerably, while the enhancement was limited when there were three or four carboxylic groups on the phenyl ring. The adsorption of aromatic carboxylates was affected by the positions and pK(a) values of the donor groups and the solution pH. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Inc.

The adsorption isotherm of and the pH effect on the adsorption of myo-mositol hexaphosphate (myo-IP6) on amorphous aluminum hydroxide was investigated. It was found that the adsorption isotherm of myo-IP6 on aluminum hydroxide could be well fitted with the Freundlich isotherm. The amount of myo-IP6 adsorbed remained almost constant in the range of pH 4.0 to 7.0, but it decreased considerably as the initial pH was over 7. The adsorption of myo-IP6 resulted in an increase in the pH level due to the release of OH- ions, which suggested that the adsorption of myo-IP6 on aluminum hydroxide was caused by a ligand exchange reaction. ATR-FTIR analysis of myo-IP6 in solution and adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide at different pH were performed. The ATR-FTIR investigation indicated that myo-IP6 was adsorbed onto aluminum hydroxide by forming inner-sphere complexes and adsorption facilitated the deprotonation of phosphate groups. The asymmetric vibration of the P-O bond in =Al-PO3- appearing at a lower frequency than that in the terminal HPO3- indicated that Al bound to the 0 atom not as strongly as the H atom did. The ATR-FTIR investigation and theoretical calculation (with the Gaussian 03 program) revealed that three of the six phosphate groups in myo-IP6 molecules were bound to aluminum hydroxide while the other three remained free when myo-IP6 was adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Two model compounds, sodium pyrophosphate (pyro-P) and sodium tripolyphosphate (tripoly-P), were employed to elucidate the binding mechanisms of condensed phosphate on aluminum hydroxide by utilizing attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Peak assignments for the condensed phosphates in the solution phase and those adsorbed on the surface of aluminum hydroxide were made. Electron delocalization and polarization were employed to explain the peak shifts and the complexation of condensed phosphate with aluminum hydroxide. The tripoly-P and pyro-P were adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide by forming inner-sphere complexes. The adsorbed condensed phosphates were deprotonated in the pH range from 4 to 10. Monodentate, bidentate, and binuclear complexes were formed when pyro-P was adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide, while monodentate and binuclear complexes were formed when tripoly-P was adsorbed. Based on the FTIR data, we proposed that when either bidentate or binuclear complexes were formed, the two oxygen atoms participating in the complexation with aluminum hydroxide could not be originated from the same terminal phosphate moiety. The Al-O bond formed in the complexation of pyro-P or tripoly-P with aluminum hydroxide (&3bond; AlPO3-) was not as strong as the H-O bond in terminal HPO3-. The bridging PO2- of tripoly-P did not coordinate with aluminum hydroxide. The real-time ATR-FTIR study on condensed phosphate adsorption revealed that a long contact time between condensed phosphates and aluminum hydroxide particles can result in a transformation of an initially formed species into a thermodynamically more stable phase. (c) 2004 Published by Elsevier Inc.

Two model compounds, sodium pyrophosphate (pyro-P) and sodium tripolyphosphate (tripoly-P), were employed to elucidate the binding mechanisms of condensed phosphate on aluminum hydroxide by utilizing attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Peak assignments for the condensed phosphates in the solution phase and those adsorbed on the surface of aluminum hydroxide were made. Electron delocalization and polarization were employed to explain the peak shifts and the complexation of condensed phosphate with aluminum hydroxide. The tripoly-P and pyro-P were adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide by forming inner-sphere complexes. The adsorbed condensed phosphates were deprotonated in the pH range from 4 to 10. Monodentate, bidentate, and binuclear complexes were formed when pyro-P was adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide, while monodentate and binuclear complexes were formed when tripoly-P was adsorbed. Based on the FTIR data, we proposed that when either bidentate or binuclear complexes were formed, the two oxygen atoms participating in the complexation with aluminum hydroxide could not be originated from the same terminal phosphate moiety. The Al-O bond formed in the complexation of pyro-P or tripoly-P with aluminum hydroxide (&3bond; AlPO3-) was not as strong as the H-O bond in terminal HPO3-. The bridging PO2- of tripoly-P did not coordinate with aluminum hydroxide. The real-time ATR-FTIR study on condensed phosphate adsorption revealed that a long contact time between condensed phosphates and aluminum hydroxide particles can result in a transformation of an initially formed species into a thermodynamically more stable phase. (c) 2004 Published by Elsevier Inc.

Two model compounds, sodium pyrophosphate (pyro-P) and sodium tripolyphosphate (tripoly-P), were employed to elucidate the binding mechanisms of condensed phosphate on aluminum hydroxide by utilizing attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Peak assignments for the condensed phosphates in the solution phase and those adsorbed on the surface of aluminum hydroxide were made. Electron delocalization and polarization were employed to explain the peak shifts and the complexation of condensed phosphate with aluminum hydroxide. The tripoly-P and pyro-P were adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide by forming inner-sphere complexes. The adsorbed condensed phosphates were deprotonated in the pH range from 4 to 10. Monodentate, bidentate, and binuclear complexes were formed when pyro-P was adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide, while monodentate and binuclear complexes were formed when tripoly-P was adsorbed. Based on the FTIR data, we proposed that when either bidentate or binuclear complexes were formed, the two oxygen atoms participating in the complexation with aluminum hydroxide could not be originated from the same terminal phosphate moiety. The Al-O bond formed in the complexation of pyro-P or tripoly-P with aluminum hydroxide (&3bond; AlPO3-) was not as strong as the H-O bond in terminal HPO3-. The bridging PO2- of tripoly-P did not coordinate with aluminum hydroxide. The real-time ATR-FTIR study on condensed phosphate adsorption revealed that a long contact time between condensed phosphates and aluminum hydroxide particles can result in a transformation of an initially formed species into a thermodynamically more stable phase. (c) 2004 Published by Elsevier Inc.

Benzoate and salicylate were used as the model organic ligands and aluminium hydroxide as the metal hydroxide in this study to investigate the bonding of organic ligands to metal (hydr) oxide surfaces, which is useful for understanding the adsorption behaviour of NOM on metal (hydr) oxide. The ATR-FTIR study revealed that the ligands benzoate and salicylate coordinate directly with the surface of hydrous aluminium hydroxide, thereby forming inner-sphere surface complexes. It is concluded that when the initial pH is acidicor neutral, monodentate and bridging complexes are formed between benzoate and aluminium hydroxide while bridging complexes predominate when the initial pH is alkaline. Monodentate and bridging complexes are formed at pH 5 and precipitate and bridging complexes are demonstrated the variation of C 1s binding energy in the salicyate and phenol groups before and after adsorption. It indicated that the benzoate ligands are adsorbed through the complexation between carboxylate moieties and the aluminium hydroxide surface.However, carboxylate groups and Ph-OH groups are involved in the complexation reaction when salicylate is adsorbed onto aluminium hydroxide. The information offered by the XPS confirmed the findings obtained withATR-FTIR.

Benzoate and salicylate were used as the model organic ligands and aluminium hydroxide as the metal hydroxide in this study to investigate the bonding of organic ligands to metal (hydr) oxide surfaces, which is useful for understanding the adsorption behaviour of NOM on metal (hydr) oxide. The ATR-FTIR study revealed that the ligands benzoate and salicylate coordinate directly with the surface of hydrous aluminium hydroxide, thereby forming inner-sphere surface complexes. It is concluded that when the initial pH is acidicor neutral, monodentate and bridging complexes are formed between benzoate and aluminium hydroxide while bridging complexes predominate when the initial pH is alkaline. Monodentate and bridging complexes are formed at pH 5 and precipitate and bridging complexes are demonstrated the variation of C 1s binding energy in the salicyate and phenol groups before and after adsorption. It indicated that the benzoate ligands are adsorbed through the complexation between carboxylate moieties and the aluminium hydroxide surface.However, carboxylate groups and Ph-OH groups are involved in the complexation reaction when salicylate is adsorbed onto aluminium hydroxide. The information offered by the XPS confirmed the findings obtained withATR-FTIR.

Benzoate and salicylate were used as the model organic ligands and aluminium hydroxide as the metal hydroxide in this study to investigate the bonding of organic ligands to metal (hydr) oxide surfaces, which is useful for understanding the adsorption behaviour of NOM on metal (hydr) oxide. The ATR-FTIR study revealed that the ligands benzoate and salicylate coordinate directly with the surface of hydrous aluminium hydroxide, thereby forming inner-sphere surface complexes. It is concluded that when the initial pH is acidicor neutral, monodentate and bridging complexes are formed between benzoate and aluminium hydroxide while bridging complexes predominate when the initial pH is alkaline. Monodentate and bridging complexes are formed at pH 5 and precipitate and bridging complexes are demonstrated the variation of C 1s binding energy in the salicyate and phenol groups before and after adsorption. It indicated that the benzoate ligands are adsorbed through the complexation between carboxylate moieties and the aluminium hydroxide surface.However, carboxylate groups and Ph-OH groups are involved in the complexation reaction when salicylate is adsorbed onto aluminium hydroxide. The information offered by the XPS confirmed the findings obtained withATR-FTIR.

Anthropogenically induced exposures may, due to their adjuvant effect, promote development of sensitisation to commonly occurring aeroallergens. No generally accepted model exists for determination of adjuvant effect of airborne substances. Therefore, BALB/cJ mice were exposed for 10 consecutive days with ovalbumin (OVA) solution, 25 mg/l-10 g/l (0.0025-1%) for 20 min/day, with and without the Al(OH)(3) adjuvant (0.5%). Four days after the last aerosol exposure, no OVA specific IgE and only low IgG1 were produced. Subsequent parenteral OVA administration showed that the 10 g/l solution induced full tolerance of the IgE response, whereas only partial tolerance was apparent with 25 mg/l OVA. The Al(OH)(3) adjuvant counteracted development of tolerance that was fully prevented at the 25 mg/l OVA concentration. Development of IgG1 was increased in a concentration-dependent manner with 500 mg/l-10 g/l OVA. No increase occurred at the 25 mg/l level, but addition of Al(OH)(3) increased IgG1 production to the same level as the higher OVA concentrations. Concentrations from 1.25 mg/l to 10 g/l OVA were studied with ten exposures followed by once-weekly aerosol exposure for uptil 6 weeks. In the range from 1.25 mg/l to 10 g/l, IgE production was time- and concentration-dependent. Both the IgE and IgG1 production were markedly promoted by Al(OH)(3). However, with aerosol exposures, the IgE antibody productions were not sufficient to increase the level of inflammatory cells in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid. Overall, this study showed that airborne Al(OH)(3) was able to counteract tolerance and increase specific IgE and IgG1 production.

Anthropogenically induced exposures may, due to their adjuvant effect, promote development of sensitisation to commonly occurring aeroallergens. No generally accepted model exists for determination of adjuvant effect of airborne substances. Therefore, BALB/cJ mice were exposed for 10 consecutive days with ovalbumin (OVA) solution, 25 mg/l-10 g/l (0.0025-1%) for 20 min/day, with and without the Al(OH)(3) adjuvant (0.5%). Four days after the last aerosol exposure, no OVA specific IgE and only low IgG1 were produced. Subsequent parenteral OVA administration showed that the 10 g/l solution induced full tolerance of the IgE response, whereas only partial tolerance was apparent with 25 mg/l OVA. The Al(OH)(3) adjuvant counteracted development of tolerance that was fully prevented at the 25 mg/l OVA concentration. Development of IgG1 was increased in a concentration-dependent manner with 500 mg/l-10 g/l OVA. No increase occurred at the 25 mg/l level, but addition of Al(OH)(3) increased IgG1 production to the same level as the higher OVA concentrations. Concentrations from 1.25 mg/l to 10 g/l OVA were studied with ten exposures followed by once-weekly aerosol exposure for uptil 6 weeks. In the range from 1.25 mg/l to 10 g/l, IgE production was time- and concentration-dependent. Both the IgE and IgG1 production were markedly promoted by Al(OH)(3). However, with aerosol exposures, the IgE antibody productions were not sufficient to increase the level of inflammatory cells in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid. Overall, this study showed that airborne Al(OH)(3) was able to counteract tolerance and increase specific IgE and IgG1 production.

Although several in vivo antigenicity assays using parenteral immunization are operational, no full validated enteral models are available to study food allergy and allergenicity of food proteins. To further validate a developed enteral Brown Norway (BN) rat food allergy model, systemic and local immune-mediated reactions were studied upon oral challenges. The animals were exposed to ovalbumin (OVA) by daily gavage dosing (1 mg OVA/rat/day) for 6 weeks, without the use of an adjuvant, or by intraperitoneal injections with OVA together with AL(OH)3. Subsequently, effects on breathing frequency, blood pressure, and gastrointestinal permeability were investigated upon an oral challenge with 10 to 100 mg OVA in vivo. In both parenterally and orally sensitized rats, an increase in gut permeability (increased passage of β-lactoglobulin as bystander protein) was determined between 0.5 and 1 h after an oral OVA challenge was given. An oral challenge with OVA did not induce a clear effect on the respiratory system or blood pressure in the majority of the animals. However, some animals demonstrated a temporary decrease in breathing frequency or systolic blood pressure. Upon oral challenge with OVA of orally and parenterally sensitized animals, local effects were observed in all animals whereas systemic effects were observed at a low frequency, which reflects the situation in food allergic patients after an oral challenge. These studies show that the BN rat provides a suitable animal model to study oral sensitization to food proteins as well as immune-mediated effects after oral challenge with food proteins.

This report describes a new method for low temperature preparation of porous ceramic coatings. A reaction between aluminum oxide and phosphoric acid is used to bind particles together and control porosity. Porous ceramic coatings with pore contents ranging from 25 to 50% were prepared at processing temperatures as low at 300 deg C. The porosity in coatings prepared from dispersions containing alumina and phosphoric acid was controlled by the relative amount of acid and hence relative amount of aluminum phosphate reaction product. The addition of aluminum chloride to the dispersion led the formation of fine aluminum hydroxide precipitates which react with phosphoric acid at lower temperatures to form aluminum phosphate; these fine reaction products help to bind the alumina particles together without affecting the pore content. The success of this low temperature phosphate route leads to the possibility of other coating systems which use chemical reactions to promote bonding and control porosity.