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Leila Sharbatoghli,1 Hassan Hashemi,2 Alireza Mohamadi,3 Ebrahim Jafarzadehpur,3 Abbasali Yekta,4 Ali Mirzajani,3 Mehdi Khabazkhoob5 1Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran; 2Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran; 3Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; 4Refractive Errors Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; 5Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranCorrespondence: Ebrahim JafarzadehpurRehabilitation Research Center, Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranTel +98 21 88651515Fax +98 21 88651514Email jafarzadehpour.e@iums.ac.irPurpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of active vision therapy in adults with anisometropic amblyopia.Methods: In this study, 20 adults with anisometropic amblyopia aged from 17– 35 years old were treated for five sessions (one session per week) with vision therapy techniques which include accommodative rock, vergence rock, and saccadic training. Moreover, computerized vision therapy was performed by Optosys® software. Also, patients had been given a daily program for home training, including accommodative and vergence rock, and Optosys® software. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was measured before and after treatment.Results: Comparison of data using t-test showed that BCVA significantly improved after the vision therapy period. Initial BCVA (Log MAR) was 0.37± 0.04 (mean±standard deviation) which improved to 0.14± 0.03 after treatment. The correlation between initial BCVA and the amount of improvement showed that the worse the pre-treatment visual acuity was, the greater improvement that occurred

Farzaneh Dehghanian Nasrabadi,1 Hassan Hashemi,1 Mohammad Aghazadeh Amiri,2 Ghasem Fakhraie,3 Alireza Akbarzadeh Baghban,4 Ebrahim Jafarzadehpour,1 Abbasali Yekta,5 Mehdi Khabazkhoob6 1Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran; 2Department of Optometry, Faculty of Rehabilitation Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran; 3Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran; 4Proteomics Research Center, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran; 5Department of Optometry, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran; 6Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranCorrespondence: Mehdi KhabazkhoobDepartment of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranEmail khabazkhoob@yahoo.comPurpose: The aim of the present study was to investigate the change rate of astigmatism and axial, myopia, and hypermetropia in trabeculectomy and shunt surgery.Patients and Methods: In this comparative study, two groups of 16 patients with an average age of 52.4± 8.9 and 94.6± 6.7 respectively underwent trabeculectomy and shunt surgery. The changes of reactive error were compared before the surgery and 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after the surgery. Data from the two groups were analyzed via Friedman and Mann–Whitney tests.Results: Average of intraocular pressure (IOP) before, and 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after trabeculectomy is 31.31± 7.6, 9.8± 2.8, 10.5± 1.29, 10.9± 1.26 (P< 0.05) and shunt is 36.06± 10.32, 13.5± 3.3, 11.68± 2.21, 11.18± 1.27 (P< 0.05). Average astigmatism in trabeculectomy is − 1.00± 0.59, − 6.00± 1

Mohammad-Reza Sedaghat,1 Hamed Momeni-Moghaddam,2,3 AbbasAli Yekta,3–5 Ahmed Elsheikh,6–8 Mehdi Khabazkhoob,5,9 Renato Ambrósio Jr,10 Nasim Maddah,3 Zeynab Danesh3 1Eye Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; 2Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; 3Department of Optometry, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; 4Refractive Errors Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; 5Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran; 6School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; 7School of Biological Science and Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China; 8NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK; 9Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; 10Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilCorrespondence: Hamed Momeni-MoghaddamDepartment of Optometry, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Parastar 2 Str., Ahmadabad Blvd., Mashhad 9189754151, IranTel +98 511 9155337952Email hmomeni_opt@yahoo.comPurpose: To compare the biomechanically-corrected intraocular pressure (bIOP) measured by the Corvis ST (Oculus, Wetzlar, Germany) with IOP measurements made by other commonly used tonometers; and to test the correlations between IOP measures and central corneal thickness.Methods: One randomly-selected eye from each of 94 healthy subjects was assessed. The bIOP was determined by the CorVis ST and compared with the IOP measurements made by standard Goldmann Applanation Tonometer (GAT: Haag-Streit AG, Bern, Switzerland), the Icare (Icare Finland Oy, Vantaa, Finland), and the Ocular Respons

Purpose To investigate the frequency of convergence and accommodation anomalies in an optometric clinical setting in Mashhad, Iran, and to determine tests with highest accuracy in diagnosing these anomalies. Methods From 261 patients who came to the optometric clinics of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences during a month, 83 of them were included in the study based on the inclusion criteria. Near point of convergence (NPC), near and distance heterophoria, monocular and binocular accommodative facility (MAF and BAF, respectively), lag of accommodation, positive and negative fusional vergences (PFV and NFV, respectively), AC/A ratio, relative accommodation, and amplitude of accommodation (AA) were measured to diagnose the convergence and accommodation anomalies. The results were also compared between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. The accuracy of these tests was explored using sensitivity (S), specificity (Sp), and positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR+, LR−). Results Mean age of the patients was 21.3 ± 3.5 years and 14.5% of them had specific binocular and accommodative symptoms. Convergence and accommodative anomalies were found in 19.3% of the patients; accommodative excess (4.8%) and convergence insufficiency (3.6%) were the most common accommodative and convergence disorders, respectively. Symptomatic patients showed lower values for BAF (p = .003), MAF (p = .001), as well as AA (p = .001) compared with asymptomatic patients. Moreover, BAF (S = 75%, Sp = 62%) and MAF (S = 62%, Sp = 89%) were the most accurate tests for detecting accommodative and convergence disorders in terms of both sensitivity and specificity. Conclusions Convergence and accommodative anomalies are the most common binocular disorders in optometric patients. Including tests of monocular and binocular accommodative facility in routine eye examinations as accurate tests to diagnose these anomalies requires further investigation.

Purpose: Presence of neurophysiological abnormalities in dyslexia has been a conflicting issue. This study was performed to evaluate the role of sensory visual deficits in the pathogenesis of dyslexia. Methods: Pattern visual evoked potentials (PVEP) were recorded in 72 children including 36 children with dyslexia and 36 children without dyslexia (controls) who were matched for age, sex and intelligence. Two check sizes of 15 and 60 min of arc were used with temporal frequencies of 1.5 Hz for transient and 6 Hz for steady‑state methods. Results: Mean latency and amplitude values for 15 min arc and 60 min arc check sizes using steady state and transient methods showed no significant difference between the two study groups (P values: 0.139/0.481/0.356/0.062).Furthermore, no significant difference was observed between two methods of PVEPs in dyslexic and normal children using 60min arc with high contrast(Pvalues: 0.116, 0.402, 0.343 and 0.106). Conclusion: The sensitivity of PVEP has high validity to detect visual deficits in children with dyslexic problem. However, no significant difference was found between dyslexia and normal children using high contrast stimuli.

Purpose The present study aimed to review the effect of dehydration during Ramadan fasting on the health and ocular parameters leading to changes in eye function. Methods Articles included in the study were taken from PubMed, Ovid, Web of Science and Google Scholar up to 2014. Related articles were also obtained from scientific journals on fasting and vision system. Results Dehydration and nutrition changes in Ramadan cause an increase in tear osmolarity, ocular aberration, anterior chamber depth, IOL measurement, central corneal thickness, retinal and choroidal thicknesses, and also a decrease in IOP, tear secretion, and vitreous thickness. Conclusion Much research related to the effect of dehydration on ocular parameters during Ramadan fasting exists. The findings reveal association with significant changes on ocular parameters. Thus, it seems requisite to have a comprehensive study on "fasting and ocular parameters”, which will be helpful in making decisions and giving plan to the patients.

PURPOSE To determine the prevalence of refractive errors in Shiraz schoolchildren by age and gender. METHODS For this cross-sectional study, random cluster sampling was carried out from students of the 2008-2009 academic year. After the initial interview, ophthalmic examinations including tests of visual acuity, non-cycloplegic and cycloplegic refraction and binocular vision were performed. Myopia was defined as a spherical equivalent < or =-0.50 dioptre (D), hyperopia as > or =+2.0 D, and astigmatism as a cylinder refraction > or =0.75 D. All values for school grade and gender were directly standardized based on the total student population in the 2008-2009 school year. RESULTS A total of 2130 students were sampled, of which 1872 participated in the study (response rate = 87.88%). The prevalence of uncorrected, best-corrected, presenting and spectacle corrected visual acuity of 6/12 or worse in the better eye was 6.46%, 0%, 1.49% and 0.9%, respectively. The prevalence rates of myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism were 4.35% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.89-5.82%), 5.04% (95% CI: 3.50-6.58%), and 11.27% (95% CI: 9.81-12.74%), respectively. Anisometropia was detected in 2.58% of schoolchildren. The prevalence of hyperopia significantly decreased with age (P = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS Compared with other reported rates, the prevalence of myopia in the schoolchildren of Shiraz is similar to that in most places excluding East Asian countries, and that of hyperopia is in the mid range.

PURPOSE To determine the prevalence of amblyopia, anisometropia, and strabismus in schoolchildren of Shiraz, Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS A random cluster sampling was used in a cross-sectional study on schoolchildren in Shiraz. Cycloplegic refraction was performed in elementary and middle school children and high school students had non-cylcoplegic refraction. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were recorded for each participant. Anisometropia was defined as spherical equivalent (SE) refraction difference 1.00D or more between two eyes. Amblyopia was distinguished as a reduction of BCVA to 20/30 or less in one eye or 2-line interocular optotype acuity differences in the absence of pathological causes. Cover test was performed for investigating of strabismus. RESULTS Mean age of 2638 schoolchildren was 12.5 years (response rate = 86.06%). Prevalence of anisometropia was 2.31% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.45 to 3.16). 2.29% of schoolchildren (95% CI, 1.46 to 3.14) were amblyopic. The prevalence of amblyopia in boys and girls was 2.32% and 2.26%, respectively (p = 0.945). Anisometropic amblyopia was found in 58.1% of the amblyopic subjects. The strabismus prevalence was 2.02% (95% CI, 1.18 to 2.85). The prevalence of exotropia and esotropia was 1.30% and 0.59%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study showed that the prevalence of anisometropia, amblyopia, and strabismus are in the mid range. The etiology of amblyopia was often refractive, mostly astigmatic, and non-strabismic. Exotropia prevalence increased with age and was the most common strabismus type.