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Direct tracking of the structure and composition evolution at the solid-state electrolyte/electrode interface and properly addressing the interfacial issues are crucial for the performance improvement of solid-state lithium metal batteries (SSLMBs). In this study, we investigate the structure evolution of the interface between Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)(3) (LAGP) and the lithium anode using in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It is found that the reaction between lithium and pristine LAGP results in a continuous volume expansion and contact loss, even without applying voltage. To stabilize the interface, we construct a multi-layer solid electrolyte where the LAGP is coated with the polymer electrolyte (P-DOL), enabling the interface layer to maintain its pristine morphology throughout the lithiation process. In addition, P-DOL promotes the formation of rich LiF at the interface, inhibiting the electron transport and volume expansion of LAGP, as further confirmed by the cryo-TEM and simulation analysis. The effectiveness and cyclability of the unique multi-layer electrolyte are demonstrated in various cells, even under harsh testing conditions, such as a high rate (10 C), a high active material loading (11.7 mg cm(-2)), a wide voltage range (2.8-4.45 V), and temperatures ranged from -20 to 50 degrees C. By applying the same interfacial modification method, LLZTO-based (Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12) electrolytes with both high ionic conductivity and interfacial stability are also prepared. This work provides valuable guidance for investigations of contact reactions and failure mechanisms at solid-solid interfaces, ultimately facilitating the design of high-performance SSLMBs.

Different plant species within the grasses were parallel targets of domestication, giving rise to crops with distinct evolutionary histories and traits1. Key traits that distinguish these species are mediated by specialized cell types2. Here we compare the transcriptomes of root cells in three grass species-Zea mays, Sorghum bicolor and Setaria viridis. We show that single-cell and single-nucleus RNA sequencing provide complementary readouts of cell identity in dicots and monocots, warranting a combined analysis. Cell types were mapped across species to identify robust, orthologous marker genes. The comparative cellular analysis shows that the transcriptomes of some cell types diverged more rapidly than those of others-driven, in part, by recruitment of gene modules from other cell types. The data also show that a recent whole-genome duplication provides a rich source of new, highly localized gene expression domains that favour fast-evolving cell types. Together, the cell-by-cell comparative analysis shows how fine-scale cellular profiling can extract conserved modules from a pan transcriptome and provide insight on the evolution of cells that mediate key functions in crops.

The incorporation of functional building blocks to construct functionalized and highly porous covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) is essential to the emerging adsorptive-involved field. Herein, a series of amide functionalized CTFs (CTF-PO71) have been synthesized using a bottom-up strategy in which pigment PO71 with an amide group is employed as a monomer under ionothermal conditions with ZnCl2 as the solvent and catalyst. The pore structure can be controlled by the amount of ZnCl2 to monomer ratio. Benefitting from the highly porous structure and amide functionalities, CTF-PO71, as a sulfur cathode host, simultaneously demonstrates physical confinement and chemical anchoring of sulfur species, thus leading to superior capacity, cycling stability, and rate capability in comparison to unfunctionalized CTF. Meanwhile, as an adsorbent of organic dye molecules, CTF-PO71 was demonstrated to exhibit strong chemical interactions with dye molecules, facilitating adsorption kinetics and thereby promoting the adsorption rate and capacity. Furthermore, the dynamic adsorption experiments of organic dyes from solutions showed selectivity/priority of CTF-PO71s for specific dye molecules.