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[Resumen] En este artículo, partiendo de la idea de que todo autorretrato es un ‘otro-retrato’, se trata de analizar críticamente el obstinado rigor de la doble obediencia creativa plástico-escritural con la que Iberê Camargo construye, como affaire verbale et visuelle, no pocos de los numerosos autorretratos de su continuado, pero variado y versátil, ‘yo’. En este sentido, por un lado, procedemos a un análisis evaluativo de las especificidades y aportes del artista, reflejando su completa absorción de valores literarios. Por otro lado, además de disertar sobre la cuestión de la representación ‘auto-bio-gráfica’ y de la pensée subjetiva con transitivas palabras e imágenes, procuramos leer —esto es, distantes de cualquier inmaculada concepción, interpretar—, entre otros, dos de los más emblemáticos y paradigmáticos libros de su singular producción literaria: los autorretratos figurados y/o ‘otro-retratos’ letrados No andar do tempo (1988) y Gaveta dos guardados (2009), [Abstract] In this article, based on the idea that all self-portrait is an ‘other-portrait’, we will critically analyze the tenacious accuracy of double creative obedience both in plastic and written form with that Iberê Camargo builds, as an affaire verbale et visuelle, not few of many self-portraits of his sustained, but diverse and versatile, ‘self’. In this sense, on the one hand, we carry out an evaluative analysis of the specificities and the contributions of the artist, reflecting his complete assimilation of literary values. On the other hand, besides debating the issue about his ‘auto-bio-graphical’ representation and his subjective pensée with transitive words and images, we will seek to read — far from any immaculate conception, analyze —, among others, two of the most representative and paradigmatic books of his singular literary work: the figured selfportraits and/or lettered ‘other-portraits’ No andar do tempo (1988) and Gaveta dos guardados (2009).

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the intruder chresmologe’s scene by Birds (960-996), by reconsidering the worth of Old Comedy as a source for historical inquiry. This interpretation focuses on the oracular practice as technology, as written production, based on religious authority. In this way, two fields, like Old Comedy and Greek divination, are analyzed together, a relation not usually developed in Classical Studies. Moreover, with the aim of showing the critical situation of the oracular institution during the Peloponnesian War, I reconstruct other perspectives about the same phenomena from other authors, like Thucydides or Demosthenes. So, it enables us to understand not only the «comic» representation of divination, but also the oracular practice as a specific technology and how it can be manipulated., Este artículo se propone analizar la escena del cresmólogo intruso en Aves, revalorizando la comedia aristofánica como fuente de conocimiento histórico. Este análisis se centra en la práctica oracular como una técnica de producción escrita vinculada a la autoridad religiosa. De esta manera, se exploran dos campos de estudios, como la comedia antigua y la adivinación griega, cuyo vínculo no ha sido explorado en profundidad. Para dar cuenta del momento crítico de la institución oracular durante la Guerra del Peloponeso, se reconstruyen perspectivas sobre dicho fenómeno en otras fuentes como Tucídides o Demóstenes. Esto no solo ofrece una mirada «cómica» sobre la adivinación, sino que también permite comprender la práctica oracular como técnica y, en consecuencia, qué elementos de su funcionamiento podían ser manipulados.

The aim of this study is to find out the advantages and the challenges of utilizing video feedback for ELT teachers and EFL learners in the course of writing lessons. Qualitative case study was applied as the study design to gather and evaluate the data from the teachers and the learners participated in the study. The department of foreign languages of a university in Turkey was chosen to carry out the research that started at the beginning of the 2014-2015 academic year and application and gathering data procedure was completed in 5 months. Semi-structured in-depth focus group interviews with the participants were designated to achieve the purpose of the research. All 3 lecturers and 40 learners participated in the interviews that were carried out in private with the researchers. The whole data set was analyzed through the implementation of independent coding and thematic analysis approach. The results of the study show that advantages of using video feedback for writing skills have precedence over its challenges. The accessibility of feedback, user friendly nature of the software and the chance to integrate technology with teaching were the reported benefits of video feedback. On the other hand, the expectation of instant feedback that might become a burden for teachers was listed as the disadvantage of video feedback. Giving video feedback to learners is advantageous for both teachers and learners. Even though learners

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the intruder chresmologe’s scene by Birds (960-996), by reconsidering the worth of Old Comedy as a source for historical inquiry. This interpretation focuses on the oracular practice as technology, as written production, based on religious authority. In this way, two fields, like Old Comedy and Greek divination, are analyzed together, a relation not usually developed in Classical Studies. Moreover, with the aim of showing the critical situation of the oracular institution during the Peloponnesian War, I reconstruct other perspectives about the same phenomena from other authors, like Thucydides or Demosthenes. So, it enables us to understand not only the «comic» representation of divination, but also the oracular practice as a specific technology and how it can be manipulated., Este artículo se propone analizar la escena del cresmólogo intruso en Aves, revalorizando la comedia aristofánica como fuente de conocimiento histórico. Este análisis se centra en la práctica oracular como una técnica de producción escrita vinculada a la autoridad religiosa. De esta manera, se exploran dos campos de estudios, como la comedia antigua y la adivinación griega, cuyo vínculo no ha sido explorado en profundidad. Para dar cuenta del momento crítico de la institución oracular durante la Guerra del Peloponeso, se reconstruyen perspectivas sobre dicho fenómeno en otras fuentes como Tucídides o Demóstenes. Esto no solo ofrece una mirada «cómica» sobre la adivinación, sino que también permite comprender la práctica oracular como técnica y, en consecuencia, qué elementos de su funcionamiento podían ser manipulados.

The aim of this study is to find out the advantages and the challenges of utilizing video feedback for ELT teachers and EFL learners in the course of writing lessons. Qualitative case study was applied as the study design to gather and evaluate the data from the teachers and the learners participated in the study. The department of foreign languages of a university in Turkey was chosen to carry out the research that started at the beginning of the 2014-2015 academic year and application and gathering data procedure was completed in 5 months. Semi-structured in-depth focus group interviews with the participants were designated to achieve the purpose of the research. All 3 lecturers and 40 learners participated in the interviews that were carried out in private with the researchers. The whole data set was analyzed through the implementation of independent coding and thematic analysis approach. The results of the study show that advantages of using video feedback for writing skills have precedence over its challenges. The accessibility of feedback, user friendly nature of the software and the chance to integrate technology with teaching were the reported benefits of video feedback. On the other hand, the expectation of instant feedback that might become a burden for teachers was listed as the disadvantage of video feedback. Giving video feedback to learners is advantageous for both teachers and learners. Even though learners

The aim of this study is to find out the advantages and the challenges of utilizing video feedback for ELT teachers and EFL learners in the course of writing lessons. Qualitative case study was applied as the study design to gather and evaluate the data from the teachers and the learners participated in the study. The department of foreign languages of a university in Turkey was chosen to carry out the research that started at the beginning of the 2014-2015 academic year and application and gathering data procedure was completed in 5 months. Semi-structured in-depth focus group interviews with the participants were designated to achieve the purpose of the research. All 3 lecturers and 40 learners participated in the interviews that were carried out in private with the researchers. The whole data set was analyzed through the implementation of independent coding and thematic analysis approach. The results of the study show that advantages of using video feedback for writing skills have precedence over its challenges. The accessibility of feedback, user friendly nature of the software and the chance to integrate technology with teaching were the reported benefits of video feedback. On the other hand, the expectation of instant feedback that might become a burden for teachers was listed as the disadvantage of video feedback. Giving video feedback to learners is advantageous for both teachers and learners. Even though learners

Body Acts Queer is an exploration of the performative and ideological functions of clothes with regard to gender, feminism and queer. It is an artistic, practice-based thesis in the field of fashion and design. The thesis includes three projects: On & Off, If you were a girl I would love you even more and The Club Scene. In these projects I, using text and bodies, work with acts in which clothes have a fundamental role. By exploring bodily experiences of clothes, I investigate the clothes’ performative and ideological functions, with a focus on cultural, social and heteronormative structures. Working with clothing and fashion design from a queer feminist perspective, I transform queer and feminist theory into a creative process. The projects presented in this thesis, together with the discussion, suggest a change in the ways in which bodies act, are perceived and are produced within the fashion field, giving examples of how a queer design practice can be performed. In this thesis, queer design is explored as an inclusive term, containing ideas about clothes and language, the meeting point between fiction and reality and the ability to interpretation and bodily transformations – where desire, bodily experiences and interaction create a change.

This article compares Elsa Morante’s with Anna Maria Ortese’s short stories. There are several reasons why Morante and Ortese can be juxtaposed. In both cases, the content of their short stories became a significant part of their novels. Morante’s early short stories can be considered as preliminary to her later output; Ortese re-used many situations and characters of her short stories in her novels. A visionary element is evident in both authors, whose stories often take place outside common reality, even though they deal with realistic situations. Their narrations develop in real places, though filled with unrealistic details and atmospheres. They wanted to free the imagination and find an innovative balance between reality and fiction. Another common element is the love and care for humble and harmless creatures, that are numerous in their writings. Besides, both authors were self-educated, and often pointed out their atypical condition. They had the same problems to affirm their personality in a male, chauvinist milieu. For Morante and Ortese, writing was a practice of self-knowledge and a way of investigating the world., Lo studio accosta la prima produzione di Elsa Morante, rappresentata dalla narrativa breve, alla narrativa breve di Anna Maria Ortese. Diverse sono le ragioni per le quali Morante e Ortese possono essere accostate: i contenuti dei loro racconti nutrono i romanzi, i racconti giovanili di Morante possono infatti essere considerati precursori della produzione che seguirà; nella produzione di Ortese molte situazioni e diversi personaggi si riversano dalla produzione breve nei romanzi. Entrambe si caratterizzano per la loro visionarietà e i loro racconti si pongono fuori dal reale per occuparsi del reale; all’interno di storie ambientate in luoghi reali che sfumano in atmosfere senza luogo e senza tempo si svolgono le vicende da loro narrate: lo sforzo di entrambe è di avallare l’immaginario, di trovare un equilibrio tra realtà e finzione. L’affetto e la premura verso gli umili e gli indifesi, siano essi esseri umani o animali, e i riferimenti al mondo animale sono presenti sempre nei loro scritti. Entrambe sono autodidatte e amano rimarcare questa loro atipicità, alla quale si aggiungono le difficoltà che tutte le donne incontrano nell’affermarsi nel mondo. Infine, per Morante e Ortese la scrittura è considerata una pratica di conoscenza di sé e del mondo ed è l’occasione per perlustrare il proprio itinerario interiore.

This article compares Elsa Morante’s with Anna Maria Ortese’s short stories. There are several reasons why Morante and Ortese can be juxtaposed. In both cases, the content of their short stories became a significant part of their novels. Morante’s early short stories can be considered as preliminary to her later output; Ortese re-used many situations and characters of her short stories in her novels. A visionary element is evident in both authors, whose stories often take place outside common reality, even though they deal with realistic situations. Their narrations develop in real places, though filled with unrealistic details and atmospheres. They wanted to free the imagination and find an innovative balance between reality and fiction. Another common element is the love and care for humble and harmless creatures, that are numerous in their writings. Besides, both authors were self-educated, and often pointed out their atypical condition. They had the same problems to affirm their personality in a male, chauvinist milieu. For Morante and Ortese, writing was a practice of self-knowledge and a way of investigating the world., Lo studio accosta la prima produzione di Elsa Morante, rappresentata dalla narrativa breve, alla narrativa breve di Anna Maria Ortese. Diverse sono le ragioni per le quali Morante e Ortese possono essere accostate: i contenuti dei loro racconti nutrono i romanzi, i racconti giovanili di Morante possono infatti essere considerati precursori della produzione che seguirà; nella produzione di Ortese molte situazioni e diversi personaggi si riversano dalla produzione breve nei romanzi. Entrambe si caratterizzano per la loro visionarietà e i loro racconti si pongono fuori dal reale per occuparsi del reale; all’interno di storie ambientate in luoghi reali che sfumano in atmosfere senza luogo e senza tempo si svolgono le vicende da loro narrate: lo sforzo di entrambe è di avallare l’immaginario, di trovare un equilibrio tra realtà e finzione. L’affetto e la premura verso gli umili e gli indifesi, siano essi esseri umani o animali, e i riferimenti al mondo animale sono presenti sempre nei loro scritti. Entrambe sono autodidatte e amano rimarcare questa loro atipicità, alla quale si aggiungono le difficoltà che tutte le donne incontrano nell’affermarsi nel mondo. Infine, per Morante e Ortese la scrittura è considerata una pratica di conoscenza di sé e del mondo ed è l’occasione per perlustrare il proprio itinerario interiore.

Body Acts Queer is an exploration of the performative and ideological functions of clothes with regard to gender, feminism and queer. It is an artistic, practice-based thesis in the field of fashion and design. The thesis includes three projects: On & Off, If you were a girl I would love you even more and The Club Scene. In these projects I, using text and bodies, work with acts in which clothes have a fundamental role. By exploring bodily experiences of clothes, I investigate the clothes’ performative and ideological functions, with a focus on cultural, social and heteronormative structures. Working with clothing and fashion design from a queer feminist perspective, I transform queer and feminist theory into a creative process. The projects presented in this thesis, together with the discussion, suggest a change in the ways in which bodies act, are perceived and are produced within the fashion field, giving examples of how a queer design practice can be performed. In this thesis, queer design is explored as an inclusive term, containing ideas about clothes and language, the meeting point between fiction and reality and the ability to interpretation and bodily transformations – where desire, bodily experiences and interaction create a change.

The present paper is a pilot study focusing the common difficulties that either Mandarin or Cantonese speakers present on writing Portuguese. The observed problems are an obstacle on the accurate learning of European Portuguese and are related with the Portuguese minimal pairs [p]/[b]; [t]/[d]; [k]/[g]  that are often misunderstood. Those specific examples the use of [p] instead of [b] may create a new word but also a different meaning, as example:  (small boat) instead of  (big vase), or  (not existing) instead of  (receive). Works of 25 students were selected and 43 occurrences analyzed. Recognizing the limitations of the present research the results show that the prevalent confusion is with the pair [t]/[d] when in CCV context. The study (although recognizing its limitation) should be seen as approaches and reflections that must be deeply studied and data being important to Second Language Teachers and researchers.

The present paper is a pilot study focusing the common difficulties that either Mandarin or Cantonese speakers present on writing Portuguese. The observed problems are an obstacle on the accurate learning of European Portuguese and are related with the Portuguese minimal pairs [p]/[b]; [t]/[d]; [k]/[g]  that are often misunderstood. Those specific examples the use of [p] instead of [b] may create a new word but also a different meaning, as example:  (small boat) instead of  (big vase), or  (not existing) instead of  (receive). Works of 25 students were selected and 43 occurrences analyzed. Recognizing the limitations of the present research the results show that the prevalent confusion is with the pair [t]/[d] when in CCV context. The study (although recognizing its limitation) should be seen as approaches and reflections that must be deeply studied and data being important to Second Language Teachers and researchers.

This article shows the autonomous learning experience of university students in a subject of Political Science belonging to European Higher Education Area. The teaching tool applied in this experience is the portfolio based on reflective readings and writings. Consequently, I analyze the discourses of ten student portfolios, in which the autonomous learning is showed. In this case, the autonomous learning involves a teaching-learning process focused on the development of reflective writings by students. So, the students are formed in the discursive practices of Political Science through key reflective readings that, in turn, allow them to build their knowledge., Este artículo muestra la experiencia de aprendizaje autónomo de estudiantes universitarios en una asignatura de Ciencia Política perteneciente al Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior (EEES). El portafolio basado en lecturas y escritos reflexivos es la herramienta docente aplicada en dicha experiencia. Por ello, se analizan los discursos de los portafolios de diez alumnos en los que se evidencian sus diversos aprendizajes autónomos. Tales aprendizajes se desarrollan en un proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje enfocado hacia la elaboración de escritos reflexivos por los estudiantes. Así, estos últimos son formados en las prácticas discursivas de la Ciencia Política a través de lecturas de reflexión claves que, a su vez, permiten a los estudiantes construir sus conocimientos.

Transparency is a constant feature in Ramón Gaya’s work. But it is not just an idea that, in the shape of glass vases, mugs, cans or mirrors, is repeated in his paintings with an unusual insistence. It means also the effort to make his writing a clear way to communicate his thought on art. A complete strategy is then delineated by the artist, who invites us to consider his work as a deep and complex reflection, deliberately hidden behind its apparent simplicity, through a realism that, far from showing us what is on the picture, arises the question on the relationship of art towards nature, life and towards the individual artist himself as a creator., La transparencia es una constante en la obra de Ramón Gaya. Pero no se trata sólo de una idea que bajo la forma del cristal, a partir de vasos, jarras, recipientes o espejos, se repite con inusitada fijeza en sus pinturas, sino también del empeño por hacer de su escritura una vía límpida de comunicar su pensamiento sobre el arte. Se perfila así toda una estrategia por parte del artista que nos invita a valorar su obra como una profunda y compleja reflexión, intencionalmente disimulada tras su apariencia de simplicidad, en torno a un realismo que, lejos de mostrarnos lo que está en el cuadro, nos interroga sobre las relaciones del arte con la naturaleza, con la vida y con el propio individuo, artista creador.

Postprint (published version)

Transparency is a constant feature in Ramón Gaya’s work. But it is not just an idea that, in the shape of glass vases, mugs, cans or mirrors, is repeated in his paintings with an unusual insistence. It means also the effort to make his writing a clear way to communicate his thought on art. A complete strategy is then delineated by the artist, who invites us to consider his work as a deep and complex reflection, deliberately hidden behind its apparent simplicity, through a realism that, far from showing us what is on the picture, arises the question on the relationship of art towards nature, life and towards the individual artist himself as a creator., La transparencia es una constante en la obra de Ramón Gaya. Pero no se trata sólo de una idea que bajo la forma del cristal, a partir de vasos, jarras, recipientes o espejos, se repite con inusitada fijeza en sus pinturas, sino también del empeño por hacer de su escritura una vía límpida de comunicar su pensamiento sobre el arte. Se perfila así toda una estrategia por parte del artista que nos invita a valorar su obra como una profunda y compleja reflexión, intencionalmente disimulada tras su apariencia de simplicidad, en torno a un realismo que, lejos de mostrarnos lo que está en el cuadro, nos interroga sobre las relaciones del arte con la naturaleza, con la vida y con el propio individuo, artista creador.

This article shows the autonomous learning experience of university students in a subject of Political Science belonging to European Higher Education Area. The teaching tool applied in this experience is the portfolio based on reflective readings and writings. Consequently, I analyze the discourses of ten student portfolios, in which the autonomous learning is showed. In this case, the autonomous learning involves a teaching-learning process focused on the development of reflective writings by students. So, the students are formed in the discursive practices of Political Science through key reflective readings that, in turn, allow them to build their knowledge., Este artículo muestra la experiencia de aprendizaje autónomo de estudiantes universitarios en una asignatura de Ciencia Política perteneciente al Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior (EEES). El portafolio basado en lecturas y escritos reflexivos es la herramienta docente aplicada en dicha experiencia. Por ello, se analizan los discursos de los portafolios de diez alumnos en los que se evidencian sus diversos aprendizajes autónomos. Tales aprendizajes se desarrollan en un proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje enfocado hacia la elaboración de escritos reflexivos por los estudiantes. Así, estos últimos son formados en las prácticas discursivas de la Ciencia Política a través de lecturas de reflexión claves que, a su vez, permiten a los estudiantes construir sus conocimientos.

This course, along with 21G.107 / 21G.157 Chinese I (Streamlined) offered in the previous fall, form the elementary level of the streamlined sequence, which is intended for students who, when they began the sequence at beginning level, had basic conversational skills (gained, typically, from growing up in a Chinese speaking environment), but lacked a corresponding level of literacy. The focus of the course is on learning standard usage of expressions for everyday use, on reading in both traditional and simplified characters, and on writing.

This course, along with 21G.107 / 21G.157 Chinese I (Streamlined) offered in the previous fall, form the elementary level of the streamlined sequence, which is intended for students who, when they began the sequence at beginning level, had basic conversational skills (gained, typically, from growing up in a Chinese speaking environment), but lacked a corresponding level of literacy. The focus of the course is on learning standard usage of expressions for everyday use, on reading in both traditional and simplified characters, and on writing.

This regulation on the preparation and management of Army correspondence has been revised. This revision establishes three forms of correspondence authorized for use within the Army, a letter, a memorandum, and a message, in support of the Army Effective Writing Program.

This thesis identifies and compares the benefits and costs of the policy requiring master's degree candidates at NPS to complete a thesis. It uses fiscal year 2000 data. The goal is to evaluate the existing policy to determine if the economic benefit of requiring a thesis is greater than the economic cost. The direct benefit of the thesis requirement is the increased productivity of officers due to having completed a thesis. Indirect benefits are found in the valuable research provided by many theses to the DoD. The most prominent cost of the thesis requirement is the opportunity cost of the student's time necessary to stay at NPS, and therefore out of the Fleet, in order to write a thesis. This thesis estimates that the costs of the thesis requirement were approximately $ 19.8 million in FY2OOO. The indirect benefits of research completed by thesis students were between $8.3 million and $18.4 million. The direct benefits, in terms of its educational value, could not be quantified. Therefore, this report recommends that, until the direct benefits can be accurately quantified and monetized, the current requirement for thesis work remain as a condition for graduation from NPS. Training and Education, Manpower Policy, Cost-Benefit Analysis

Theology News & Notes was a theological journal published for Fuller Theological Seminary alumni/ae from 1954 through 2014. The digital scans of Theology News & Notes were made possible by Fuller Studio and the Fuller Seminary Archives.

This thesis proposes that the United States should have a national economic strategy (NES) document to provide direction for the many policymakers who implement the economic instrument of power. With the end of the Cold War, the United States faces a complex global security environment and must deal with numerous threats to its national interests. Decreasing relative military power implies that the United States will have to rely more on other instruments of power to attain its national security goals. This paper examines the current global security environment and the important role of economic power in the world economy. With this background, this study analyzes the effectiveness of the Marshall Plan as a written national economic strategy. It also examines how Japan successfully formulates and implements its domestic and international economic strategies. The thesis investigates the purpose, process, and products of U.S. national military strategy to determine if parallel economic strategy development is feasible. Finally, this paper identifies the ends, ways, and means of economic strategy that support and sustain national security strategy. It concludes with a recommendation for reorganizing U.S. economic policymaking agencies to formulate and implement the NES.

This is a year long in-depth, longitudinal case study of Noa, a six-year-old female in a bilingual first grade class which documents and analyzes her literacy development in a multilingual setting. Data collection for the study includes: written artifacts, anecdotal records, informal interviews with Noa, formal interviews with Noa's teachers, and videotapes. The research questions and their answers are summarized as: (1) What types of written genres does Noa develop? Noa developed 25 different written genres. The genres were categorized according to the distinction between language as an end in itself and language as a means toward an end, based on Halliday's ideas of learning about language and learning through language. (2) How does Noa use Hebrew, English and Spanish in her writing development? English was Noa's predominant written language. Only 10% of Noa's writings were written in languages other than English. (3) How does Noa use technology in her literacy development? Noa used the computer for two main reasons: as a stylistic device and as an ownership device. (4) What kind of questions does Noa ask about language learning? Noa wondered aloud about language intensively during the duration of the study. (5) What types of tensions influence Noa's writings? Three types of tensions were documented: Language learning: between invention and convention. The genres categorized as language as an end in itself did not show any development throughout the year. In the genres categorized as language as a means toward an end, the tension between inventions and conventions were obvious and gave a clear sense of Noa's literacy development. Settings: between home and school. The settings in which Noa wrote impacted her writings. All of the genres related to language as an end in itself were explored in the school setting only. Important relations between Noa's writing experiences at home and in the school were discussed. Editing: between teacher centered and student centered

Direct e-beam writing technique (DEW) was used for preparation of an RSFQ RS Flip-Flop on YBCO thin film operating at 26 K. The most important unique features of the DEW technique instrumental for successful operation of RSFQ circuits are: (1) tunability of the critical temperature Tc (and hence the critical current I sub c at an operating temperature) (2) simplicity of the in-plane two-dimensional design combined with the freedom in the arrangement of the junctions. jg p.3, Original contains color plates: All DTIC/NTIS reproductions will be in black and white.

This report summarizes representative literature in second language acquisition and learning. Writings by the major theorists and researchers were abstracted. These writings were categorized by topic: Testing/Evaluation, Feedback, Interlanguage, General Language Research Issues, Instruction vs. Natural Learning, Acquisition/Order and Acquisition, Personal Factors, Attrition, Strategies and Styles of Learning, Theory, and Computerized Learning. Summaries of the articles are provided. Second language acquisition, Retention, Foreign language, Language. Interlanguage

Organically modified ceramics (ORMOCERs) have been prepared with respect to optical applications. The investigations show that materials can be synthesized with interesting properties for a variety of potential applications. They can be used as hard coatings for the protection of optical polymers, e.g. CR 39 or fluorescent dye containing PMMA. The incorporation of dyes leads to active optical matrices, e.g. fluorescent coatings and the introduction of components with high refractive increments to refractive index numbers nD < or = 1.68. For microoptic applications, materials suitable for photolithographic patterning or direct laser writing have been developed., This articles is from 'Sol-Gel Optics: Proceedings SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering Held in San Diego, California on 11-13 July 1990. Volume 1328, AD-A249 986, p249 -257.

Organizations in both public and private sectors are expected to manage their work assignments with greater efficiency and at less cost every year. To accomplish this goal today and maintain the diversity, flexibility, and strategies needed to survive require a conscious planning by management and publications offices to meet the varying communication needs which ensure continued growth. Four separate investigations were made in this study to understand communication needs of program managers. The results of these investigations have been integrated into the overall communications study. Findings for each investigation are analyzed separately and collectively. Discussions and recommendations are incorporated into a separate program managers handbook volume because it proved to be the most useful method of presenting the total study results. This study was conducted at the Naval Missile Center, Point Mugu, California. It concerns the continuous flow of various types of official formal communications by publications offices and the development of methods to meet immediate and long-term needs of managers.

This study explored the construction of written language knowledge as evidenced by the changes in forty-seven preschool children's autographs. Throughout the school year children were asked to "write your name and draw a picture of yourself." The resulting name writing samples indicated that changes in children's autographs were not idiosyncratic but identifiable transitions in a cognitive constructive process as children gradually attempted to make sense out of written language by writing their names. Transitions identified in children's autographs included: graphic actions (scribbling); random graphemes dispersed within drawing; spatial differentiation between writing and drawing; zigzag lines; zigzag lines with graphemes; linear and eventually horizontal, discrete, letterlike strings; reduced number of graphemes; increasing number of pertinent letters in and/or out of order; appropriate number of placeholders and pertinent letters; recognizable letters; and, eventually conventional signatures. As children's autographs evolved over time they provided evidence that children construct knowledge about written language much as Piaget and others have suggested young children construct logico-mathematical knowledge; not by using adult logic but by trying to make sense of and understand written language. Conventional or even recognizable autographs did not suddenly appear or result from the copying of models. Rather, autographs evolved over time as children devised strategies and followed intuitive rules while solving the problem of distinguishing writing from drawing, generating the culturally significant actions involved in writing, discovering the distinctive orthographic features of letters, and eventually controlling the orthographic conventions of name writing. In addition to providing evidence for name writing as a constructive process, this study also presented information indicating that initially, name writing is ideographic and is not based on knowledge of let