Search

The impacts of microsporidia on host individuals are frequently subtle and can be context dependent. A key example of the latter comes from a recently discovered microsporidian symbiont of Daphnia, the net impact of which was found to shift from negative to positive based on environmental context. Given this, we hypothesized low baseline virulence of the microsporidian; here, we investigated the impact of infection on hosts in controlled conditions and the absence of other stressors. We also investigated its phylogenetic position, ecology, and host range. The genetic data indicate that the symbiont is Ordospora pajunii, a newly described microsporidian parasite of Daphnia. We show that O. pajunii infection damages the gut, causing infected epithelial cells to lose microvilli and then rupture. The prevalence of this microsporidian could be high (up to 100% in the lab and 77% of adults in the field). Its overall virulence was low in most cases, but some genotypes suffered reduced survival and/or reproduction. Susceptibility and virulence were strongly host-genotype dependent. We found that North American O. pajunii were able to infect multiple Daphnia species, including the European species Daphnia longispina, as well as Ceriodaphnia spp. Given the low, often undetectable virulence of this microsporidian and potentially far-reaching consequences of infections for the host when interacting with other pathogens or food, this Daphnia-O. pajunii symbiosis emerges as a valuable system for studying the mechanisms of context-dependent shifts between mutualism and parasitism, as well as for understanding how symbionts might alter host interactions with resources.ImportanceThe net outcome of symbiosis depends on the costs and benefits to each partner. Those can be context dependent, driving the potential for an interaction to change between parasitism and mutualism. Understanding the baseline fitness impact in an interaction can help us understand those shifts; for an organism

Mid-Air Helicopter Delivery (MAHD) is a new Entry, Descent and Landing (EDL) architecture to enable in situ mobility for Mars science at lower cost than previous missions. It uses a jetpack to slow down a Mars Science Helicopter (MSH) after separation from the backshell, and reach aerodynamic conditions suitable for helicopter take-off in mid air. For given aeroshell dimensions, only MAHD's lander-free approach leaves enough room in the aeroshell to accommodate the largest rotor option for MSH. This drastically improves flight performance, notably allowing +150% increased science payload mass. Compared to heritage EDL approaches, the simpler MAHD architecture is also likely to reduce cost, and enables access to more hazardous and higher-elevation terrains on Mars. This paper introduces a design for the MAHD system architecture and operations. We present a mechanical configuration that fits both MSH and the jetpack within the 2.65-m Mars heritage aeroshell, and a jetpack control architecture which fully leverages the available helicopter avionics. We discuss preliminary numerical models of the flow dynamics resulting from the interaction between the jets, the rotors and the side winds. We define a force-torque sensing architecture capable of handling the wind and trimming the rotors to prepare for safe take-off. Finally, we analyze the dynamic environment and closed-loop control simulation results to demonstrate the preliminary feasibility of MAHD.

Human untargeted metabolomics studies annotate only ~10% of molecular features. We introduce reference-data-driven analysis to match metabolomics tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) data against metadata-annotated source data as a pseudo-MS/MS reference library. Applying this approach to food source data, we show that it increases MS/MS spectral usage 5.1-fold over conventional structural MS/MS library matches and allows empirical assessment of dietary patterns from untargeted data.

I researched differential mortality among three ethnicities and sexes in Southeastern North Carolina. I identified 13 graveyards and cemeteries with one of the three racial demographics: Native American, Black American or White American. One graveyard was Native American, 4 graveyards were White American and 8 graveyards were Black American. I pooled data from graveyards of the same ethnicity. I analyzed 145 graves in each ethnicity category for a total of 435 observations. I took birth year, death year, and sex from tombstones. I computed age at death by subtraction. I subset the 435 observations into an Immature dataset (individuals of age<5) of 58 observations and an Adult data set of 377 observations. Age at death in Immature individuals was random with no pattern by sex or ethnicity. Adult age at death differed significantly by sex, as females lived longer than males regardless of ethnicity. Adult White Americans lived significantly longer than their Native American counterparts. Black Americans died at intermediate ages that were not statistically different from either White or Native Americans. I suggest several improvements in the research design that would produce better data.

Canine appendicular osteosarcoma is commonly treated with limb amputation; however, limb-sparing options are frequently desired or necessary for a subset of patients. We evaluated 123 patients and 130 sites treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). Eighty-two out of 98 dogs (84%) had maximum lameness improvement at a median of 3 weeks for a median of 6 months duration. Histopathologic evaluation of available samples from amputation or necropsy revealed >80% tumor necrosis in 50% of limbs consistent with local disease control. Of evaluable patients, 41% fractured and 21% pursued an amputation after treatment. Fine needle aspirate (n = 52) and needle core biopsy (n = 28) did not result in increased fracture risk compared to those without tumor sampling (n = 50). Median survival time (MST) was 233 days and time to first event was 143 days. Gross tumor volume and planned target volume were significantly inversely associated with survival and tumor location was significantly associated with survival. Dogs with salvage amputation had a significantly longer MST compared to those without (346 vs 202 days; P = .04). The presence of metastatic disease at the time of treatment in 15 dogs did not significantly impact survival time (200 vs 237 days without metastasis; P = .58). Skin side effects correlated significantly with dose with 33% of patients with acute grade 3 effects developing consequential late grade 3 effects. While SBRT improves lameness in most patients, further investigation is needed to identify candidates with minimal early fracture risk prior to initiating therapy.

Diet and host phylogeny drive the taxonomic and functional contents of the gut microbiome in mammals, yet it is unknown whether these patterns hold across all vertebrate lineages. Here, we assessed gut microbiomes from ∼900 vertebrate species, including 315 mammals and 491 birds, assessing contributions of diet, phylogeny, and physiology to structuring gut microbiomes. In most nonflying mammals, strong correlations exist between microbial community similarity, host diet, and host phylogenetic distance up to the host order level. In birds, by contrast, gut microbiomes are only very weakly correlated to diet or host phylogeny. Furthermore, while most microbes resident in mammalian guts are present in only a restricted taxonomic range of hosts, most microbes recovered from birds show little evidence of host specificity. Notably, among the mammals, bats host especially bird-like gut microbiomes, with little evidence for correlation to host diet or phylogeny. This suggests that host-gut microbiome phylosymbiosis depends on factors convergently absent in birds and bats, potentially associated with physiological adaptations to flight. Our findings expose major variations in the behavior of these important symbioses in endothermic vertebrates and may signal fundamental evolutionary shifts in the cost/benefit framework of the gut microbiome.IMPORTANCE In this comprehensive survey of microbiomes of >900 species, including 315 mammals and 491 birds, we find a striking convergence of the microbiomes of birds and animals that fly. In nonflying mammals, diet and short-term evolutionary relatedness drive the microbiome, and many microbial species are specific to a particular kind of mammal, but flying mammals and birds break this pattern with many microbes shared across different species, with little correlation either with diet or with relatedness of the hosts. This finding suggests that adaptation to flight breaks long-held relationships between hosts and their microbes.

Mid-Air Deployment (MAD) of a rotorcraft during Entry, Descent and Landing (EDL) on Mars eliminates the need to carry a propulsion or airbag landing system. This reduces the total mass inside the aeroshell by more than 100 kg and simplifies the aeroshell architecture. MAD’s lighter and simpler design is likely to bring the risk and cost associated with the mission down. Moreover, the lighter entry mass enables landing in the Martian highlands, at elevations inaccessible to current EDL technologies. This paper proposes a novel MAD concept for a Mars helicopter. We suggest a minimum science payload package to perform relevant science in the highlands. A variant of the Ingenuity helicopter is proposed to provide increased deceleration during MAD, and enough lift to fly the science payload in the highlands. We show in simulation that the lighter aeroshell results in a lower terminal velocity (30 m/s) at the end of the parachute phase of the EDL, and at higher altitudes than other approaches. After discussing the aerodynamics, controls, guidance, and mechanical challenges associated with deploying at such speed, we propose a backshell architecture that addresses them to release the helicopter in the safest conditions. Finally, we implemented the helicopter model and aerodynamic descent perturbations in the JPL Dynamics and Real-Time Simulation (DARTS)framework. Preliminary performance evaluation indicates landing and helicopter operations can be achieved up to +5 km MOLA (Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter reference).

Objectives: To address the question of how representative subjects studied in hypnotic clinical trials are of the broader insomnia population, this study assessed initial contact rates and reasons for inclusion and exclusion during recruitment to an efficacy trial and to a safety trial of Food & Drug Administration (FDA) approved hypnotics. Methods: Otherwise heathy persons meeting Diagnostic Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition, Revised (DSM-IVR) criteria for insomnia were recruited. In one study, persons 32–65 yrs, were invited to a 12 month trial of nightly use of zolpidem or placebo. In the other, persons 21–64 yrs with driver's licenses were recruited to test the effects of a hypnotic on live on-the-road driving ability. In both studies screening was conducted through an initial telephone interview followed by a clinic visit. Results: In the United States (US) study 13% (n = 410) of 3180 initial contacts and in the Netherlands (NL) study 67% (n = 53) of the 79 initial contacts proceeded to the clinic visit. Of those at clinic 25% of US and 37% of NL participants failed to meet additional insomnia criteria. Mental health exclusions accounted for 24% of US and 23% of NL participants and medical problems accounted for 23% of US and 9% NL exclusions. Finally 20% of US and 26% of NL participants were excluded for drug use/abuse histories. After all screening 4% of the initial US contacts and 0% of the NL contacts entered the study. Conclusions: These data suggest persons entering insomnia hypnotic clinical trials are a highly selected sample that is unlikely to be representative of the broad insomnia population or the population of potential medication users.

OBJECTIVE To assess for any association between a history of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) and subsequent development of proximal tibial osteosarcoma in dogs. DESIGN Matched case-control study. ANIMALS 34 client-owned dogs in which proximal tibial osteosarcoma was diagnosed between January 2005 and December 2012 (cases) and 79 dogs without osteosarcoma, matched 3:1 to cases (when possible) by age, breed, and initial examination date (controls). PROCEDURES Information on each case and control was collected from the medical records and other sources regarding date of birth, sex and neuter status, body weight, breed, and whether TPLO had been performed ≥ 1 year ago. A multivariable conditional logistic regression model was constructed to evaluate associations of body weight and history of TPLO with the outcome of proximal tibial osteosarcoma in dogs. RESULTS After adjusting for body weight in the multivariable model, dogs with a history of TPLO were 40 times as likely to develop proximal tibial osteosarcoma as were dogs with no history of TPLO. In addition, each 1-kg (2.2-lb) increase in body weight was associated with an 11% increase in the odds of proximal tibial osteosarcoma. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that dogs with a history of TPLO were at increased risk of developing osteosarcoma of the proximal region of the tibia relative to dogs with no such history. Therefore, it is important for proximal tibial osteosarcoma to be included among the differential diagnoses for new or worsening hind limb lameness in dogs that underwent TPLO ≥ 1 year previously.

We give a description of the moment graph for Bott-Samelson varieties in arbitrary Lie type. We use this, along with curve neighborhoods and explicit moduli space computations, to compute a presentation for the small quantum cohomology ring of a particular Bott-Samelson variety in Type A.

Allelopathic species can alter biodiversity. Using simulated assemblages that are characterised by neutrality, lumpy coexistence and intransitivity, we explore relationships between within-assemblage competitive dissimilarities and resistance to allelopathic species. An emergent behaviour from our models is that assemblages are more resistant to allelopathy when members strongly compete exploitatively (high competitive power). We found that neutral assemblages were the most vulnerable to allelopathic species, followed by lumpy and then by intransitive assemblages. We find support for our modeling in real-world time-series data from eight lakes of varied morphometry and trophic state. Our analysis of this data shows that a lake’s history of allelopathic phytoplankton species biovolume density and dominance is related to the number of species clusters occurring in the plankton assemblages of those lakes, an emergent trend similar to that of our modeling. We suggest that an assemblage’s competitive power determines its allelopathy resistance.

The 4-H Healthy Living Initiative is focused on providing learning opportunities that address physical, social, and emotional health; the 4-H Mindfulness Project focuses on increasing youths’ ability to lead a healthy lifestyle and develop the skills needed to be a health advocate in their communities. This annotated bibliography of English children’s literature was developed as a resource for 4-H project leaders and families. These books can support primary members’ understanding and practice of mindfulness.

Access to experimental X-ray diffraction image data is fundamental for validation and reproduction of macromolecular models and indispensable for development of structural biology processing methods. Here, we established a diffraction data publication and dissemination system, Structural Biology Data Grid (SBDG; data.sbgrid.org), to preserve primary experimental data sets that support scientific publications. Data sets are accessible to researchers through a community driven data grid, which facilitates global data access. Our analysis of a pilot collection of crystallographic data sets demonstrates that the information archived by SBDG is sufficient to reprocess data to statistics that meet or exceed the quality of the original published structures. SBDG has extended its services to the entire community and is used to develop support for other types of biomedical data sets. It is anticipated that access to the experimental data sets will enhance the paradigm shift in the community towards a much more dynamic body of continuously improving data analysis.

Access to experimental X-ray diffraction image data is fundamental for validation and reproduction of macromolecular models and indispensable for development of structural biology processing methods. Here, we established a diffraction data publication and dissemination system, Structural Biology Data Grid (SBDG; data.sbgrid.org), to preserve primary experimental data sets that support scientific publications. Data sets are accessible to researchers through a community driven data grid, which facilitates global data access. Our analysis of a pilot collection of crystallographic data sets demonstrates that the information archived by SBDG is sufficient to reprocess data to statistics that meet or exceed the quality of the original published structures. SBDG has extended its services to the entire community and is used to develop support for other types of biomedical data sets. It is anticipated that access to the experimental data sets will enhance the paradigm shift in the community towards a much more dynamic body of continuously improving data analysis.

Canine osteosarcoma is the most common bone cancer, and an important cause of mortality and morbidity, in large purebred dogs. Previously we constructed two multivariable models to predict a dog's 5-month or 1-year mortality risk after surgical treatment for osteosarcoma. According to the 5-month model, dogs with a relatively low risk of 5-month mortality benefited most from additional chemotherapy treatment. In the present study, we externally validated these results using an independent cohort study of 794 dogs. External performance of our prediction models showed some disagreement between observed and predicted risk, mean difference: -0.11 (95% confidence interval [95% CI]-0.29; 0.08) for 5-month risk and 0.25 (95%CI 0.10; 0.40) for 1-year mortality risk. After updating the intercept, agreement improved: -0.0004 (95%CI-0.16; 0.16) and -0.002 (95%CI-0.15; 0.15). The chemotherapy by predicted mortality risk interaction (P-value=0.01) showed that the chemotherapy compared to no chemotherapy effectiveness was modified by 5-month mortality risk: dogs with a relatively lower risk of mortality benefited most from additional chemotherapy. Chemotherapy effectiveness on 1-year mortality was not significantly modified by predicted risk (P-value=0.28). In conclusion, this external validation study confirmed that our multivariable risk prediction models can predict a patient's mortality risk and that dogs with a relatively lower risk of 5-month mortality seem to benefit most from chemotherapy.

Access to experimental X-ray diffraction image data is fundamental for validation and reproduction of macromolecular models and indispensable for development of structural biology processing methods. Here, we established a diffraction data publication and dissemination system, Structural Biology Data Grid (SBDG; data.sbgrid.org), to preserve primary experimental data sets that support scientific publications. Data sets are accessible to researchers through a community driven data grid, which facilitates global data access. Our analysis of a pilot collection of crystallographic data sets demonstrates that the information archived by SBDG is sufficient to reprocess data to statistics that meet or exceed the quality of the original published structures. SBDG has extended its services to the entire community and is used to develop support for other types of biomedical data sets. It is anticipated that access to the experimental data sets will enhance the paradigm shift in the community towards a much more dynamic body of continuously improving data analysis.

Prymnesium parvum is a harmful algal bloom species present in many inland water bodies of the southcentral USA, but does not form fish-killing blooms in all of them. The present study tested the hypothesis that rotifer grazing of P. parvum might influence the incidence of blooms. Three-day in-lake experiments, which focused on the size fraction of zooplankton dominated by rotifers and natural phytoplankton assemblages inoculated with P. parvum, were conducted during the time of bloom development in 2 reservoirs of the southcentral USA: Lakes Somerville and Whitney, where the latter experiences P. parvum blooms and the former does not. Toxicity at a level lethal to fish was only occasionally observed during these experiments, so our experimental treatments are considered to be at a low-toxicity level. As a whole, rotifers in Lakes Somerville and Whitney selectively grazed P. parvum. Rotifers in Lake Somerville appeared to benefit from this selective grazing, while rotifers in Lake Whitney did not. The differences between rotifer communities from these lakes might be because rotifers from Lake Somerville historically have only been exposed to low levels of toxins produced by P. parvum and were able to develop resistance to these toxins, thus enabling them to persist and perhaps contribute to the suppression of blooms there. The opportunity for this type of microevolutionary adaptation may not occur in lakes where P. parvum blooms and waters reach high toxicity levels, such as those which have occurred historically in Lake Whitney.

BackgroundMany chemotherapy protocols have been reported for treatment of canine appendicular osteosarcoma (OSA), but outcome comparisons in a single population are lacking.ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of protocol and dose intensity (DI) on treatment outcomes for carboplatin and doxorubicin-based chemotherapy protocols.AnimalsFour hundred and seventy dogs with appendicular OSA.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was performed comprising consecutive dogs treated (1997-2012) with amputation followed by 1 of 5 chemotherapy protocols: carboplatin 300 mg/m(2) IV q21d for 4 or 6 cycles (CARBO6), doxorubicin 30 mg/m(2) IV q14d or q21d for 5 cycles, and alternating carboplatin 300 mg/m(2) IV and doxorubicin 30 mg/m(2) IV q21d for 3 cycles. Adverse events (AE) and DI were evaluated. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazards regression were used to compare disease-free interval (DFI) and survival time (ST) among protocols.ResultsThe overall median DFI and ST were 291 days and 284 days, respectively. A lower proportion of dogs prescribed CARBO6 experienced AEs compared to other protocols (48.4% versus 60.8-75.8%; P = .001). DI was not associated with development of metastases or death. After adjustment for baseline characteristics and prognostic factors, none of the protocols provided a significant reduction in risk of development of metastases or death.Conclusions and clinical importanceAlthough choice of protocol did not result in significant differences in DFI or ST, the CARBO6 protocol resulted in a lower proportion of dogs experiencing AEs, which could be advantageous in maintaining high quality of life during treatment. DI was not a prognostic indicator in this study.

ObjectiveTo evaluate clinical characteristics, outcome, and prognostic variables in a cohort of dogs surviving > 1 year after an initial diagnosis of osteosarcoma.DesignRetrospective case series.Animals90 client-owned dogs.ProceduresMedical records for an 11-year period from 1997 through 2008 were reviewed, and patients with appendicular osteosarcoma that lived > 1 year after initial histopathologic diagnosis were studied. Variables including signalment, weight, serum alkaline phosphatase activity, tumor location, surgery, and adjuvant therapies were recorded. Median survival times were calculated by means of a Kaplan-Meier survival function. Univariate analysis was conducted to compare the survival function for categorical variables, and the Cox proportional hazard model was used to evaluate the likelihood of death > 1 year after diagnosis on the basis of the selected risk factors.Results90 dogs met the inclusion criteria; clinical laboratory information was not available in all cases. Median age was 8.2 years (range, 2.7 to 13.3 years), and median weight was 38 kg (83.6 lb; range, 21 to 80 kg [46.2 to 176 lb]). Serum alkaline phosphatase activity was high in 29 of 60 (48%) dogs. The most common tumor location was the distal portion of the radius (54/90 [60%]). Eighty-nine of 90 (99%) dogs underwent surgery, and 78 (87%) received chemotherapy. Overall, 49 of 90 (54%) dogs developed metastatic disease. The median survival time beyond 1 year was 243 days (range, 1 to 1,899 days). Dogs that developed a surgical-site infection after limb-sparing surgery had a significantly improved prognosis > 1 year after osteosarcoma diagnosis, compared with dogs that did not develop infections.Conclusions and clinical relevanceResults of the present study indicated that dogs with an initial diagnosis of osteosarcoma that lived > 1 year had a median survival time beyond the initial year of approximately 8 months. As reported previously, the development of a surgical-si

Let p and q be distinct primes, and G an elementary amenable group that is a residually finite p-group and a residually finite q-group. We conjecture that such groups G are left orderable. In this paper we show some results which came as attempts to prove this conjecture. In particular we give a condition under which split extensions of residually finite p-groups are again residually finite p-groups. We also give an example which shows that even for elementary amenable groups, it is not sufficient for biorderablity that the group be a residually finite p-group and a residually finite q-group.

Despite successful primary tumor treatment, the development of pulmonary metastasis continues to be the most common cause of mortality in patients with osteosarcoma. A conventional drug development path requiring drugs to induce regression of established lesions has not led to improvements for patients with osteosarcoma in more than 30 years. On the basis of our growing understanding of metastasis biology, it is now reasonable and essential that we focus on developing therapeutics that target metastatic progression. To advance this agenda, a meeting of key opinion leaders and experts in the metastasis and osteosarcoma communities was convened in Bethesda, Maryland. The goal of this meeting was to provide a "Perspective" that would establish a preclinical translational path that could support the early evaluation of potential therapeutic agents that uniquely target the metastatic phenotype. Although focused on osteosarcoma, the need for this perspective is shared among many cancer types. The consensus achieved from the meeting included the following: the biology of metastatic progression is associated with metastasis-specific targets/processes that may not influence grossly detectable lesions; targeting of metastasis-specific processes is feasible; rigorous preclinical data are needed to support translation of metastasis-specific agents into human trials where regression of measurable disease is not an expected outcome; preclinical data should include an understanding of mechanism of action, validation of pharmacodynamic markers of effective exposure and response, the use of several murine models of effectiveness, and where feasible the inclusion of the dog with naturally occurring osteosarcoma to define the activity of new drugs in the micrometastatic disease setting.

There is an increasing need for more accurate prognostic and predictive markers in veterinary oncology because of an increasing number of treatment options, the increased financial costs associated with treatment, and the emotional stress experienced by owners in association with the disease and its treatment. Numerous studies have evaluated potential prognostic and predictive markers for veterinary neoplastic diseases, but there are no established guidelines or standards for the conduct and reporting of prognostic studies in veterinary medicine. This lack of standardization has made the evaluation and comparison of studies difficult. Most important, translating these results to clinical applications is problematic. To address this issue, the American College of Veterinary Pathologists’ Oncology Committee organized an initiative to establish guidelines for the conduct and reporting of prognostic studies in veterinary oncology. The goal of this initiative is to increase the quality and standardization of veterinary prognostic studies to facilitate independent evaluation, validation, comparison, and implementation of study results. This article represents a consensus statement on the conduct and reporting of prognostic studies in veterinary oncology from veterinary pathologists and oncologists from around the world. These guidelines should be considered a recommendation based on the current state of knowledge in the field, and they will need to be continually reevaluated and revised as the field of veterinary oncology continues to progress. As mentioned, these guidelines were developed through an initiative of the American College of Veterinary Pathologists’ Oncology Committee, and they have been reviewed and endorsed by the World Small Animal Veterinary Association.

Three AFRL scientists, William Baron, Dr. Maxwell Blair, and Sandra Fries-Carr recently received a patent entitled "Airframe Structure-Integrated Capacitor." Structural capacitor implies that in addition to carrying load, the aircraft or spacecraft structure maintains capacitive charge for energy storage and power conditioning used in a variety of applications, both pulsed and continuous. The specific objectives of this effort are identifying a plausible design concept, conducting experimental trials, and characterizing the concept structural and electrical efficiency. The concept is based on a dielectric-coated conductor with a conductive metal outerlayer, then integrate the coaxial system into a hybridized, composite weave with carbon tow for additional reinforcement., Submitted for publication in the AFRL Technology Horizons.

As part of its Reactive Conformal Inlet Technology Enhancement (RECITE) program, AFRL is examining conformal inlet technology. Because they are flush to an air vehicle's fuselage, conformal engine air inlets cause less drag than other inlet designs. AFRL recently investigated a conformal inlet and two active flow control slot variations. Test results showed that the smaller flow control slot performed as desired and was most effective at lower wind tunnel Mach numbers and at higher active flow control mass flow rates. AFRL engineers will incorporate these valuable data into future RECITE inlet designs that require smaller amounts of active flow control air.

Information in any modern organization is a very important topic. A company's information is arguably the single most important asset a company owns. Loss or compromise of the corporate information assets can lead to serious financial impact on a company's bottom line. Currently most corporate information is stored on network storage devices. These storage devices provide quick and easy access to the information from anywhere in the world. These same storage devices can also expose the information to its greatest vulnerability, attack by a hostile entity. The current network security best practice calls for a strategy named 'Defense in Depth' This strategy uses a series of defensive layers to secure the network and the data it contains. There is a realization that no single defensive technology is one hundred percent effective. Samples of external looking defenses include firewalls, anti-virus gateways, proxy servers, virtual private networks (VPN), and complex passwords. The design of these protective measures serves to protect the network from attack by parties outside of the local area network. In additional to the external defenses, there are also internal defense mechanisms as well. These include locking the server room door, complex passwords, file encryption, network access restrictions, and keeping the user database up to date. One often overlooked technology when designing the network security system is physical access to the company's facilities. The goal of physical access control is to manage who goes where within an organization and when they go there. In addition, a defensive technology can provide physical intrusion detection and notification to the appropriate security personnel. If a specific individual is not within the facility, he/she should not be attempting to log in to the network. This project developed and demonstrated a non-typical approach to the management architecture for a physical Access Control System (ACS). It examines the minimum se

"Daughters of divorce are at higher risk of getting divorced than sons of divorce. Researchers have found that positive relationships between adult offspring of divorce (AOD) and their parents buffer AOD from some long-term effects of parental divorce. This study explored the relationships among several mother-daughter relationship variables, and grown daughters' approaches toward (attitudes toward and exploration strategies of) marriage in the post-divorce family. Correlational analyses were used to assess significant relationships among the independent variables (mother-daughter connection, mother-daughter psychological separation, and mother-to-daughter disclosure) and the dependent variables (daughters' attitudes toward marriage and use of exploration strategies in the realm of marriage). Multiple regression analyses were used to determine which of the predictor variables best predicted the dependent variables. One-way ANOVAs were used to determine whether any of the variables differed according to race, mother's level of educational attainment, or the number of times the mother had divorced and remarried. Psychological separation and mother-to-daughter disclosures contributed more than anything else to daughters' use of exploration strategies in the realm of marriage, in the opposite direction from that expected. The less psychological separation there was between mothers and daughters, and the more depth in which mothers disclosed to daughters about divorce related topics, the more daughters reported using various exploration strategies in the realm of marriage. However, none of the relationships were clinically significant. None of the variables were predictive of daughters' attitudes about marriage. Analyses also revealed that various elements of mother-daughter psychological separation correlated differently with mother-daughter connection. None of the variables differed according to ethnicity or the number of maternal marital transitions. More educated mot

We report synthesis of diamond nanocrystals directly from carbon atoms embedded into fused silica by ion implantation followed by thermal annealing. The production of the diamond nanocrystals and other carbon phases is investigated as a function of ion dose, annealing time, and annealing environment. We observe that the diamond nanocrystals are formed only when the samples are annealed in forming gas (4% H in Ar). Transmission electron microscopy studies show that the nanocrystals range in size from 5 to 40 nm, depending on dose, and are embedded at a depth of only 140 nm below the implanted surface, whereas the original implantation depth was 1450 nm. The bonding in these nanocrystals depends strongly on cluster size, with the smaller clusters predominantly aggregating into cubic diamond structure. The larger clusters, on the other hand, consist of other forms of carbon such as i-carbon and n-diamond and tend to be more defective. This leads to a model for the formation of these clusters which is based on the size dependent stability of the hydrogen-terminated diamond phase compared to other forms of carbon. Additional studies using visible and ultraviolet Raman Spectroscopy, optical absorption, and electron energy loss spectroscopy reveal that most samples contain a mixture of sp2 and sp3 hybridized carbon phases.

Producción Científica, In heart cells, severa! distinct kinds of transient spatial patterns of cytoplasmic calcium ion concentration ([ Ca2 + )¡) can be observed: (1) [ Ca2 + )¡ waves, in which regions of spontaneously increased [ Ca2 + ] ; propagate at high velocity (100 ¡.im/s) through the cell; (2) Ca2 + 'sparks', which are spontaneous, non-propagating changes in [ Ca2 + ] ; that are localized in small ( == 2 ¡.im) subcellular regions; and (3) evoked [ Ca2 + )¡ transients that are elicited by electrical depolarization, in association with normal excitation-contraction (E­ C) coupling. In confocal [ Ca2 + ] ¡ images, evoked [ Ca2 + ] ; transients appear to be nearly spatially uniform throughout the cell, except during their rising phase or during small depolarizations. In contrast to [Ca2 + )¡ waves and spontaneous Ca2 + sparks, evoked [ Ca2 + ] ; transients are triggered by L-type Ca2 + channel current and they are 'controlled', in the sense that stopping the L-type Ca2 + current stops them. Despite their different characteristics, ali three types of Ca2 + transient involve Ca2 + -induced release of Ca2 + from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Here, we address the question of how the autocatalytic process of Ca2 + -induced Ca2 + release, which can easily be understood to underlie spontaneous regenerative ('uncontrolled'), propagating [Ca2 + )¡ waves, might be 'harnessed', under other circumstances, to produce controlled changes in [ Ca2 + ]¡, as during normal excitation-contraction coupling, or changes in [ Ca2 + )¡ that do not propagate. We discuss our observations of Ca2 + waves, Ca2 + sparks and normal Ca2 + transients in heart cells and review our results on the 'gain' of Ca2 + -induced Ca2 + release. We discuss a model involving Ca2 + microdomains beneath L-type Ca2 + channels, and clusters of Ca2 + -activated Ca2 + release channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum which may form the basis of the answer to this question

The DDEC system is an advanced technology electronic fuel injection and control system. It optimises control of critical engine functions which affect fuel economy, smoke and emissions, and has the capability to protect the engine from serious damage resulting from conditions such as high engine temperatures or low oil pressure. Electronic engine controls can reduce maintenance and improve engine troubleshooting to reduce downtime., The DDEC system is an advanced technology electronic fuel injection and control system. It optimises control of critical engine functions which affect fuel economy, smoke and emissions, and has the capability to protect the engine from serious damage resulting from conditions such as high engine temperatures or low oil pressure. Electronic engine controls can reduce maintenance and improve engine troubleshooting to reduce downtime.

For a retrospective exhibition, texts by Withrow, Bice and Mastin celebrate Saltmarche's career as artist, writer, and director/curator of the Art Gallery of Windsor (1946-1985). Includes three previously published texts by the artist dated 1948, 1957 and 1968. Biographical notes. 2 bibl. ref.

The Ladies' repository: a monthly periodical, devoted to literature, arts, and religion. / Volume 11, Issue 6, Page(s) 401-408, (dlps) volume: acg2248.2-11.006, (dlps) article: acg2248.2-11.006:1, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html

The Ladies' repository: a monthly periodical, devoted to literature, arts, and religion. / Volume 11, Issue 3, Page(s) 198-203, (dlps) volume: acg2248.2-11.003, (dlps) article: acg2248.2-11.003:9, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html

The Ladies' repository: a monthly periodical, devoted to literature, arts, and religion. / Volume 2, Issue 6, Page(s) 481-485, (dlps) volume: acg2248.3-02.006, (dlps) article: acg2248.3-02.006:1, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html

The Ladies' repository: a monthly periodical, devoted to literature, arts, and religion. / Volume 14, Issue 2, Page(s) 114-117, (dlps) volume: acg2248.2-14.002, (dlps) article: acg2248.2-14.002:9, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html

The Ladies' repository: a monthly periodical, devoted to literature, arts, and religion. / Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) 10-13, (dlps) volume: acg2248.2-14.001, (dlps) article: acg2248.2-14.001:7, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html

The Ladies' repository: a monthly periodical, devoted to literature, arts, and religion. / Volume 12, Issue 2, Page(s) 123-124, (dlps) volume: acg2248.2-12.002, (dlps) article: acg2248.2-12.002:12, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html

The Ladies' repository: a monthly periodical, devoted to literature, arts, and religion. / Volume 12, Issue 3, Page(s) 161-166, (dlps) volume: acg2248.2-12.003, (dlps) article: acg2248.2-12.003:1, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html

The Ladies' repository: a monthly periodical, devoted to literature, arts, and religion. / Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) 14-16, (dlps) volume: acg2248.2-11.001, (dlps) article: acg2248.2-11.001:9, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html