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The design of the transmitted waveform is crucial for obtaining satisfactory performance in a radar system. Periodic phase-coded continuous waveforms with ideal periodic autocorrelation are theoretically expected to produce an ideal matched filter output, and an exact measurement of the target range. This thesis investigates and compares the radar performance of waveforms with ideal periodic autocorrelation against the performance of other waveforms that can be used in a bistatic CW radar system. The periodic ambiguity function (PAF) is calculated for all waveforms, and several metrics are defined within the PAF. The PAF and the metrics are calculated for the theoretical waveforms as well as for waveforms with three modifications: 1) waveforms added with white noise; 2) quantised waveforms to mimic limitations in analogue-to-digital conversion; and 3) low-pass filtered waveforms. The results indicate that the waveforms with ideal autocorrelation have excellent theoretical performance, but this performance is easily degraded by both white noise and analogue-to-digital conversion. The degradation is not observed in the other waveforms, but the performance of those waveforms is already lower than the performance of the waveforms with ideal autocorrelation. The low-pass filtering affects the performance in similar ways for all waveforms. The conclusion is that any of the waveforms with ideal periodic autocorrelation is a good choice for a bistatic CW radar system, even though the performance is not as good as the theoretical performance.

This paper investigates beamforming strategies for integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) systems, where shared signal resources are employed for these services. The proposed framework focuses on maximizing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the target echo while satisfying the communication rate requirement. Addressing the challenges posed by the higher peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR) of communication waveforms than sensing waveforms, we provide a detailed analysis and offer valuable insights into power assignment techniques that account for PAPR considerations. We reveal that the integration of constant-modulus sensing signals results in a substantial enhancement in sensing SNR, and numerical results underscore the effectiveness of leveraging sensing signals within the ISAC framework. These findings highlight the potential for achieving superior sensing performance by using dedicated constant-modulus sensing signals. IEEE

Non-invasive monitoring of cardiovascular health through photoplethysmography (PPG) waveforms has emerged as a crucial area of research. The Windkessel 4-Element (WK4) model is a mathematical approach used to estimate key physiological parameters related to cardiovascular health, including arterial compliance, peripheral resistance, inertance, and total arterial resistance. This study aimed to evaluate key physiological parameters associated with cardiovascular health using the WK4 model, leveraging real-life PPG waveform data obtained from volunteers across three distinct age groups. To achieve this, an algorithm was developed to automatically determine optimal parameter values for each volunteer. The results revealed a mean correlation coefficient of 0.96 between the automatically generated waveforms by the algorithm and the actual real-life PPG waveforms, indicating robust agreement. Notably, only the total arterial resistance parameter exhibited significant differences among the age groups, suggesting that the algorithm holds promise for detecting agerelated changes in cardiovascular health. These findings emphasize the potential for the development of a non-invasive tool to assess cardiovascular health status and enhance healthcare outcomes. Furthermore, they underscore the capability of the developed algorithm as a non-invasive means to evaluate various aspects of cardiovascular physiology. Additionally, the versatility of this algorithm opens doors for its application in educational settings, promoting knowledge advancement, empowering research endeavors, and facilitating advancements in the field.

Full-waveform inversion (FWI) aims at estimating subsurface physical parameters by minimizing the misfit between simulated data and observations. FWI relies heavily on an accurate initial model and is less robust to measurement noise and physical assumptions in modeling. Compared with FWI, wavefield reconstruction inversion (WRI) is more robust to these uncertainties but faces high computational costs. To overcome these challenges, we have developed a new form of WRI. This reformulation takes the form of a traditional FWI formula, which includes a medium-dependent weight function, and can be easily incorporated into the current FWI workflow. This weight function contains the covariance matrices to characterize the distribution of uncertainties in measurements and physical assumptions. We discuss various options of the theoretical covariance matrix of the new inversion method and find how they relate to various well-known approaches, including FWI, WRI, and extended FWI. On the basis of the preceding comparison, we develop a theoretical covariance matrix definition based on the source. Numerical experiments demonstrate that our method with a source-dependent theoretical covariance matrix is more computationally efficient than conventional WRI while preserving a certain degree of robustness.

A comprehensive energy study is being carried out in the Saraswati complex (Library) of DCRUST Murthal, a state government funded university for the power quality and harmonic analysis of the electrical network. This research paper aims at the power quality analysis & load balancing at the LT side of distribution transformer. Harmonic assessment at LT side of DT and calculation of THD%, TDD% and load unbalancing parameters, etc. is being proposed. Finally, recommendations are suggested for the improvement in usage of energy and reducing the energy losses.&nbsp

9th IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for AeroSpace, MetroAeroSpace 2022 -- 27 June 2022 through 29 June 2022 -- -- 182210, In this study a software simulator is developed to investigate the operation performance of a pulsed harmonic radar. The simulator is capable of modulating transmitted RF signal with polyphase P1, P2, P3 and P4 codes, LFM and FMCW codes. Transmitted power, gain of the transmit and receive antennas and detected harmonic number are all configurable in the simulator. Distance to the target and radar cross section(RCS) of the target can be modified and received signal level is calculated using nonlinear harmonic radar equation which is also implemented within the simulator. It is able to realize pulse integration, a method which is used to increase processing gain of the radar. Additionally, to observe the effect of clutter rejection property of the harmonic radar, clutter can be added to the received signal using different statistical clutter models. Target characteristic can be either imported from any circuit simulator or can be generated analytically by the simulator itself. Developed simulator can be used as a tool in designing harmonic radar systems before going into detailed implementation. © 2022 IEEE.

Les eaux douces continentales constituent l’une des composantes principales du cycle de l’eau. Elles assurent sa continuité à travers des échanges de flux d’eau et d’énergie avec ses différentes composantes. De nombreux plans d’eau douce (lacs, rivières, réservoirs, etc.) se retrouvent dans les régions situées dans les hautes latitudes nord, où la cryosphère est dominante. L’une des particularités de ces plans d’eau est la congélation partielle ou complète pendant les saisons froides. De plus, ils ont une grande sensibilité aux changements climatiques. En effet, les variations spatio-temporelles du climat aux échelles régionales et locales affectent grandement l’hydrologie de ces plans d’eau en termes de niveau d’eau et de débit. D’où l’intérêt de disposer d’outils simples et efficaces pour surveiller et gérer ces ressources. L’inaccessibilité aux plans d’eau isolés et l’effet de la glace sur la qualité des mesures des niveaux d’eau à l’échelle des stations limnimétriques rendent la surveillance de la variation des niveaux d’eau difficiles. Compte tenu de sa couverture spatio-temporelle, de sa période de répétitivité, et des bandes de fréquence utilisées, l’altimétrie radar par satellite pourrait être une meilleure alternative pour surmonter les limites liées aux mesures in situ. Cependant, la présence de cibles hétérogènes, comme les couverts de glace, présente un défi majeur pour exploiter les données des niveaux d’eau dérivées de la technologie par satellite altimétrique au-dessus des plans d’eau couverts de glace. Cette étude a pour ultime objectif d’améliorer les estimations des niveaux d’eau dérivées de l’altimétrie radar par satellite sur des étendues d’eau continentales couvertes de glace. L’étude s’applique à étudier le potentiel de deux satellites altimétriques, Jason-2 et SARAL/Altika, possédant des caractéristiques technologiques différentes, à suivre les variations des niveaux d’eau des étendues d’eau soumises à l’englacement sur le territoire canadien., The continental freshwater is one of the main components of the water cycle. These resouces ensure its continuity through the exchange of water and energy fluxes with the different components of the water cycle. Most of the continental water bodies (lakes, rivers, reservoirs, etc.) are in the northern high latitudes, dominated by the cryosphere. These water bodies froze completely or partly during cold seasons. In addition, they have a high sensitivity to climate change. Climate variations at the local and global scales may affect the hydrological regime (water level and flow) of these water bodies. Hence the interest in having a simple and efficient tools to monitor changes of these resources. The gauging stations could not provide good measurements of water level due to the limited accessibility of isolated water bodies, and the potential contamination of measured data by ice. Satellite radar altimetry appears as a good alternative to overcome these limitations given its spatiotemporal coverage, its ground track repetitivity period, and the frequency bands used. However, the presence of heterogeneous targets within the altimeter footprint, such as ice cover, remains a major challenge to estimate water levels over ice-covered water bodies. The aim of this study is to improve the estimations of water levels obtained from spatial radar altimetry over ice-covered water bodies. This study investigates the potential of the two satellites altimetry Jason-2 and SARAL/Altika with different characteristics to monitor water-level changes over ice-covered water bodies in the Canadian territory. The first objective of this study is to analyze the potential of Jason-2 and SARAL/Altika retracking algorithms to retrieve water levels from altimeter measurements acquired over 20 ice-covered water bodies across Canada. In this analysis, products derived from retracking algorithms were compared with in situ measurements during two periods: (1) the time series considered fo

In this report metrics for jamming resistance and radar performance of waveform sets are described and developed, and different sets of waveforms are optimized, evaluated and compared. It is shown that without additional processing or PRI jitter, waveform sets can reach jamming resistance a few dB worse than what is provided by PRI jitter alone, and together with PRI jitter a few dB better. Waveforms with better jamming resistance tend to have worse range sidelobes and Doppler tolerance, but show less structure in their spectrograms, suggesting better LPI properties. The Doppler tolerance metric is new, as well as the comparative analysis of waveform sets on multiple metrics including jamming resistance., Radar är fundamentalt i modern krigsföring. Med en radar kan man avfyra vapen från säkra avstånd och med precision mäta in mål. En radarstörare har som mål att förhindra en radar från att mäta in sitt mål. Då radarn fungerar genom att sända ut specifikt modulerade radiovågspulser och lyssna efter ekot från omgivningen kan störaren förhindra detta genom att antingen sända mycket starkt brus, eller genom att sända radiovågspulser med samma specifika modulation. Den senare metoden kallas för DRFM-störning, där förkortningen står för Digitalt RadioFrekvens-Minne, vilket antyder att störaren kan minnas radarns modulation och själv använda den. Om radarn använder en ny modulation (eng: waveform) för varje puls kan störaren inte använda modulationen den minns från förra pulsen utan måste vänta på att nästa puls träffar den innan den kan repetera pulsen, vilket begränsar dess störförmåga. Denna rapport tänker sig att radarn har en begränsad uppsättning av modulationer att byta mellan, och undersöker olika sådana uppsättningar och bedömer och jämför dem på olika mått av radarprestanda och störtålighet. Radioprestandamåtten inkluderar hur mycket förstärkning och hur fin upplösning man får av modulationen, hur väl modulationen kan hantera mycket snabba mål, och hur stora "sidolober" som uppstår runt starka mål. Sidolobsfenomenet är jämförbart med det optiska fenomenet där små men ljusstarka saker på natten kan se ut att ha en ljus halo eller ljusa utstrålningar runt sig. Störtålighetsmåtten kvantifierar hur distinkta de olika modulationerna i radarns uppsättning är, och på så vis hur väl radarn kan urskilja en modulation från de andra, tillsammans med hur liten sannolikheten är att störaren lyckas välja just den modulation vi kommer använda till nästa puls. Resultaten visar att metoden av modulationsbyten kan ge nästan lika stor störtålighet som en välkänd metod, PRI-jitter, ger själv och något högre i kombination med den metoden. Bättre störtålighet visas gå hand i hand med s

Background: Elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) is observed in association with a range of brain disorders. There is limited insight into the regulatory mechanisms of ICP under physiological conditions, and consequently also under pathological conditions. Thereby, to understand the mechanisms underlying ICP dynamics, precise, valid and long-term ICP recordings are of importance in the preclinical setting. Herein, we used a novel telemetric system for ICP recordings which allowed for long-term recordings in freely-moving rats. The aim was to investigate ICP dynamics under different physiological states and investigate how factors such as surgery/recovery, body position, light-dark, co-housing, weight and anesthesia may influence ICP and its waveforms. Methods: A telemetric device was implanted epidurally in rats and signals were recorded continuously for up to 50 days (n = 14). Recording was divided into three experimental periods: a surgical recovery period (RP), a physiological period (PP) and an experimental period (EP). Histology was performed to study the morphology of implanted rats and non-implanted rats (n = 17). Results: For the first time, we can demonstrate continuous ICP recordings in freely-moving and co-housed rats for up to 50 days with a high degree of stability. The mean ICP in the recording periods were; RP: 3.2 ± 0.6 mmHg, PP: 5.0 ± 0.6 mmHg and EP: 4.7 ± 0.6 mmHg. In the RP, the ICP was significantly lower compared to the PP (P = 0.0034). Significant light-dark difference in ICP with 21% increase in respiratory slow-wave amplitude was observed in the co-housed animals but not in single-housed animals. The ICP signal was raised during the dark period relative to the light (Δ0.3 ± 0.07 mmHg, P = 0.0043). Administration of anesthesia gave a short-term increase in ICP followed by a significant decrease in ICP. No signs of tissue damage or inflammation were found in the implanted brains. Conclusions: ICP dynamics were influenced by several factors

Thermal discomfort is a widespread problem in the built environment, due in part to the variability of individual occupants’ thermal preferences. Personal comfort systems (PCS) address this individual variability, and also enable more energy-efficient thermal conditioning in buildings by reducing the need for tight indoor temperature control. This study evaluates a novel approach to PCS that leverages the time-dependence of human thermal perception. A 6.25 cm2 wearable device, Embr Wave, delivers dynamic waveforms of cooling or warming to the inner wrist. In three thermal comfort tests conducted in a climate chamber with N = 49 subjects and temperatures between 20 and 28 ºC, the device exhibited a corrective potential of 2.5 ºC within 3 minutes for both warm and cool populations, while consuming ~1 W of power. The effect is even more pronounced (corrective potential up to 3.3 ºC over periods of 3- and 45-minutes) when subjects are given control of the device’s operation. Subjects are found to optimize the device settings for pleasantness, not for the intensity of sensation. These results indicate that this low-power, wearable device improves whole-body thermal sensation, comfort, and pleasantness. It is an appropriate tool for addressing the problem of thermal discomfort in moderate indoor environments.

Fifth-generation (5G) mobile networks consist of a range of novel technologies to fulfill different and exigent requirements and serve a wide range of services. To reach this, analog radio over fiber (ARoF) fronthaul with millimeter-wave (mm-wave) cells is a firm candidate to be part of the 5G architecture. Nonetheless, combined mm-wave and ARoF systems present new challenges such as high free-space path loss (FSPL), phase noise, chromatic dispersion, and other impairments. Therefore, the selection of the modulation format is crucial to reduce these effects and their impact. This work compares and analyzes different modulation formats in this type of system in order to choose the best waveform candidate for mm-wave 5G and beyond with ARoF fronthaul. An experimental comparison of OFDM, SC-FDM, UFMC, GFDM, and multi-CAP, shows that the standard OFDM may not be the best choice for mm-wave 5G.

This article deals with the extrinsic and intrinsic parameters of the Galium-Nitride RF transistor. These parameters are essential in any design of large-signal analysis of RF amplifiers. Package parasitics are the biggest problem of integrated circuits (ICs), especially at high frequencies. Each IC package gives unwanted parasitics to the primary function of the IC. The analysis of these package parasitics can be performed by the transistor manufacturer, which provides a non-linear model of the transistor, where parasitics elements are separated from the transistor. With these separated package parasitics, the highest efficiency, power output, and accurate harmonic termination can be achieved. The main purpose of this article is to describe these problems.

This article deals with the extrinsic and intrinsic parameters of the Galium-Nitride RF transistor. These parameters are essential in any design of large-signal analysis of RF amplifiers. Package parasitics are the biggest problem of integrated circuits (ICs), especially at high frequencies. Each IC package gives unwanted parasitics to the primary function of the IC. The analysis of these package parasitics can be performed by the transistor manufacturer, which provides a non-linear model of the transistor, where parasitics elements are separated from the transistor. With these separated package parasitics, the highest efficiency, power output, and accurate harmonic termination can be achieved. The main purpose of this article is to describe these problems.

This article deals with the extrinsic and intrinsic parameters of the Galium-Nitride RF transistor. These parameters are essential in any design of large-signal analysis of RF amplifiers. Package parasitics are the biggest problem of integrated circuits (ICs), especially at high frequencies. Each IC package gives unwanted parasitics to the primary function of the IC. The analysis of these package parasitics can be performed by the transistor manufacturer, which provides a non-linear model of the transistor, where parasitics elements are separated from the transistor. With these separated package parasitics, the highest efficiency, power output, and accurate harmonic termination can be achieved. The main purpose of this article is to describe these problems.

This article deals with the extrinsic and intrinsic parameters of the Galium-Nitride RF transistor. These parameters are essential in any design of large-signal analysis of RF amplifiers. Package parasitics are the biggest problem of integrated circuits (ICs), especially at high frequencies. Each IC package gives unwanted parasitics to the primary function of the IC. The analysis of these package parasitics can be performed by the transistor manufacturer, which provides a non-linear model of the transistor, where parasitics elements are separated from the transistor. With these separated package parasitics, the highest efficiency, power output, and accurate harmonic termination can be achieved. The main purpose of this article is to describe these problems.

Distributed sensor networks often call for bursty, high data rate communications over long distances and fluctuating channels. A waveform for such a scenario would ideally be wideband to mitigate frequency selective fading, have data multiplexed into separate streams for high data rate, have long symbol times to mitigate multipath, and have a constant amplitude over time for non-linear amplification. These requirements are uniquely served by constant envelope OFDM. We describe the use-cases, theory, and successful implementation of such a waveform via the GNU radio framework on Ettus software-defined radios. We measure the bit error performance of the link as a function of channel quality and compare this performance to simulations of the link., The original document contains color images. Prepared in collaboration with KEYW Corporation, Hanover, MD.

The primary objective of this effort was to build a system that can operate in contested environments (the anticipated future combat fields). Operating in contested environments requires flexible waveform characteristics that can change on-the-fly based on conditions of the combat mission. The Flexible Data Link system is designed with the capability of handling data rates up to 25 Bbps. The high speed operation will most likely be utilized in permissive environment operations where we have air dominance. Data rates can be substantially lowered when operating in contested/highly contested environments. In order to overcome atmospheric conditions, the modular design of the Flexible Data Link allows the digital backend to be connected to a variety of analog frontends. Any frontend (RF, FSO, or IR) can be used as long as it follows the specifications of the standard interface to the digital backend.

Electrically small antennas trade reception performance for physical size reduction. The SQUID maximizes the reception performance; still achieving a physically small size leading to satisfying the demanding antenna requirements of an airborne high frequency direction finding antenna system. High frequency electromagnetic reception for a direct current (DC) superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) is simulated using the resistor-capacitor-shunted-junction (RCSJ) electronic circuit model, producing a set of two-dimensional ordinary differential equations to describe the electrical operating characteristics for the DC SQUID. A time-varying magnetic flux, consisting of frequencies from the HF band, is applied to characterize the voltage response of the DC SQUID. An instantaneous voltage develops across the DC SQUID, although a fast time-average must be computed to produce usable voltage samples. These voltage samples are shown to be representative samples of the applied time-varying signal containing a voltage bias. The waveform produced from these voltage samples is periodic, while preserving the phase of the incident signal. The HF reception characteristics of a single DC SQUID is shown, including an examination for expanding the loop area, simulating a DC SQUID array. Additionally, the DC SQUID is compared to the MGL-S8A BDOT sensor using by optical responsitivity., The original document contains color images.

The overall long-term goal for this project is to determine if and how acoustic coherent backscatter enhancement (ACBE) can be used for classification of active sonar returns in a wide variety of ocean environments. During its first three years, this project has focused on simulations of acoustic multiple scattering from two- and now three-dimensional aggregations of omni-directional point scatterers to determine the parametric realms in which ACBE might be observed, and its characteristics when it is observed. The detailed objectives of the current research effort are to determine the parametric dependence of ACBE peak amplitude, peak emergence rate as the number of observations increases, peak angular width, and peak time dependence. Here the independent parameters are the range between the scattering aggregation and the receiving array, the receiving array characteristics, incident wave characteristics (wave front shape, waveform, frequency, bandwidth, duration), and aggregation characteristics (scatterer cross section and mean spacing, overall aggregation size and shape, etc.). Eventually, underwater waveguide characteristics will be considered as well.

Dengue viral infection is prevalent throughout tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Disease presentation ranges from self-limited fever to life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever. This study assessed the use of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measurements of muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2), muscle pH, and continuous arterial waveforms to predict which subjects would develop severe disease. Children ages 6 months to 15 years of age admitted to the hospital with suspected dengue were enrolled. Children were monitored daily for a variety of laboratory values and assessments of volume status in addition to waveform monitoring and NIRS. Results demonstrate that a cardiac reserve index calculated from arterial waveforms and to a less demonstrable extent, muscle pH and Sm02 correlated with fluid status and fluid resuscitation efforts. Further algorithm analysis, evolution of measurement technique and study of these tools in adults may provide useful information in the management of patients diagnosed with dengue virus infection.

By combing the ultra-fast ( 100 GHz) near-ballistic uni-traveling carrier photodiode (NBUTC-PD) and advanced optical pulse shaper system, we demonstrate the photonic generation and detection of (near) real-time arbitrary waveform at W-band with ultra-high time-bandwidth product. By use of such setup, remote-ranging (5 meters) at Wband with fine resolution ( 5 mm), has also been successfully achieved.

This report presents the results of two RAND studies: One is a comparative assessment of the capabilities and development approaches used for the Department of Defense (DoD) Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) wideband networking waveform (WNW) (a key component of a planned tactical military communications system) and the long-term evolution (LTE) waveform (a key component of advanced commercial mobile communications networks). The second study analyzes acquisition programs with multiple Nunn-McCurdy breaches, that is, military acquisition programs that have exceeded certain cost thresholds. The first study compares differences in system designs, technical requirements, intellectual property protection schemes, and cost in the development of WNW, one of the key software products produced by the JTRS network enterprise domain1 (NED) program with similar elements of the commercial cell phone fourth-generation (4G) LTE waveform. The study first examined how the program managed system design, technical risks, and WNW development costs and how technical risks and challenging requirements contributed to schedule and cost increases. These JTRS NED program management factors were then compared to the risk factors, program management approaches, schedule changes, and development costs for the LTE waveform, the most advanced wireless waveform ever developed by commercial industry.

The objective of this project is to construct regional wave (Pg, Sn, and Lg) attenuation models for the crust and upper mantle throughout the Iranian plateau and surrounding regions. This research should increase ray path coverage of critical areas and help to create robust regional phase amplitude and attenuation models. We have combined our Iranian data set with our existing Middle Eastern Lg waveform database. These two data sets, combined, give us reasonably good coverage of the northern Middle East. We have created a catalog of seismic events in and around Iran with reliable source spectra as well as tested regional phase attenuation maps for the Zagros and Iranian plateau. We have developed an Sn attenuation model using two station measurements of Q for regional phase Sn (0.1 to 0.5 Hz) and for high frequency Sn (0.5 to 2 Hz). We have also processed Pg waveforms in order to obtain robust estimates of Qp in the crust within the Iranian plateau. For most of the phases we see moderately high attenuation within the plateau and less attenuation along the Zagros mountains. This project is the first to use two station and reverse two station methods to measure attenuation of phases such as Pg and Sn., The original document contains color images.

This project is an effort under the Information in a Photon (InPho) program at DARPA\DSO. Its purpose is to investigate experimentally and theoretically the fundamental physical and information theoretic limits to laser ranging and imaging using bits of information per received photon (bpp) as a metric. This project emphasizes the use of non-brief-pulse transmit waveforms and in particular Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) ladar based on active linearization of tunable laser chirp sources developed by MSU-Spectrum Lab, Synthetic Aperture Ladar 2D imaging with same source, and compressive laser ranging and imaging techniques. Additionally, this project investigated the use of quantum mechanically entangled biphotons in the form of down converted chirp photons for ranging. Experimental activities have included: Demonstration of a compressive ranging technique that utilizes pseudorandom waveforms to sense a sparse range scene with few measurements. Extensive collection of FMCW ladar data with a strong and weak local oscillator (LO) powers showing excellent agreement with theoretical statistics and information theoretic calculations. Demonstration of quantum optical fourth order interference from a Type II KTP waveguide Spontaneous Parametric Down Conversion (SPDC) source. Demonstration of single pixel imaging with pseudo-random projected waveforms at 1500 nm and detection with single photon counting InGaAs avalalanche photodiodes. Theoretical assistance was provided in first half of the project by Dr. Baris Erkmen of JPL who was funded through a separate channel

Early detection of hemorrhage is crucial for managing combat casualties. However, mean arterial blood pressure (ABP) and other vital signs are late indicators of a bleed. By contrast, cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), ventricular end-diastolic volume (EDV), and autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity can provide timely warning of blood loss. However, existing methods for their measurement are invasive and/or require an operator. On the other hand, a peripheral ABP waveform can be measured non-invasively and automatically with commercial devices that are amenable to most combat casualties during evacuation and medical care thereafter. We have conceived techniques to track CO, SV, EDV, and ANS activity by mathematical analysis of a peripheral ABP waveform and simpler non-invasive waveforms. Our objective was to prove the efficacy of these techniques during hypovolemia. We investigated the techniques based on existing data from conscious humans exposed to lower body negative pressure (LBNP) a model of early bleeding. Our most significant results were that the techniques can estimate relative changes in CO and SV accurately and better than previous techniques during progressive LBNP and recovery. We also transitioned the techniques from academia to a ventured backed start-up company. The techniques could ultimately be used to help manage combat casualties during transport and higher echelon care., The original document contains color images.

The ZigBee specification provides a niche capability, extending the IEEE 802.15.4 standard to provide a wireless mesh network solution. ZigBee-based devices require minimal power and provide a relatively long-distance, inexpensive, and secure means of networking. The technology is heavily utilized, providing energy management, ICS automation, and remote monitoring of Critical Infrastructure (CI) operations; it also supports application in military and civilian health care sectors. ZigBee networks lack security below the Network layer of the OSI model, leaving them vulnerable to open-source hacking tools that allow malicous attacks such as MAC spoofing or Denial of Service (DOS). A method known as RF-DNA Fingerprinting provides an additional level of security at the Physical (PHY) level, where the transmitted waveform of a device is examined, rather than its bit-level credentials which can be easily manipulated. RF-DNA fingerprinting allows a unique human-like signature for a device to be obtained and a subsequent decision made whether to grant access or deny entry to a secure network. Two NI receivers were used here to simultaneously collect RF emissions from six Atmel AT86RF230 transceivers. The time-domain response of each device was used to extract features and generate unique RF-DNA fingerprints. These fingeprints were used to perform Device Classification using two discrimination processes known as MDA/ML and GRLVQI. Each process (classifier) was used to examine both the Full-Dimensional (FD) and reduced dimensional feature-sets for the high-value PXIe and low-value USRP receivers. The reduced feature-sets were determined using DRA for both quantitative and qualitative subsets. Additionally, each classifier performed Device Classification using a hybrid interleaved set of fingerprints from both receivers., The original document contains color images.

This research developed and validated a generic simulation for a direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS), using di erential phase shift keying (DPSK) and phase shift keying (PSK) modulations, providing the exibility for assessing intentional interference e ect using DSSS quadrature phase shift keying receiver (QPSK) with matched ltering as a reference. The evaluation compares a comprehensive pool of jamming waveforms at pass-band that include continuous wave (CW) interference, broad-band jamming, partial-band interference and pulsed interference. The methodology for jamming assessment included comparing the bit error rate (BER) versus required jamming to signal ratio (JSR) for di erent interferers using the Monte Carlo approach. This thesis also analyzes the e ect of varying the jammer bandwidth for broad-band jammers including broad-band noise (BBN), frequency hopping interference (FHI), comb- spectrum interference (CSI), multi-tone jamming (MTJ), random frequency modulated interference (RFMI) and linear frequency modulated interference (LFMI). Also, the e ect of changing the duty cycle for pulsed CW waveforms is compared with the worst case pulsed jamming equation. After the evaluation of di erent interferers, the research concludes that pulsed binary phase shift keying (BPSK) jamming is the most e ective technique, whereas the CW tone jamming and CW BPSK interference result are least e ective. It is also concluded that by nding an optimum bandwidth, FHI and BBN improves the required JSR by approximately 2.1 dB, RFMI and LFMI interference by 0.9 and 1.5 dB respectively. Alternately, MTJ and CSI improves their e ectiveness in 4.1 dB and 3.6 dB respectively, matching the performance of the pulsed BPSK jammer., The original document contains color images.

Radar imaging is a tool used by our military to provide information to enhance situational awareness for both war ghters on the front lines and military leaders planning and forming strategies from afar. Noise radar technology is especially exciting as it has properties of covertness as well as the ability to see through walls, foliage, and other types of cover. In this thesis, AFIT's NoNet was used to generate images utilizing a random noise radar waveform as the transmission signal. The NoNet was arranged in four con gurations: arc, line, cluster, and surround. Images were formed using three algorithms: multilateration and the SAR imaging techniques, convolution backprojection, and polar format algorithm. Each con guration was assessed based on image quality, in terms of its resolution, and computational complexity, in terms of its execution time. Experiments revealed tradeo s between computational complexity and achieving ne resolutions. Depending on image size, the multilateration algorithm was approximately 6 to 35 faster than polar format and 16 to 26 times faster than convolution backprojection. Backprojection yielded images with resolutions up to approximately 11 times ner in range and 18 times ner in cross-range for the surround con guration, over multilateration images. Pixel size in polar format images made comparisons of resolution unusable. This thesis provides information on the performance of imaging algorithms given a con guration of nodes. The information will provide groundwork for future use of the AFIT NoNet as a covertly operating imaging radar in dynamic applications., The original document contains color images.

2014 ACPE. This paper describes the use of HHT to decompose power quality(PQ) signals with good resolution. A brief description of why the method is needed and the operation of the method are presented. The advantages and disadvantages of HHT when applied to decompose stationary and non-stationary PQ signals are discussed.

Unlike conventional Pulsed Active Sonar (PAS) which listens for echoes in between short-burst transmissions Continuous Active Sonar (CAS) attempts to detect echoes amidst the continual interference from source(s) transmitting with nearly 100% duty cycle. The potential advantage of CAS is an increased number of continuous detection opportunities, leading to improved target detection, localization, tracking, and classification. The challenge is detecting the target echoes in the presence of continuous interference. CAS transmission waveforms may be of several types, i.e., frequency modulated waveforms (FMs) which provide good range measurements continuous waveforms (CWs) which provide good Doppler measurements, or sophisticated broadband waveforms which attempt to provide both good range and Doppler measurements simultaneously. In order to mitigate against the multi-source mutual interference problem, it may be preferred to only use continuous CW transmissions, rather than continuously repeating broadband waveforms. This paper develops a tracking approach based on the Gaussian Mixture Probability Hypothesis Density (GMPHD) filter for multistatic sonar configurations using Doppler-bearing measurements from continuous CW transmissions. From a single fixed source-receiver node, such measurements do not enable precise target state estimates. However, when data fusion and target tracking is performed amongst multiple source-receiver nodes, it is shown that good localization estimates and target tracking may be obtained., Presented at the 16th International Conference on Information Fusion held in Istanbul, Turkey on 9-12 July 2013. Sponsored in part by Office of Naval Research Global.

The Mobile User Objective System (MUOS) is a narrowband Military Satellite Communications (MILSATCOM) system that supports a worldwide, multi-Service population of mobile and fixed-site terminal users in the Ultra High Frequency (UHF) band, providing increased communications capabilities to smaller terminal users while still supporting interoperability to legacy terminals. MUOS adapts a commercial third generation Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) cellular phone network architecture and combines it with geosynchronous satellites (in place of cell towers) to provide a new and more capable UHF MILSATCOM system. The constellation of four operational satellites and ground network control will provide greater than ten times the system capacity of the current UHF Follow-On (UFO) constellation. MUOS includes the satellite constellation, a ground control and network management system, and a new waveform for user terminals. The space segment is comprised of a constellation of four geosynchronous satellites, plus one onorbit spare. The ground system includes the ground transport, network management, satellite control, and associated infrastructure to both fly the satellites and manage the users communications. MUOS is designed to support users that require greater mobility, higher data rates, and improved operational availability. The new waveform is termed the MUOS Common Air Interface (CAI), a Software Communications Architecture compliant modulation technique for the Joint Tactical Radio System terminals., Selected Acquisition Report-SAR. The original document contains color images.

Joint Tactical Networks (JTN) develops and sustains portable, interoperable, and mobile ad hoc networking software-defined waveforms for Joint operations, as well as the associated network manager for these waveforms. Networking software-defined waveforms include: the Soldier Radio Waveform (SRW), the Wideband Networking Waveform (WNW), the Mobile User Objective System (MUOS) waveform, and the Link-16 waveform. The Joint Enterprise Network Manager supports network management functions (planning, provisioning, monitoring, and controlling) of the SRW, WNW, and MUOS waveforms. These waveforms, as well as 14 other legacy waveforms that have are coded as software-defined waveforms, are capable of operating in a variety of hardware radio platforms for both Programs of Record and commercial, Non-Developmental Items. This model of common Government controlled waveforms and network manager capable of being instantiated upon multiple various hardware radios systems enables Joint interoperability for tactical networks across the military services and fosters a competitive marketplace for multiple vendors to provide competitively priced interoperable products. Project Manager JTN employs a competitive contracting strategy for software sustainment of the waveforms and the network manager to ensure warfighter access to the best technology and innovative capabilities while addressing emerging threats and future requirements via an affordable, operationally effective, and timely framework., Selected Acquisition Report-SAR. The original document contains color images.

Warfighter Information Network-Tactical Increment 2 (WIN-T Inc 2) provides the Army with On-The-Move (OTM) networking capability. The WIN-T Inc 2 network retains capabilities delivered by WIN-T Inc 1 and by leveraging proven Government and commercial technologies, adds greater network throughput and automated network management to optimize planning (to include spectrum use), initialization, monitoring and troubleshooting. WIN-T Inc 2 employs Satellite Communications OTM to extend the network in maneuver Brigade Combat Teams to Company-level for the first time. Using equipment mounted on combat platforms, WIN-T Inc 2 delivers a mobile capability that reduces reliance on fixed infrastructure and allows key leaders to move on the battlefield while retaining situational awareness and mission command capabilities. Using the Highband Networking Radio, with the Highband Networking Waveform and high performance antennas, the WIN-T Inc 2 Line-of-Sight network offers an adaptive 30- Megabit per second aggregate throughput to key leaders in their Command Post or in their vehicle. The WIN-T Inc 2 network is self-forming, which means that it automatically creates transmission paths based on terrain and environmental conditions; and self-healing, meaning that the paths will automatically re-route traffic to complete network transactions and calls even if one or more nodes break down or loses connectivity. This offers greater network reliability and better end-to-end connectivity than traditional point-to-point networks. WIN-T Inc 2 introduces the network management capability needed to keep the mobile and dispersed forces networked together through automated planning, initialization, monitoring, and troubleshooting. Finally, WIN-T Inc 2 adopts Colorless Core technology that encrypts both classified and unclassified user information in the network and minimizes the number of users on the core of the network. The Colorless Core allows commanders to utilize the tactical network., Selected Acquisition Report-SAR. The original document contains color images.

Warfighter Information Network - Tactical Increment 3 (WIN-T Inc 3) develops the Network Operations (NetOps) software to meet the Army's Network Convergence goals. NetOps provides the monitoring, control and planning tools to ensure management of the voice, data and internet transport networks. The NetOps software will also provide Information Assurance and Network Centric Enterprise Services. This allows for seamless integration of the tactical network planning, management, monitoring, and defense for the Signal staff. These NetOps improvements simplify the management of the network and increase the automation of tools and reporting. The developed NetOps software enhancements will be provided as a technical insertion to WIN-T Inc 1 and WIN-T Inc 2 for fielding and support. WIN-T Inc 3 develops the enhanced Net Centric Waveform (NCW) version 10.x for increased throughput capability beyond the line of sight satellite communication and the Highband Networking Waveform (HNW) version 3.0 for line of sight communications. Both NCW and HNW provide improved network capacity and robustness. The waveform improvements will be available for use in WIN-T and other radio programs., Selected Acquisition Report-SAR. The original document contains color images.

This paper focuses on the closed-loop voltage control of two classical soft switching pulsed power resonant converters for radio frequency applications. Based on the optimization algorithms proposed in the previous work, the two converters are designed to produce a series of long pulse voltage waveforms, each one rated at 9MW, 120kV, 1ms, 1% voltage ripple. A novel PI + Repetitive Control strategy is employed for voltage pulse regulation, resulting in a fast rise time, reduced overshoot and constant amplitude. The soft-switching of semiconductor devices is ensured throughout the pulse by a combined frequency and phase shift modulation, in order to maximize the system conversion efficiency., See also ADM002371. 2013 IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, Digest of Technical Papers 1976-2013, and Abstracts of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science. IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference (19th). Held in San Francisco, CA on 16-21 June 2013., The original document contains color images.

In this report, the initial design of a search mode for the Experimental Phased-Array Radar 2 (XPAR-2) system developed at DSTO is addressed. A track-while-scan search method combined with a one-step detection algorithm is proposed for implementation. Effects of discrete and distributed land clutter on detection performance are analysed. Limitation of clutter attenuation due to oscillator phase noise is addressed. Three options for waveform and pulse repetition frequency (PRF) selections are considered. Option 1 consists of 8 PRFs which are designed for detection of targets between 2 NM to 20 NM. Option 2 consists of two separate PRF sets (each consists of 8 PRFs), which are designed such that one is optimised for close range targets between 2 NM to 7 NM, and one is optimised for targets between 7 NM to 20 NM. Option 3 is similar to option 1, but with twice the coherence processing interval. In all three options, the 3-of-8 binary detection rule is applied. Option 3 is selected for initial implementation. A track-while-scan search regime combined with a sequential alert-confirm detection algorithm is considered for future research study.

Concurrent experiments and computations are used to analyze combustion instabilities in a transverse mode combustion chamber. The experiments employ a shear-coaxial injector element, positioned within a rectangular chamber. The reacting flow portion of the study element is optically accessible and the chamber is extensively instrumented with high-frequency pressure transducers. High amplitude transverse acoustics modes are driven by unstable injector elements located near the chamber end-walls. Different levels of instability are obtained by varying the operation of these driving elements. High-fidelity computational fluid dynamics simulations are used to model this set-up, although only the study element is fully represented and the transverse acoustics modes are generated by vibrating the side walls at the appropriate frequencies. The computational results are compared quantitatively with the high frequency pressure measurements, and qualitatively by using the CH* chemiluminescence signal from the experiment. The combustion response of the first, second and third transverse modes obtained using a dynamic modal decomposition procedure show excellent agreement between the experiments and simulations. The overall approach shows significant promise for screening the combustion response of candidate injector configurations for rocket applications., The original document contains color images. Presented at the 49th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference held in San Jose, CA on 15-17 Jul 2013. Prepared in cooperation with Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.

The Auditory Hazard Analysis Algorithm for Humans (AHAAH) calculates the risk to human hearing of impulse noises, such as gunfire or airbag deployment. It achieves this by modeling the effects of the sound pressure wave from the free field, through hearing protection (if used), through the middle ear, and into the inner ear. The output of the algorithm is the number of auditory risk units (ARUs) associated with exposure to the given impulse sound. ARUs predict hearing damage; values over 500 ARUs for a 24-h exposure are likely to produce permanent hearing loss. AHAAH can account for the use of many different forms of hearing protectors. AHAAH models the effects of the hearing protector on the sound pressure wave and evaluates the risk of hearing damage in ARUs when hearing protectors are properly worn. The algorithm is implemented in computer software. This report is a user s manual for the AHAAH software release MIL-STD-1474E., The original document contains color images.

Construction of complex-valued unimodular stochastic sequences or waveforms whose autocorrelation can be made arbitrarily small outside the origin has been done. This has been accomplished both for discrete and continuous waveforms. Besides, multidimensional waveforms having such low autocorrelation properties has also been constructed. The unimodular low autocorrelation stochastic waveforms constructed have then been characterized in terms of mathematical objects called frames. The closeness of such stochastic frames to orthonormal bases has also been studied., The original document contains color images.

After several years of development, the AFIT Noise Radar Network (NoNET) has proven to be an extremely versatile system for many standard radar functions. This pallet of capabilities includes through the wall target tracking capabilities due to its wide bandwidth and UHF operations. Utilizing White Gaussian Noise as its waveform, the NoNET can operate at much lower power levels than other comparable systems while remaining extremely covert. In an e ort to explore new applications, the question arose could the NoNET provide a viable option for navigation capability in GPS denied and indoor environments? This research aims to provide proof of concept and demonstration of the navigation function execution with the NoNET in indoor, multipath-ridden environments. Results demonstrate that the NoNET is currently capable of locating a receiver to accuracies of approximately 1 foot. Multipath, background RF interference, and network timing were investigated and solutions to mitigate the limitations imposed by each were developed with the potential to signi cantly improve accuracy. Future upgrades to the current NoNET hardware package were also investigated in order to provide a near real-time, portable solution to navigation in GPS denied environments., The original document contains color images.

Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave (FMCW) radar is a type of Low Probability of Intercept radar system that is being heavily investigated in the military. Not only is its transmission difficult to be detected by enemy intercept receivers, but FMCW radar has the inherent capability of increasing coherent signal power while suppressing noise power during its receive signal processing. This thesis investigates the jamming effectiveness of selected jamming waveforms by injecting the interfering signals into the Lab-Volt Radar Training System (LVRTS). The jamming effect is evaluated based on the change in beat frequency due to the jamming. Due to the hardware limitations of the LVRTS, a MATLAB simulation model is also constructed for advanced electronic attack testing. The MATLAB model emulates the FMCW emitter digital signal processing response to coherent and non-coherent jamming signals under an anti-ship capable missile scenario. The simulation output is the target range and range rate, whose error measures quantify the jamming effectiveness. From the standpoint of electronic warfare, related subjects such as electronic warfare support measures and FMCW electronic protection are also discussed.

In radar systems one may have a priori knowledge of the scene or its statistics. The supported research sought to exploit this additional knowledge available to a radar to improve its performance along two main lines: 1) past radar waveform returns and knowledge of scene statistics allows a radar to adapt its subsequent waveforms to these extra sources of information, and 2) knowledge of the geometry of the radar scene may allow one to exploit multi path reflections to improve radar performance such as target detection and localization. In our first direction, it is known that adapting radar waveforms to best extract information exploits prior scene knowledge - for example knowledge of multipath - and improves performance. How to best'' design and adaptively select waveforms, however, remains an open question. Central to answering this is how to properly incorporate feedback, or close'' the loop. In a more theoretical direction, we have proposed a novel, information theoretically optimal metric which properly incorporates feedback which will allow for the more efficient and effective scheduling of radar waveforms and shown the resulting designed or scheduled waveforms in simulations., The original document contains color images.

The Department of the Navy (DON) is committed to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels. Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus has said, The underlying reasons for reform are clear. Our energy sources are not secure, we need to be more efficient in energy use, and we emit too much carbon. Microgrids utilizing an Energy Management System (EMS) may be the answer to control and route power more efficiently. The power quality achieved from a single phase pulse-width modulation (PWM) voltage source inverter (VSI) (the heart of an EMS) driving an inductive and capacitive (LC) filter with linear and non-linear loads was investigated in this thesis. The open loop PWM waveforms are compared to the power quality standards for ship board power, MIL-STD-1399-300B. This quantifies the performance limits of open loop PWM, which is the simplest control strategy for a single-phase VSI. Closed loop control is shown to be necessary when larger loads are connected to the VSI in order to prevent output voltage sag.

In an effort to increase the energy density of high voltage capacitors to greater than 5 J/cm3 for compact pulsed power sources, high dielectric constant materials with high dielectric strength are under continued development at the University of Missouri. The materials are modified versions of composites recently developed for compact dielectric-loaded antennas. While the composites developed for antenna systems were developed specifically for use at 100s of MHz to several GHz, the requirements of capacitor applications present unique challenges. In particular, the leakage current must be minimized to efficiently store the energy for long periods of time, and the dielectric losses must be considered at the relatively lower frequencies up to several 10s of MHz. This paper details the dielectric properties of the materials under development for high energy density pulsed power capacitors. The dielectric constant and loss are reported at frequencies relevant for capacitor applications. The leakage current under high voltage conditions is evaluated, and waveforms from the fast discharge of sample capacitors are analyzed. Finally, projections are provided on how the materials may be scaled from small capacitors for dielectric evaluation to full-size prototypes.

Alternating current motors are used throughout the fleet because of their rugged construction and nearly maintenance free operation. Since the U.S. Navy is exploring and acting on the possibilities of DC distribution systems, the need exists for simple, reliable three-phase voltage source inverter (VSI) powered induction machines. Until recently, VSIs utilized a pulse width modulation (PWM) scheme controlling the frequency and amplitude of each phase. A novel and simple hardware centered VSI controller was designed, simulated, built and tested featuring a type of space vector modulation (SVM). Design criteria evaluated such as VSI frequency response, switching losses, dead-time and SVM switching sequences were considered. Specifically, modulo-6 and 12 synthetic SVM units were evaluated for future Department of Defense use.

The central theme of the work on this contract has been: development of techniques and ideas for the control of the waveforms of single photons and the extension of the concepts of nonlinear optics into the x-ray portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Advances in the first portion of this work include: the first demonstration of use of spread spectrum technology at the single photon level, and in particular the demonstration that it is possible to hide a single photon in an environment of a much higher density of photons with the same spectral power density, and the first demonstration of the technique of chirp and compress, again at the level of a single photon. Key contributions and advances in the hard x-ray portion of this work include: The invention of a new technique for the generation of polarization entangled x-ray biphotons (theoretical), and the demonstration of parametric down conversion in the Langevin regime. Recently, a paper describing the first demonstration of second harmonic generation at x-ray wavelengths has been submitted., The original document contains color images. Sponsored in part by AFRL, .

The Cognitive Radar (CR) is a new field for radar research. Its basic characteristics are introduced in this thesis. Two specific types of waveforms are used in this research; wideband and an adaptive waveform called probability weighted energy (PWE) waveform. This thesis also illustrates a comparison of two approaches to using a target recognition CR system. The first approach is to set a specific probability threshold but without limiting the number of transmissions. In contrast, the second approach is to set a specific number of transmissions. Moreover, waveform design due to moving target and a static target recognition CR system using wideband waveform and PWE waveform is presented. For a target whose extent changes with motion, a CR system must compensate the waveforms in order to mitigate the effect on performance.

This research was performed to expand AFIT's Radio Frequency Distinct Native Attribute (RF-DNA) fingerprinting process to support IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee communication network applications. Current ZigBee bit-level security measures include use of network keys and MAC lists which can be subverted through interception and spoofing using open-source hacking tools. This work addresses device discrimination using Physical (PHY) waveform alternatives to augment existing bit-level security mechanisms. ZigBee network vulnerability to outsider threats was assessed using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves to characterize both Authorized Device ID Verification performance (granting network access to authorized users presenting true bit-level credentials) and Rogue Device Rejection performance (denying network access to unauthorized rogue devices presenting false bit-level credentials). Radio Frequency Distinct Native Attribute (RF-DNA) features are extracted from time-domain waveform responses of 2.4 GHz CC2420 ZigBee transceivers to enable humanlike device discrimination. The fingerprints were constructed using a hybrid pool of emissions collected under a range of conditions, including anechoic chamber and an indoor office environment where dynamic multi-path and signal degradation factors were present. The RF-DNA fingerprints were input to a Multiple Discriminant Analysis, Maximum Likelihood (MDA/ML) discrimination process and a 1 vs. many Looks most like? classification assessment made. The hybrid MDA model was also used for 1 vs. 1 Looks how much like? verification assessment. ZigBee Device Classification performance was assessed using both full and reduced dimensional fingerprint sets. Reduced dimensional subsets were selected using Dimensional Reduction Analysis (DRA) by rank ordering 1) pre-classification KS-Test p-values and 2) post-classification GRLVQI feature relevance values. Assessment of Zigbee device ID verification capability., The original document contains color images.

Advances in technology and signal processing techniques have opened the door to using an UWB random noise waveform for radar imaging. This unique, low probability of intercept waveform has piqued the interest of the U.S. DoD as well as law enforcement and intelligence agencies alike. While AFIT's noise radar has made significant progress, the current architecture needs to be redesigned to meet the space constraints and power limitations of an aerial platform. This research effort is AFIT's first attempt at RNR miniaturization and centers on two primary objectives: 1) identifying a signal processor that is compact, energy efficient, and capable of performing the demanding signal processing routines and 2) developing a high-speed correlation algorithm that is suited for the target hardware. A correlation routine was chosen as the design goal because of its importance to the noise radar's ability to estimate the presence of a return signal. Furthermore, it is a computationally intensive process that was used to determine the feasibility of the processing component. To determine the performance of the proposed algorithm, results from simulation and experiments involving representative hardware were compared to the current system. Post-implementation reports of the FPGA-based correlator indicated zero timing failures, less than a Watt of power consumption, and a 44% utilization of the Virtex-5's logic resources., The original document contains color images.