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Understanding global space weather effects is of great importance to the international scientific community, but more localized space weather predictions are important on a national level. In this study, data from a ground magnetometer at Valentia Observatory is used to characterize space weather effects on the island of Ireland. The horizontal component of magnetometer observations and its time derivative are considered, and extreme values of these are identified. These extremes are fit to a generalized extreme value distribution, and from this model return values (the expected magnitude of an observation within a given time window) are predicted. The causes of extreme values are investigated both in a case study, and also statistically by looking at contributions from geomagnetic storms, substorms, and sudden commencements. This work characterizes the extreme part of the distribution of space weather effects on Ireland (and at similar latitudes), and hence examines those space weather observations which are likely to have the greatest impact on susceptible technologies.

During its 53-day polar orbit around Jupiter, Juno often crosses the boundaries of the Jovian magnetosphere (namely the magnetopause and bow shock). From the boundary locations, the upstream solar wind dynamic pressure can be inferred, which in turn illustrates the state of compression or relaxation of the system. The aim of this study is to examine Jovian radio emissions during magnetospheric compressions, in order to determine the relationship between the solar wind and Jovian radio emissions. In this paper, we give a complete list of bow shock and magnetopause crossings (from June 2016 to August 2022), along with some extra informations (e.g. solar wind dynamic pressure and position of the standoff distances inferred from Joy et al. (2002)). We then select two compression events that occur in succession (inferred from magnetopause crossings) and we present a case study of the response of the Jovian radio emissions. We demonstrate that magnetospheric compressions lead to the activation of new radio sources. Newly activated broadband kilometric emissions are observed almost simultaneously to compression of the magnetosphere, with sources covering a large range of longitudes. Decametric emission sources are seen to be activated more than one rotation later only at specific longitudes and dusk local times. Finally, the activation of narrowband kilometric radiation is not observed during the compression phase, but when the magnetosphere is in its expansion phase.

The Swift Small Magellanic Cloud Survey, S-CUBED, is a high cadence shallow X-ray survey of the SMC. The survey consists of 142 tiled pointings covering the optical extent of the SMC, which is performed weekly by NASA's Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory, with an exposure per tile of 60 seconds. The survey is focused on discovery and monitoring of X-ray outbursts from the large known and unknown population of BeXRBs in the SMC. Given the very low background of Swift's X-ray telescope, even with a short exposure per tile, S- CUBED is typically sensitive to outbursts in the SMC at > 1 - 2% Eddington Luminosity for a typical 1.4M neutron star compact object. This sensitivity, combined with the high cadence, and the fact that the survey can be performed all year round, make it a powerful discovery tool for outbursting accreting X-ray pulsars in the SMC. In this paper describe results from the first year of observations of S-CUBED, which includes the 1SCUBEDX catalog of 265 X-ray sources, 160 of which are not identified with any previously cataloged X-ray source. We report on bulk properties of sources in the 1SCUBEDX catalog. Finally we focus on results of S-CUBED observations of several interesting sources, which includes discovery of three Type II outbursts from BeXRBs, and the detection of Type I outbursts and orbital periods in 6 BeXRB systems., Comment: 27 pages, 16 Figures, 5 Tables. Accepted to ApJS

Uncertainty in ocean analysis methods and deficiencies in the observing system are major obstacles for the reliable reconstruction of the past ocean climate. The variety of existing ocean reanalyses is exploited in a multi-reanalysis ensemble to improve the ocean state estimation and to gauge uncertainty levels. The ensemble-based analysis of signal-to-noise ratio allows the identification of ocean characteristics for which the estimation is robust (such as tropical mixed-layer-depth, upper ocean heat content), and where large uncertainty exists (deep ocean, Southern Ocean, sea ice thickness, salinity), providing guidance for future enhancement of the observing and data assimilation systems.

This paper examines the enduring separation and isolation of elite schools in England, in the face of increasing and substantial internationalisation. It presents the findings of a research project examining the geographical narratives produced by 30 elite schools on their websites and through their prospectuses, newsletters, blogs and twitter feeds. A critical visual and textual analysis was undertaken. Drawing on these data, the paper argues that elite schools remain highly focused on promoting and defending their separateness and isolation, despite extensive, documented international involvements. Work on institutional and carceral geographies and geographies of education have provided some theoretical justification for why this might be the case, and we explore these reasons here. The paper concludes with a plea for more work on the elite schooling sector in England, as their spatial practices (isolation and internationalisation) continue to have a weighty bearing upon society.

Despite three decades of successful, predominantly phenotype-driven discovery of the genetic causes of monogenic disorders, up to half of children with severe developmental disorders of probable genetic origin remain without a genetic diagnosis. Particularly challenging are those disorders rare enough to have eluded recognition as a discrete clinical entity, those with highly variable clinical manifestations, and those that are difficult to distinguish from other, very similar, disorders. Here we demonstrate the power of using an unbiased genotype-driven approach to identify subsets of patients with similar disorders. By studying 1,133 children with severe, undiagnosed developmental disorders, and their parents, using a combination of exome sequencing and array-based detection of chromosomal rearrangements, we discovered 12 novel genes associated with developmental disorders. These newly implicated genes increase by 10% (from 28% to 31%) the proportion of children that could be diagnosed. Clustering of missense mutations in six of these newly implicated genes suggests that normal development is being perturbed by an activating or dominant-negative mechanism. Our findings demonstrate the value of adopting a comprehensive strategy, both genome-wide and nationwide, to elucidate the underlying causes of rare genetic disorders.

The rate of wound healing and its effect on mortality has not been well described. The objective of this article is to report wound healing trajectories in burn patients and analyze their effects on in-hospital mortality. The authors used software (WoundFlow) to depict burn wounds, surgical results, and healing progression at multiple time points throughout admission. Data for all patients admitted to the intensive care unit with /= 20% TBSA burned were collected retrospectively. The open wound size (OWS), which includes both unhealed burns and unhealed donor sites, was measured. We calculated the rate of wound closure (healing rate), which we defined as the change in OWS/time. We also determined the time delay (DAYS) from day of burn until day on which there was a reduction in OWS 10%. Data are medians [interquartile range]. There were 38 patients with complete data; 25 had documentation of successful healing (H), and 13 did not (NH). H differed from NH on age (38 years [32 57] vs 63 [51 74]), body mass index (27 [21 28] vs 32 [19 52]), 24-hour fluid resuscitation (12 L [10 16] vs 18 [15 20]), pressors during first 48 hours (72% vs 100%), use of renal replacement therapy (32% vs 92%), and mortality (4% vs 100%). Repeated measures analysis of covariance showed a significant difference between survivors and nonsurvivors on OWS as a function of time (P.001). Patients with a positive healing rate (+2%/day) after postburn day 20 had 100% survival whereas those with a negative healing rate ( 2%/day) had 100% mortality. For H patients, median DAYS was 41 (28 54); median DAYS/TBSA was 1.3 (1.0 1.9). Survivors had a 0.62% drop in OWS/day, or 4.3%/week. In this cohort of patients with /= 20% TBSA, there was a difference in mortality after postburn day 20, between patients with a positive healing rate (+2%/day, 100% survival) and those with a negative healing rate ( 2%/day, 100% mortality, P .05)., Published in the Journal of Burn Care & Research, v35 n6 p474-479, Nov-Dec 2014. Presented at the 44th Annual Meeting of the American Burn Association held in Seattle, WA on 24-27 Apr 2012. Prepared in collaboration with the Uniformed Services University for the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, the Naval Medical Research Unit-San Antonio, TX, and the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio.

Optimal fluid resuscitation during the first 48 hours in patients with large burns is critical for improving outcomes and avoiding burn shock. However, it is unclear what the effect of fluid management is on kidney function during the resuscitation phase of care. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of acute kidney injury (AKI) during resuscitation. We hypothesized that AKI is common during burn resuscitation and correlates with extent of the burn injury. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of consecutive patients admitted to our burn intensive care unit from December 2007 to April 2013 who were resuscitated using a computerized decision support system (CDSS) designed to optimize resuscitation. AKI was defined by the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) criteria and was assessed during the resuscitation period. Rates of AKIN were stratified by burn size. Results: The cohort was composed of 241 subjects. Mean total body surface area (TBSA) burn was 40 20%, weight was 84 19kg, and age was 46 19 years. AKI occurred in 54% (n=131) of patients with 43%, 20%, and 1% meeting criteria for AKIN 1, 2, and 3, respectively. There was a significant increase in overall AKIN rates for TBSA 30% (43% vs. 63%, p0.01) with AKIN 1 differing significantly from 31% to 53% (p0.01). Development of AKI was significantly correlated with increased resuscitation volume (ml/ kg, p0.001) and mortality (p0.01). Increases in serum creatinine of 0.3 mg/dl in the last 48 hours was the leading cause of potential AKIN classification (79%, 104) of cases followed by low urinary output of 12 hours (19%, n=25) and low urinary output of 24 hours (2%, n=2). Conclusions: Based on the AKIN criteria, patients undergoing burn fluid resuscitation appear to be at risk of AKI. The majority of patients with a TBSA greater than 30% will develop AKI based on increases to serum creatinine during resuscitation., Published in Critical Care Medicine, v42 n12, 2014. Prepared in collaboration with the San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX.

Bacteria and Archaea exhibit a huge diversity of metabolic capabilities with fundamental importance in the environment, and potential applications in biotechnology. However, the genetic bases of these capabilities remain unclear due largely to an absence of technologies that link DNA sequence to molecular function. To address this challenge, we are developing a pipeline for high throughput annotation of gene function using mutagenesis, growth assays and DNA sequencing. By applying this pipeline to annotate gene function in 50 diverse microbes we hope to discover thousands of new gene functions and produce a proof of principle `Functional Encyclopedia of Bacteria and Archaea?.

Background: There are significant gaps in the implementation and uptake of evidence-based guideline recommendations for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes in Australian general practice. This study protocol describes the methodology for a cluster randomised trial to evaluate the effectiveness of a model that aims to improve the implementation of these guidelines in Australian general practice developed by a collaboration between researchers, non-government organisations, and the profession.Methods: We hypothesise that the intervention will alter the behaviour of clinicians and patients resulting in improvements of recording of lifestyle and physiological risk factors (by 20%) and increased adherence to guideline recommendations for: the management of CVD and diabetes risk factors (by 20%); and lifestyle and physiological risk factors of patients at risk (by 5%). Thirty-two general practices will be randomised in a 1:1 allocation to receive either the intervention or continue with usual care, after stratification by state. The intervention will be delivered through: small group education; audit of patient records to determine preventive care; and practice facilitation visits adapted to the needs of the practices. Outcome data will be extracted from electronic medical records and patient questionnaires, and qualitative evaluation from provider and patient interviews.Discussion: We plan to disseminate study findings widely and directly inform implementation strategies by governments, professional bodies, and non-government organisations including the partner organisations. © 2013 Harris et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) has been observed at 26.5°N since 2004. During 2009/2010, there was a transient 30% weakening of the AMOC driven by anomalies in geostrophic and Ekman transports. Here, we use simulations based on the Met Office Forecast Ocean Assimilation Model (FOAM) to diagnose the relative importance of atmospheric forcings and internal ocean dynamics in driving the anomalous geostrophic circulation of 2009/2010. Data-assimilating experiments with FOAM accurately reproduce the mean strength and depth of the AMOC at 26.5°N. In addition, agreement between simulated and observed stream functions in the deep ocean is improved when we calculate the AMOC using a method that approximates the observing array at 26.5°N. The main features of the geostrophic circulation anomaly are captured by an ensemble of simulations without data assimilation. These model results suggest that the atmosphere played a dominant role in driving recent interannual variability of the AMOC.

The last ten years have seen the deepening and expansion of the process of internationalization in relation to higher education. This process is multi-faceted and has included the development of education 'brands' as governments and educational institutions become increasingly entrepreneurial in their approach to higher education. The number of students who choose to study abroad has also increased considerably. Although there is a growing academic literature on the internationalization of higher education, students' own perspectives - on their motivations, objectives and experiences - are sorely lacking. Student Mobilities, Migration and the Internationalization of Higher Education is intended to address this gap. Its strong empirical focus, drawing on case studies of mobile students from East Asia, mainland Europe and the UK, helps to develop an in-depth understanding of both the commonalities and differences in the experiences of students from different parts of the world who choose to move abroad to pursue a higher education. It discusses the implications of their movement for contemporary higher education and for our understanding of migration more generally.

As interest in the geographies of student mobilities grows, this paper examines the experiences of UK students overseas. More specifically, it considers the 'international' nature of their experiences, asking: to what extent do students actively seek out and encounter 'cultural difference' through their educational choices? International students are often described by those advocating the internationalisation of education as potential 'global citizens', cosmopolitans and ambassadors of inter-cultural understanding. However, our research on UK students has suggested a more complex engagement with 'diversity' through international education. First, we examine the motivations of UK students, and show that whilst many claim to be seeking 'something different' from an overseas education, at the same time they also desire a 'knowable' destination. Film and television were very significant in terms of making certain places familiar to students and thereby influencing their decisions. Secondly, students' experiences of cultural diversity overseas were often confined to an international student community. This has several implications. Most obviously, it limits the extent to which students encounter cultures 'local' to the destination country. The separation and isolation of the international student community, however, does serve a useful function in terms of wider processes of elite class formation and social reproduction. Thirdly, we describe some instances of where individuals formed significant and meaningful relationships with foreign nationals, often as a direct consequence of their experiences of studying overseas. Clearly, this suggests a very direct engagement with 'cultural diversity', albeit of a certain kind.

Contains reports on five research projects., National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Grant NGL 22-009-016), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Grant NGL 22-009-421), National Science Foundation (Grant GP-13056), California Institute of Technology Contract 952568

To evaluate the combination of the gastrin antagonist Z-360 and gemcitabine for advanced pancreatic cancer.

To date, scholarship on international students has generally focused on flows from non-western economies to the main English-speaking destination countries (such as the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia). In contrast, we draw on a qualitative study of 85 UK students who have either completed or are considering undertaking a degree programme overseas. We found that, in opposition to a common image of ‘international students’, UK students are not overtly motivated by ‘strategic’ concerns. Instead, they are seeking ‘excitement’ and ‘adventure’ from overseas study and often use the opportunity to delay the onset of a career and prolong a relatively carefree student lifestyle. Despite these ostensibly ‘disinterested’ objectives, however, UK students remain a highly privileged group and their experiences serve only to facilitate the reproduction of their privilege. The paper calls for a more critical analysis of the spatially uneven and socially exclusive nature of international higher education.

Contains reports on seven research projects., M. I. T. Sloan Fund for Basic Research, National Science Foundation (Grant GP-8415), Joint Services Electronics Programs (U. S. Army, U. S. Navy, and U. S. Air Force) under Contract DA 28-043-AMC-02536(E), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Grant NGL 22-009-016)

Contains research objectives, summary of research and reports on eleven research projects., National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Grant NGL 22-009-016), National Science Foundation (Grant GP-14854), Joint Services Electronics Programs (U. S. Army, U. S. Navy, and U. S. Air Force) under Contract DA 28-043-AMC-02536(E), National Science Foundation (Grant GP-13056), Sloan Fund for Basic Research (M. I. T. Grant 312)

Contains reports on six research projects., National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Grant NsG-419), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Contract NSR-22-009-120)

Contains reports on seven research projects., U. S. Navy (Office of Naval Research) under Contract N00014-67-A-0204-0009, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Grant NsG-419), National Science Foundation (Grant GP-7046), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Contract NSR-22-009-120), Joint Services Electronics Programs (U. S. Army, U. S. Navy, and U.S. Air Force, Under Contract DA 28-043-AMC-02536(E)

Contains reports on six research projects., National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Grant NGL-22-009-016), National Science Foundation (Grant GP-8415)

This paper presents extensive {bias determination} analyses of ozone observations from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) satellite instruments: the ACE Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) and the Measurement of Aerosol Extinction in the Stratosphere and Troposphere Retrieved by Occultation (ACE-MAESTRO) instrument. Here we compare the latest ozone data products from ACE-FTS and ACE-MAESTRO with coincident observations from nearly 20 satellite-borne, airborne, balloon-borne and ground-based instruments, by analysing volume mixing ratio profiles and partial column densities. The ACE-FTS version 2.2 Ozone Update product reports more ozone than most correlative measurements from the upper troposphere to the lower mesosphere. At altitude levels from 16 to 44 km, the average values of the mean relative differences are nearly all within +1 to +8%. At higher altitudes (4560 km), the ACE-FTS ozone amounts are significantly larger than those of the comparison instruments, with mean relative differences of up to +40% (about +20% on average). For the ACE-MAESTRO version 1.2 ozone data product, mean relative differences are within ±10% (average values within ±6%) between 18 and 40 km for both the sunrise and sunset measurements. At higher altitudes (~3555 km), systematic biases of opposite sign are found between the ACE-MAESTRO sunrise and sunset observations. While ozone amounts derived from the ACE-MAESTRO sunrise occultation data are often smaller than the coincident observations (with mean relative differences down to −10%), the sunset occultation profiles for ACE-MAESTRO show results that are qualitatively similar to ACE-FTS, indicating a large positive bias (mean relative differences within +10 to +30%) in the 4555 km altitude range. In contrast, there is no significant systematic difference in bias found for the ACE-FTS sunrise and sunset measurements.

This paper presents extensive bias determination analyses of ozone observations from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) satellite instruments: the ACE Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) and the Measurement of Aerosol Extinction in the Stratosphere and Troposphere Retrieved by Occultation (ACE-MAESTRO) instrument. Here we compare the latest ozone data products from ACE-FTS and ACE-MAESTRO with coincident observations from nearly 20 satellite-borne, airborne, balloonborne and ground-based instruments, by analysing volume mixing ratio profiles and partial column densities. The ACEFTS version 2.2 Ozone Update product reports more ozone than most correlative measurements from the upper troposphere to the lower mesosphere. At altitude levels from 16 to 44 km, the average values of the mean relative differences are nearly all within +1 to +8%. At higher altitudes (45¿60 km), the ACE-FTS ozone amounts are significantly larger than those of the comparison instruments, with mean relative differences of up to +40% (about +20% on average). For the ACE-MAESTRO version 1.2 ozone data product, mean relative differences are within +10% (average values within +6%) between 18 and 40 km for both the sunrise and sunset measurements. At higher altitudes (35¿55 km), systematic biases of opposite sign are found between the ACEMAESTRO sunrise and sunset observations. While ozone amounts derived from the ACE-MAESTRO sunrise occultation data are often smaller than the coincident observations (with mean relative differences down to ¿10%), the sunset occultation profiles for ACE-MAESTRO show results that are qualitatively similar to ACE-FTS, indicating a large positive bias (mean relative differences within +10 to +30%) in the 45¿55 km altitude range. In contrast, there is no significant systematic difference in bias found for the ACE-FTS sunrise and sunset measurements.

Resolution of important outstanding questions in air quality, climate change and ozone layer stability demands global observations of multiple chemical species with high horizontal and vertical resolution from the boundary layer to the stratopause. We present a mission concept that delivers the needed atmospheric composition observations, along with cloud ice and water vapor data needed for improvements in climate and weather forecasting models. The mission comprises ultraviolet and infrared nadir and microwave limb viewing instruments observing wide swaths each orbit. We review the scientific goals of the mission and the measurement capabilities this concept will deliver. We describe how precessing orbits offer significant improvements in temporal resolution and diurnal coverage compared to sun-synchronous orbits. Such improvements are needed to quantify the impact of critical "fast processes" such as deep convection on the composition and radiative properties of the upper troposphere, a region where water vapor and ozone are strong but poorly understood greenhouse gases. This concept can serve as the "Global Atmospheric Composition Mission" (GACM) recently recommended by the National Academy of Sciences decadal survey as one of 17 priority earth science missions for the coming decade. ©2008 IEEE. U7 - Export Date: 2 August 2010 U7 - Source: Scopus U7 - Art. No.: 4526243

Using a combination of data from Match, POAM II, POAM III and MLS we show that the chemical loss rate of Arctic O3 during January of four cold winters (1992, 1995, 1996, and 2000) is consistently faster than can be accounted for by assuming complete activation of reactive chlorine and standard reaction kinetics. However, O3 loss rates measured during late February and early March 1996 are shown to be consistent with observations of ClO. The faster than expected O3 loss rates during January are shown to occur when air parcels are illuminated at high solar zenith angles (SZAs between ~85 and 94°), and to result in cumulative O3 loss of ~0.5 ppmv. The cause of the rapid January O3 loss is unclear, but may be related to a photolytic process at high SZA that is poorly represented by current photochemical models.

Product Manager for Non-Stockpile Chemical Material (PMNSCM) at Edgewood Chemical and Biological Centre proposed techniques whereby recovered chemical weapons are destroyed by explosive opening and chemical neutralisation within a closed system. A prototype was designed to test the practicality of this proposed solution and preliminary proofing work was conducted in the U.S.. Previous toxic trials conducted by the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl) at Porton Down, UK proved provisional proof of principle for the destruction of munitions containing phosgene and mustard, but subsequent improvements were necessary in the prototype and more data was required to fully demonstrate proof of principle. This proposal covers the provision, by Dstl of facilities and skilled personnel to enable PMNSCM to assess and develop the techniques by challenge with live CW agents and aged CW munitions. This document describes the results of the trials described in the Applied Research Proposal for the Explosive Destruction of Chemical Munitions System and the Addition to Applied Research Proposal for the Explosive Destruction of Chemical Munitions (U.S. Army Contract No. N68171-01-C-9014).

The goal of our research is to explore how back-propagation networks, trained to learn the significant representations of preprocessed speech, affect novel speech data. Using networks of different sizes with different preprocessing methods, we hope to discover the features learned and how this information may aid the performance of difficult speech processing tasks. Neural networks have sophisticated abilities for processing and filtering signals. In particular, Elman and Zipser demonstrated that the back-propagation network develops significant feature representations which may be useful for both segmenting and recognizing speech. Such networks might find applications in speech compression and/or speech normalization. The network's apparent potential for speech applications justifies further exploration, and this paper describes our work in process., Presented at the Navy IR/IED Symposium, 20-23 Jun 1988.

An investigation of various problems to be encountered in technically difficult physical environments as a result of ambient lightning, vibration and suspended aerosols is reported. Successful pulsed holographic experiments on composite rotor blades are also reported. An evaluation of the effects that various surface finishes have on the holographic construction process which indicated that surface roughnesses from 4 microinches (very smooth) to 1000 microinches are amenable to the method. The development of the theory required to relate holographic records to the strain patterns and areas of maximum strain present on the large structures, together with experimental studies exhibiting good correlation between the holographically calculated strain and that measured with gages.

Presented at Scintillation and Semiconductor Counter Symposium (8th), 1-3 Mar 62, Washington, DC.

The program is an investigation of the feasibility of using holographic interferometry for the inspection of large aircraft structures in a manufacturing or maintenance environment. The second year's work comprised the following: An investigation of the effects of airborne particulates on the holographic process, a study of holographic methods suitable for the manufacturing or maintenance environment, an investigation and experimental demonstration of two new moire methods for the visualization of strain patterns, investigations of potential stress generating mechanisms, suitable for the holographic detection of cracks, in which it was experimentally demonstrated that surface waves can be generated and attenuated by cracks, and experimental demonstrations that illustrated the potential of holography, in combination with ultrasonic excitation, for solving cooling passage alignment inspection problems. (Modified author abstract)

The primary results of a research investigation to determine the feasibility of applying interferometric holography to turbine blade stress analysis are reported and may be briefly summarized as follows: (1) It has been demonstrated that the strain at the surface of a turbine blade, excited in dynamic flexure, can be calculated from interferometric holographic fringe information. (2) Interferometric holography appears to offer some promise in the detection of weaknesses, unusual wear or fatigue in turbine blades, however experimental implementation and fringe interpretation would be a somewhat time consuming process. (3) The introduction of elevated temperatures to the turbine blade stress analysis problem requires the use of pulsed holographic techniques for best results, but otherwise it appears to present no insurmountable problems. (4) Pulsed interferometric holograms of transient and cyclically excited turbine blades have been successfully and readily constructed, demonstrating that the developed pulsed laser system possesses more than sufficient pulse reproducibility, coherence and intensity for recording reflected light holograms. (Author)

The Air Force sub-satellite Hitch-hiker I was launched into an elliptical polar orbit on 1 July 1963. The satellite carried a payload which included six radiation detection instruments for simultaneously investigating the energy spectra and angular distributions of protons and electrons in the Earth's magnetosphere over a broad range of energies. Data from an orbit of 4 July show qualitative differences in the structures of the radiation belts defined by the different energy bands investigated. Electrons of energies greater than 4 MeV (as detected by a Geiger counter) define two distinct zones with hearts at L = approx. 1.6 and L = approx. 4.5, with a pronounced slot between them at L = approx. 3.0. Electrons of energies between 1 and 4 MeV behave similarly. Protons of energies between 1 and 4 MeV are also found to lie in two zones, congruent with the electron zones, but with the outer one not so well pronounced. Electrons of energies between 15 and 100 keV define a single zone, extending beyond L = approx. 6.9, and with a heart around L = approx. 1.6. Differential spectra of electrons from 15 to 100 keV, measured with a 15% resolution, exhibit maxima around 40 keV over an extensive region of the magnetosphere, L <4, but monotonically decrease from 15 keV in regions beyond L = approx. 4. (Author), Pub. in Space Research V. Proceedings of the International Space Science Symposium (5th), Florence, May 8-20, 1964 (Copies available only to DDC users).