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Contextualization: Since the 20th century, water consumption has increased globally. This increasing is due to the fact that there is currently a high demand in developed countries and in those with rising economies. Another problem is population growth worldwide, which generates indiscriminate water use in the agricultural, livestock and industrial sectors; which generates an increasing in the use water. Knowledge gap: Fog catchment systems (fog catchers) become a useful alternative for taking advantage of the water resource available in the environment for subsequent storage and distribution in different human development activities. However, in Colombia there is a lack of studies that can be related to the implementation of these artisanal systems. Purpose: In this research, the relevance of the use of four fog catchers with different percentages in the polyshade, are located in the Vijal and Alto Bonito properties, which correspond to an ecosystem zone of sub-Andean forest, was investigated with the aim to determinate the viability of this tool in the water collection. Methodology: A randomized complete block design was carried out and, using Duncan's test, it was determined if there were significant differences between the polyshade percentages used and the height of the plots. Results and conclusions: As a result, it was obtained that polyshade of 65%, captured 980 ml corresponding to the Alto Bonito property; while in the Vijal, the fog catch was 784 ml. The mesh with 80% polyshade, captured 990 ml in the Alto Bonito property, while in Vijal, the fog catch was 794 ml. There is no significant difference to obtain water related to polyshadows. In relation to the difference in the properties altitude, there is a significant difference; the water average accumulated in the Vijal property is 25.5 ml/day, while in Alto Bonito, it is 31.8 ml/day., Contextualización: el consumo mundial de agua ha ido en aumento desde el siglo XX. Este aumento se debe a que ahora existe una gran demanda en las economías desarrolladas y emergentes; otro aspecto por considerar es el crecimiento de la población a nivel mundial, que se relaciona con un incremento en la demanda de recursos en los sectores agrícola, pecuario e industrial, lo cual resulta en un aumento en el consumo de dichos recursos. Vacío de conocimiento: los sistemas de captación de agua de niebla (atrapanieblas) se están convirtiendo en una alternativa útil para el aprovechamiento de los recursos hídricos ya disponibles en el medio ambiente, para su almacenamiento y posterior distribución en diversas actividades del desarrollo humano. Sin embargo, en Colombia se carece de estudios con relación a la implementación de estos sistemas artesanales. Propósito: este estudio investigó la utilidad de utilizar cuatro atrapanieblas con diferentes porcentajes de polisombra, ubicadas en los sitios Vijal y Alto Bonito, correspondientes al ecosistema de bosque subandino, para determinar la viabilidad de este producto de recolección de agua niebla. Metodología: se realizó un diseño de bloques completamente al azar. Se empleó el método estadístico ANOVA y la prueba de Duncan determinó si había una diferencia significativa entre los porcentajes de polisombra utilizados y la altura de los predios. La recolección de datos se llevó a cabo durante un periodo de seis semanas. Resultados y conclusiones: como resultado, la polisombra del 65% captó 980 ml en el predio de Alto Bonito; y en el predio del Vijal la captura fue de 784 ml. La malla con 80% de sombra obtuvo 990 ml en la finca Alto Bonito y 794 ml en la finca Vijal. No hubo diferencias significativas en la captación de agua con relación al porcentaje de sombra de las polisombras. En cuanto a la altura de los predios, hay una diferencia significativa, la retención de agua promedio en la finca Vijal fue de 25.5 ml/día mientras

Rainfall variability coupled with poor land and water management is contributing to food insecurity in many sub-Saharan African countries such as Ethiopia. To address such challenges, various efforts have been implemented in Ethiopia. The objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term impacts of different soil and water conservation and water harvesting interventions on groundwater and drought resilience of the Gule watershed, northern Ethiopia. The study involved: (i) documentation of the approaches followed and the technologies implemented in Gule since the 1990s, (ii) monitoring the hydrological effects of the interventions for ten years, and (iii) evaluation of the effects of the interventions on groundwater (level and quality), spring discharge and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in runoff. Results showed that interventions were implemented at different stages and scales. As a result of the interventions, the watershed was transformed into a landscape resilient to rainfall variability: (a) dry shallow groundwater wells have become productive and the level of water in wells has raised, (b) the groundwater quality has improved, (c) SSC in high floods has reduced by up to 65%, (d) discharge of existing springs has increased by up to 73% and new springs have started to emerge. Due to improved water availability, irrigated land has increased from less than 3.5 ha before 2002 to 166 ha in 2019. Communities have remained water-secure during an extreme drought in 2015/2016. Implementation of watershed management practices has transformed the landscape to be resilient to rainfall variability in a semi-arid environment: a lesson for adaptation to climate variability and change in similar environments.

This research paper addresses the pressing issue of water scarcity in Solapur district, an arid region facing recurrent droughts. The study explores the importance of water harvesting as a sustainable solution to mitigate the impact of drought. Various water harvesting techniques, including rooftop rainwater harvesting, check dams, contour trenching, percolation pits, and farm ponds, are discussed in detail. These techniques are evaluated for their applicability to Solapur's unique geographical and climatic conditions. The research emphasizes the critical role of water harvesting in improving water availability, sustaining agriculture, and enhancing community resilience. By presenting case studies and successful examples, the paper provides practical insights that can guide policymakers, local authorities, and communities in implementing effective water harvesting projects. The findings of this study contribute to the broader discourse on sustainable water management and hold significance for regions facing similar water challenges worldwide.

El present document proposa una metodologia de dimensionat i disseny de xarxes de reaprofitament d’aigües pluvials, adaptant la literatura existent a la climatologia catalana, considerant diferents sistemes de captació d’escorrentiu (superficials i d’infiltració) i diferenciant-ne actuacions d’edificació i urbanització. L’abast del treball compren des de la recollida del cabal d’aigua generat per l’escorrentiu de pluja fins l’acumulació en dipòsits. Al llarg de l’escrit, s’identificaran tant els diferents elements de captació com les expressions i criteris de càlcul dels propis, distingint-ne la capacitat de transport i emmagatzematge de l’aigua en certs períodes de retorn i el cabal pluviomètric real a gestionar, segons estudis estadístics basats en les últimes dècades. Finalment, es presenta una eina de dimensionat integral en format Excel amb el seu manual d’ús corresponent, acompanyat d’un exemple.

In recent years, rooftops have been used as productive spaces for local resource (e.g. food, water, or energy) production. The main objective of this study is to demonstrate the potential of hyperspectral data to identify roof materials in cities. The case study area is located in a Mediterranean region north of Barcelona (Spain); diverse building typologies, building uses (residential, industrial, office, services and retail) and population densities constitute this study area. Two hyperspectral remote sensors (HRSs) were used to obtain hyperspectral images. Seven roof classes were identified using the k-means clustering algorithm. Most roofs were identified as metals (33 percent), followed by ceramic tiles (22 percent). The findings showed that 51 percent of roofs could be suitable for food, water, or energy production. Nevertheless, for a more reliable assessment of this potential, more criteria are needed., This work is part of the Fertilecity II project supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (CTM2016-75772-C3-3-R and CTM2016-75772-C3-1-R, AEI/FEDER, UE); from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities; through the María de Maeztu program for Units of Excellence (CEX2019-000940-M) and supported by MOVE4EDU. Authors want to thank to the University of Guadalajara (Mexico) for awarding a research scholarship to Perla Zambrano-Prado, and to the reviewers for their valuable comments., Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::11 - Ciutats i Comunitats Sostenibles, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::13 - Acció per al Clima, Postprint (author's final draft)

Atmospheric water harvesting with metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is a new technology providing clean, long-term water supply in arid areas. In situ positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) is proposed as a valid methodology for mechanistic understanding of water sorption in MOFs and the selection of prospective candidates for desired applications. DUT-67-Zr and DUT-67-Hf frameworks are used as model systems for method validation because of their hierarchical pore structure, high adsorption capacity and chemical stability. Both frameworks are characterized using complementary techniques such as nitrogen (77 K) and water vapour (298 K) physisorption, SEM, and PXRD. DUT-67-Zr and DUT-67-Hf are investigated by PALS upon exposure to humidity for the first time, demonstrating the stepwise pore filling mechanism by water molecules for both MOFs. In addition to exploring the potential of PALS as a tool for probing MOFs during in situ water loading, this work offers perspectives on the design and use of MOFs for water harvesting.

Positron lifetime data for in situ humidity measurements

De stad Amsterdam groener maken, tegel voor tegel. In deze aflevering van Natuurlijk! nemen we je mee naar Amsterdam om het programma Rainproof te ontdekken. @amsterdamrainproof2309 is een initiatief van @GemeenteAmsterdam020 en @stichtingWaternet om de stad klimaatbestendig en groen in te richten. ' Daniel Goedbloed: 'Het wordt droger, maar het wordt ook natter, dus het regent steeds vaker echt heel erg hard. Dus we moeten ervoor zorgen dat dat regenwater een plek krijgt, zodat het niet heel erg snel afstroomt en tot overlast en schade leidt. En tegelijkertijd moeten we ook zorgen dat de stad groener is en voldoende koel om het in die hete periodes aangenaam en prettig te houden voor de mensen in de stad.' Dat kan klein beginnen met een paar tegels eruit en groen erin.

Atmospheric water harvesting is considered a viable source of freshwater to alleviate water scarcity in an arid climate. Water condensation tends to be more efficient on superhydrophobic surfaces as the spontaneous coalescence-induced droplet jumping on superhydrophobic surfaces enables faster condensate removal. However, poor water nucleation on these surfaces leads to meager water harvest. A conventional approach to the problem is to fabricate micro- and nanoscale biphilic structures. Nonetheless, the process is complex, expensive, and difficult to scale. Here, the authors present an inexpensive and scalable method based on manipulating the water-repellent coatings of superhydrophobic surfaces. Flexible siloxane can facilitate water nucleation, while a branched structure promotes efficient droplet jumping. Moreover, ToF-SIMS analysis indicated that branched siloxane provides a better water-repellent coating coverage than linear siloxane and the siloxanes comprise hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecular segments. Thus, the as-prepared superhydrophobic surface, TiO2 nanorods coated with branched siloxanes harvested eight times more water than a typical fluoroalkylsilane (FAS)-coated surface under a low 30% relative humidity and performed better than most reported biphasic materials.

Sant Vicenç de Torelló és un poble de 1.400 habitants a la vall del riu Ges. Aquest projecte explora el potencial d'evolució del seu paisatge a través de la gestió de l'aigua residual. Amb un sistema de depuració biològica es transformen 18 ha de conreu de secà a regadiu. El disseny de la intervenció s'implanta entre el poble i el riu generant una connexió funcional i ambiental. El projecte és un espai d'integració entre allò que es considera naturalesa i urbà., Sant Vicenç de Torelló es un pueblo de 1.400 habitantes en el valle del río Ges. Este proyecto explora el potencial de evolución de su paisaje a través de la gestión del agua residual. Con un sistema de depuración biológica se transforman 18 ha de cultivo de secano a regadío. El diseño de dicha intervención se implanta entre el pueblo y el río generando una conexión funcional y ambiental. El proyecto es un espacio de integración entre lo que se considera naturaleza y urbano., Sant Vicenç de Torelló es un pueblo de 1.400 habitantes en el valle del río Ges. Este proyecto explora el potencial de evolución de su paisaje a través de la gestión del agua residual. Con un sistema de depuración biológica se transforman 18 ha de cultivo de secano a regadío. El diseño de dicha intervención se implanta entre el pueblo y el río generando una conexión funcional y ambiental. El proyecto es un espacio de integración entre lo que se considera naturaleza y urbano.

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are superior sorbents for water adsorption-based applications. The unique step-like water isotherm at a MOF-specific relative pressure allows easy loading and regeneration over a small range of temperature and pressure conditions. With good hydrothermal stability and cyclic durability, it stands out over classical sorbents used in applications for humidity control, water harvesting, and adsorption-based heating and cooling. These are easily regenerated at moderate temperatures using “waste” heat or solar heating. The isotherm thermodynamics and adsorption mechanisms are described, and the presence of MOFs in the water–air system is explained. Based on six selection criteria ≈40 reported MOFs and one COF are identified for potential application. Trends and approaches in further synthesis optimization and production scale-up are highlighted. No-MOF-fits-all, each MOF has its own specific step location matching only with a certain application type. Most applications are technically feasible and demonstrated on the bench-scale or small pilot. Their maturity is benchmarked by their technology readiness level. Retrofitting existing applications with MOFs replacing classical desiccants may lead to rapid demonstration. Studies on techno-economic analysis and life cycle analysis are required for a rational evaluation of the feasibility of promising applications., ChemE/Catalysis Engineering

In water-scarce regions where fog is abundant, the population can rely on this resource to obtain fresh water. The potential to harvest fog is confirmed by Large Fog Collector projects worldwide, which are reviewed. Mostly maintenance issues due to environmental and complex social factors compromise the sustainability of such projects. The researchers endeavour to resolve these issues by developing enhanced materials, while others use biomimetic design, hence creating innovative collectors. The objective of this paper is to survey and review the state of the art and develop a framework of different types of innovative fog collectors, including conceptual, experimental and operational aspects., iiTSE, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

PARC INUNDABLE ESCULTOR CLARÀ és un Projecte de Final de Carrera que posa en crisis el creixement urbà de Malgrat de Mar envers les zones inundables del municipi i proposa un model de creixement propi del territori i les seves problemàtiques al sector de creixement PP7. El PFC es materialitza amb un parc inundable que conté basses de laminació que protegeixen els nuclis urbans de les crescudes, zones consolidades per a l’ús agrícola, zones de vegetació densa i un habitatge plurifamiliar perfectible amb una reconceptualització de la mitgera. La mitgera es converteix així en una tercera façana compartida que aporta als habitatges espais comunals, ventilació, il·luminació, accessibilitat i subministrament. La relació entre la mitgera i els elements del parc permeten un tancament de cicles socials i metabòlics., PARQUE INUNDABLE ESCULTOR CLARÀ es un Proyecto de Final de Carrera (PFC) que pone en crisis el crecimiento urbano de Malgrat de Mar en relación a las zonas inundables del municipio y propone un modelo de crecimiento propio del territorio y sus problemáticas en el sector de crecimiento PP7. El PFC se materializa con un parque inundable que contiene balsas de laminación que protegen los cascos urbanos de las crecidas, zonas consolidadas para el uso agrícola, zonas de vegetación densa y una vivienda plurifamiliar perfectible con una reconceptualización de la medianera. La medianera se convierte así en una tercera fachada compartida que aporta a las viviendas espacios comunales, ventilación, iluminación, accesibilidad y suministro. La relación entre la medianera y los elementos del parque permiten cerrar ciclos sociales y metabólicos., ESCULTOR CLARÀ FLOOD PARK is a Final Master’s Project (PFC) that puts in crisis the urban growth of Malgrat de Mar towards the flood zones of the municipality and proposes an appropriate model of growth to the territory and its problems focusing on the growth sector PP7. The PFC is materialised with a flood park which contains retention ponds that protect the urban areas from flooding, consolidated areas for agricultural use, areas of dense vegetation and a multi-unit housing that can be improved with a reconceptualization of the party wall. The party wall thus becomes a third shared façade that provides the dwellings with communal spaces, ventilation, lighting, accessibility and supply. The relationship between the party wall and the elements from the park allows for a closure of social and metabolic cycles.

Els paisatges garriguencs estan associats a un model productiu basat en el conreu de secà. Tot i l'escassedat d'aigua, històricament aquest territori ha estat viu des del punt de vista econòmic i cultural. Al llarg dels temps, els condicionants meteorològics han afavorit el desenvolupament d'una sèrie de coneixements i sistemes d'aprofitament del recurs de l'aigua, que han permès cobrir les necessitats humanes i la implantació de diverses varietats de conreu. Aquestes construccions, a més de tenir un alt valor patrimonial i cultural, configuren el paisatge i gestionen el cicle de l'aigua. L'arribada de la industrialització als anys setanta comporta l'abandonament d'aquests sistemes i dels coneixements associats. L'evolució dels mètodes de transport i cultiu porta a la incapacitat per l'aprofitament de l'aigua de pluja. Per altra banda, l'abaratiment dels materials de construcció i la instauració d'un nou model productiu basat en la indústria ramadera canvia radicalment el paisatge i augmenta la pressió hídrica sobre els recursos subterranis. L'arribada de les xarxes de rec durant l'última dècada, implica la dependència i l'explotació d'un recurs hídric llunyà, provinent de grans rius com l'Ebre o el Segre. Els escenaris presents i futurs mostren les debilitats d'aquest sistema i anima a la cerca de solucions alternatives que haurien de passar per incorporació i adaptació dels coneixements i sistemes tradicionals. De totes maneres el futur de les terres productives és incert. Un nou model capitalista està arribant i la implantació de sistemes de generació d'energia renovable suposa una amenaça pels models productius tradicionals. L'explotació d'aquest territori ja castigat hauria, almenys, d'aportar beneficis en forma d'iniciatives i projectes transformadors i dinamitzadors., Los paisajes garriguencs están asociados a un modelo productivo basado en el cultivo de secano. A pesar de la escasez de agua, históricamente este territorio ha estado vivo desde el punto de vista económico y cultural. A lo largo de los tiempos, los condicionantes meteorológicos han favorecido el desarrollo de una serie de conocimientos y sistemas de aprovechamiento del recurso del agua, que han permitido cubrir las necesidades humanas y la implantación de diversas variedades de cultivo. Estas construcciones, además de un alto valor patrimonial y cultural, configuran el paisaje y gestionan el ciclo del agua. La llegada de la industrialización en los años setenta comporta el abandono de estos sistemas y conocimientos asociados. La evolución de los métodos de transporte y cultivo conduce a la incapacidad para el aprovechamiento del agua de lluvia. Por otra parte, el abaratamiento de los materiales de construcción y la instauración de un nuevo modelo productivo basado en la industria ganadera cambia radicalmente el paisaje aumentando la presión hídrica sobre los recursos subterráneos. La llegada de las redes de riego durante la última década, implica la dependencia y explotación de un recurso hídrico lejano, proveniente de grandes ríos como el Ebro o el Segre. Los escenarios presentes y futuros muestran las debilidades de este sistema y anima a la búsqueda de soluciones alternativas que deberían pasar por la incorporación y adaptación de los conocimientos y sistemas tradicionales. De todas formas el futuro de las tierras productivas es incierto. Un nuevo modelo capitalista está llegando y la implantación de sistemas de generación de energía renovable supone una amenaza para los modelos productivos tradicionales. La explotación de este territorio ya castigado debería, al menos, aportar beneficios en forma de iniciativas y proyectos transformadores y dinamizadores.

Planning and management of water resources is crucial to enhance agricultural productivity and ensure food security in drylands. For this, adaptable and reliable runoff prediction models are urgently needed to support water harvesting and irrigation development. In this study we explored the potential of the runoff Curve Number (CN) method to estimate daily surface runoff from representative land use types and management conditions in Tigray (north Ethiopia). For this, we use the National Engineering Handbook (NEH-Tables) to derive CN values for runoff plots treated with and without soil and water conservation (SWC) structures. Moreover, the rainfall-runoff data collected from 21 large (600–1000 m2) runoff plots during three years (2010 to 2012) were used to calculate CN-values. Results show that CN values derived from the NEH-Tables are larger by 21% compared to those values calculated from plot data. The calculated CN values vary widely (34 to 91) in response to land use type, slope gradient, and applied SWC structures. Our results show that land use and SWC structures strongly influence runoff production. Considering plots with otherwise similar characteristics, CN values are consistently larger for rangeland sites as compared to those values for cropland sites. Likewise, SWC structures greatly reduce runoff production and their presence also leads to a clearly lower performance of the CN model. The results of this study are relevant contributions towards addressing several goals of agenda 2063 of the African union either directly or indirectly and also international sustainable development goals (SDG). Based on our analysis and field observations, we propose calibrated CN values that may be used for runoff yield assessments in similar environments.

El Projecte estudia i proposa una revitalització del Riu Ter mitjançant la captació d'aigua atmosfèrica i la infiltració a l'aqüífer amb la finalitat d'augmentar el cabal del Riu i regenerar la biodiversitat de l'àmbit fluvial, El Proyecto estudia y propone una revitalización del Río Ter mediante la captación de agua atmosférica e infiltración de la misma al freático con la finalidad de aumentar el caudal del Río y regenerar la biodiversidad del ámbito fluvial., The Project studies and proposes a revitalization of the River Ter through the capture of atmospheric water and its infiltration into the aquifer in order to increase the flow of the River and regenerate the biodiversity of the fluvial environment., Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::6 - Aigua Neta i Sanejament::6.6 - Per a 2020, protegir i restablir els ecosistemes relacionats amb l’aigua, inclosos boscos, muntanyes, aigua­molls, rius, aqüífers i llacs

Los deslizamientos superficiales localizados en la zona no saturada ocurren en su mayoría por la saturación parcial o total de la zona vadosa y la predicción de los cambios de contenido de agua en la zona vadosa es fundamental para la estimación de la amenaza asociada a este tipo de deslizamientos. Sin embargo, la simulación de los procesos acoplados termo-hidráulicos que tienen lugar en la zona vadosa bajo acciones climáticas requiere cálculos numéricos largos y computacionalmente costosos. Esta tesis busca utilizar un Modelo de Orden Reducido basado en el análisis espectral como una alternativa económica para la predicción de fluctuaciones del contenido de agua. Para ello se determinan dos Funciones de Transferencia del Suelo. La primera es estadística y se basa en correlaciones entre mediciones de contenido de agua en profundidad y en superficie del suelo. La segunda es determinista y se basa en una solución analítica de la ecuación de infiltración unidimensional bajo variaciones periódicas de contenido/presión de agua en la interfase suelo-atmósfera. Ambos enfoques se validan en un conjunto de datos monitoreados en un campo experimental. Los resultados muestran que la estimación del contenido de agua mediante la función de transferencia determinista alcanza una mayor precisión siempre que un procedimiento de back-análisis de los valores característicos de la ecuación (longitud de la columna, coeficiente de difusión) se realiza en un subconjunto de los datos monitorizados., Shallow landslides seated in the unsaturated zone are mostly triggered by soil partial of total saturation and the prediction of the changes of water content in the vadose zone is fundamental for the estimation of landslide hazard. However, the simulation of the full coupled thermo-hydraulic processes taking place in the vadose zone under climatic actions require long and computationally costly numerical computations. This thesis seeks to use a Reduced order Model based on the spectral analysis as a cheap alternative for the prediction water content fluctuations. To this aim, two Soil Transfer Function are determined. The first one bis statistical and based on correlations between water content measurement at depth and at soil surface. The second is deterministic and based on an analytical solution of the one-dimensional infiltration equation under period water content/pressure variations at soil- atmosphere interface. Both approaches are validated on a set of monitored data obtained in an experimental field. Results shown that the estimation of water content using a deterministic soil transfer reached higher accuracy provided that the procedure is trained on a sub-set of measurements in order to determine characteristics values for the equation control parameters (length of the column, diffusion coefficient).

This work aims to consider the existing water circle in Sud-Oest del Besòs neighborhood and to propose possible solutions for its modification in order to make water consumption more sustainable. With limited funding, it was decided to explore the possibility of reusing rainwater and to find out the best solution. This research explores such topics as water quality, water quantity and water supply. In order to reveal the optimal model, several scenarios and replicable parts of the area are studied.

El proyecto parte de la intención de devolver el contacto con la tierra a los vecinos de Nou Barris. En este distrito se hizo tabula rasa durante el desarrollismo franquista del siglo XX. Los barrios estaban formados por trazados naturales de agua, por campos agrícolas, por pequeñas casas, en mejor o peor estado, hasta que todo eso quedó sepultado por grandes polígonos de viviendas. La memoria histórica de Nou Barris no sólo se encuentra en las ruinas y los edificios que quedan de su pasado. También está en el territorio, donde la memoria colectiva de sus habitantes recuerda trazas que el lugar ha perdido. En el proceso de recuperar los trazados naturales del territorio, nos encontramos ante una problemática mayor. A medida que entendemos cómo funciona la gestión del agua en la ciudad, vemos que esta depende en gran medida de un acuífero subterráneo. Sin embargo, su recarga de agua se ha visto perjudicada por el pavimento y el asfalto urbano. El agua de lluvia se ha convertido con el paso del tiempo en un riesgo más que en una oportunidad. Las lluvias torrenciales que acompañan al clima mediterráneo suponen un peligro de inundación. El tratamiento del agua de lluvia que queda contaminada al tocar la superficie asfáltica requiere de infraestructuras de grandes dimensiones. Estas llegan a menudo al límite de sus capacidades, lo que supone disponer de más construcciones. Pero ¿qué pasaría si invirtiéramos la situación y entendiéramos la inundación como algo positivo? ¿Qué pasaría si quitásemos el asfalto y permitiéramos al agua el contacto con la tierra? ¿Recuperarían los habitantes de la ciudad la relación con el terreno también? El proyecto propone un sistema alternativo de gestión del agua, más natural, sostenible y de bajo coste. Entender la inundación como un fertilizante para la tierra, que recargue el acuífero y alivie la saturación de la red hídrica. Recuperar los trazados naturales del territorio para devolverle la vida a la ciudad.

Unlocking the mysteries of Mars’s past and future habitability is just within humanity’s grasp. With a multitude of inherent similarities to Earth, Mars is one of the most promising locations to extend humankind’s reach in manned space exploration. As humanity is at the summit of taking the next leap for mankind by preparing the first crewed missions to Mars, a need that must be met is to significantly reduce the mass necessary to deliver to the surface. The Self-Acquisition of Liquid propellant Versatile Arsenal of Resources Endeavour (SALVARE) project details a mission for creating the first Mars water-based In-Situ Resources Utilization (ISRU) architecture. This mission’s goal is to extract water (H2O) from subterranean ice pockets creating pools of liquid water, and carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. H2O and CO2 are then used for the creation and storage of propellant to support future crewed missions to Mars. View images from the Expo

The scarcity of freshwater is one of the global challenges, which involves billions of the population nowadays. Passive radiative cooling technology, by emitting thermal radiation to the higher sky of lower temperature through the atmospheric windows, provides a green and sustainable solution to sub-ambient cooling. If the moist atmospheric air can be cooled below the dew point temperature, condensation is prone to happen, which can be observed in radiative cooling and radiative condensing. To cope with the water scarcity, it is of great need to ensure the condensation rate is high and stable. A theoretical analysis of how the condensation rate is affected by the environmental factors and the condenser design is thus necessary. Herein, we propose a theoretical model of radiative cooling in different climates and radiative condensation in a system with flow rate control. The cooling performance of a radiative cooler is affected by various environmental factors including humidity, aerosol, and cloud. In our model, the parameters, such as ambient temperature and ambient relative humidity at the ground-level atmosphere are correlated to the atmosphere at higher altitudes, which can be used to evaluate how different environmental factors affect the cooling performance of a radiator. In particular, it is found that the vertical variations of both vapor concentration and temperature in the atmosphere have a significant impact on radiative cooling, which is often missed in previous models. Moreover, it is found that aerosol scattering and cloud coverage, which are both closely correlated to the humidity, greatly weaken radiative cooling. Based on these findings, the design strategies of radiative coolers in different climates are explored. Further, different factors influencing radiative condensation on a cooling surface are studied, including the cooling temperature, cooling power at the stationary temperature, and surface properties. Thereafter, a theoretical model that c

El meskat es un sistema de cosecha de agua (water harvesting) muy extendido en la región del Sahel de Túnez. Como otros sistemas de zonas semiáridas, busca incrementar la cantidad de agua disponible para los cultivos, mediante sectores de producción de escorrentía (impluvium) y sectores de distribución del agua para riego esporádico (mankaa). Pero, a menudo, en un ambiente mediterráneo las precipitaciones presentan un carácter torrencial: son a la vez un recurso hídrico y un riesgo de erosión. Por ello, estos sistemas tienen que adaptarse a las condiciones climáticas, topográficas y litológicas locales. En el caso del meskat son diseños “a medida”, con un frágil equilibrio entre el máximo aprovechamiento del recurso hídrico y el mínimo riesgo de erosión. Este trabajo se aborda mediante técnicas de análisis espacial con SIG, una contextualización ambiental, sobre todo geomórfica, y una cuantificación de sus características topográficas básicas (altitudes, desniveles y pendientes). Para ello se ha realizado una cartografía detallada de sistemas, y una cuantificación topográfica y de usos del suelo a partir de un muestreo aleatorio de puntos. Con ello, se ha cuantificado el grado de presencia y la ratio producción/riego. Se pretende reconocer la existencia de tipologías de diseños y sus características más relevantes. Se trata de sistemas con soluciones adaptadas al medio, con una amplia variabilidad, pero con tipologías reconocibles, básicamente sistemas ubicados en vaguada y en glacis. A la vez, es un tipo de sistema con una rápida y reciente transformación, tanto de los propios usos del suelo como de los mismos cultivos., Meskat is a widespread water harvesting system in the Sahel region of Tunisia. Like other systems in semi-arid zones, it attempts to increase the amount of water available for crops, through runoff production sectors (impluvium) and water distribution sectors for sporadic irrigation (mankaa). However, often, in a Mediterranean environment, rainfall can be torrential: it is both a water resource and a risk of erosion. Therefore, these systems have to be adapted to local climatic, topographic and lithological conditions. In the case of meskat, they are “made to measure” designs, with a fragile balance between the maximum use of the water resource and the minimum risk of erosion. This study is based on spatial analysis techniques with GIS, an environmental contextualization, especially geomorphic, and a quantification of its basic topographic characteristics (altitudes, altitude difference and slopes). To do this, a detailed mapping of systems has been carried out, together with a topographic and land use quantification from a random sampling of points. In this way, the degree of presence and the production/irrigation ratio have been quantified. It seeks to recognize the existence of different types of designs and their most relevant characteristics. The initial hypothesis is confirmed that these are systems with solutions adapted to the environment, with wide variability, but with recognizable typologies, basically systems located in thalweg and glacis. At the same time, it is a type of system with a rapid and recent transformation, both of the land uses and the crops themselves.

General Chemistry all Chapters are relevant to materials science are also introduced to meet the more specific needs of engineering students. Simple organic structures, nomenclature, and reactions are introduced very early in the text to aid in the integration of such material, and whenever practical, both organic and inorganic examples are utilised. The emphasis on ionic and covalent bonding differences in this method improves students' chances of doing well in the organic chemistry course that usually comes after general chemistry. The authors also made an effort to address material that has typically been placed in boxes and may therefore be seen as unimportant by the students by include it in the text as a teaching tool. The information has been positioned in the chapters where the pertinent ideas are first covered. To represents a development in general chemistry texts toward one that takes into account the growing interdisciplinary nature of chemistry. In particular, if you want a work that covers fascinating and significant topics in biological, environmental, and materials science that aren't generally covered in all of the chapters.

Sand dams are impermeable water harvesting structures built to collect and store water within the volume of sediments transported by ephemeral rivers. The artificial sandy aquifer created by the sand dam reduces evaporation losses relative to surface water storage in traditional dams. Recent years have seen a renaissance of studies on sand dams as an effective water scarcity adaptation strategy for drylands. However, many aspects of their functioning and effectiveness are still unclear. Literature reviews have pointed to a range of research gaps that need further scientific attention, such as river corridors and network dynamics, watershed-scale impacts, and interaction with social dynamics. However, the scattered and partially incomplete information across the different reviews would benefit from an integrated framework for directing future research efforts. This paper is a collaborative effort of different research groups active on sand dams and stems from the need to channel future research efforts on this topic in a thorough and coherent way. We synthesize the pivotal research gaps of a) unclear definition of “functioning” sand dams, b) lack of methodologies for watershed-scale analysis, c) neglect of social aspects in sand dam research, and d) underreported impacts of sand dams. We then propose framing future research to better target the synthesized gaps, including using the social-ecological systems framework to better capture the interconnected social and biophysical research gaps on sand dams, fully utilizing the potential of remote sensing in large-scale studies and collecting sand dam cases across the world to create an extensive database to advance evidence-based research on sand dams., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Water Resources

At the same time that we’re solving climate change, we are building cities for another 3 billion people until 2050. That’s a doubling of the urban environment. The most extensive of this construction, and especially housing projects for the coming decades, will take place in emergent and developing countries. We, as architects, engineers, developers, and government officials, have the opportunity and important responsibility to give shape to our future. But our decisions not only impact the environment but also our social well-being, economic vitality, our sense of community and connectedness. In Africa, the number of urban dwellings will triple from 400 million to 1.26 billion by 2050. If we zoom into sub-Saharan Africa, 80% of these buildings are not yet built, compared to 30% in Europe. Therefore, I see this project as an opportunity to use the knowledge and lessons we have learned over the past to give these countries a head start in developing their cities. Today’s choices will have an impact on the decades to come. With the continuously rising temperatures due to climate change and already elevated outdoor temperatures, the current housing situation in Benin is battling elevated indoor temperatures. They strongly affect the thermal comfort and, generally speaking, the well-being of people. With the rapid growth of cities and the shortage of currently available housing stock, builders and developers focus on quantity rather than quality. Many housing projects that are being built do not consider the specific climate conditions. Too often, they follow the occidental low-income housing model (Plattenbau, HLM) and battle temperature variations with mechanical cooling systems (air conditioning) and standard universal amenities. The needed urban infrastructure to supply these new dwellings with the necessary services is expansive and takes time to build. The existing networks are overloaded, and water and electricity supply interruptions are commonplace, even i, Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences

A través d'un estudi profund sobre els col·lectors d'aigua de boira, o també coneguts com atrapavelles, es busca entendre'n el comportament i determinar les condicionants que afecten l'eficiència de recol·lecció d'aquests dispositius, per analitzar i comprovar posteriorment la vialitat d'implementar col·lectors a les zones abundants de boira de Catalunya amb la finalitat d'esmorteir la demanda hídrica del sector agrícola català., A través de un estudio profundo sobre los colectores de agua de niebla, o también conocidos como atrapanieblas, se busca entender su comportamiento y determinar las condicionantes que afectan en la eficiencia de recolección de estos dispositivos, para posteriormente analizar y comprobar la vialidad de implementar colectores en las zonas abundantes de niebla de Catalunya con la finalidad de amortiguar la demanda hídrica del sector agrícola catalán., Through an in-depth study of fog water collectors, or also known as fog catchers, i seek to understand their behavior and determine the conditions that affect the collection efficiency of these devices, to later analyze and verify the feasibility of implementing collectors in the abundant areas of fog in Catalunya in order to cushion the water demand of the Catalan agricultural sector.

A water harvesting system for research purposes has been established in the Lisan Peninsula of the Dead Sea in the middle of the Jordan Rift Valley, where no authorized guideline is available for designing water harvesting systems. Rainfall and runoff, which occurred as flash floods, were observed at the downstream end of a gorge with a 1.12 km2 barren catchment area from October 2014 through July 2019. Due to the extremely arid environment, runoff from the catchment is ephemeral, and the flash flood events can be clearly distinguishable from each other. Thirteen flash flood events with a total runoff volume of more than 100 m3 were successfully recorded during the five rainy seasons. Pearson and Spearman correlations between duration, total rainfall depths at two points, total runoff volume, maximum runoff discharge, bulk runoff coefficient, total variation in runoff discharge and maximum variation in runoff discharge of each flash flood event were examined, revealing no straightforward relationship between rainfall and runoff. The performance of the conventional SCS runoff curve number method was also deficient in reproducing any rainfall–runoff relationship. Therefore, probability distribution fitting was performed for each random variable, focusing on the lognormal distribution with three parameters and the generalized extreme value distribution. The maximum goodness-of-fit estimation turns out to be a more rational and efficient method in obtaining the parameter values of those probability distributions rather than the standard maximum likelihood estimation, which has known disadvantages. Results support the design of the water harvesting system and provide quantitative information for designing and operating similar systems in the future.

In the present research, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used for the prediction of surface runoff amounts of the catchment of Al-Masad, in the Western Desert of Iraq. The prediction period was from September 2020 to January 2030. The calibration and verification of this model were performed according to the daily surface runoff data that were measured between 2010 and 2014. Statistical parameters were employed to determine the performance of the model. These parameters were RSR (ratio of the root mean square error to the standard deviation of measured data), NSE (Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency), and PBias (percent Bias), which were calculated as 0.58%, 0.71%, and 13% for calibration and 0.55%, 0.74% and 11% for verification, respectively. The results from the model verification and calibration prove that this model was sufficient in simulating the catchment surface runoff. Furthermore, the SWAT model was applied for the prediction of daily, monthly, and yearly surface runoff value of the catchment from 2021 to 2030. The results obtained from the model showed that the annual surface runoff volume of the catchment, throughout the period of the simulation, was between 0.65 and 8.3 million m3 with an average value of 2.622 million m3., Godkänd;2022;Nivå 0;2022-01-01 (johcin)

Draining galleries are water collection systems that occurs frequently in various geomorphic contexts of semi-arid environments. In this article, we study those that take advantage of subalveal waters by means of different construction techniques, mainly “cimbras” and “cimbra-zanjas”. A comparison has been made between the Tunisian galleries and those of the Spanish SE that have these two characteristics: the exploitation of subsubalveal waters and surface detritic aquifers, and rainfall characteristics of semi-arid climates, specifically annual total rainfall between 300 and 400 mm. The work analyzes the environmental contexts of the selected galleries, especially geology, geomorphology, rainfall torrentiality and hydrology, as well as the constructive, functional characteristics and conservation status of the galleries. The results of the comparative analysis show that there are no significant differences between the galleries of both territories, neither in the necessary environmental conditions, nor in the constructive and functional characteristics adopted., Las galerías drenantes son sistemas de captación de aguas que se presentan con frecuencia en variados contextos geomórficos de ambientes semiáridos. En este artículo se estudian aquellas que aprovechan aguas subálveas mediante diferentes técnicas constructivas, principalmente cimbras y cimbra-zanjas. Se ha realizado una comparación entre las galerías tunecinas y las del SE español que presentan estas dos características: la explotación de aguas subálveas y de acuíferos detríticos subsuperficiales, y una pluviometría propia de climas semiáridos, en concreto unas lluvias totales anuales entre 300 y 400 mm. En el trabajo se analizan los contextos ambientales de las galerías seleccionadas, sobre todo geología, geomorfología, torrencialidad de la lluvia e hidrología, así como las características constructivas, funcionales y estado de conservación. Los resultados del análisis comparado muestran que no existen diferencias significativas entre las galerías de ambos territorios, ni en las condiciones ambientales necesarias, ni en las características constructivas y funcionales adoptadas.

Monteagudo del Castillo (Teruel) is near the pole of maximum violent storms of the Iberian Peninsula. The pluviometric contribution of these storms is capable of reversing the usual seasonal regime of the Mediterranean climate, with summer as the rainiest season. Here the traditional management of the stream in two basins of the municipal area is studied, from the double perspective risk/resource: control of erosion and use of the stream to irrigate meadows. To manage the concentrated stream of the storms, the drainage network has been modified through collecting and/or evacuating channels and the rectification of the natural hydrographic network. The derivation channels allow the existence of meadows for cattle with rainfall of around 430 mm/year. The drainage network is reconstructed through field work, photointerpretation and LIDAR data, to conceptualize the channel types, interpret the anthropic network and determine management strategies., Monteagudo del Castillo (Teruel) está cerca del polo de máxima tormentosidad violenta de la Península Ibérica. El aporte pluviométrico de estas tormentas es capaz de invertir el régimen estacional habitual del clima mediterráneo, con el verano como estación más lluviosa. Aquí se estudia la gestión tradicional de la arroyada en dos cuencas del término municipal, desde la doble perspectiva riesgo/recurso: control de la erosión y aprovechamiento de la arroyada para regar prados. Para gestionar la arroyada concentrada de las tormentas se ha modificado la red de drenaje mediante acequias recolectoras y/o evacuadoras y la rectificación de la red hidrográfica natural. Las acequias de derivación permiten la existencia de prados para ganado bovino con precipitaciones alrededor de 430 mm/año. Se reconstruye la red de drenaje mediante trabajo de campo, fotointerpretación y datos LIDAR, para conceptualizar los tipos de cauce, interpretar la red antrópica y poder determinar las estrategias de gestión.

Sustainable operation of microrobots mandatorily needs a continuous supply of energy, which is usually provided by a battery. However, with the miniaturization of the microrobot, the reduction of weight, and the limited lifetime of battery, self-powering of microrobot is a key challenge. Inspired by the crawling of cockroaches, we present an untethered insect-scale robot driven by moisture induced electric power. A moisture-based energy harvesting device has been exploited and embedded in the microrobot, which can capture and store atmospheric water under various environmental conditions through a hygroscopic gel and generate electricity based on redox reaction. The device produces an output voltage of ~1.4 V and an output current of ~43 mA. A combination of moisture-electricity powered vertical vibration and the asymmetric structural design of the microrobot enables its forward locomotion at an average speed of ~4.01 cm/s. Our work could facilitate multifunctionality in future self-powered microrobots and mesoscale devices. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd

Water shortage is a global problem that affects more than a third of the world’s population. The water in the atmosphere is estimated to be equivalent to fourteen percent of total freshwater on earth and could be a significant resource to supplement the growing water demand. This study reports a new material, based on the confinement of high water affinity materials within super-hydrophilic porous titania nanotubes (TiNTs), that could efficiently harvest water from air under ambient conditions. This study combines a large-scale fabrication approach of the confining materials TiNTs and an optimization of the new materials for efficient harvesting water from air. The large-scale fabrication of TiNTs was achieved with microwave-assisted flow treatment. This approach reduced the reaction duration from 15 h– 48 h to 15 min compared with the traditional hydrothermal treatment. The investigation of water harvesting materials was conducted by the confinement of different materials, including ionic liquids, glucose and cyclodextrins. The optimization of the water harvesting materials was achieved with the confinement of α-cyclodextrins within TiNTs. The ~ 0.04 g of α- cyclodextrins /TiNT coating enhanced 59 % of water harvesting efficiency comparing with the direct cooling of copper pipe. It has been demonstrated to harvest moisture sustainably for 60 days without the need for regeneration. Further, it can be applied in a dehumidifier unit to enhance its water collecting efficiency, thus reducing 8.7 % of the electricity consumption.

Water harvesting in Iraq is an old application with limited extent. Western Desert, Jazeera Desert and Eastern Valleys, are the zones were the water harvesting must be employed. Several water harvesting dams in Western Desert had built since 1970s, these dams are intended to provide habitat and recharge of groundwater resources. There is limited opportunity to recharge groundwater in Jazeera area due to existence of gypsum layers. Regarding Eastern Valleys, the experience of building water harvesting dams on the valleys manifested that sediments accumulation is the main obstacle to adapt this solution. Hemrin Hills considered as one of the most intensively eroded areas in Iraq, so, soil conservation and water harvesting development is important. Many small dams were built in mountainous zone in the last two decades, some are important for agriculture expansion, but there is need to evaluate the effects on large dams feeding. North-Eastern parts of Jordan, which has similar natural conditions of Northern Desert, had present a successful example of water harvesting development., Validerad;2020;Nivå 1;2020-01-24 (johcin)

Water harvesting has been widely applied in different social-ecological contexts, proving to be a valuable approach to sustainable intensification of agriculture. Global estimates of the potential of water harvesting are generally based on purely biophysical assessments and mostly neglect the socioeconomic dimension of agriculture. This neglect becomes a critical factor for the feasibility and effectiveness of policy and funding efforts to mainstream this practice. This study uses archetype analysis to systematically identify social-ecological regions worldwide based on >160 successful cases of local water harvesting implementation. We delineate six archetypal regions which capture the specific social-ecological conditions of the case studies. The archetypes cover 19% of current global croplands with hotspots in large portions of East Africa and Southeast Asia. We estimate that the adoption of water harvesting in these cropland areas can increase crop production up to 60–100% in Uganda, Burundi, Tanzania and India. The results of this study can complement conventional biophysical analysis on the potential of these practices and guide policy development at global and regional scales. The methodological approach can be also replicated at finer scales to guide the improvement of rainfed agricultural.

This paper aims to propose methods to mitigate the risks of flash flood events in arid rural communities with poor infrastructure. A flash flood management case study was conducted at Afouna Village in Egypt, which is characterized by an arid climate and faced a devasting flash flood in 2015. First, the flash flood was modelled and it was found that it corresponds to a 100 year return period flood that led to an almost 13 million m3 total runoff volume. A structural protection approach, using an artificial infiltration pond, was applied to mitigate the flooding risks through water harvesting and recharging the groundwater of the Moghra aquifer. In this study, a novel approach was proposed, which is substituting the low permeability silty sand (2.0 x 10-4 m/s) in the pond area with a high permeability one (9.6 x 10-3 m/s), which will enhance water harvesting and reduce direct evaporation. Modern techniques of hydrological modelling were utilized in order to achieve the optimal use, and harvesting, of flash flood water., Water Resources, Sanitary Engineering

An integrated farming system (IFS) aims to sustain agricultural production, maintain farm incomes, safeguard the environment and respond to climate change impacts. Experiments in a tribal farmer's fields during 2016–2018 with two IFS models (pulse and cotton) were conducted in the Telangana region, India. An on‐farm reservoir (OFR) is designed for storing surface runoff based on the area and runoff coefficient determined through a modelling approach. The results demonstrated how supplemental irrigation and water harvesting are the most important and proven technologies for improving crop productivity and the efficient use of water in dryland areas of the semi‐arid tropics. The economic analysis indicated that after introduction of OFR technology, farmers' profits were increased under both scenarios of prolonged and short dry spells. According to the results, adoption of the OFR and IFS models not only ensured economic returns but provided regular employment even on less than 1 ha of land, which is usually non‐sustainable if monocropping is being practised. The approaches used in this work might be useful for guiding producers’ decisions in optimizing resources and selecting crops based on economic and water use efficiency.

The traditional agroforestry systems in Mexico are an expression of the forms of management and use of natural resources with an antiquity beyond the arrival of Europeans, obtaining environmental services and multiple harvests in prolonged periods are an important characteristic to highlight. The Altipanicie pulquera region in the state of Hidalgo has the conditions and practice of the agroforestry system with maguey pulquero as the main perennial plant to which management practices can be associated to obtain diverse environmental services and varied products that satisfy human needs. Therefore, this system can help to solve environmental problems in the region and support the local economies of peasant producers, Los sistemas agroforestales tradicionales en México son una expresión de las formas de manejo y aprovechamiento de recursos naturales con una antigüedad más allá de la llegada de los europeos, la obtención de servicios ambientales y cosecha múltiples en periodos prolongados son característica importante para destacar. La región de la Altipanicie pulquera en el estado de Hidalgo posee las condiciones y práctica del sistema agroforestal con maguey pulquero como planta perenne principal al que se pueden asociar las prácticas de manejo para la obtención de servicios ambientales diversos y variados productos satisfactores de necesidades humanas. Por ello, este sistema puede ayudar a resolver los problemas ambientales en la región y apoyar las economías locales de los productores campesinos.

[CAT] Els objectius principals del projecte són: l’estudi, l’anàlisi, la recollida d’informació i el control de dades en relació al tema proposat. Tot aquest procés s’ha utilitzat per a la planificació i posterior realització d’un sistema de captació d’aigua de pluja, el seu emmagatzematge i la seva distribució mitjançant la instal·lació d’un sistema de reg automàtic. L’usuari obté al final una instal·lació completa per al reg d’una superfície gran enjardinada. Es dóna molta importància a tot el procés d’instal·lació, als materials emprats, als costos, i fonamentalment a la recollida de dades que seran la base per decidir el disseny d’un sistema de control posterior. Objectiu tecnològic: disseny d’una pantalla gràfica amb informació de tot el sistema, una solució útil i intuïtiva. Objectius mediambientals: aquest objectiu ha estat prioritari en totes les decisions que s’han pres. Al fet de treballar en una zona natural, es dóna preferència al respecte pel medi ambient, a l’entorn natural, aprofitant i aplicant tots recursos que ens ofereix l’Ecodisseny. Donat que una de les finalitats del treball és el reg d’una àmplia superfície, es dóna com a objectiu preferent la recerca de solucions eficients, sostenible i adaptades al medi, a l’entorn i al paisatge natural. Un dels objectius primordial ha estat la recerca d’un equilibri entre totes les parts. Ha estat bàsicament un treball de camp, recolzat amb informació variada (situació geogràfica, climatologia, pluviometria, topografia), una part de recollida d’informació relacionada amb el tema tractat (història, antecedents, actualitat), i informació enfocada al camp tècnic i industrial (materials, taules, càlculs, percentatges). Informació de l’ús de noves tecnologies pel control d’automatismes (disseny d’una pantalla gràfica) L’adaptabilitat ha estat una constant en tot el treball, condicionada per la topografia del terreny, la climatologia i aprofitant en tot moment els recursos naturals. Els resultats són observables, [ENG] The main objectives of the project are: the study, analysis, information collection and data control in relation to the proposed topic. This whole process has been used for the planning and subsequent implementation of a rainwater collection system, its storage and distribution through the installation of an automatic irrigation system. At the end, the user obtains a complete installation for the irrigation of a large landscaped area. A lot of importance is given to the whole process of installations, the materials used, the costs, and fundamentally the collection of data that will be the base to decide the design of a later control system. Technological objective: design of a graphic screen with information about the whole system, a useful and intuitive solution. Environmental objectives: this objective has been a priority in all the decisions taken. When working in a natural area, preference is given to respect for the environment, the natural surroundings, taking advantage of and applying all the resources offered by Ecodesign. Given that one of the aims of the work is the irrigation of a wide surface, the investigation of efficient, sustainable and adapted solutions to the environment, the surroundings and the natural landscape is given as a preferential objective. One of the main objectives has been the investigation of a balance between all the parts. This has basically involved field work, supported by a variety of information (geographical situation, climatology, rainfall, topography), a collection of information related to the subject matter (history, background. current affairs), and information focused on the technical and industrial fields (materials, tables, calculations, percentages). Information on the use of new technologies for automation control (design of a graphic screen) Adaptability has been a constant throughout the work, conditioned by the topography of the terrain, the climate and taking advantage of natural resources at all times. The

Die RUVIVAL-Publikationsreihe ist eine Zusammenstellung von Literaturübersichten oder einführenden Texten zu Themen, die sich mit der Revitalisierung ländlicher Gebiete befassen. Sie ist Teil des E-Learning-Projekts RUVIVAL und ist mit weiteren interaktiven Lerninhalten verbunden, die unter www.hoou.de eingesehen werden können. Die Literaturübersicht in diesem Band gibt dir einen Überblick zum Thema Sanddämme und die jüngste Forschung zu dieser Technik. Ein Sanddamm ist eine Art Grundwasserdamm, eine Praktik zur Nutzung von Regenwasser, die sowohl aus einer undurchlässigen Struktur besteht, die in saisonalen Bächen über sandige Flussbetten gebaut wird, als auch aus einem über dem Flussbett erhöhten Kamm. Diese Komponenten haben das Potential, die Wasserspeicherkapazität und das Ertragspotential saisonaler sandiger Flüsse zu erhöhen, indem sie grobe Sedimente aus dem stromaufwärts gelegenen Einzugsgebiet im Damm zurückhalten. Die optimale Leistung eines Sanddamms hängt stark von der richtigen Wahl eines geeigneten Standortes, einer maßgeschneiderten Gestaltung der Überlaufrinne, die das Risiko der Verlandung minimiert, und dem geeigneten Bauverfahren ab. Obwohl das Wasser in Sanddämmen von guter Qualität ist, kann es bei der Entnahme, dem Transport oder der Lagerung zu Beeinträchtigungen kommen., The RUVIVAL Publication Series is a compilation of literature reviews or introductory texts on topics concerned with the revitalisation of rural areas. It is part of the e-learning project RUVIVAL and is connected to further interactive multimedia material, which can be reached under www.hoou.de. The literature review in this volume gives you an overview on sand storage dams and most recent research on the topic. A sand storage dam is a type of groundwater dam, a rainwater harvesting technique consisting of both an impermeable structure built across sandy riverbeds in seasonal streams and a crest raised above the riverbed. These have the potential to increase the water storage capacity and the yield potential of seasonal sandy rivers by trapping coarse sediments coming from the upstream catchment area in the dam. The optimal performance of a sand storage dam depends strongly on the proper selection of a suitable siting place, a tailor-made spillway design, which minimises the risk of siltation and appropriate construction procedures. While water in sand storage dams is of good quality, this can be affected during abstraction, transportation or storage.

[CAT] L’objectiu d’aquesta memòria és el disseny d’un producte que instal·lat en una coberta plana redirigeixi l’aigua de pluja per altre usos. El projecte s’ha focalitzat geogràficament a les zones urbanes de la costa mediterrània per la gran concentració d’habitants del que es deriva un alt consum d’aigua i una alta generació d’aigües residuals, efectes que podrien veure’s pal·liats per l’ús del producte proposat. Per ordenar el desenvolupament del projecte s’ha seguit la metodologia dels dos rombes o diamants S’ha recollit la informació meteorològica i climàtica necessària per demostrar la necessitat d’utilitzar mètodes d’estalvi d’aigua. S’ha descrit les característiques bàsiques del sistema de sanejament, tractament i contenció d’inundacions i s’ha pogut evidenciar que la captura d’aigua a l’àmbit urbà disminuiria notablement la càrrega sobre aquest sistema, minimitzant els abocament nocius als medis receptors. Per adequar el producte al seu lloc d’ús, s’ha descrit els aspectes més rellevants de les cobertes planes, les seves característiques constructives, els usos actuals i els que sembla que venen i s’ha comprovat aquesta compatibilitat. Guiats per la normativa constructiva i la específica per embornals, s’ha definit els requeriments de cabal, resistència físico-química i a l’embussament. A l’enquesta realitzada s’ha vist que existeix interès per l’estalvi d’aigua, que les campanyes de conscienciació afecten positivament aquesta percepció i que existeix interès i demanda per a solucions de recollida d’aigües pluvials. També ha servit per assignar els valors de rellevància a les potencials funcions, sent la durabilitat i el baix manteniment els més demandats. A partir de l’enquesta s’ha establert que el diàmetre màxim seria el mateix que el de la baixant. Ja en el disseny del producte, s’ha produït un prototip funcional que s’ha sotmès al test de cabal però que no ha assolit el mínim per a una correcta evacuació. S’ha proposat substituir el requeriment d’unes, [ENG] The main purpose of this work is to end up designing a flat roof drain capable of keeping the rainwater from getting wasted and instead relocating it to a tank for other uses, saving drinking water. This project has been geographically centered around the Mediterranean coast of Spain due to its large population that carries a huge demand, and the chronic deficit of water of this region. So, it's the ideal region to install something like the proposed solution. The double diamonds methodology has been used to guide the designing process. Through the use of meteorological and climatic data and combined with the current sewage system, it's been made clear that a rainwater harvesting scheme would make a positive impact not just in water consume but in the sewage system, avoiding harmful dumping. To be able to design a product that is compatible with its place of use, a thorough analysis of building waterproofing techniques has been done. The study of current and future uses shows that this kind of product can work in combination with urban gardens, solar farms other types of uses. Construction and drain specific codes stablished severe restrictions to the product, to the extent that it made it impossible to comply. When asked about water conservation, people have shown interest in a responsible water use and in systems or products to harvest rainwater. This interviews also helped establishing reliability, low maintenance and energy efficiency as top priorities, leaving looks to as non-crucial. One of the key features of the product had to be that it had to fit in a nonexpanded drain hole. As for the actual design, after presenting some preliminary designs, one that puts the pump and sensor under the drain has been chosen and improved. A prototype of it has been made using rapid prototyping methods and has been tested, failing at draining enough water to comply with the code. After this, the diameter restriction has been replaced so the new idea is to adapt the pum

The Middle East is considered as an arid area. Iraq was an exception due to the presence of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. After 1970, the flow of these rivers started to decrease due to climate change and building of dams in the upper parts of the catchments of the rivers. Now, Iraq is experiencing water shortage problems. Rain water harvesting will definitely minimize the effect of water shortage problems. In this research an arid area was selected (al Najaf) to find out the best sites for water harvesting using GIS techniques. The good agreement between the results from a simple GIS model and observations in cases such as al Najaf Sea is indicating a promising future for GIS application in hydrological modeling. The present study proposed a function formula of estimating suitable dam site using existing geographic information map such as the digital elevation maps. It is expected that it will save time, cost and work force. Finally, through the contour map of the study area, the lowest three elevation values at the governorate level were observed (20, 40, 60m). Based on these values, three possibilities were suggested to select the dam sites., Validerad;2020;Nivå 1;2019-12-17 (johcin)

Ensuring water and food security in the Anthropocene requires an understanding of combined climate change patterns and land and water management options from local to global scale. In many regions, irrigation from river and groundwater sources is being used at unsustainable rates and climate change will further threaten those water sources. Optimizing the use of precipitation in agricultural water management becomes a necessary improvement to adopt at larger scales, especially in vast rainfed arid and semi-arid regions where it represents the only source of water. This thesis explores the patterns of change in hydroclimate and the land and water management options to provide guidance to scale-out sustainable agricultural practices. In particular, this thesis focuses on where and to what extent practices related to water harvesting can represent a sustainable agricultural innovation to cope with climate change with a social-ecological lens. It also provides a simple data-driven methodological approach that can be replicated and adapted at different spatial scales to be used as a policy-guiding tool to spread water harvesting implementations. In the first manuscript focused on Africa (Africa manuscript), I investigate the projected impact of climate change on the water cycle based on the main hydroclimatic parameters of precipitation, evapotranspiration, runoff and soil moisture and two hydroclimatic indices; the aridity index and the evaporative ratio. The manuscript identifies continent-wide patterns in hydroclimatic change that are found to be consistent between the two representative climate change scenario corresponding to the Paris agreement and the business as usual, respectively. The manuscript not only highlights the importance of pursuing the climate policies to increase adaptation to future hydroclimatic change, but also suggests the urgency to implement sustainable land and water management practices (e.g. water harvesting) to make the best use of water re

It is widely known that by 2050 the average temperature is going to increase by 2-3 °C while the precipitation is going to decrease 10-20 % in the North African region. The countries in this area have always been experiencing drought periods but due to the climatic changes, but, these periods are becoming more extreme leaving the population vulnerable. The inhabitants of Morocco have always lived in dry circumstances and for centuries created great water management systems to guide fresh water to the areas that needed it the most. Unfortunately, these systems cannot keep up with the rapid development of the country and even though the government is working on providing fresh water to the population, most of the inhabitants living in the rural areas do not receive the basic services, which leads to socioeconomic issues in these areas. The people in the rural villages do not have access to suitable quality and quantity fresh water, which causes health related problems amongst them. The traditional water systems that are still in use in the rural areas are not maintained properly, highly contaminated and polluted by the people as they do not have a good understanding on how these interventions work. The once respected water management elements and the riverside is neglected and the connection between the people and the water is getting lost. The graduation project aims to tackle the water related issues the rural communities experiencing today and in the future from a landscape architecture point of view of working with the spatial endowments and possibilities in the terrain. Apart for water scarcity the thesis focuses on the social issues in the disadvantaged communities by involving, educating and empowering the community in the development project to become self-sufficient and non-dependent on the government. The project works on three scales. The program starts in a middle school that acts as a testing ground for the larger developments. The findings are implemente, Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences | Landscape Architecture

[ES] En el presente trabajo se abordan consecuencias directas de cambio medioambiental que genera el calentamiento global en base a varios estudios realizados por diversos campos y que confirman el impacto durante las próximas décadas. Siendo el sector de la construcción uno de los más contaminantes. Se enfatiza en la interpretación de los resultados de análisis ambientales y como según nuestra localización, la cuenca mediterránea, es uno de los territorios más vulnerables. Concluyendo que la comunidad valenciana sufrirá un déficit de recursos hídricos y enumerando las consecuencias que eso conlleva. Se revisan los planteamientos urbanos previsto en un futuro para la comunidad valenciana, y en concreto para la ciudad de valencia, como medida de mitigación contra los efectos del cambio climático. Y con ello se plantea un proyecto teórico de cómo adaptar la arquitectura abordándolo desde la escala ciudad, hasta la escala humana, en función de soluciones referentes existentes., [EN] In the present work are addressed direct consequences of environmental change generated by global warming based on several studies conducted by various fields and confirm the impact over the coming decades. Being the construction sector one of the most polluting. Emphasis is placed on the interpretation of environmental analysis results and how, according to our location, the Mediterranean basin is one of the most vulnerable territories. Concluding that the Valencian community will suffer a deficit of water resources and listing the consequences that entails. The urban planning foreseen in the future for the Valencian community is reviewed, and specifically for the city of valencia, as a mitigation measure against the effects of climate change. And with this a theoretical project is proposed on how to adapt the architecture addressing it from the city scale, to the human scale, based on existing reference solutions.

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-018-1535-8, Due to population growth, urban water demand is expected to increase significantly, as well as the environmental and economic costs required to supply it. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems can play a key role in helping cities meet part of their water demand as an alternative to conventional water abstraction and treatment. This paper presents an environmental and economic analysis of RWH systems providing households with water for laundry purposes in a life cycle thinking perspective., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)