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(1) Background: Bullying is one of the most common forms of aggressive behavior during childhood and adolescence. Some decades ago, researchers began exploring the basis of peer victimization from a biological perspective. Specifically, the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) axes have been studied in relation to status-relevant behaviors, such as bullying. (2) Methods: We conducted a systematic review following the PRISMA guide and registered the review protocol at PROSPERO (CRD42023494738). We searched for relevant studies in PubMed, Psycinfo, Scopus, and Web of Science, and assessed them using the Robins E-tool. (3) Results: Our search yielded 152 studies, of which 33 were included in the review. These studies explored the association between testosterone and cortisol levels with bullying behavior, finding diverse results. Most of the studies were rated as having a low risk of bias. (4) Conclusions: This study not only enhances our understanding of bullying, but also provides guidance for the development of prevention and management programs for it. In the future, researchers should continue exploring the joint effects of different hormones on the HPA and HPG axis, using a broader set of biomarkers.

In the last years, different research groups have made considerable efforts to improve the care and use of animals in research. Mice (Mus musculus) are the most widely used animal species in research in the European Union and are sociable and hierarchical creatures. During experiments, researchers tend to individualize males, but no consideration is given to whether this social isolation causes them stress. The aim of this study was, therefore, to explore whether 4 weeks of social isolation could induce changes in different physiological parameters in adult Crl:CD1(ICR) (CD1) males, which may interfere with experimental results. Body weight, blood cells, and fecal corticosterone metabolites levels were the analyzed parameters. Blood and fecal samples were collected at weeks 1 and 4 of the experimental procedure. Four weeks of single housing produced a significant time-dependent decrease in monocytes and granulocytes. Fecal corticosterone metabolite levels were higher in single-housed mice after 1 week and then normalized after 4 weeks of isolation. Body weight, red blood cells, and platelets remained unchanged in both groups during this period. We can, therefore, conclude that social isolation affects some immune and endocrine parameters, and that this should be taken into account in the interpretation of research data.

Extensive literature has reported a link between social stress and mental health. In this complex relationship, individual strategies for coping with social stress are thought to have a possible modulating effect, with sociability being a key factor. Despite the higher incidence of affective disorders in females and sex-related neurochemical differences, female populations have been understudied. The aim of the present study was, therefore, to analyze the behavioral, neuroendocrine, and neurochemical effects of stress in female OF1 mice, paying special attention to social connectedness (female mice with high vs low sociability). To this end, subjects were exposed to the Chronic Social Instability Stress (CSIS) model for four weeks. Although female mice exposed to CSIS had increased arousal, there was no evidence of depressive-like behavior. Neither did exposure to CSIS affect corticosterone levels, although it did increase the MR/GR ratio by decreasing GR expression. Female mice exposed to CSIS had higher noradrenaline and dopamine levels in the hippocampus and striatum respectively, with a lower monoaminergic turnover, resulting in an increased arousal. CSIS increased serotonin levels in both the hippocampus and striatum. Similarly, CSIS was found to reduce kynurenic acid, 3-HK, and IDO and iNOS enzyme levels in the hippocampus. Interestingly, the observed decrease in IDO synthesis and the increased serotonin and dopamine levels in the striatum were only found in subjects with high sociability. These highly sociable female mice also had significantly lower levels of noradrenaline in the striatum after CSIS application. Overall, our model has produced neuroendocrine and neurochemical but not behavioral changes, so it has not allowed us to study sociability in depth. Therefore, a model that induces both molecular and behavioral phenotypes should be applied to determine the role of sociability.

The principal aim of this study is to explore the moderating role of temperament in the relationship between parenting style and the reactive and proactive aggressive behavior of 8-year-old children. The participants are 279 children (154 boys and 125 girls). To measure reactive and proactive aggression, children completed the reactive and proactive questionnaire (RPQ). Child temperament and parenting styles were evaluated by both parents using the temperament in middle childhood questionnaire (TMCQ) and the parenting styles and dimensions questionnaire (PSDQ). The results revealed that boys with high surgency levels and authoritarian fathers displayed more reactive aggression, whereas behaviorally inhibited boys with mothers who scored low for authoritarian parenting displayed less reactive aggression. Finally, girls with high levels of effortful control and mothers who scored low for authoritative parenting displayed more proactive aggression. The results highlight the value of studying the moderating role of temperament in the relationship between children’s aggressive behavior and both mothers’ and fathers’ parenting styles, and underscores the importance of doing so separately for boys and girls.

142 p., Los apuntes que se presentan a continuación pretenden ofrecer al estudiante una guía para abordar la asignatura de Fundamentos de Neurociencia Conductual. Esta asignatura tiene como objetivo conocer las bases neurofisiológicas que subyacen a la conducta. Es, así, una materia básica para poder abordar el estudio del resto de las asignaturas que configuran el bloque o módulo formativo “Bases Biológicas de la Conducta” en la Facultad de Psicología de la Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU). Este módulo pretende que los estudiantes comprendan la relación comportamiento-sistema nervioso a través de las aportaciones que la neurociencia ofrece a la comprensión de la conducta humana, para poder así integrar esta perspectiva en la explicación del comportamiento y de los procesos mentales.

The principal aim of this study is to explore the moderating role of temperament in the relationship between parenting style and the reactive and proactive aggressive behavior of 8-year-old children. The participants are 279 children (154 boys and 125 girls). To measure reactive and proactive aggression, children completed the reactive and proactive questionnaire (RPQ). Child temperament and parenting styles were evaluated by both parents using the temperament in middle childhood questionnaire (TMCQ) and the parenting styles and dimensions questionnaire (PSDQ). The results revealed that boys with high surgency levels and authoritarian fathers displayed more reactive aggression, whereas behaviorally inhibited boys with mothers who scored low for authoritarian parenting displayed less reactive aggression. Finally, girls with high levels of effortful control and mothers who scored low for authoritative parenting displayed more proactive aggression. The results highlight the value of studying the moderating role of temperament in the relationship between children’s aggressive behavior and both mothers’ and fathers’ parenting styles, and underscores the importance of doing so separately for boys and girls.

The principal aim of this study is to explore the moderating role of temperament in the relationship between parenting style and the reactive and proactive aggressive behavior of 8-year-old children. The participants are 279 children (154 boys and 125 girls). To measure reactive and proactive aggression, children completed the reactive and proactive questionnaire (RPQ). Child temperament and parenting styles were evaluated by both parents using the temperament in middle childhood questionnaire (TMCQ) and the parenting styles and dimensions questionnaire (PSDQ). The results revealed that boys with high surgency levels and authoritarian fathers displayed more reactive aggression, whereas behaviorally inhibited boys with mothers who scored low for authoritarian parenting displayed less reactive aggression. Finally, girls with high levels of effortful control and mothers who scored low for authoritative parenting displayed more proactive aggression. The results highlight the value of studying the moderating role of temperament in the relationship between children’s aggressive behavior and both mothers’ and fathers’ parenting styles, and underscores the importance of doing so separately for boys and girls.

Environmental noise is considered the second most serious environmental risk factor in Europe. However, little evidence exists regarding its impact on health and sleep in children, and the results are inconclusive. In this study, we aim to analyse the effect of environmental noise exposure on 11-year-old children’s sleep habits. Data were collected from 377 participants in the INMA-Gipuzkoa (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) cohort project using both parent-reported and actigraphic sleep measures. The results revealed that 60% of children have a day-evening-night environmental noise exposure (Lden) of above 55 dB, which is defined as a “high noise level”. No differences in noise exposure were observed between different socioeconomic groups. However, no effect of environmental noise was found on sleep variables. The paper highlights the importance of studying how environmental noise may affect children’s sleep.

Extensive literature has reported a link between stress and tumor progression, and between both of these factors and mental health. Despite the higher incidence of affective disorders in females and the neurochemical dif-ferences according to sex, female populations have been understudied. The aim of this study was therefore to analyze the effect of stress on tumor development in female OF1 mice. For this purpose, subjects were inoculated with B16F10 melanoma cells and exposed to the Chronic Social Instability Stress (CSIS) model. Behavioral, neurochemical and neuroendocrine parameters were analyzed. Female mice exposed to CSIS exhibited reduced body weight and increased arousal, but there was no evidence of depressive behavior or anxiety. Exposure to CSIS did not affect either corticosterone levels or tumor development, although it did provoke an imbalance in cerebral inflammatory cytokines, decreasing IL-10 expression (IL-6/IL-10 and TNF-alpha/IL-10); chemokines, increasing CX3CR1 expression (CX3CL1/CX3CR1); and glucocorticoid receptors, decreasing GR expression (MR/ GR). In contrast, tumor development did not alter body weight and, although it did alter behavior, it did so to a much lesser extent. Tumor inoculation did not affect corticosterone levels, but increased the MR/GR ratio in the hippocampus and provoked an imbalance in cerebral inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, although differently from stress. These results underscore the need for experimental approaches that allow us to take sex differences into account when exploring this issue, since these results appear to indicate that the female response to stress is mediated by mechanisms different from those often proposed in relation to male mice.

142 p., Los apuntes que se presentan a continuación pretenden ofrecer al estudiante una guía para abordar la asignatura de Fundamentos de Neurociencia Conductual. Esta asignatura tiene como objetivo conocer las bases neurofisiológicas que subyacen a la conducta. Es, así, una materia básica para poder abordar el estudio del resto de las asignaturas que configuran el bloque o módulo formativo “Bases Biológicas de la Conducta” en la Facultad de Psicología de la Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU). Este módulo pretende que los estudiantes comprendan la relación comportamiento-sistema nervioso a través de las aportaciones que la neurociencia ofrece a la comprensión de la conducta humana, para poder así integrar esta perspectiva en la explicación del comportamiento y de los procesos mentales.

BackgroundIn: Spain, the perceived professional quality of life among veterinarians has not been explored. Methods: Veterinarians were invited to complete an online questionnaire in which they answered the Professional Quality of Life scale, the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey and the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale. Participants were asked whether they were receiving psychological therapy or were taking anxiolytics, hypnotics or antidepressant medication. Alcohol consumption was measured using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and nicotine dependence was assessed using the Fagerstrom test; participants were asked whether they took illegal drugs. ResultsThe study sample comprised a total of 602 veterinarians, most of whom reported average levels of compassion satisfaction, secondary stress trauma and burnout. Emotional support and mental wellbeing influenced participants' professional quality of life. The percentage of veterinarians in psychological therapy and/or taking anxiolytics was higher than in the general population. Conclusions: A considerable number of clinical veterinarians in Spain may be suffering from work-related stress. Our study identifies salary, emotional support and mental wellbeing as important factors that affect the professional quality of life. Interventions to improve veterinary clinicians' professional quality of life should therefore focus on these factors.

Refining experiments and housing conditions so as to cause the minimum possible pain and distress is one of the three principles (3Rs) on which Directive 2010/63/EU is based. In this systematic review, we aimed to identify and summarize published advances in the refinement protocols made by European Union-based research groups from 2011 to 2021, and to determine whether or not said research was supported by European or national grants. We included 48 articles, the majority of which were related to improvements in experimental procedures (37/77.1%) for mice (26/54.2%) and were written by research groups belonging to universities (36/57.1%) and from the United Kingdom (21/33.9%). More than two thirds (35/72.9%) of the studies received financial support, 26 (mostly British) at a national level and 8 at a European level. Our results indicated a clear willingness among the scientific community to improve the welfare of laboratory animals, as although funding was not always available or was not specifically granted for this purpose, studies were published nonetheless. However, in addition to institutional support based on legislation, more financial support is needed. We believe that more progress would have been made in refinement during these years if there had been more specific financial support available at both the national and European Union levels since our data suggest that countries investing in refinement have the greatest productivity in successfully publishing refinements.

Many workers contribute to the success of animal welfare and study outcomes in biomedical research. However, the professional quality of life (ProQoL) of those who work with laboratory animals has not been explored in Spain. To this end, we adapted the ProQoL scale to the Spanish population working with laboratory animals. Participants were contacted by email and asked to complete an anonymous on-line questionnaire. The study comprised a total of 498 participants, 12.4% welfare officers/veterinarians, 19.5% caretaker/technicians, 13.9% principal investigators, 20.7% investigators, 13.6% research technicians, and 19.9% PhD students. The adapted scale revealed very good reliability and internal validity, providing information about two different subscales, compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue. Animal-facility personnel showed higher total ProQoL and compassion-satisfaction scores than researchers; PhD students showed the lowest scores. Thus, our results indicate that job category is a contributing factor in perceived professional quality of life. We observed that compassion satisfaction is negatively associated with the perceived animal stress/pain. Participants reporting poorer compassion satisfaction also reported lower social-support scores. Overall, our ProQoL scale is a useful tool for analyzing the professional quality of life in the Spanish population, and may help to design future interventions to improve workplace wellbeing in Spain and other Spanish-speaking populations.

Many workers contribute to the success of animal welfare and study outcomes in biomedical research. However, the professional quality of life (ProQoL) of those who work with laboratory animals has not been explored in Spain. To this end, we adapted the ProQoL scale to the Spanish population working with laboratory animals. Participants were contacted by email and asked to complete an anonymous on-line questionnaire. The study comprised a total of 498 participants, 12.4% welfare officers/veterinarians, 19.5% caretaker/technicians, 13.9% principal investigators, 20.7% investigators, 13.6% research technicians, and 19.9% PhD students. The adapted scale revealed very good reliability and internal validity, providing information about two different subscales, compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue. Animal-facility personnel showed higher total ProQoL and compassion-satisfaction scores than researchers; PhD students showed the lowest scores. Thus, our results indicate that job category is a contributing factor in perceived professional quality of life. We observed that compassion satisfaction is negatively associated with the perceived animal stress/pain. Participants reporting poorer compassion satisfaction also reported lower social-support scores. Overall, our ProQoL scale is a useful tool for analyzing the professional quality of life in the Spanish population, and may help to design future interventions to improve workplace wellbeing in Spain and other Spanish-speaking populations.

The authors would like to thank the women involved in the present study for their participation., Despite the fact that the prevalence of anxiety and depression in breast cancer survivors is higher than in general female population, the psychobiological substrate of this phenomenon has yet to be elucidated. We aimed to examine the predictive role of peripheral dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA), serotonin (5-HT) and kynurenine (KYN) in anxiety and depression among breast cancer survivors. We evaluated 107 women using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and monoamine levels were analyzed via high-performance liquid chromatography. High KYN levels predicted both disorders, while low NA and DA predicted anxiety and depressive symptoms, respectively. A negative conditional effect of 5-HT was found for anxiety and depression among younger women only, while being both middle-aged and younger influenced the negative conditional effect of DA on depression. Monoamine variations may render breast cancer survivors more vulnerable to anxiety and depression, with young women being especially vulnerable to the detrimental effect of low DA and 5-HT. Assessing subclinical psychobiological markers allows mental health nurses to identify vulnerable survivors prior to the onset of anxiety and depression, and to adjust nursing interventions accordingly.

Many workers contribute to the success of animal welfare and study outcomes in biomedical research. However, the professional quality of life (ProQoL) of those who work with laboratory animals has not been explored in Spain. To this end, we adapted the ProQoL scale to the Spanish population working with laboratory animals. Participants were contacted by email and asked to complete an anonymous on-line questionnaire. The study comprised a total of 498 participants, 12.4% welfare officers/veterinarians, 19.5% caretaker/technicians, 13.9% principal investigators, 20.7% investigators, 13.6% research technicians, and 19.9% PhD students. The adapted scale revealed very good reliability and internal validity, providing information about two different subscales, compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue. Animal-facility personnel showed higher total ProQoL and compassion-satisfaction scores than researchers; PhD students showed the lowest scores. Thus, our results indicate that job category is a contributing factor in perceived professional quality of life. We observed that compassion satisfaction is negatively associated with the perceived animal stress/pain. Participants reporting poorer compassion satisfaction also reported lower social-support scores. Overall, our ProQoL scale is a useful tool for analyzing the professional quality of life in the Spanish population, and may help to design future interventions to improve workplace wellbeing in Spain and other Spanish-speaking populations.

119 p., Liburu honetan nahitaezkoa den Jokabide Neurozientzien Oinarriak irakasgaiaren edukiaren zati nagusi bat egongo da. Klase teorikoetan azaldutako edukiarekin batera, giza jokabidea zehazten duten oinarrizko mekanismo neurobiologikoen ikaskuntzan lagundu nahi duen ikasmateriala batzen du liburu honek. Horretarako, ikasleak ikasturtean zehar eskuratutako ezagutzak proban jarri ahal izango ditu, gai bakoitzaren amaieran autoebaluazio-testa baitute. Material didaktiko hau Jokabide Neurozientzien Oinarriak lehenengo ikasturteko Psikologia Graduko ikasleentzat bideratuta dago bereziki. Era berean, jokabidearen oinarri biologikoen inguruan interesa duen edonorentzat erabilgarria izan daiteke.

Women are twice as likely as men to develop depression and antidepressant treatment is more frequent in females. Moreover, neuroinflammatory changes related to affective disorders differ in accordance with sex. Despite this evidence, female populations have been largely omitted from preclinical experiments studying antidepressants. The aim of this work is to analyze the potential restorative effect of venlafaxine on an animal model of depression. Female CD1 mice were subjected to chronic social instability (CSI) stress for 7 weeks, and were administered venlafaxine during the last 3 weeks of the stress period. Behavioral and physiological parameters were then analyzed. Stressed mice showed a decreased sucrose preference and increased whisking behavior, and had a lower body weight, higher plasma corticosterone levels and increased hypothalamic GR expression. They also had lower levels of 5-HT, 5-HIAA and NA and a higher KYN/TRYP ratio in the hippocampus. Moreover, CSI increased striatal IL-6 mRNA expression levels. Venlafaxine treatment reduced the striatal IL-6/IL-10 ratio and increased hippocampal GR expression, although it did not reverse stress-induced behavioral changes. In conclusion, seven weeks of exposure to CSI produced depressive-like alterations in female mice. The venlafaxine treatment regimen was found to have a modest anti-inflammatory effect in the striatum and increased hippocampal GR mRNA, although it failed to redress stress-induced behavioral disturbances.

xxv, 258 p., Existe una gran cantidad de datos que evidencian que es la inflamación el mecanismo de unión de la relación observada entre el estrés, el cáncer y la depresión. Sin embargo, poco se sabe sobre las diferencias individuales observadas frente a situaciones de estrés que aumentan o disminuyen la vulnerabilidad al desarrollo tumoral y/o a la depresión. Por ello, el objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar las implicaciones que el estrés social agudo y crónico tienen sobre el desarrollo tumoral y los efectos de ambos (estrés y tumor) sobre la actividad inmunitaria y la conducta tipo-ansioso/depresiva, en función de las distintas estrategias conductuales observadas en la interacción social, para analizar las posibles diferencias en la vulnerabilidad al desarrollo de ciertas patologías. Para ello, se clasificaron a los sujetos en función de la estrategia de afrontamiento utilizado durante el procedimiento de estrés mediante derrota social, tanto aguda, como crónica. Mientras que no se han podido observar cambios producidos por el estrés agudo, los animales estresados crónicamente han mostrado un mayor desarrollo tumoral y síntomas de anhedonia, y estas diferencias se deben sobre todo a los sujetos con estrategias pasivas/reactivas, que muestran una mayor vulnerabilidad tanto al desarrollo tumoral como a conductas tipo-depresivas en comparación al resto de sujetos. Sin embargo, han sido los sujetos con estrategias activas/no-agresivas las que han mostrado una mayor alteración inmunitaria frente a las otras estrategias.

xxv, 258 p., Existe una gran cantidad de datos que evidencian que es la inflamación el mecanismo de unión de la relación observada entre el estrés, el cáncer y la depresión. Sin embargo, poco se sabe sobre las diferencias individuales observadas frente a situaciones de estrés que aumentan o disminuyen la vulnerabilidad al desarrollo tumoral y/o a la depresión. Por ello, el objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar las implicaciones que el estrés social agudo y crónico tienen sobre el desarrollo tumoral y los efectos de ambos (estrés y tumor) sobre la actividad inmunitaria y la conducta tipo-ansioso/depresiva, en función de las distintas estrategias conductuales observadas en la interacción social, para analizar las posibles diferencias en la vulnerabilidad al desarrollo de ciertas patologías. Para ello, se clasificaron a los sujetos en función de la estrategia de afrontamiento utilizado durante el procedimiento de estrés mediante derrota social, tanto aguda, como crónica. Mientras que no se han podido observar cambios producidos por el estrés agudo, los animales estresados crónicamente han mostrado un mayor desarrollo tumoral y síntomas de anhedonia, y estas diferencias se deben sobre todo a los sujetos con estrategias pasivas/reactivas, que muestran una mayor vulnerabilidad tanto al desarrollo tumoral como a conductas tipo-depresivas en comparación al resto de sujetos. Sin embargo, han sido los sujetos con estrategias activas/no-agresivas las que han mostrado una mayor alteración inmunitaria frente a las otras estrategias.

xxv, 258 p., Existe una gran cantidad de datos que evidencian que es la inflamación el mecanismo de unión de la relación observada entre el estrés, el cáncer y la depresión. Sin embargo, poco se sabe sobre las diferencias individuales observadas frente a situaciones de estrés que aumentan o disminuyen la vulnerabilidad al desarrollo tumoral y/o a la depresión. Por ello, el objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar las implicaciones que el estrés social agudo y crónico tienen sobre el desarrollo tumoral y los efectos de ambos (estrés y tumor) sobre la actividad inmunitaria y la conducta tipo-ansioso/depresiva, en función de las distintas estrategias conductuales observadas en la interacción social, para analizar las posibles diferencias en la vulnerabilidad al desarrollo de ciertas patologías. Para ello, se clasificaron a los sujetos en función de la estrategia de afrontamiento utilizado durante el procedimiento de estrés mediante derrota social, tanto aguda, como crónica. Mientras que no se han podido observar cambios producidos por el estrés agudo, los animales estresados crónicamente han mostrado un mayor desarrollo tumoral y síntomas de anhedonia, y estas diferencias se deben sobre todo a los sujetos con estrategias pasivas/reactivas, que muestran una mayor vulnerabilidad tanto al desarrollo tumoral como a conductas tipo-depresivas en comparación al resto de sujetos. Sin embargo, han sido los sujetos con estrategias activas/no-agresivas las que han mostrado una mayor alteración inmunitaria frente a las otras estrategias.

The aims of this study were to identify behavioral strategies to cope with social defeat, evaluate their impact on tumor development and analyze the contributions of both to changes in physiology and behavior produced by chronic defeat stress. For this purpose, OF1 mice were inoculated with B16F10 melanoma cells and subjected to 18 days of repeated defeat stress in the presence of a resident selected for consistent levels of aggression. Combined cluster and discriminant analyses of behavior that manifested during the first social interaction identified three types of behavioral profiles: active/aggressive (AA), passive/reactive (PR) and an intermediate active/non-aggressive (ANA) profile. Animals that showed a PR coping strategy developed more pulmonary metastases at the end of the social stress period than animals in other groups. The ANA but not AA group also showed higher tumor metastases than non-stressed subjects. In addition, the ANA group differed from the other groups because it displayed the highest corticosterone levels after the first interaction. Chronic stress reduced sucrose consumption, which indicates anhedonia, in all the stressed groups. However, the PR subjects exhibited a longer immobility time and swam for less time than other subjects in the forced swim test (FST), and they travelled a shorter distance in the open field test (OFT). In this test, the ANA group also travelled smaller distances than the non-stressed group, but the difference was more moderate. In contrast, tumor development but not stress increased behaviors associated with anxiety in the OFT (e.g., time in the center) in all tumor bearing subjects. In summary, although the effects of social stress and tumor development on behavior were rather moderate, the results indicate the importance of behavioral coping strategies in modulating the effects of chronic stress on health.

275 p., Existe una gran cantidad de datos en el ámbito de la Psiconeuroinmunología que evidencian que la activación del sistema inmunitario provoca una respuesta sistémica de inflamación que contribuye al desarrollo de síntomas depresivos. El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar los cambios inmunitarios, fisiológicos y conductuales asociados al desarrollo tumoral de melanoma B16, y determinar si una situación de estrés agudo, altera dichos cambios. Para ello se han utilizando dos cepas de ratones macho (OF1 y C57/BL6) y se han llevado a cabo tres experimentos. La conducta ha sido analizada mediante diferentes pruebas conductuales validadas específicamente para evaluar conductas de tipo depresivo. También se han analizado diferentes parámetros inmunitarios y neuroquímicos como posibles responsables de los efectos que el desarrollo de melanoma B16 produce sobre la conducta.Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que el desarrollo tumoral de melanoma B16 produce conducta depresiva, caracterizada por la manifestación de anhedonia y el incremento de la inmovilidad. Además, se ha observado un aumento de la expresión de citocinas proinflamatorias (IL-6, TNF-¿, IL-1ß e IFN-¿) y de la expresión del enzima IDO, así como una reducción de la actividad monoaminérgica en cerebro. La activación del enzima IDO y/o la reducción del cofactor BH4 podrían ser los mecanismos mediante los cuales las citocinas proinflamatorias alteran la actividad monoaminérgica y posiblemente también la glutamatérgica, para producir conductas depresivas durante el desarrollo tumoral de melanoma B16.275

275 p., Existe una gran cantidad de datos en el ámbito de la Psiconeuroinmunología que evidencian que la activación del sistema inmunitario provoca una respuesta sistémica de inflamación que contribuye al desarrollo de síntomas depresivos. El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar los cambios inmunitarios, fisiológicos y conductuales asociados al desarrollo tumoral de melanoma B16, y determinar si una situación de estrés agudo, altera dichos cambios. Para ello se han utilizando dos cepas de ratones macho (OF1 y C57/BL6) y se han llevado a cabo tres experimentos. La conducta ha sido analizada mediante diferentes pruebas conductuales validadas específicamente para evaluar conductas de tipo depresivo. También se han analizado diferentes parámetros inmunitarios y neuroquímicos como posibles responsables de los efectos que el desarrollo de melanoma B16 produce sobre la conducta.Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que el desarrollo tumoral de melanoma B16 produce conducta depresiva, caracterizada por la manifestación de anhedonia y el incremento de la inmovilidad. Además, se ha observado un aumento de la expresión de citocinas proinflamatorias (IL-6, TNF-¿, IL-1ß e IFN-¿) y de la expresión del enzima IDO, así como una reducción de la actividad monoaminérgica en cerebro. La activación del enzima IDO y/o la reducción del cofactor BH4 podrían ser los mecanismos mediante los cuales las citocinas proinflamatorias alteran la actividad monoaminérgica y posiblemente también la glutamatérgica, para producir conductas depresivas durante el desarrollo tumoral de melanoma B16.275

275 p., Existe una gran cantidad de datos en el ámbito de la Psiconeuroinmunología que evidencian que la activación del sistema inmunitario provoca una respuesta sistémica de inflamación que contribuye al desarrollo de síntomas depresivos. El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar los cambios inmunitarios, fisiológicos y conductuales asociados al desarrollo tumoral de melanoma B16, y determinar si una situación de estrés agudo, altera dichos cambios. Para ello se han utilizando dos cepas de ratones macho (OF1 y C57/BL6) y se han llevado a cabo tres experimentos. La conducta ha sido analizada mediante diferentes pruebas conductuales validadas específicamente para evaluar conductas de tipo depresivo. También se han analizado diferentes parámetros inmunitarios y neuroquímicos como posibles responsables de los efectos que el desarrollo de melanoma B16 produce sobre la conducta.Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que el desarrollo tumoral de melanoma B16 produce conducta depresiva, caracterizada por la manifestación de anhedonia y el incremento de la inmovilidad. Además, se ha observado un aumento de la expresión de citocinas proinflamatorias (IL-6, TNF-¿, IL-1ß e IFN-¿) y de la expresión del enzima IDO, así como una reducción de la actividad monoaminérgica en cerebro. La activación del enzima IDO y/o la reducción del cofactor BH4 podrían ser los mecanismos mediante los cuales las citocinas proinflamatorias alteran la actividad monoaminérgica y posiblemente también la glutamatérgica, para producir conductas depresivas durante el desarrollo tumoral de melanoma B16.275

Depression is a commonly observed disorder among cancer patients; however, the mechanisms under-lying the relationship between these disorders are not well known. We used an animal model to study the effects of tumor development on depressive-like behavior manifestation, proinflammatory cytokine expression, and central monoaminergic activity. Male OF1 mice were inoculated with B16F10 melanoma tumor cells and subjected to a 21-day behavioral evaluation comprising the novel palatable food (NPF) test and tail suspension test (TST). The mRNA expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alfa), were measured in the hypothalamus and hippocampus and the levels of IL-6 and TNF-alfa were measured in the blood plasma. We similarly determined the monoamine turnover in various brain areas. The tumors resulted in increasing the immobility in TST and the expression level of IL-6 in the hippocampus. These increases corresponded with a decrease in dopaminergic activity in the striatum and a decrease in serotonin turnover in the prefrontal cortex. Similarly, a high level of tumor development produced increases in the brain expression levels of IL-6 and TNF-alfa and plasma levels of IL-6. Our findings suggest that these alterations in inflammatory cytokines and monoaminergic system function might be responsible for the manifestation of depressive-like behaviors in tumor-bearing mice.