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To understand reinfection rates and correlates of protection for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), we established eight different longitudinal cohorts in 2020 under the umbrella of the PARIS (Protection Associated with Rapid Immunity to SARS-CoV-2)/SPARTA (SARS SeroPrevalence And Respiratory Tract Assessment) studies. Here, we describe the PARIS/SPARTA cohorts, the harmonized assays and analysis that are performed across the cohorts, as well as case definitions for SARS-CoV-2 infection and reinfection that have been established by the team of PARIS/SPARTA investigators. IMPORTANCE Determining reinfection rates and correlates of protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection induced by both natural infection and vaccination is of high significance for the prevention and control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Furthermore, understanding reinfections or infection after vaccination and the role immune escape plays in these scenarios will inform the need for updates of the current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and help update guidelines suitable for the postpandemic world.

AIM: Comprehensive, global information on species' occurrences is an essential biodiversity variable and central to a range of applications in ecology, evolution, biogeography and conservation. Expert range maps often represent a species' only available distributional information and play an increasing role in conservation assessments and macroecology. We provide global range maps for the native ranges of all extant mammal species harmonised to the taxonomy of the Mammal Diversity Database (MDD) mobilised from two sources, the Handbook of the Mammals of the World (HMW) and the Illustrated Checklist of the Mammals of the World (CMW). LOCATION: Global. TAXON: All extant mammal species. METHODS: Range maps were digitally interpreted, georeferenced, error-checked and subsequently taxonomically aligned between the HMW (6253 species), the CMW (6431 species) and the MDD taxonomies (6362 species). RESULTS: Range maps can be evaluated and visualised in an online map browser at Map of Life (mol.org) and accessed for individual or batch download for non-commercial use. MAIN CONCLUSION: Expert maps of species' global distributions are limited in their spatial detail and temporal specificity, but form a useful basis for broad-scale characterizations and model-based integration with other data. We provide georeferenced range maps for the native ranges of all extant mammal species as shapefiles, with species-level metadata and source information packaged together in geodatabase format. Across the three taxonomic sources our maps entail, there are 1784 taxonomic name differences compared to the maps currently available on the IUCN Red List website. The expert maps provided here are harmonised to the MDD taxonomic authority and linked to a community of online tools that will enable transparent future updates and version control.

Background: Ultrarare Marshall–Smith and Malan syndromes, caused by changes of the gene nuclear factor I X (NFIX), are characterised by intellectual disability (ID) and behavioural problems, although questions remain. Here, development and behaviour are studied and compared in a cross-sectional study, and results are presented with genetic findings. Methods: Behavioural phenotypes are compared of eight individuals with Marshall-Smith syndrome (three male individuals) and seven with Malan syndrome (four male individuals). Long-term follow-up assessment of cognition and adaptive behaviour was possible in three individuals with Marshall–Smith syndrome. Results: Marshall–Smith syndrome individuals have more severe ID, less adaptive behaviour, more impaired speech and less reciprocal interaction compared with individuals with Malan syndrome. Sensory processing difficulties occur in both syndromes. Follow-up measurement of cognition and adaptive behaviour in Marshall–Smith syndrome shows different individual learning curves over time. Conclusions: Results show significant between and within syndrome variability. Different NFIX variants underlie distinct clinical phenotypes leading to separate entities. Cognitive, adaptive and sensory impairments are common in both syndromes and increase the risk of challenging behaviour. This study highlights the value of considering behaviour within developmental and environmental context. To improve quality of life, adaptations to environment and treatment are suggested to create a better person-environment fit.

The objective of these two works is to show how a series of principles and concepts of Physics are applied (which are taught in the areas of Basic Sciences in Engineering careers), in various processes that are used to modify the surface of materials and thus provide them with improved properties particularly related to wear, fatigue and corrosion resistance, with the purpose that engineering students have greater evidence of practical applications and, therefore, of the importance of Physics for development of these technologies. As an example, in this first article, the Thermal Spray processes are presented and it is shown how Physics concepts are applied and have a prominent role both in the design and in the construction of the equipment with which they are made, as well as in the own generation of surface treatments. This is intended to give a sample and evidence the usefulness of Physics in this type of process to both students and teachers.

In this second part another group of processes of surface treatment of materials in which has been employed a series of principles of the Physics are reviewed. Using technologies that employ these principles it is possible to modify the surface of materials in order to obtain improvements in their behavior, specially in regard to increasing their corrosion, wear or fatigue resistance. In particular, this work describes the processes of flame and induction hardening, surface treatments using laser beam, treatments that use concentrated solar energy and finally the processes of physical vapor deposition. All of them of industrial application, with the exception of the use of concentrated solar energy which, however, has an important potential due to the current situation of the renewable energies.

Direct gas thickening is a conventional mobility control method to improve volumetric sweep efficiency for miscible gas injection (MGI) projects. However, the viability of this approach with technically feasible thickeners has not been verified at the field-scale due to a combination of high costs and/or environmental issues. One approach to make this technique economically more attractive is the implementation of an alternating injection scheme (similar to water-alternating-gas (WAG)) that would require less of the thickened gas compared with a continuous injection scheme. In this study, the effectiveness of this approach where a miscible alternating injection of thickened associated gas (TAG) or thickened CO2 (TCO2) with unthickened AG is explored in both nonfractured and fractured composite carbonate cores. Twelve core-flooding experiments were conducted using different injection schemes (i.e., continuous unthickened, continuous thickened, and alternating thickened-unthickened). These tests demonstrate that overall the experimental results indicate that the alternating injection of TAG or TCO2 with unthickened AG mixture as an enhanced recovery technique may produce results similar to those with continuous thickened gas injection. This reduces the consumption of thickening agents noticeably resulting in reduced operational costs and improved economic viability for this method.

Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ) is considered to be an excellent candidate for miscible gas injection (MGI) because it can reduce oil viscosity, induce in situ swelling of the oil, and reduce the IFT of the in situ fluid system. However, the unfavorable mobility associated with scCO 2 flooding poses a major challenge due to the large viscosity contrast between the crude oil and scCO 2 , resulting in viscous fingering. An effective approach to overcome this challenge is to increase the viscosity of scCO 2 (scCO 2 thickening) to effectively control gas mobility and improve the sweep efficiency. The primary focus of this study was on an oilfield (Field A) that is located in the Harweel cluster in southern Oman. In this work, we present results in which the suitability of a library of commercially available polymers capable of thickening scCO 2 at a high temperature (377 K). Previous studies have focused on the use of polymers as viscosifiers at much lower temperatures. Out of 26 potential polymers, 4 polymers (poly(1-decene) (P-1-D), poly(ethyl vinyl ether) (PVEE), poly(iso-butyl vinyl ether) (Piso-BVE), and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)) were found to be completely soluble in scCO 2 at 377 K and 55 MPa. Given the relatively low viscosity of oil in Field A (0.23 cP), P-1-D and PVEE could be considered as effective thickeners under the in situ conditions relevant to this field. In addition, Piso-BVE was found to be less effective because it did not change the CO 2 viscosity above 358 K (55 MPa) when used at a concentration of 1.5 wt %. Furthermore, although it was determined that increasing the side chain length of poly alkyl vinyl ethers would enhance the solubility of this polymer in scCO 2 , it was determined to be ineffective in noticeably changing the CO 2 viscosity. In general, increasing temperature resulted in a decrease in the relative viscosity, while increasing the pressure caused a slight increase in relative viscosity at all temperatures and concentr

Hydrocarbon-miscible gas flooding typically involves injection of an associated gas (AG) mixture containing mainly methane (CH4) enriched with light hydrocarbon fractions and possibly acid gases. The AG mixture has been recognized as an excellent candidate for miscible gas injection (MGI). However, in general, the viscosity of the AG at reservoir conditions is significantly lower than that of crude oil leading to an unfavorable mobility ratio and low volumetric sweep efficiency during flooding. This study assesses the suitability of a library of commercially available polymers to thicken AG as a means of mobility control. The focus of the study is on the Field A located in the Harweel cluster in southern Oman. First, soluble polymeric thickeners for an AG mixture (CH4 60%, C2H6 9%, C3H8 6%, and CO2 25%) were identified using a parallel gravimetric extraction technique combined with cloud point measurements. Then, the viscosity of the identified soluble polymeric candidates in AG mixture was measured in a capillary viscometer at reservoir conditions. Three polymers were found to be completely or partially soluble in the AG mixture at 377 K and 55 MPa including poly(1-decene) (P-1-D), poly(methyl hydro siloxane) (PMHS), and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). P-1-D found to be an effective thickener in AG mixture under conditions relevant to Field A, i.e., high temperatures and pressures. The polymer is soluble in the concentration range of 1.5–9 wt%. The viscosity of the P-1-D- thickened AG mixture increased by 2.2–7.4 times greater than AG mixture viscosity at 358–377 K. Furthermore, reservoir condition core flooding experiments were performed to examine the effectiveness of P-1-D-thickened AG gas mixture flooding to enhance oil recovery. The thickened-AG mixture flooding resulted in delayed gas breakthrough and subsequently 10–12% additional oil recovery.

Recent studies hypothesize that some submarine slides fail via pressure-driven slow-slip deformation. To test this hypothesis, this study derives pore pressures in failed and adjacent unfailed deep marine sediments by integrating rock physics models, physical property measurements on recovered sediment core, and wireline logs. Two drill sites (U1394 and U1399) drilled through interpreted slide debris; a third (U1395) drilled into normal marine sediment. Near-hydrostatic fluid pressure exists in sediments at site U1395. In contrast, results at both sites U1394 and U1399 indicate elevated pore fluid pressures in some sediment. We suggest that high pore pressure at the base of a submarine slide deposit at site U1394 results from slide shearing. High pore pressure exists throughout much of site U1399, and Mohr circle analysis suggests that only slight changes in the stress regime will trigger motion. Consolidation tests and permeability measurements indicate moderately low (~10-16-10-17 m2) permeability and overconsolidation in fine-grained slide debris, implying that these sediments act as seals. Three mechanisms, in isolation or in combination, may produce the observed elevated pore fluid pressures at site U1399: (1) rapid sedimentation, (2) lateral fluid flow, and (3) shearing that causes sediments to contract, increasing pore pressure. Our preferred hypothesis is this third mechanism because it explains both elevated fluid pressure and sediment overconsolidation without requiring high sedimentation rates. Our combined analysis of subsurface pore pressures, drilling data, and regional seismic images indicates that slope failure offshore Martinique is perhaps an ongoing, creep-like process where small stress changes trigger motion.

Recent studies hypothesize that some submarine slides fail via pressure-driven slow-slip deformation. To test this hypothesis, this study derives pore pressures in failed and adjacent unfailed deep marine sediments by integrating rock physics models, physical property measurements on recovered sediment core, and wireline logs. Two drill sites (U1394 and U1399) drilled through interpreted slide debris; a third (U1395) drilled into normal marine sediment. Near-hydrostatic fluid pressure exists in sediments at site U1395. In contrast, results at both sites U1394 and U1399 indicate elevated pore fluid pressures in some sediment. We suggest that high pore pressure at the base of a submarine slide deposit at site U1394 results from slide shearing. High pore pressure exists throughout much of site U1399, and Mohr circle analysis suggests that only slight changes in the stress regime will trigger motion. Consolidation tests and permeability measurements indicate moderately low (~10-16-10-17 m2) permeability and overconsolidation in fine-grained slide debris, implying that these sediments act as seals. Three mechanisms, in isolation or in combination, may produce the observed elevated pore fluid pressures at site U1399: (1) rapid sedimentation, (2) lateral fluid flow, and (3) shearing that causes sediments to contract, increasing pore pressure. Our preferred hypothesis is this third mechanism because it explains both elevated fluid pressure and sediment overconsolidation without requiring high sedimentation rates. Our combined analysis of subsurface pore pressures, drilling data, and regional seismic images indicates that slope failure offshore Martinique is perhaps an ongoing, creep-like process where small stress changes trigger motion.

By misdirecting the activity of Activation-Induced Deaminase (AID) to a conditional MYC transgene, we have achieved sporadic, AID-dependent MYC activation in germinal center B cells of Vk*MYC mice. Whereas control C57BL/6 mice develop benign monoclonal gammopathy with age, all Vk*MYC mice progress to an indolent multiple myeloma associated with the biological and clinical features highly characteristic of the human disease. Furthermore, antigen-dependent myeloma could be induced by immunization with a T-dependent antigen. Consistent with these findings in mice, more frequent MYC rearrangements, elevated levels of MYC mRNA, and MYC target genes distinguish human patients with multiple myeloma from individuals with monoclonal gammopathy, implicating a causal role for MYC in the progression of monoclonal gammopathy to multiple myeloma.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the long-term effects of in utero exposure to magnesium sulphate for children whose mothers had pre-eclampsia. DESIGN: Assessment at 18 months of age for children whose mothers were recruited to the Magpie Trial (recruitment 1998-2001 ISRCTN 86938761), which compared magnesium sulphate with placebo. SETTING: Follow-up of children born at 125 centres in 19 countries across five continents. POPULATION: A total of 6922 children were born to women randomised before delivery at follow-up centres. Of these, 2271 were not included for logistic reasons and 168 were excluded (101 at a centre where <20% were contacted, 40 whose death or disability was due to a problem at conception or embryogenesis and 27 whose parent/s opted out). Therefore, 4483 children were included in follow-up, of whom 3283 (73%) were contacted. METHODS: Assessment by questionnaire, with interview and neurodevelopmental testing of selected children. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Death or neurosensory disability at age of 18 months. RESULTS: Of those allocated magnesium sulphate, 245/1635 (15.0%) were dead or had neurosensory disability at 18 months compared with 233/1648 (14.1%) allocated placebo (relative risk [RR] 1.06, 95% CI 0.90-1.25), and of survivors, 19/1409 (1.3%) had neurosensory disability at 18 months compared with 27/1442 (1.9%) (RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.40-1.29). There were no substantial differences in causes of death or in the risk of individual impairments or disabilities. CONCLUSIONS: The lower risk of eclampsia following prophylaxis with magnesium sulphate was not associated with a clear difference in the risk of death or disability for children at 18 months.

Little is known about how generosity of insurance and population characteristics affect quantity or appropriateness of antibiotic use. Using insurance claims for antibiotics from 5765 non-elderly people who lived in six sites in the United States and were randomly assigned to insurance plans varying by level of cost-sharing, we describe how antibiotic use varies by insurance plan, diagnosis and health status, geographic area, and demographic characteristics. People with free medical care used 85% more antibiotics than those required to pay some portion of their medical bills (controlling for all other variables). Antibiotic use was significantly more common among women, the very young, patients with poorer health, and persons with higher income. Use of antibiotics for viral, viral-bacterial, and bacterial conditions did not differ between free and cost-sharing insurance plans, given antibiotics were the treatment of choice. Cost sharing reduced inappropriate and appropriate antibiotic use to a similar degree.

Latinos recently became the largest racial/ethnic minority group of US children. The Latino Consortium of the American Academy of Pediatrics Center for Child Health Research, consisting of 13 expert panelists, identified the most important urgent priorities and unanswered questions in Latino child health. Conclusions were drawn when consensus was reached among members, with refinement through multiple iterations. A consensus statement with supporting references was drafted and revised. This article summarizes the key issues, including lack of validated research instruments, frequent unjustified exclusion from studies, and failure to analyze data by pertinent subgroups. Latino children are at high risk for behavioral and developmental disorders, and there are many unanswered questions about their mental health needs and use of services. The prevalence of dental caries is disproportionately higher for Latino children, but the reasons for this disparity are unclear. Culture and language can profoundly affect Latino children's health, but not enough cultural competency training of health care professionals and provision of linguistically appropriate care occur. Latinos are underrepresented at every level of the health care professions. Latino children are at high risk for school dropout, environmental hazards, obesity, diabetes mellitus, asthma, lack of health insurance, nonfinancial barriers to health care access, and impaired quality of care, but many key questions in these areas remain unanswered. This article suggests areas in which more research is needed and ways to improve research and care of Latino children.

The study evaluated a theory-based breast cancer control program specially developed for less acculturated Latinas. The authors used a quasi-experimental design with random assignment of Latinas into experimental (n = 51) or control (n = 37) groups that completed one pretest and two posttest surveys. The experimental group received the educational program, which was based on Bandura's self-efficacy theory and Freire's empowerment pedagogy. Outcome measures included knowledge, perceived self-efficacy, attitudes, breast self-examination (BSE) skills, and mammogram use. At posttest 1, controlling for pretest scores, the experimental group was significantly more likely than the control group to have more medically recognized knowledge (sum of square [SS] = 17.0, F = 6.58, p < .01), have less medically recognized knowledge (SS = 128.8, F = 39.24, p < .001), greater sense of perceived self-efficacy (SS = 316.5, F = 9.63, p < .01), and greater adeptness in the conduct of BSE (SS = 234.8, F = 153.33, p < .001). Cancer control programs designed for less acculturated women should use informal and interactive educational methods that incorporate skill-enhancing and empowering techniques.

The study evaluated a theory-based breast cancer control program specially developed for less acculturated Latinas. The authors used a quasi-experimental design with random assignment of Latinas into experimental (n = 51) or control (n = 37) groups that completed one pretest and two posttest surveys. The experimental group received the educational program, which was based on Bandura's self-efficacy theory and Freire's empowerment pedagogy. Outcome measures included knowledge, perceived self-efficacy, attitudes, breast self-examination (BSE) skills, and mammogram use. At posttest 1, controlling for pretest scores, the experimental group was significantly more likely than the control group to have more medically recognized knowledge (sum of square [SS] = 17.0, F = 6.58, p < .01), have less medically recognized knowledge (SS = 128.8, F = 39.24, p < .001), greater sense of perceived self-efficacy (SS = 316.5, F = 9.63, p < .01), and greater adeptness in the conduct of BSE (SS = 234.8, F = 153.33, p < .001). Cancer control programs designed for less acculturated women should use informal and interactive educational methods that incorporate skill-enhancing and empowering techniques.

Over the past decade, Army families have become more diverse and complex, reflecting parallel trends in the civilian world. Over half of Army personnel are married. Increasingly, their spouses are in paid employment, and hence have less time available for child care or other traditional activities. Simultaneously, the number of single-parent Army families headed by females has risen, and more family members have been accompanying military members in assignments abroad. As a result of these changes, family obligations for military members have broadened and are likely to continue to do so (Morrison et al., 1989). As such changes have proceeded, Army families have become more vocal in calling for improved family and "quality of life" programs. The Army leadership, at the same time, has articulated concerns that family needs, if unmet, have the potential to reduce soldiers' readiness, retention, and overall well-being. The question is, how extensive are such needs, and how much are they affected by family characteristics and Army policies? Although it is easy to find anecdotal accounts relevant to these issues, the Army has had limited data with which to make systematic assessments that could guide policy. This study was undertaken to collect quantitative data relevant to Army family policy, focusing on three key areas: soldiers' individual readiness, their use of family services, and their overall well-being. Analyses herein describe those data and assess how family responsibilities and family structure affect the three key areas. Where the data suggest feasible changes in Army practices, the report recommends future policy directions.

D-region electron densities are derived utilizing a ground based partial reflection sounder. The sounder frequency is approximately 2 MHz, with right-hand and left-hand polarized pulses transmitted vertically. This report describes the sounder system hardware and the necessary software to derive electron densities from the returned vertical pulses. A complete set of schematics of the electronics, antenna array and operational are included. A total of 604 electron density profiles have been reduced with the sounder located at White Sands Missile Range (WSMR) and at Red Lake, Canada, as part of the 1979 solar eclipse field program. The WSMR profiles have been summarized into monthly profiles. The electron densities derived from utilizing the partial reflection technique appear to be within the expected ranges for D-region profiles. (Author)