Search

Hydrophilic drugs could be incorporated into the skin surface by manes of Lipogel. This study aimed to prepare miconazole lipogel with natural ingredients to enhance drug permeability using dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO). The miconazole lipogels, A1 (without DMSO) and A2 (with DMSO) were formulated and evaluated for organoleptic evaluation, pH, viscosity, stability studies, freeze -thawing, drug release profile and drug permeation enhancement. Results had stated that prepared lipogel's pH falls within the acceptable range required for topical delivery (4 to 6) while both formulations show good results in organoleptic evaluation. The A2 formulation containing DMSO shows better permeation of miconazole (84.76%) on the artificial skin membrane as compared to A1 lipogel formulation (50.64%). In in -vitro drug release studies, A2 for-mulation showed 87.48% drug release while A1 showed just 60.1% drug release from lipogel. Stability studies were performed on model formulations under environmental conditions and both showed good spreadibility, stable pH, free of grittiness and good consistency in formulation. The results concluded that A2 formulation containing DMSO shows better results as compared to DMSO-free drug lipogel.

Nowadays, extensive research is being carried out on the design and development of innovative drug delivery systems to improve safety, efficacy, and patient compliance. One such delivery system is the buccal film technology. The buccal mucosa is the best-suited site for local, as well as systemic delivery of drugs due to its physiological features. The goal of designing oral mucoadhesive buccal film for the anti-hypertensive drug Enalapril maleate is to increase the bioavailability. The formulation and evaluation of oral mucoadhesive buccal films of Enalapril maleate by solvent casting method. The Enalapril maleate is an anti-hypertensive drug that has high first-pass metabolism and shows 40-60% of bioavailability. Due to this condition, we took this drug to convert into films, which increases its bioavailability by decreasing the first mass metabolism. The preparation contains different formulations by using different polymers like Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose E 5 (HPMC), Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose E 50 (HPMC), and different plasticizers like PEG 400 & PG. The films of physicochemical evaluations like thickness (0. 14±0.004 mm), tensile strength 120.23 (g/cm2), % Drug content uniformity (97.6± 1.040%), surface pH (6.74±0.051), the swelling index is in the optimum range, folding endurance ( 175±2), and diffusion studies showed the optimum release of drug in the predetermined time.

Nowadays, extensive research is being carried out on the design and development of innovative drug delivery systems to improve safety, efficacy, and patient compliance. One such delivery system is the buccal film technology. The buccal mucosa is the best-suited site for local, as well as systemic delivery of drugs due to its physiological features. The goal of designing oral mucoadhesive buccal film for the anti-hypertensive drug Enalapril maleate is to increase the bioavailability. The formulation and evaluation of oral mucoadhesive buccal films of Enalapril maleate by solvent casting method. The Enalapril maleate is an anti-hypertensive drug that has high first-pass metabolism and shows 40-60% of bioavailability. Due to this condition, we took this drug to convert into films, which increases its bioavailability by decreasing the first mass metabolism. The preparation contains different formulations by using different polymers like Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose E 5 (HPMC), Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose E 50 (HPMC), and different plasticizers like PEG 400 & PG. The films of physicochemical evaluations like thickness (0. 14±0.004 mm), tensile strength 120.23 (g/cm2), % Drug content uniformity (97.6± 1.040%), surface pH (6.74±0.051), the swelling index is in the optimum range, folding endurance ( 175±2), and diffusion studies showed the optimum release of drug in the predetermined time.

BackgroundTransdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) pose special risks considering a large amount of drug they contain and their modified release properties. We sought to characterize TDDS exposures reported to the National Poison Data System (NPDS).MethodsNPDS was searched for all human exposures to a TDDS from 1/1/2006 to 12/31/2015. Only single-substance TDDS exposures followed to a known medical outcome were included for final analysis. Specific data analyzed was date, sex, age, TDDS product, exposure reason, route of exposure, medical outcome, management site, level of health care facility care, clinical effects, and interventions.ResultsOver that 10-year period, 6746 adults and 1917 pediatric exposures were identified. Exposures declined over the study period. The most common exposure reason in adults was intentional abuse (n = 1622) compared to unintentional-general (n =1 070) in pediatric cases. TDDS ingestion was reported in 4519 adults and 2825 pediatric cases. Fentanyl was the most common substance encountered in adult (n = 4656) and pediatric cases (n = 474). No or minor effect were the most common medical outcomes in both groups. In fentanyl cases, moderate or major outcomes were seen in 54 % (n = 1062) of adult and 26 % (n = 54) of pediatric cases. Naloxone was given in 1080 cases. Ninety-seven deaths (91 adults, 6 pediatrics) were reported, all involving ingestion of the TDDS. Fentanyl was associated with 80 adult and 5 pediatric deaths.ConclusionOverall, single-substance TDDS exposures decreased over the duration of this study and typically resulted in no or mild effects. However, exposures involving fentanyl resulted in higher rates of major or moderate medical outcomes and were associated with multiple deaths.

BackgroundTransdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) pose special risks considering a large amount of drug they contain and their modified release properties. We sought to characterize TDDS exposures reported to the National Poison Data System (NPDS).MethodsNPDS was searched for all human exposures to a TDDS from 1/1/2006 to 12/31/2015. Only single-substance TDDS exposures followed to a known medical outcome were included for final analysis. Specific data analyzed was date, sex, age, TDDS product, exposure reason, route of exposure, medical outcome, management site, level of health care facility care, clinical effects, and interventions.ResultsOver that 10-year period, 6746  adults and 1917 pediatric exposures were identified. Exposures declined over the study period. The most common exposure reason in adults was intentional abuse (n = 1622) compared to unintentional-general (n =1 070) in pediatric cases. TDDS ingestion was reported in 4519 adults and 2825 pediatric cases. Fentanyl was the most common substance encountered in adult (n = 4656) and pediatric cases (n = 474). No or minor effect were the most common medical outcomes in both groups. In fentanyl cases, moderate or major outcomes were seen in 54 % (n = 1062) of adult and 26 % (n = 54) of pediatric cases. Naloxone was given in 1080 cases. Ninety-seven deaths (91 adults, 6 pediatrics) were reported, all involving ingestion of the TDDS. Fentanyl was associated with 80 adult and 5 pediatric deaths.ConclusionOverall, single-substance TDDS exposures decreased over the duration of this study and typically resulted in no or mild effects. However, exposures involving fentanyl resulted in higher rates of major or moderate medical outcomes and were associated with multiple deaths.

BACKGROUND: Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) pose special risks considering a large amount of drug they contain and their modified release properties. We sought to characterize TDDS exposures reported to the National Poison Data System (NPDS). METHODS: NPDS was searched for all human exposures to a TDDS from 1/1/2006 to 12/31/2015. Only single-substance TDDS exposures followed to a known medical outcome were included for final analysis. Specific data analyzed was date, sex, age, TDDS product, exposure reason, route of exposure, medical outcome, management site, level of health care facility care, clinical effects, and interventions. RESULTS: Over that 10-year period, 6746  adults and 1917 pediatric exposures were identified. Exposures declined over the study period. The most common exposure reason in adults was intentional abuse (n = 1622) compared to unintentional-general (n =1 070) in pediatric cases. TDDS ingestion was reported in 4519 adults and 2825 pediatric cases. Fentanyl was the most common substance encountered in adult (n = 4656) and pediatric cases (n = 474). No or minor effect were the most common medical outcomes in both groups. In fentanyl cases, moderate or major outcomes were seen in 54 % (n = 1062) of adult and 26 % (n = 54) of pediatric cases. Naloxone was given in 1080 cases. Ninety-seven deaths (91 adults, 6 pediatrics) were reported, all involving ingestion of the TDDS. Fentanyl was associated with 80 adult and 5 pediatric deaths. CONCLUSION: Overall, single-substance TDDS exposures decreased over the duration of this study and typically resulted in no or mild effects. However, exposures involving fentanyl resulted in higher rates of major or moderate medical outcomes and were associated with multiple deaths.

Background: Diabetes is a metabolic syndrome which affects most of the organs of the body including the central nervous system.Diabetic retinopathy is one of the complication resulting from derangement of neurovascular coupling and altered cell signaling pathway.Visually evoked potentials have evolved as a sensitive tool for detecting the neuropathic changes even before the clinically evident disease. Objectives: To compare the latencies and amplitudes of visually evoked potentials i.e.N75, P100 and N145 in diabetic and normal individuals. Materials and methods: 20 Diabetic individuals with type II diabetes mellitus in the age group of 45-60 yrs were included in the study group .Control group consisted of 10 age and sex matched non-diabetic individuals.Diabetic individuals with documented fundoscopy changes were included in the study and diabetic individuals with type I diabetes mellitus were excluded from the study.Visually evoked potentials were recorded using Viking select neurodiagnostic system. Conclusions: P100 Latency is significantly prolonged in diabetic individuals when compared to control group suggesting that the processing of information by the visual cortex is slower in diabetics due to central neuropathy changes.

Background: Diabetes is a metabolic syndrome which affects most of the organs of the body including the central nervous system.Diabetic retinopathy is one of the complication resulting from derangement of neurovascular coupling and altered cell signaling pathway.Visually evoked potentials have evolved as a sensitive tool for detecting the neuropathic changes even before the clinically evident disease. Objectives: To compare the latencies and amplitudes of visually evoked potentials i.e.N75, P100 and N145 in diabetic and normal individuals. Materials and methods: 20 Diabetic individuals with type II diabetes mellitus in the age group of 45-60 yrs were included in the study group .Control group consisted of 10 age and sex matched non-diabetic individuals.Diabetic individuals with documented fundoscopy changes were included in the study and diabetic individuals with type I diabetes mellitus were excluded from the study.Visually evoked potentials were recorded using Viking select neurodiagnostic system. Conclusions: P100 Latency is significantly prolonged in diabetic individuals when compared to control group suggesting that the processing of information by the visual cortex is slower in diabetics due to central neuropathy changes.