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This dissertation focuses on empathy and disturbed empathy processing in psychopathy and, by extension, various computational tasks that may point to possible proxies for the empathy construct. Furthermore, the central question was whether the neuropeptide oxytocin can ameliorate psychopathic symptoms in psychopathic patients. We developed the Zipper Model of Empathy, a dynamic model in which bidirectional changes in empathy processing are induced by "zipping" forces, namely contextual factors and psychological (i.e., attentional and motivational) factors. Consequently, "zipping up" represents approaching mature empathy while "unzipping" symbolizes either a reduction of empathy or its loss altogether. In our first sub-study of oxytocin effects, we examined short-latency facial mimicry of both the corrugator supercilii and the zygomaticus major within 600 ms after stimulus as this may have diagnostic value for psychopathy. Oxytocin did not enhance short-latency mimicry responses of both facial muscles. However, psychopathic patients showed significantly weaker short-latency zygomaticus responses to happy faces, while there was a trend toward significantly weaker short-latency corrugator responses to angry faces. We therefore posit a lifetime developmental deficit in psychopathy pertaining short-latency mimicry of emotional facial expressions. Another sub-study focussed on reactive social dominance. Psychopathic patients were not more dominant compared to normal controls. However, contrary to normal controls, in the patients the severity of psychopathy was positively correlated with reactive dominance. Although oxytocin yielded no effect on reactive dominance in general, oxytocin was found to abolish the relationship between psychopathy severity and reactive dominance. We also explored moral decision-making. No differences in the percentage of utilitarian choices between the two groups were found. Contrary to our hypothesis, oxytocin did not reduce utilitarian choices

In theory, it can be strategically advantageous for competitors to make themselves unpredictable to their opponents, for example, by variably mixing hostility and friendliness. Empirically, it remains open whether and how competitors make themselves unpredictable, why they do so, and how this conditions conflict dynamics and outcomes. We examine these questions in interactive attacker–defender contests, in which attackers invest to capture resources held and defended by their opponent. Study 1, a reanalysis of nine (un)published experiments (total N = 650), reveals significant cross-trial variability especially in proactive attacks and less in reactive defense. Study 2 (N = 200) shows that greater variability makes both attacker’s and defender’s next move more difficult to predict, especially when variability is due to occasional rather than (in)frequent extreme investments in conflict. Studies 3 (N = 27) and 4 (N = 106) show that precontest testosterone, a hormone associated with risk-taking and status competition, drives variability during attack which, in turn, increases sympathetic arousal in defenders and defender variability (Study 4). Rather than being motivated by wealth maximization, being unpredictable in conflict and competition emerges in function of the attacker’s desire to win “no matter what” and comes with significant welfare cost to both victor and victim.

The intricate relationship between sex hormones and cardiovascular health has garnered increasing attention, revealing significant implications for both disease prevention and therapeutic strategies. This literature review aims to elucidate the multifaceted roles of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone in cardiovascular physiology and pathology. Estrogen is widely recognized for its protective effects on vascular function, lipid metabolism, and atherosclerosis prevention, while testosterone presents a more complex picture with both beneficial and detrimental impacts on cardiovascular risk. Progesterone, often overlooked, also plays a critical role in modulating these effects. Additionally, this review explores how sex hormones influence endothelial function, inflammatory responses, and contribute to gender differences in cardiovascular disease prevalence. The impact of menopause and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on cardiovascular health is critically examined, highlighting ongoing debates and current guidelines. Furthermore, the cardiovascular implications of gender-affirming hormone therapy in transgender individuals are discussed. By synthesizing current perspectives and identifying future research directions, this review underscores the potential for personalized medicine approaches that consider hormonal status to optimize cardiovascular health outcomes., La intrincada relación entre las hormonas sexuales y la salud cardiovascular ha atraído cada vez más atención, revelando implicaciones significativas tanto para la prevención de enfermedades como para las estrategias terapéuticas. Esta revisión de la literatura tiene como objetivo dilucidar las funciones multifacéticas de los estrógenos, la progesterona y la testosterona en la fisiología y patología cardiovascular. El estrógeno es ampliamente reconocido por sus efectos protectores sobre la función vascular, el metabolismo de los lípidos y la prevención de la aterosclerosis, mientras que la testosterona presenta un cuadro más complejo con impactos tanto beneficiosos como perjudiciales sobre el riesgo cardiovascular. La progesterona, que a menudo se pasa por alto, también desempeña un papel fundamental en la modulación de estos efectos. Además, esta revisión explora cómo las hormonas sexuales influyen en la función endotelial, las respuestas inflamatorias y contribuyen a las diferencias de género en la prevalencia de enfermedades cardiovasculares. Se examina críticamente el impacto de la menopausia y la terapia de reemplazo hormonal (TRH) en la salud cardiovascular, destacando los debates en curso y las pautas actuales. Además, se discuten las implicaciones cardiovasculares de la terapia hormonal de afirmación del género en personas transgénero. Al sintetizar las perspectivas actuales e identificar futuras direcciones de investigación, esta revisión subraya el potencial de los enfoques de medicina personalizada que consideran el estado hormonal para optimizar los resultados de salud cardiovascular.

2022 Descuento MDPI, The fighting bull is characterised by its natural aggressiveness, but the physiological mechanisms that underlie its aggressive behaviour are poorly studied. This study determines the hormonal component of aggressiveness in fighting bulls by analysing their behaviour during a fight and correlating it to their serotonin, dopamine and testosterone levels. We also determine whether aggressive behaviour can be estimated in calves. Using 195 animals, samples were obtained when the animals were calves and after 5 years. Aggressiveness scores were obtained by an observational method during bullfights, and serotonin, dopamine and testosterone levels were determined in all animals using validated enzyme immunoassay kits. The results revealed a strong correlation of serotonin and dopamine levels with aggressiveness scores in bulls during fights, but no correlation was found with respect to testosterone. These correlations led to established cut-off point and linear regression curves to obtain expected aggressiveness scores for calves at shoeing. There were no significant differences between the expected scores obtained in calves and the observed scores in bulls. Therefore, this study demonstrates that hormone determination in calves may be a great indicator of combativeness in bulls and can reliably be used in the selection of fighting bulls., Simple Summary: Aggressiveness in fighting bulls is a natural characteristic of this breed, but little is known regarding it physiological mechanisms. Hormones such as serotonin, dopamine and testosterone are known to be involved in the development of aggressive behaviour. This study determines that serotonin and dopamine levels are correlated with combative behaviour, and its determination in calves is a useful indicator for the selection of combative bulls., Sección Deptal. de Fisiología (Veterinaria), Fac. de Veterinaria, TRUE, pub, Descuento UCM

Associations of total testosterone (T) and calculated free T with cardiovascular disease (CVD) remain poorly understood. Particularly how these associations vary according to race and ethnicity in a nationally representative sample of men. Data included 7058 men (≥20 years) from NHANES. CVD was defined as any reported diagnosis of heart failure (HF), coronary artery disease (CAD), myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke. Total T (ng/mL) was obtained among males who participated in the morning examination. Weighted multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models were conducted. We found associations of low T (OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.17-2.11), low calculated free T (OR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.10-2.17), total T (Q1 vs Q5), and calculated free T (Q1 vs Q5) with CVD after adjusting for estradiol and SHBG. In disease specific analysis, low T increased prevalence of MI (OR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.08-2.75) and HF (OR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.08-2.82), but a continuous increment of total T reduced the prevalence of CAD. Similar inverse associations were identified among White and Mexican Americans, but not Blacks (OR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.49-1.76). Low levels of T and calculated free T were associated with an increased prevalence of overall CVD and among White and Mexican Americans. Associations remained in the same direction with specific CVD outcomes in the overall population.

Background: Plasma lipid concentrations in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) seem to be altered. Methods: We conducted a naturalistic study with 75 adult female patients with AN and 26 healthy female controls (HC). We measured plasma lipid profile, sex hormones and used self-report questionnaires at admission and discharge. Results: Total cholesterol (median (IQR): 4.9 (1.2)) and triglycerides (TG) (1.2 (0.8)) were elevated in AN at admission (BMI 15.3 (3.4)) compared with HC (4.3 (0.7), p = 0.003 and 0.9 (0.3), p = 0.006) and remained elevated at discharge (BMI 18.9 (2.9)) after weight restoration treatment. Estradiol (0.05 (0.1)) and testosterone (0.5 (0.7)) were lower in AN compared with HC (0.3 (0.3), p = < 0.001 and 0.8 (0.5), p = 0.03) and remained low at discharge. There was no change in eating disorder symptoms. Depression symptoms decreased (33 (17) to 30.5 (19), (p = 0.007)). Regression analyses showed that illness duration was a predictor of TG, age was a predictor of total cholesterol and LDL, while educational attainment predicted LDL and TG. Conclusion: Lipid concentrations remained elevated following weight restoration treatment, suggesting an underlying, premorbid dysregulation in the lipid metabolism in AN that persists following weight restoration. Elevated lipid concentrations may be present prior to illness onset in AN. Level of evidence: III: Evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case–control analytic studies.

Introduction: Transgender (TG) individuals grapple with aligning their self-identified gender with their assigned biological sex amidst societal pressures. While its prevalence is traditionally low, Gender Dysphoria (GD) incidence is rising which has caused a rise in the demand for medically essential gender affirming hormone therapy (GAHT). However, concerns persist regarding the mental health of the TG community, with their increased vulnerability to mental health issues and antidepressant use. Additionally, the exact systemic effects of long term GAHT remain unclear. We assessed the influence of feminizing GAHT (FGAHT) and antidepressants on behavior, cardiometabolic risk factors, and post-ischaemic cardiac outcomes. Methods: Sixty 7-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to four groups: no treatment (CON, n=15), fluoxetine treatment only ((FLU; 20mg/day), n=15), estrogen (E2; 1mg/kg/week) with cyproterone acetate (CPA; 26mg/kg/week) treatment (EC, n=15), and combined (E+CPA+FLU) therapies (ECF, n=15). Daily oral gavage (for FLU delivery) and weekly subcutaneous injections (E & CPA delivery) commenced at experimental week 12. Behavioral assessments using open field and elevated plus maze tests were conducted at experimental weeks 2 and 15. Echocardiography was performed at weeks 3 and 16 to examine in vivo structural and functional cardiac changes. Fasted blood glucose, insulin, and triglyceride concentrations were measured at weeks 4 and 17. DXA scans were performed at weeks 5 and 18 to assess changes in lean muscle mass. Langendorf heart perfusions were performed at week 19 to assess pre- and post-ischaemic cardiac function. [...], Thesis (Masters), Master of Medical Research, School of Pharmacy & Med Sci, Griffith Health

Testosterone administration is a relatively uncommon practice in the United States. Women are at risk of having health issues that could be remedied by low-dose testosterone administration via transdermal patch or topical cream. This paper explores the potential health and wellness benefits of administering low-dose testosterone to premenopausal women. Low-dose Testosterone may improve depression scores as well as upregulate markers of bone formation in women with anorexia nervosa. Higher testosterone was associated with increased muscle mass and muscular strength in collegiate female athletes. Testosterone given at lower doses increases muscle mass and exercise performance in college-age women. Overall, testosterone supplementation as a transdermal patch or topical cream may improve the overall health and wellness of healthy and unhealthy populations of women.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by difficulties with motor movement. Structurally, parkinsonian brains suffer a loss of dopamine-producing (dopaminergic) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, an area of the brain responsible for the regulation of motor pathways within the basal ganglia. Hormones are thought to play a neuroprotective role against onset and progression of Parkinson's PD. The exact mechanism underlying how hormones alleviate the pathology has yet to be properly defined. This study examines testosterone as it relates to brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor tropomyosin kinase receptor B (TrkB). The data found that increased levels of testosterone correlate with higher levels of TrkB within the mouse striatum, improved cell survival, and better performance on behavioral assessments. This suggests that TrkB plays an important role in PD development in tandem with ambient testosterone levels in young male mice.

Information on the associations of testosterone levels with abdominal muscle volume and density in men is limited, while the role of estradiol and SHBG on these muscle characteristics are unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between fasting serum sex hormones and CT-derived abdominal muscle area and radiodensity in adult men. Conducted as a cross sectional observational study using data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, our analyses focused on a community-based sample of 907 men aged 45-84 years, with 878 men having complete data. CT scans of the abdomen were interrogated for muscle characteristics, and multivariable linear regressions were used to test the associations. After adjustment for relevant factors, higher levels of both total testosterone and estradiol were associated with higher abdominal muscle area (1.74, 0.1-3.4, and 1.84, 0.4-3.3, respectively). In the final analyses, levels of total testosterone showed a positive association, while an inverse relationship was observed for SHBG with abdominal muscle radiodensity (0.3, 0.0-0.6, and - 0.33, - 0.6 to - 0.1, respectively). Our results indicate a complex association between sex hormones and abdominal muscle characteristics in men. Specifically, total testosterone and estradiol were associated with abdominal muscle area, while only total testosterone was associated with muscle radiodensity and SHBG was inversely associated with muscle radiodensity.Clinical Trial: NCT00005487.

Levels of the male sex hormone testosterone are generally stable in the age interval 20 -70 years, but several studies indicate an earlier, age-dependent decline. Testosterone deficiency is often underdiagnosed and undertreated, but replacement therapy has nonetheless increased during the last couple of years. Owing to possible negative side effects, alternative treatments have been investigated, including different supplementation protocols. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of probiotic supplementation on the testosterone level in healthy men aged between 55 and 65. Hence, 12 weeks randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial was conducted to investigate the effect on testosterone levels following supplementation of the recognized probiotic Limosilactobacillus reuteri ATCC PTA 6475 on testosterone levels, using high-, low- or placebo treatment. Venous blood samples were collected at baseline, 6 and 12 weeks, for analysis of bloodwork, lipid profile, hormones, and electrolytes. Subjects were also asked to complete a questionnaire. The supplementation had no effect on testosterone levels, neither using high- or low dose, nor placebo. However, a significant decrease of triglyceride levels was observed in the high-dose group. No other parameters showed any significant change. The present study does not support the hypothesis that a probiotic supplementation can increase testosterone levels in ageing men.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among women, affecting their lives in many ways. PCOS is characterised by ovulatory dysfunction, polycystic ovary morphology and hyperandrogenism, either clinical or biochemical. Women with PCOS face a higher risk of obstetric complications than women without PCOS. There are many factors that contribute to these complications, such as metabolic disturbances, insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, hyperandrogenism and factors related to infertility. The overall aim of the research presented in this thesis was to study factors that might affect the association between PCOS and pregnancy complications. The thesis consists of matched cohort studies based on data from the Uppsala Biobank of Pregnant Women (Papers I and II) and national register-based cohort studies (Papers III and IV). In the first two studies, we included women with PCOS (n = 159) and BMI-matched controls (n = 320), and the aim was to study the effect of high anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and testosterone on pregnancy complications. The third study (n = 138 219) explored whether the association between PCOS and preeclampsia depends on treated clinical hyperandrogenism and whether PCOS is associated with different subtypes of preeclampsia. In the fourth study (n = 281 806), the aim was to explore association and risk estimates for pregnancy outcomes in women with either or both PCOS and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The main results were that women with PCOS have higher levels of AMH and testosterone and a higher free androgen index during second trimester pregnancy than non-PCOS controls. High AMH levels were not associated with adverse pregnancy outcome or birthweight. PCOS women with the highest testosterone levels had the highest risk for preeclampsia. Compared to non-PCOS controls, women with PCOS have increased risk of preeclampsia, especially the more severe subtypes of preeclampsia, early onset or with a birth of an i

To improve the mechanistic screening of reproductive toxicants in chemical-risk assessment and drug development, we have developed a three-dimensional (3D) heterogenous testicular co-culture model from neonatal mice. Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), an environmental contaminant that can affect reproductive health negatively, was used as a model compound to illustrate the utility of the in vitro model. The cells were treated with DBP (1 nM to 100 µM) for 7 days. Automated high-content imaging confirmed the presence of cell-specific markers of Leydig cells (CYP11A1 +), Sertoli cells (SOX9 +), and germ cells (DAZL +). Steroidogenic activity of Leydig cells was demonstrated by analyzing testosterone levels in the culture medium. DBP induced a concentration-dependent reduction in testosterone levels and decreased the number of Leydig cells compared to vehicle control. The levels of steroidogenic regulator StAR and the steroidogenic enzyme CYP11A1 were decreased already at the lowest DBP concentration (1 nM), demonstrating upstream effects in the testosterone biosynthesis pathway. Furthermore, exposure to 10 nM DBP decreased the levels of the germ cell-specific RNA binding protein DAZL, central for the spermatogenesis. The 3D model also captured the development of the Sertoli cell junction proteins, N-cadherin and Zonula occludens protein 1 (ZO-1), critical for the blood–testis barrier. However, DBP exposure did not significantly alter the cadherin and ZO-1 levels. Altogether, this 3D in vitro system models testicular cellular signaling and function, making it a powerful tool for mechanistic screening of developmental testicular toxicity. This can open a new avenue for high throughput screening of chemically-induced reproductive toxicity during sensitive developmental phases.

High testosterone hormone levels play an important role in exhibiting aggressive behaviour and several disorders in female rodents and women. The present study aimed to determine the protective role of the alcoholic extract of Mentha spicata leaves (MSL) in the reduction of the level of testosterone and aggressive behaviour of female rats that suffer from high levels of testosterone. A total of 30 female Wistar albino rats were divided into 6 Groups. Group 1: Control rats received sesame oil(0.5 ml). Group 2: Rats injected with testosterone propionate (TP) alone. Group 3: Rats received MSL alone (100 mg/kg) orally. Groups 4, 5, and 6: Rats received TP + MSL, 6mg/rat of TP followed by 200, 400, and 600 mg/rat, respectively) for 60 days. The testosterone, dopamine, and aggressive behaviour were measured using specialized ELISA test kits. The results showed that testosterone and dopamine levels in the serum had a significant decrease (P<0.05) (4.82 (ng/ml) in testosterone and 272.83 (pg/ml) in dopamine) in animals treated with MSL only compared to Group 2, which found a significant rise (p<0.05) (16.52 (ng/ml) in testosterone and 607.59 (pg/ml) in dopamine) in the levels of testosterone and dopamine. The results exhibited a significant rise (P<0.05) in the aggressive behaviour in Group 2 of rats compared to the control and other Groups. In comparison, aggressive behaviour was significantly decreased (P<0.05) (7.40 (ng/ml) in testosterone and 263.49 (ng/ml) in dopamine) in Groups 2, 4, 5, and 6. Thus, the study revealed the protective role of the alcoholic extract of MSL in reducing levels of testosterone and aggressive behaviour in female rats suffering from higher levels of testosterone.

The main hormone in men, testosterone, controls sex differentiation, spermatogenesis, male sex characteristics, and fertility. Low testosterone in men affects several organ systems. Low testosterone affects men's health in physiological ways that affect mood, bone density, muscle mass and strength, and cognitive function. The history, physical examination, clinical symptoms, and testosterone levels are used to make a differential diagnosis. A deficit in iron, commonly brought on by blood loss or other illnesses, results in iron deficiency anemia. The extracellular and intracellular fluids include electrolytes. The main cation and anion in the extracellular fluid are sodium and chloride, respectively. Potassium is the main cation in the intracellular fluid. Electrolytes are essential for preserving homeostasis.

Background Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a syndrome exhibiting elevated intracranial pressure (ICP), visual disturbances, and severe headache. IIH primarily affects young obese women, though it can occur in individuals of any age, BMI, and sex. IIH is characterized by systemic metabolic dysregulation with a profile of increased androgen hormones. However, the contribution of obesity/hormonal perturbations to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics remains unresolved.Methods We employed obese female Zucker rats and adjuvant testosterone to reveal IIH causal drivers. ICP and CSF dynamics were determined with in vivo experimentation and magnetic resonance imaging, testosterone levels assessed with mass spectrometry, and choroid plexus function revealed with transcriptomics. Results Obese rats had undisturbed CSF testosterone levels and no changes in ICP or CSF dynamics. Adjuvant testosterone treatment of obese rats elevated the CSF secretion rate, although with no effect on the ICP, due to elevated CSF drainage capacity of these rats. Conclusions Obesity in itself therefore does not suffice to recapitulate the IIH symptoms in rats, but modulation of CSF dynamics appears with adjuvant testosterone treatment, which mimics the androgen excess observed in female IIH patients. Obesity-induced androgen dysregulation may thus contribute to the disease mechanism of IIH and could potentially serve as a future therapeutic target.

In 2003, the International Olympic Committee issued eligibility rules for transgender people, and since then, various sporting bodies have developed their own rules. Some federations apply rules based on self-definition of sex, while others apply rules based on the sex assigned at birth or when the sex claim was made. This article deepens the debate on the inclusion of trans people in sport through the presentation of the rugby’s case study, whose international federation presented, in 2020, exclusivist rules under the argument of fair competition and protection of the physical integrity of cisgender women. A critical analysis of the foundations of these rules will be presented and the consequences of similar approaches in the sports career of trans people will be discussed. Regarding methodology, a critical document analysis on the World Rugby’s rules was carried out and semi-structured interviews were conducted with people related to the sports universe in Portugal. It was observed that the elaborate rules create a hierarchy between the binary sexes and between trans people themselves, focus on limited measures of comparison such as single repetition strength, and rule out factors such as increased fat mass after transition. In the absence of the possibility of pursuing a sporting career, there was a capacity for agency and engagement in other areas that allows trans people to reach other important functions within the sports universe., Em 2003, o Comité Olímpico Internacional (COI) emitiu regrasde elegibilidade para pessoas trans e, desde então, váriosórgãos desportivos têm vindo a elaborar as suas própriasnormas. Algumas federações aplicam regras baseadas na uto-definição de sexo, enquanto outras aplicam regrasbaseadas no sexo atribuído à nascença ou no momento emque a afirmação de sexo foi legalmente realizada. Este artigoaprofunda o debate sobre a inclusão de pessoas trans nodesporto através da apresentação do estudo de caso do rug-by, cuja federação internacional estabeleceu, em 2020, regrastrans-exclusionárias sob o argumento de competição justa eproteção da integridade física de mulheres cisgénero. É apresentauma análise crítica aos fundamentos destas políticas e dis-cutidas as consequências de abordagens similares na carreiradesportiva de pessoas trans. Como metodologia, foi realiza-da uma análise crítica documental às normas da World Rug-by e foram realizadas entrevistas a pessoas relacionadas como universo desportivo em Portugal. Observou-se que as regraselaboradas criam uma hierarquia entre os sexos binários eentre as próprias identidades trans, focam em medidas decomparação insuficientes como a força de repetição única,e descartam fatores como aumento de massa gorda apósreposição hormonal. Na ausência da possibilidade de prosseguiruma carreira desportiva, verificou-se uma capacidade de agênciae de encaixe noutros âmbitos que, não sendo a prática desportivacompetitiva enquanto atletas, permite às pessoas trans chegara outras funções de relevo dentro do universo desportivo., Em 2003, o Comité Olímpico Internacional (COI) emitiu regras de elegibilidade para pessoas trans e, desde então, vários órgãos desportivos têm vindo a elaborar as suas próprias normas. Algumas federações aplicam regras baseadas na auto-definição de sexo, enquanto outras aplicam regras baseadas no sexo atribuído à nascença ou no momento em que a afirmação de sexo foi legalmente realizada. Este artigo aprofunda o debate sobre a inclusão de pessoas trans no desporto através da apresentação do estudo de caso do rugby, cuja federação internacional estabeleceu, em 2020, regras trans-exclusivas sob o argumento de competição justa e proteção da integridade física de mulheres cisgénero. É apresenta uma análise crítica aos fundamentos destas políticas e discutidas as consequências de abordagens similares na carreira desportiva de pessoas trans. Como metodologia, foi realizada uma análise crítica documental às normas da World Rugby e foram realizadas entrevistas a pessoas relacionadas com o universo desportivo em Portugal. Observou-se que as regras elaboradas criam uma hierarquia entre os sexos binários e entre as próprias identidades trans, focam em medidas de comparação insuficientes como a força de repetição única, e descartam fatores como aumento de massa gorda após reposição hormonal. Na ausência da possibilidade de prosseguir uma carreira desportiva, verificou-se uma capacidade de agência e de encaixe noutros âmbitos que, não sendo a prática desportiva competitiva enquanto atletas, permite às pessoas trans chegar a outras funções de relevo dentro do universo desportivo.

In men, reduced levels of testosterone are associated with the prevalence and progression of multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic and disabling demyelinating disorder. Testosterone has been shown to promote myelin repair. Here, we demonstrate that the cooperation between testosterone and CXCR4 signaling involving astrocytes is required for myelin regeneration after focal demyelination produced in the ventral mouse spinal cord by the infusion of lysolecithin. The testosterone-dependent remyelination of axons by oligodendrocytes was accompanied by an increase in astrocytes expressing CXCR4, its ligand CXCL12 and the androgen receptor (AR) within the demyelinated area. Depriving males of their testosterone or pharmacological inhibition of CXCR4, with the selective antagonist AMD3100, prevented the appearance of astrocytes expressing CXCR4, CXCL12 and AR within the demyelinated area and the concomitant recruitment of myelin forming oligodendrocytes. Conditional genetic ablation of either CXCR4 or AR in astrocytes also completely blocked the formation of new myelin by oligodendrocytes. Interestingly, the gain of function mutation in CXCR4 causing WHIM syndrome allows remyelination to take place, even in the absence of testosterone, but its potentiating effects remained observable. After testosterone deprivation or CXCR4 inhibition, the absence of astrocytes within the demyelinated area led to the incursion of Schwann cells, most likely derived from spinal nerves, and the formation of peripheral nerve type myelin. In patients with progressive MS, astrocytes expressing CXCR4 and AR surrounded myelin lesions, and their presence opposed the incursion of Schwann cells. These results highlight a mechanism of promyelinating testosterone signaling and the importance of normalizing its levels in combined myelin repair therapies.

Increasing evidence of sexual dimorphism in the pathophysiology of metabolic complications caused by sex steroids is under investigation. The gut microbiota represents a complex microbial ecosystem involved in energy metabolism, immune response, nutrition acquisition, and the health of host organisms. Gender-specific differences in composition are present between females and males. The purpose of this study was to use cross-sex fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for the detection of sex-dependent metabolic, hormonal, and gut microbiota changes in female and male recipients. Healthy non-obese female and male Wistar rats were divided into donor, same-sex, and cross-sex recipient groups. After a 30-day period of FMT administration, biochemical markers (glucose and lipid metabolism) and sex hormones were measured, and the gut microbiota was analyzed. The cross-sex male recipients displayed a significantly lower testosterone concentration compared to the males that received same-sex FMT. Sex-dependent changes caused by cross-sex FMT were detected, while several bacterial taxa correlated with plasma testosterone levels. This study represents the first to study the effect of cross-sex changes in the gut microbiome concerning metabolic and hormonal changes/status in adult non-obese Wistar rats. Herein, we present cross-sex FMT as a potential tool to modify sex-specific pathologies.

(1) Background: Bullying is one of the most common forms of aggressive behavior during childhood and adolescence. Some decades ago, researchers began exploring the basis of peer victimization from a biological perspective. Specifically, the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) axes have been studied in relation to status-relevant behaviors, such as bullying. (2) Methods: We conducted a systematic review following the PRISMA guide and registered the review protocol at PROSPERO (CRD42023494738). We searched for relevant studies in PubMed, Psycinfo, Scopus, and Web of Science, and assessed them using the Robins E-tool. (3) Results: Our search yielded 152 studies, of which 33 were included in the review. These studies explored the association between testosterone and cortisol levels with bullying behavior, finding diverse results. Most of the studies were rated as having a low risk of bias. (4) Conclusions: This study not only enhances our understanding of bullying, but also provides guidance for the development of prevention and management programs for it. In the future, researchers should continue exploring the joint effects of different hormones on the HPA and HPG axis, using a broader set of biomarkers.

Depression is twice as common in women compared to men, and the risk of insomnia is 1.5 times higher in women than in men during the reproductive age. It has been suggested that sex hormones, including estrogen, testosterone and progesterone, may partly explain this difference in prevalence. Changes in these hormones may possibly contribute to more depressive symptoms and more insomnia. One way to examine the effects of sex hormones on depression and sleep is to investigate situations where individuals start taking exogenous hormonal medications. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effects of oral contraceptives (OCs) and the effects of gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT). We examined whether the use of OCs and GAHT affected depressive symptoms, sleep quality, sleep architecture and chronotype. The main research questions in this thesis were: 1. Are OC use and GAHT use associated with changes in depression? 2. Are OC use and GAHT use associated with changes in sleep? 3. What are the effects of sex hormones on the association between depression and sleep? 1. Sex hormones and depression Our findings show that OC use could be associated with increases in depressive symptoms and increased risk of depression, but that there might be strong individual differences in the effects of OCs on mood. Our findings in transgender people who start GAHT suggest that masculinizing and feminizing sex hormones have different effects on depressive symptoms, although it must be noted that we find only small to modest changes. 2. Sex hormones and sleep We find that use of OCs could possibly have very small effects on sleep, and that this could be related to the day-night rhythm of the hormone cortisol. In our studies on GAHT, we see that transgender people on masculinizing GAHT show no clinically significant changes in insomnia or sleep quality, but they show shorter slow wave (deep) sleep and slightly longer and earlier REM (dream) sleep after starting GAHT, as well as a later

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Quality of life (QoL) has never been assessed in previous illicit users of androgens years following androgen cessation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess QoL in previous illicit androgen users compared with current illicit androgen users and controls who had never used androgens.METHODS: Cross-sectional study including men involved in recreational strength training grouped according to their history of androgen use. We used the RAND Short-Form-36 questionnaire to assess physical and mental health-related QoL.RESULTS: We included 77 previous and 118 current androgen users and 39 healthy nonusers. The mean (SD) age of all participants was 33 (8) years. The elapsed duration since androgen cessation, geometric mean (95% CI), was 2.0 (1.5-2.6) years in former users. Median (25th-75th percentiles) serum total testosterone was lower in former users than controls, 14 (11-17) vs 19 (16-21) nmol/L, P < .001. Previous users displayed lower mean (SD) across both mental and physical (PCS) component summary scores, 48 (10) vs 54 (4) (P = .004) and 48 (9) vs 53 (3) (P = .002) compared with controls.Using multivariate linear regressions, evaluating physical and mental component scores as dependent variables, lower serum total testosterone, longer duration since androgen cessation, study recruitment from an endocrine outpatient clinic, and established chronic diseases were all independently associated with reduced QoL in previous users, P < .05.CONCLUSIONS: Previous illicit androgen users exhibited reduced QoL 2 years after androgen discontinuation, which may be a persistent condition.

Introduction Meningiomas frequently occur within the field of neuro-oncology, but it is unclear whether exogenous or imbalanced endogenous hormones are involved in the pathophysiology. A previous case-control study found an almost 20-fold increase in the risk of developing meningioma among users of androgenic anabolic steroids. We, therefore, investigated this hypothesis. Methods We compared the incidence rate of meningioma in a cohort of males sanctioned for the use of androgenic anabolic steroids with age- and sex-matched controls with an identical enrollment date. Results We followed 1189 males sanctioned for using androgenic anabolic steroids for a total of 13,305 person-years and found 0 cases of meningioma. The control cohort of 59,450 males was followed for a total of 654,938 person-years, and 16 were diagnosed with meningioma. Thus, the incidence rate ratio was 0 (95% CI: 0–12.8). Conclusion We did not find any evidence supporting the hypothesis of an increased risk of meningioma development with the use of androgenic anabolic steroids. Due to the limited sample size, we cannot exclude androgenic anabolic steroids as a potential risk factor for meningioma development, despite the lack of apparent evidence in this study., Introduction: Meningiomas frequently occur within the field of neuro-oncology, but it is unclear whether exogenous or imbalanced endogenous hormones are involved in the pathophysiology. A previous case-control study found an almost 20-fold increase in the risk of developing meningioma among users of androgenic anabolic steroids. We, therefore, investigated this hypothesis. Methods: We compared the incidence rate of meningioma in a cohort of males sanctioned for the use of androgenic anabolic steroids with age- and sex-matched controls with an identical enrollment date. Results: We followed 1189 males sanctioned for using androgenic anabolic steroids for a total of 13,305 person-years and found 0 cases of meningioma. The control cohort of 59,450 males was followed for a total of 654,938 person-years, and 16 were diagnosed with meningioma. Thus, the incidence rate ratio was 0 (95% CI: 0–12.8). Conclusion: We did not find any evidence supporting the hypothesis of an increased risk of meningioma development with the use of androgenic anabolic steroids. Due to the limited sample size, we cannot exclude androgenic anabolic steroids as a potential risk factor for meningioma development, despite the lack of apparent evidence in this study.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal imbalance that occurs when the ovaries produce and release eggs creating excess hormones. Affected women range in age from 6% to 20%, depending on the diagnostic criteria. Hyperandrogenism and persistent anovulation are two characteristics of the complex condition known as polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Treatment for PCOS involves lifestyle modifications, education, and symptom-specific therapies for both individuals at risk and those with a confirmed diagnosis. Exercise and dietary changes have long been seen as the cornerstones of managing lifestyle diseases. Yoga is an age-old discipline that aims to balance a person's mental, emotional, physical, and spiritual aspects. Yoga can improve one's physical and mental well-being, making them feel better overall. Several research studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of yoga in PCOS control. Regular yoga practice has been demonstrated to ease the symptoms of PCOS and decrease testosterone levels, also promoting relaxation. The present paper is intended to bring a thematic insight into the problem related to PCOD and the impact of yoga among the patients of PCOD.

Key words acne vulgarisanabolic androgenic steroidsbodybuildingcutaneous adverse drug reactionsskin infectionstestosterone

In the current study, we report the prevalence of male testosterone deficiency in a cohort of 60 male long-term survivors of malignant lymphoma with normal total testosterone but in the lower part of the reference level. Testosterone deficiency was defined as subnormal concentrations of total testosterone or subnormal concentrations of calculated free testosterone. The aim was to clarify whether total testosterone was sufficient for identification of testosterone deficiency in male survivors of malignant lymphoma. Hormonal analyses taken at follow-up were compared with samples taken at diagnosis for a subgroup of 20 survivors, for evaluation of changes in hormones over time. Another group of 83 similar survivors of malignant lymphoma with testosterone in the high end of reference levels were also used for comparison, to identify groups of increased risk of testosterone deficiency. A total group of 143 survivors were therefore included in the study. Our findings indicate that for screening purposes an initial total testosterone is sufficient in some survivors because sexual hormone binding globulin concentration was found stable over time. However, 15% were found with subnormal calculated free testosterone. Survivors intensely treated for Hodgkin lymphoma and older survivors were identified as high-risk groups for testosterone deficiency necessitating endocrinological attention during follow-up. Some evidence of pituitary downregulation was also found, because of uncompensated decreases in testosterone concentration over time. In conclusion, longitudinal measurements of total testosterone alone do not seem adequate for the screening of testosterone deficiency for all long-term lymphoma survivors., In the current study, we report the prevalence of male testosterone deficiency in a cohort of 60 male long-term survivors of malignant lymphoma with normal total testosterone but in the lower part of the reference level. Testosterone deficiency was defined as subnormal concentrations of total testosterone or subnormal concentrations of calculated free testosterone. The aim was to clarify whether total testosterone was sufficient for identification of testosterone deficiency in male survivors of malignant lymphoma. Hormonal analyses taken at follow-up were compared with samples taken at diagnosis for a subgroup of 20 survivors, for evaluation of changes in hormones over time. Another group of 83 similar survivors of malignant lymphoma with testosterone in the high end of reference levels were also used for comparison, to identify groups of increased risk of testosterone deficiency. A total group of 143 survivors were therefore included in the study. Our findings indicate that for screening purposes an initial total testosterone is sufficient in some survivors because sexual hormone binding globulin concentration was found stable over time. However, 15% were found with subnormal calculated free testosterone. Survivors intensely treated for Hodgkin lymphoma and older survivors were identified as high-risk groups for testosterone deficiency necessitating endocrinological attention during follow-up. Some evidence of pituitary downregulation was also found, because of uncompensated decreases in testosterone concentration over time. In conclusion, longitudinal measurements of total testosterone alone do not seem adequate for the screening of testosterone deficiency for all long-term lymphoma survivors.

Objective Vitamin D status has been associated with sex steroid production. The question is whether vitamin D supplementation has an impact on sex steroid production in infertile men with vitamin D insufficiency? Design A single-center, double-blinded, randomized clinical trial. Differences in sex steroids and reproductive hormones were predefined secondary outcomes, vitamin D status at baseline was a predefined subgroup and the primary outcome was differences in semen quality. Methods A total of 307 infertile men were included and randomized 1:1 to active or placebo treatment for 150 days. Men in the active group initially received an oral bolus of 300,000 IU cholecalciferol, followed by daily supplementation with 1400 IU cholecalciferol and 500 mg calcium. Results After intervention, no differences were found in serum concentrations of sex steroids, luteinizing hormone, testosterone/luteinizing hormone ratio or SHBG between the vitamin D and placebo group. However, in a predefined subgroup analysis of men with serum 25OHD ≤ 50 nmol/L, men treated with vitamin D had a significantly higher testosterone/luteinizing hormone ratio [4.2 (3.8–4.4) vs. 3.7 (3.4–4.0); p = 0.033] compared with placebo treatment. In men with vitamin D deficiency, the difference between groups was larger but not significant due to few men with serum 25OHD < 25 nmol/L. Conclusion Vitamin D + calcium supplementation did not alter sex steroid production in infertile men. However, vitamin D insufficient men treated with vitamin D supplementation had a significantly higher testosterone/LH ratio compared with placebo-treated men, suggesting that optimal Leydig cell function are dependent on adequate vitamin D status, Objective: Vitamin D status has been associated with sex steroid production. The question is whether vitamin D supplementation has an impact on sex steroid production in infertile men with vitamin D insufficiency?. Design: A single-center, double-blinded, randomized clinical trial. Differences in sex steroids and reproductive hormones were predefined secondary outcomes, vitamin D status at baseline was a predefined subgroup and the primary outcome was differences in semen quality. Methods: A total of 307 infertile men were included and randomized 1:1 to active or placebo treatment for 150 days. Men in the active group initially received an oral bolus of 300,000 IU cholecalciferol, followed by daily supplementation with 1400 IU cholecalciferol and 500 mg calcium. Results: After intervention, no differences were found in serum concentrations of sex steroids, luteinizing hormone, testosterone/luteinizing hormone ratio or SHBG between the vitamin D and placebo group. However, in a predefined subgroup analysis of men with serum 25OHD ≤ 50 nmol/L, men treated with vitamin D had a significantly higher testosterone/luteinizing hormone ratio [4.2 (3.8–4.4) vs. 3.7 (3.4–4.0); p = 0.033] compared with placebo treatment. In men with vitamin D deficiency, the difference between groups was larger but not significant due to few men with serum 25OHD < 25 nmol/L. Conclusion: Vitamin D + calcium supplementation did not alter sex steroid production in infertile men. However, vitamin D insufficient men treated with vitamin D supplementation had a significantly higher testosterone/LH ratio compared with placebo-treated men, suggesting that optimal Leydig cell function are dependent on adequate vitamin D status.

Tobacco use is overgrowing in all Arab countries and is one of the greatest threats to current and future global health. The negative effect of tobacco use on sperm quality has been examined in numerous studies. In Saudi Arabia, especially in Jeddah, this systematic research aims to investigate the impact of smoking on the hormonal profile in 75 men between the ages of 19 and 60 years who were randomly selected between smokers, infertile and nonsmokers from patients visiting King Abdulaziz University Medical Services Center and Health plus fertility & woman’s health center in Jeddah, SA. Chemiluminescent immunoassay technology was used to analyze data. Overall findings demonstrated no significant influence of smoking on testosterone, FSH, LH and prolactin levels in Saudi men.

Beca predoctoral de LP financiada por fondos FEDER (PP.TRA.2016.0010 FEDER funds). Beca de colaboración de estudiantes de pregrado de E Flix financiada por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación., This study examines the relationship between seasonal changes in plasma testosterone and thyroxine concentrations and the relationship between these changes and the sperm resistance to the freezing-thawing process in Merino x Merino Precoz crossbreed rams and Florida breed bucks. Plasma testosterone and thyroxine concentration, sperm head area, sperm variables and their cryoresistance ratios were analyzed throughout a year. Both species showed a rise in thyroxine preceding testosterone fall. Plasma thyroxine concentrations in rams were higher during autumn than in spring and summer (P<0.05), whereas testosterone concentrations were not influenced by season. Conversely, bucks showed seasonal differences in plasma testosterone levels, with higher concentrations during summer and autumn than winter and spring (P<0.05), whereas thyroxine concentrations were not influenced by season. In bucks, a negative correlation was detected between plasma testosterone concentrations and the cryoresistance ratio for membrane integrity (R=-0.88; P<0.05) from April to September and between plasma thyroxine concentrations and the cryoresistance ratios for total motility (R=-0.66; P<0.05), curvilinear velocity (R=-0.61; P<0.05), the amplitude of lateral head displacement (R=-0.77; P<0.05) and the beat-cross frequency (R=-0.74; P<0.05), throughout the year. The results suggest that the annual variation in sperm cryoresistance may be related to seasonal endocrine changes, at least in goat. Winter and spring are the most appropriate seasons to collect and freeze sperm from Florida goat, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), MCINN (AGL2017-85753-R. ), FEDER/UE (PP.TRA.2016.0010 fondos FEDER), Depto. de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Fac. de Veterinaria, TRUE, pub

Author contributions JSM: Conceptualisation, Writing – review and editing. ATD, CC, RV, PB, PPF, BP, EO, BMM, and MCE: Writing – original draft., Reproductive technologies can help to protect wild ruminant species from becoming extinct. In addition, the decline in some wild game species has also raised interest in reproductive technologies to increase the number of animals that can be produced. Most biobanking efforts have focused on developing effective protocols for preserving sperm, oocytes, and embryos. Cryopreservation of sperm remains the least invasive method and the cheapest procedure for germplasm storage. Over the last few years, several reproductive biotechnologies have been developed beyond the conventional freezing of spermatozoa. These include ultra-rapid freezing techniques. Nevertheless, fertility results after artificial insemination using frozen-thawed spermatozoa are not always acceptable in wild small ruminants. Moreover, these technological efforts have met variable success related to the sample’s origin (epididymal retrieved postmortem or ejaculated) and the season of sperm sample collection and storage. Epididymal sperm shows higher cryoresistance than ejaculated sperm. Changes in sperm proteome between epididymal and ejaculated sperm seem to contribute to this different cryotolerance. The role of endocrine status has been studied in some wild species to better understand the underlying mechanism of the annual variation in ruminant sperm cryoresistance. Seasonal changes in testosterone and prolactin are involved in sperm cryoresistance; sperm recovery and cryopreservation are recommended around the end of the rutting season, when good quality sperm samples can still be obtained, testosterone levels have already decreased, and prolactin concentrations remain low. The mechanisms of hormone action on sperm freezability are not well known. Still, it has been suggested that testosterone affects cell proliferation in the testis, during spermatogenesis, and membrane properties of sperm cells during their transit through the reproductive tract, which might influence their cryotolerance. Recent, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), Depto. de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Fac. de Veterinaria, TRUE, pub

The steroid module of the athlete biological passport (ABP) aims to detect doping with endogenous steroids by longitudinally monitoring epitestosterone (E), testosterone (T), and four metabolically related steroids and their ratios. There are large variations in the urinary levels of the androgen metabolites due to genetic polymorphisms, drug use, menstrual cycle, and other factors. In this study, we aimed to increase our understanding of the natural, within-individual variations of the established ABP markers in males and females over time, looking at samples collected both in and out-of-competition (IC/OOC). Urinary steroid profiles from 323 Swedish athletes, with at least five samples per athlete, were extracted from ADAMS together with information on type of sport, IC/OOC, and time of day. Data were analyzed using coefficient of variation (CV%) to examine within-subject variability and linear mixed effects models to estimate within-subject change in the metabolites over time. The metabolites and ratios expressed higher individual CV% in females (23–56) than in males (18–39). Samples taken OOC showed larger intra-individual variations than samples collected IC for most of the ABP metabolites in both sexes. The median concentrations were higher IC for some metabolites, particularly testosterone being 52% higher among females. Time of day influenced the intra-individual variation of the urinary steroid profile with decreases in androgen metabolites over time, if measured in evening versus daytime. These findings can aid in the testing strategies and interpretation of the steroidal module of ABP.

The glutathione transferase A3-3 (GST A3-3) homodimeric enzyme is the most efficient enzyme that catalyzes isomerization of the precursors of testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone in the gonads of humans and horses. However, the presence of GST A3-3 orthologs with equally high ketosteroid isomerase activity has not been verified in other mammalian species, even though pig and cattle homologs have been cloned and studied. Identifying GSTA3 genes is a challenge because of multiple GSTA gene duplications (e.g., 12 in the human genome); consequently, the GSTA3 gene is not annotated in most genomes. To improve our understanding of GSTA3 gene products and their functions across diverse mammalian species, we cloned homologs of the horse and human GSTA3 mRNAs from the testes of a dog, goat, and gray short-tailed opossum, the genomes of which all currently lack GSTA3 gene annotations. The resultant novel GSTA3 mRNA and inferred protein sequences had a high level of conservation with human GSTA3 mRNA and protein sequences (≥70% and ≥64% identities, respectively). Sequence conservation was also apparent for the 12 residues of the “H-site” in the 222 amino acid GSTA3 protein that is known to interact with the steroid substrates. Modeling predicted that the dog GSTA3-3 may be a more active ketosteroid isomerase than the corresponding goat or opossum enzymes. However, expression of the GSTA3 gene was higher in liver than in other dog tissue. Our results improve understanding of the active sites of mammalian GST A3-3 enzymes, inhibitors of which might be useful for reducing steroidogenesis for medical purposes, such as fertility control or treatment of steroid-dependent diseases.

There has been a significant increase in demand for gender-affirming hormone therapy for transgender and gender diverse (trans) individuals over recent years. Current hormone regimens for trans individuals desiring masculinisation typically involve standard testosterone doses and formulations recommended for hypogonadal cisgender men, while trans individuals desiring feminisation are treated with estradiol with or without an antiandrogen. International consensus guidelines give recommendations for gender affirming hormone therapy regimens, though recommendations are largely based on expert opinion and there are currently limited data underlying the safety and efficacy in this population. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of gender-affirming hormone therapy regimens. Our first aim was to investigate the influence of testosterone treatment, compared to no treatment, on gender dysphoria, depression, and suicidality in trans individuals desiring commencement of testosterone. This randomised controlled trial demonstrated that testosterone treatment significantly improved gender dysphoria, depression, and suicidality compared to the control group, supporting the use of testosterone in this population. We then evaluated serum testosterone concentrations and prescription patterns of transdermal testosterone in 2 retrospective cross-sectional analyses. Both 1% testosterone gel and 5% testosterone cream were commonly prescribed at doses lower than those recommended for cisgender hypogonadal men. There was a high proportion of individuals with a non-binary gender identity using both transdermal formulations. Transdermal testosterone was able to achieve serum testosterone concentrations recommended in consensus guidelines. The following study explored the risk of polycythaemia with different testosterone formulations. One in four individuals treated with intramuscular testosterone enanthate and one in six individuals treated with testosterone undecan

Background Antisociality across adolescence and young adulthood puts individuals at high risk of developing a variety of problems. Prior research has linked antisociality to autonomic nervous system and endocrinological functioning. However, there is large heterogeneity in antisocial behaviors, and these neurobiological measures are rarely studied conjointly, limited to small specific studies with narrow age ranges, and yield mixed findings due to the type of behavior examined. Methods We harmonized data from 1489 participants (9-27 years, 67% male), from six heterogeneous samples. In the resulting dataset, we tested relations between distinct dimensions of antisociality and heart rate, pre-ejection period (PEP), respiratory sinus arrhythmia, respiration rate, skin conductance levels, testosterone, basal cortisol, and the cortisol awakening response (CAR), and test the role of age throughout adolescence and young adulthood. Results Three dimensions of antisociality were uncovered: 'callous-unemotional (CU)/manipulative traits', 'intentional aggression/conduct', and 'reactivity/impulsivity/irritability'. Shorter PEPs and higher testosterone were related to CU/manipulative traits, and a higher CAR is related to both CU/manipulative traits and intentional aggression/conduct. These effects were stable across age. Conclusions Across a heterogeneous sample and consistent across development, the CAR may be a valuable measure to link to CU/manipulative traits and intentional aggression, while sympathetic arousal and testosterone are additionally valuable to understand CU/manipulative traits. Together, these findings deepen our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms underlying different components of antisociality. Finally, we illustrate the potential of using current statistical techniques for combining multiple datasets to draw robust conclusions about biobehavioral associations.