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Federated Learning (FL) seeks to train a model collaboratively without sharing private training data from individual clients. Despite its promise, FL encounters challenges such as high communication costs for large-scale models and the necessity for uniform model architectures across all clients and the server. These challenges severely restrict the practical applications of FL. To address these limitations, the integration of knowledge distillation (KD) into FL has been proposed, forming what is known as Federated Distillation (FD). FD enables more flexible knowledge transfer between clients and the server, surpassing the mere sharing of model parameters. By eliminating the need for identical model architectures across clients and the server, FD mitigates the communication costs associated with training large-scale models. This paper aims to offer a comprehensive overview of FD, highlighting its latest advancements. It delves into the fundamental principles underlying the design of FD frameworks, delineates FD approaches for tackling various challenges, and provides insights into the diverse applications of FD across different scenarios.

As an emerging concept cognitive learning model, partial order formal structure analysis (POFSA) has been widely used in the field of knowledge processing. In this paper, we propose the method named three-way causal attribute partial order structure (3WCAPOS) to evolve the POFSA from set coverage to causal coverage in order to increase the interpretability and classification performance of the model. First, the concept of causal factor (CF) is proposed to evaluate the causal correlation between attributes and decision attributes in the formal decision context. Then, combining CF with attribute partial order structure, the concept of causal attribute partial order structure is defined and makes set coverage evolve into causal coverage. Finally, combined with the idea of three-way decision, 3WCAPOS is formed, which makes the purity of nodes in the structure clearer and the changes between levels more obviously. In addition, the experiments are carried out from the classification ability and the interpretability of the structure through the six datasets. Through these experiments, it is concluded the accuracy of 3WCAPOS is improved by 1% - 9% compared with classification and regression tree, and more interpretable and the processing of knowledge is more reasonable compared with attribute partial order structure.

The original version of this Article contained an error in the spelling of the author Min-A Jhun which was incorrectly given as Mina-A Jhun. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.

This paper mainly designs a terminal sliding mode controller (SMC) that can optimize the dynamic and static performance of the electric spring (ES) under the complex load environment on the user side, and improve the anti-interference ability of the ES. Firstly, the user-side ES-containing supply and distribution network (SDN) was modelled and analyzed, and then, the sliding surface and control rate was designed. Next, a reference voltage generation method was introduced, the stabilization conditions of the ES-containing SDN were identified, and the principles of parameter setting for the SMC were expounded. Finally, the proposed terminal SMC was proved feasible through simulations and dSPACE-based physical experiments and found to outperform the linear SMC in adaptability and dynamic and static performance.

Aim To select appropriate preprocessing methods for different substrates by comparing the effects of four different preprocessing methods on touch DNA samples and to determine the effect of various storage times on the results of touch DNA sample analysis. Method Hand touch DNA samples were used to investigate the detection and inspection results of DNA on different substrates. Four preprocessing methods, including the direct cutting method, stubbing procedure, double swab technique, and vacuum cleaner method, were used in this study. DNA was extracted from mock samples with four different preprocessing methods. The best preprocess protocol determined from the study was further used to compare performance after various storage times. DNA extracted from all samples was quantified and amplified using standard procedures. Results The amounts of DNA and the number of alleles detected on the porous substrates were greater than those on the non-porous substrates. The performances of the four preprocessing methods varied with different substrates. The direct cutting method displayed advantages for porous substrates, and the vacuum cleaner method was advantageous for non-porous substrates. No significant degradation trend was observed as the storage times increased. Conclusion Different substrates require the use of different preprocessing method in order to obtain the highest DNA amount and allele number from touch DNA samples. This study provides a theoretical basis for explorations of touch DNA samples and may be used as a reference when dealing with touch DNA samples in case work.

In order to confine the aqua-eutrophication problem arising from phosphorus pollution, many municipal wastewater treatment plants have to improve their executive drainage standard for total phosphorus (TP). In this study, a municipal wastewater treatment plant employing modified Carrousel oxidation ditch as main biological treatment unit was selected as a representative case. Technical necessity for adding a chemically enhanced phosphorus removal unit was analysed, and process feasibility was verified by batch and continuous experiments as well. The study results were summarized as follows. Because the organic carbon source in influent wastewater is not enough, it is impossible to satisfy the national drainage standard of TP by individual biological phosphorus removal processes, therefore, aided chemical phosphorus removal is essential. The polymeric aluminium chloride (PAC) is preferable to be used as precipitant for phosphorus removal. The molar ratio of agent dosage to TP removal is preferable to be about 2.0. Under these conditions, the effluent TP concentration can be lower than 1.0 mg l–1. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License., Mnogi mjestni pogoni za pročišćavanje vode moraju poboljšati uklanjanje ukupnog fosfora (TP) radi smanjenja eutrofikacije voda. Ovdje je prikazano postrojenje za pročišćavanje vode s karuselskim oksidacijskim kanalom. Istraženi su tehnički zahtjevi za poboljšano kemijsko uklanjanje fosfora, a proces je ocijenjen prema šaržnim i kontinuiranim eksperimentima. Budući da nedostaje organskog ugljika, ne može se zadovoljiti standard uklanjanja ukupnog fosfora samo biološkim putem. Nužan je kemijski postupak za koji je pogodno taložno sredstvo polimerni aluminijev klorid (PAC). Najbolji množinski omjer sredstva za obradu vode i TP-a je oko 2,0. Pri takvim uvjetima izlazna koncentracija TP-a može biti niža od 1,0 mg l–1. Ovo djelo je dano na korištenje pod licencom Creative Commons Imenovanje 4.0 međunarodna.

This work presents the synthesis of hierarchical flower-like bovine serum albumin/layered double hydroxides (BSA/LDH) hybrids based on the assembly of biological proteins and LDH nanosheets. The BSA/alumina sols are first obtained by a sol-gel process, followed by self-assembling into spherical aggregates. These preformed hybrid sols are then used as biohybrid precursors and aluminum sources to fabricate the hierarchical architectures based on in situ growth of LDH nanoplatelets around biomolecules. The facile method is expected to be used for fabricating other hierarchical bioinorganic hybrids for potential application in the areas of biocatalysts and drug delivery.

Razvijen je novi trodimenzionalno spregnuti dinamički model sustava za rudarenje u dubokom oceanu. Kopač koji se vuče po dnu napravljen je kao 3D model kompaktnog vozila s mehaničkim modelom gusjeničara s elementima u zahvatu, s kojim ne samo da se može ostvariti brza dinamička simulacija nasuprot tradicionalnom 3D modelu sastavljenom od više dijelova, već se može također omogućiti nošenje specijalnog terramehaničkog modela za talog s morskog dna. Cjevovod za kopanje izrađen je kao 3D model diskretnih elemenata s više dijelova koji je podijeljen u krute elemente povezane fleksibilnim konektorima, i može također ostvariti brzu dinamičku simulaciju za tako dugačak cjevovod. Predloženi su i simulirani novi integrirani načini iskapanja za čitav sustav koji pokazuju da se kroz cijeli postupak može dobro održati stabilno sinhronizirano djelovanje čitavog sustava. Dinamička simulacijska analiza data u radu može pružiti važnu teoretsku bazu i tehničku referencu za dizajn konstrukcije, ocjenu djelovanja i kontrolu rada praktičnog sustava iskapanja u dubokom oceanu., A new three-dimensional coupled dynamic model of the deep ocean mining system is developed. The seafloor tracked miner is built as a 3D single-body vehicle model with mesh element track-terrain interaction mechanics model, which not only can realize the fast dynamic simulation in contrast to traditional 3D multi-body model, but also can allow the loading of the seafloor sediment special terramechanics model. The mining pipeline is built as a 3D multi-body discrete element model that is divided into rigid elements linked by flexible connectors, also can realize the fast dynamic simulation for such long pipeline. New integrated mining operation modes for the total system are proposed and simulated, which show that during the whole operation processes, the synchronized stable motion of the total system can be kept well. The dynamic simulation analysis in the paper can provide important theoretical basis and technical reference for structure design, performance evaluation and operation control of the practical deep ocean mining system.

Recognizing the severity of the environmental challenges facing China, investor-turned-entrepreneur Hao Wu set up an environmental enterprise for waterless toilet solutions to directly address issues of water scarcity, sanitation and hygiene.Under Wu's leadership, Landwasher has become China's top waterless toilet-solution provider, growing from a team of three to RMB 60 million (around US$10 million) company employing some 160 people by 2013. Landwasher has so far installed more than 10,000 of its toilets across the country, posting average annual revenues of RMB 40 million (around US$7 million), making it China's market leader in environmental toilets. The environmental value of its waterless toilets has been at the heart of Landwasher's mission from its inception, which according to Wu, has helped to differentiate the product from the competition.

Purpose: the aim of this paper is to investigate the closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) network equilibrium wiht the consideration of three practical factors: two complementary types of suppliers, risk-averse character of the manufacturer and capacity constraints of the suppliers. Design/methodology/approach: The equilibrium of various decision makers including the suppliers, the manufacturers, the retailers, the collectors and the demand markets are modeled via finite-dimensional variational inequality, respectively. Then the governing CLSC network equilibrium model is established. The logarithmic-quadratic proximal prediction-correction algorithm is designed to solve the variational inequality model. Numerical examples are given to analyze the impact of return rate, risk-averse degree and capacity constraints on the network equilibrium under different product BOMs. Findings: with the increase of return rate, the profits of various channel members and the performance of the CLSC system will improve. There is a contradiction between profit maximization and risk minimization for the manufacturers. Moreover, the economic behavior of the CLSC is likely to be limited by the capacity constraints of the suppliers. Originality/value: Prior to this paper, few papers have addressed with the CLSC network equilibrium considering some practical factors. They assume all the suppliers are identical and all the decision-makers are risk neutral. Furthermore, the production capacities of all suppliers are assumed to be infinite or large enough. To fill the gap, this paper examines the influences of two-type suppliers, risk aversion and capacity constraints upon the CLSC network equilibrium., Peer Reviewed

Za obilježavanje dinamičkih svojstava stijene upotrijebljen je "split Hopkinson pressure bar" (SHPB) aparat (s udarnom Hopkinsonovom tlačnom šipkom). Učinak raspršenja vala naprezanja nastalog geometrijom, posebno kod visoke brzine deformacije zbog udarnog opterećenja, zaslužuje pažnju. U ovom je radu postavljena jednadžba prostornog vala koja može simulirati širenje vala naprezanja kroz stijenu, razmatrajući slabljenje zbog oštećenja i ovisnost o brzini deformacije. Određeni su specifični parametri jednadžbe vala primjenom hibridnog genetskog algoritma temeljenog na rezultatima ispitivanja SHPB. Nadalje, širenje vala naprezanja simulirano je metodom konačnih razlika (finite difference method) uključujući razvijeni konstitutivni model u svrhu provjere jednadžbe prostornog vala. Rezultati dobiveni numeričkom simulacijom u skladu su s rezultatima pokusnog ispitivanja. Zaključak je da se predložena jednadžba prostornog vala može učinkovito koristiti u istraživanju dinamičkih svojstava stijene., Split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) apparatus has been used to characterize the dynamic properties of rock. The effect of the geometry-induced stress wave dispersion, especially under a high strain rate due to impact loading, deserves attention. In this study, the space wave equation which can simulate the stress wave propagating through rock was established, with consideration of the damage-induced weakening and strain rate dependency. The specific parameters of the wave equation were determined using a hybrid genetic algorithm based on the SHPB test results. Furthermore, stress wave propagation in the SHPB was simulated with a finite difference method involving a developed constitutive model in order to verify the space wave equation. The results obtained from numerical simulation show good agreement with experimental test results. In summary, the proposed space wave equation can be effectively used to investigate the dynamic properties of rock.

Urban infrastructure management is becoming more and more important for cities around theworld. This paper presents a management and rehabilitation strategy for water distributionnetworks, which is to ensure that they are economically under a healthy condition over anextended period of time. The idea is to pay more attention on pro- active approaches thatuse predictive analysis to achieve long- term economic efficiency.One target in this project is to integrate Geographic Information System technology andComputer Aided Rehabilitation of Water Networks (CARE-W), a new developed toolkit inEurope. This thesis also aims to study and evaluate water distribution condition by using datafrom Stockholm Water Company in Sweden. Moreover the reliability of CARE-W toolkit istested. It concluded the experience including theory review, data preparation, and integrateprocess and achievement presentation.The test area is called Skärholmen pressure zone, consisting 4060 water mains and about1580 failures, which were recorded from year 1988 to 2005. In the experiment, datapreparation and analysis processes occupied above 80% of the project time. Three CARE-Wtools have been tested. They are Performance Indicator tool, Reliability Model and FailureModel. The Performance Indicator Tool and Reliability Model were run successfully, but theFailure Model failed in this project. However another approach from only GIS analysis hasbeen carried to achieve failure forecasting.In the final part, why some portions are in poorer positions compared to others are discussedbased on reality and results from the experience. Results are presented in graphs, GIS mapsand tables. These are mainly for decision makers to know the current situation of their assetand where they should put more energy on and how to make long term planning.