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23 results on '"Takacs, Peter"'

1. The Arithmetic Mean of What? A Cautionary Tale About the Use of the Geometric Mean as a Measure of Fitness

Author

Takacs, Peter, Bourrat, Pierrick, Takacs, Peter, and Bourrat, Pierrick

Abstract

Showing that the arithmetic mean number of offspring for a trait type often fails to be a predictive measure of fitness was a welcome correction to the philosophical literature on fitness. While the higher mathematical moments (variance, skew, kurtosis, etc.) of a probability-weighted offspring distribution can influence fitness measurement in distinct ways, the geometric mean number of offspring is commonly singled out as the most appropriate measure. For it is well-suited to a compounding (multiplicative) process and is sensitive to variance in offspring number. The geometric mean thus proves to be a predictively efficacious measure of fitness in examples featuring discrete generations and within- or between-generation variance in offspring output. Unfortunately, this advance has subsequently led some to conclude that the arithmetic mean is never (or at best infrequently) a good measure of fitness and that the geometric mean should accordingly be the default measure of fitness. We show not only that the arithmetic mean is a perfectly reasonable measure of fitness so long as one is clear about what it refers to (in particular, when it refers to growth rate), but also that it functions as a more general measure when properly interpreted. It must suffice as a measure of fitness in any case where the geometric mean has been effectively deployed as a measure. We conclude with a discussion about why the mathematical equivalence we highlight cannot be dismissed as merely of mathematical interest.

Published
2022

2. The Arithmetic Mean of What? A Cautionary Tale About the Use of the Geometric Mean as a Measure of Fitness

Author

Takacs, Peter, Bourrat, Pierrick, Takacs, Peter, and Bourrat, Pierrick

Abstract

Showing that the arithmetic mean number of offspring for a trait type often fails to be a predictive measure of fitness was a welcome correction to the philosophical literature on fitness. While the higher mathematical moments (variance, skew, kurtosis, etc.) of a probability-weighted offspring distribution can influence fitness measurement in distinct ways, the geometric mean number of offspring is commonly singled out as the most appropriate measure. For it is well-suited to a compounding (multiplicative) process and is sensitive to variance in offspring number. The geometric mean thus proves to be a predictively efficacious measure of fitness in examples featuring discrete generations and within- or between-generation variance in offspring output. Unfortunately, this advance has subsequently led some to conclude that the arithmetic mean is never (or at best infrequently) a good measure of fitness and that the geometric mean should accordingly be the default measure of fitness. We show not only that the arithmetic mean is a perfectly reasonable measure of fitness so long as one is clear about what it refers to (in particular, when it refers to growth rate), but also that it functions as a more general measure when properly interpreted. It must suffice as a measure of fitness in any case where the geometric mean has been effectively deployed as a measure. We conclude with a discussion about why the mathematical equivalence we highlight cannot be dismissed as merely of mathematical interest.

Published
2022

3. Are biological traits explained by their 'selected effect' functions?

Author

Christie, Joshua R., Brusse, Carl, Bourrat, Pierrick, Takacs, Peter, Griffiths, Paul E., Christie, Joshua R., Brusse, Carl, Bourrat, Pierrick, Takacs, Peter, and Griffiths, Paul E.

Abstract

The selected effects or ‘etiological’ theory of Proper function is a naturalistic and realist account of biological teleology. It is used to analyse normativity in philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, philosophy of medicine and elsewhere. The theory has been developed with a simple and intuitive view of natural selection. Traits are selected because of their positive effects on the fitness of the organisms that have them. These ‘selected effects’ are the Proper functions of the traits. Proponents argue that this analysis of biological teleology has the unique advantage that the selected effect function of a trait is also a causal explanation of the trait: the trait exists because it performs this function. We show, however, that selected effect functions as currently defined explain the existence of traits only under highly restrictive assumptions about evolutionary dynamics. In many common scenarios in which traits evolve by natural selection, selected effect functions do not explain those traits. This is because definitions of selected effect function extract from any evolutionary scenario only the information that would be explanatorily relevant in the simple evolutionary scenario implicit in those definitions. When applied to more complex scenarios selected effect functions omit the key information that is explanatorily relevant in those scenarios. The assumptions required for selected effect functions to be explanatory are particularly unlikely to hold in the domain that its proponents care most about - the evolution of representation. A more adequate selected effects theory of Proper functions may be possible, but will require much greater attention to the structure of actual evolutionary explanations.

Published
2021

4. Persistence to subcutaneous biological agents in Hungarian patients treated for inflammatory arthritis

Author

Takacs,Peter, Lathia,Urja, Shin,Janey, Nantel,Francois, Takacs,Peter, Lathia,Urja, Shin,Janey, and Nantel,Francois

Abstract

Peter Takacs,1 Urja Lathia,2 Janey Shin,2 Francois Nantel2 1Jan-Cil Hungary, Budapest, Hungary; 2Medical Affairs, Janssen Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada Background: The aim of the study was to compare drug survival rate of subcutaneous tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and psoriatic arthritis patients in Hungary. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis using data collected from 5,647 patients over a period of 10 years who were treated with any of the following drugs: adalimumab (ADA), etanercept, certolizumab pegol (CZP), and golimumab (GLM). National Health Insurance Fund’s hospital, drug reimbursement, and special reimbursement registry data have been used in this study. Drug survival rate was calculated according to Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. Propensity score matching was used to reduce the potential bias caused by the inhomogeneity resulting from demographic characteristics, patient pathways, or drug administration protocols. Both raw and propensity matched data were subject of pairwise comparison between the four subcutaneous therapies. Results: The overall rate of persistence for the 4 biological therapies was between 53% and 61% after 1 year and between 14% and 19% after 4 years (follow-up time). Pairwise comparisons between therapies showed significant differences with GLM-treated patients showing longer median survival times than patients on other therapies. After propensity matching, these differences remained statistically significant between GLM and ADA or CZP over 4 years.Conclusion: Hungarian show longer persistence to GLM compared to ADA and CZP. Keywords: rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, anti-TNF, persistence

Published
2019

5. An automated system to measure the quantum efficiency of CCDs for astronomy

Author

Coles, Rebecca, Chiang, James, Cinabro, David, Haupt, Justine, Kotov, Ivan, Neal, Homer, Nomerotski, Andrei, Takacs, Peter, Coles, Rebecca, Chiang, James, Cinabro, David, Haupt, Justine, Kotov, Ivan, Neal, Homer, Nomerotski, Andrei, and Takacs, Peter

Abstract

We describe a system to measure the Quantum Efficiency in the wavelength range of 300 nm to 1100 nm of 40x40 mm n-channel CCD sensors for the construction of the 3.2 gigapixel LSST focal plane. The technique uses a series of instrument to create a very uniform flux of photons of controllable intensity in the wavelength range of interest across the face the sensor. This allows the absolute Quantum Efficiency to be measured with an accuracy in the 7% range. This system will be part of a production facility at Brookhaven National Lab for the basic component of the LSST camera., Comment: Final version was accepted by JINST

Published
2017
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6. New twist in the optical schematic of surface slope measuring long trace profiler

Author

Nikitin, Sergey M, Assoufid, Lahsen1, Ohashi, Haruhiko, Asundi, Anand K, Nikitin, Sergey M, Gevorkyan, Gevork S, McKinney, Wayne R, Lacey, Ian, Takacs, Peter Z, Yashchuk, Valeriy V, Nikitin, Sergey M, Assoufid, Lahsen1, Ohashi, Haruhiko, Asundi, Anand K, Nikitin, Sergey M, Gevorkyan, Gevork S, McKinney, Wayne R, Lacey, Ian, Takacs, Peter Z, and Yashchuk, Valeriy V

Abstract

The advents of fully coherent free electron lasers and diffraction limited synchrotron storage ring sources of x-rays are catalyzing the development of new, ultra-high accuracy metrology methods. To fully exploit the potential of these sources, metrology needs to be capable of determining the figure of an optical element with sub-nanometer height accuracy. Currently, the two most prevalent slope measuring instruments used for characterization of x-ray optics are the auto-collimator based nanometer optical measuring device (NOM) and the long trace profiler (LTP) using pencil beam interferometry (PBI). These devices have been consistently improved upon by the x-ray optics metrology community, but appear to be approaching their metrological limits. Here, we revise the traditional optical schematic of the LTP. We experimentally show that, for the level of accuracy desired for metrology with state-of-the-art x-ray optics, the Dove prism in the LTP reference channel appears to be one of the major sources of instrumental error. Therefore, we suggest returning back to the original PBI LTP schematics with no Dove prism in the reference channel. In this case, the optimal scanning strategies [Yashchuk, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 115101 (2009)] used to suppress the instrumental drift error have to be used to suppress a possible drift error associated with laser beam pointing instability. We experimentally and by numerical simulation demonstrate the usefulness of the suggested approach for measurements with x-ray optics with both face up and face down orientations.

Published
2017

7. An automated system to measure the quantum efficiency of CCDs for astronomy

Author

Coles, Rebecca, Chiang, James, Cinabro, David, Haupt, Justine, Kotov, Ivan, Neal, Homer, Nomerotski, Andrei, Takacs, Peter, Coles, Rebecca, Chiang, James, Cinabro, David, Haupt, Justine, Kotov, Ivan, Neal, Homer, Nomerotski, Andrei, and Takacs, Peter

Abstract

We describe a system to measure the Quantum Efficiency in the wavelength range of 300 nm to 1100 nm of 40x40 mm n-channel CCD sensors for the construction of the 3.2 gigapixel LSST focal plane. The technique uses a series of instrument to create a very uniform flux of photons of controllable intensity in the wavelength range of interest across the face the sensor. This allows the absolute Quantum Efficiency to be measured with an accuracy in the 7% range. This system will be part of a production facility at Brookhaven National Lab for the basic component of the LSST camera., Comment: Final version was accepted by JINST

Published
2017
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8. DABAM: an open-source database of X-ray mirrors metrology.

Author

Sanchez Del Rio, Manuel, Sanchez Del Rio, Manuel, Bianchi, Davide, Cocco, Daniele, Glass, Mark, Idir, Mourad, Metz, Jim, Raimondi, Lorenzo, Rebuffi, Luca, Reininger, Ruben, Shi, Xianbo, Siewert, Frank, Spielmann-Jaeggi, Sibylle, Takacs, Peter, Tomasset, Muriel, Tonnessen, Tom, Vivo, Amparo, Yashchuk, Valeriy, Sanchez Del Rio, Manuel, Sanchez Del Rio, Manuel, Bianchi, Davide, Cocco, Daniele, Glass, Mark, Idir, Mourad, Metz, Jim, Raimondi, Lorenzo, Rebuffi, Luca, Reininger, Ruben, Shi, Xianbo, Siewert, Frank, Spielmann-Jaeggi, Sibylle, Takacs, Peter, Tomasset, Muriel, Tonnessen, Tom, Vivo, Amparo, and Yashchuk, Valeriy

Abstract

An open-source database containing metrology data for X-ray mirrors is presented. It makes available metrology data (mirror heights and slopes profiles) that can be used with simulation tools for calculating the effects of optical surface errors in the performances of an optical instrument, such as a synchrotron beamline. A typical case is the degradation of the intensity profile at the focal position in a beamline due to mirror surface errors. This database for metrology (DABAM) aims to provide to the users of simulation tools the data of real mirrors. The data included in the database are described in this paper, with details of how the mirror parameters are stored. An accompanying software is provided to allow simple access and processing of these data, calculate the most usual statistical parameters, and also include the option of creating input files for most used simulation codes. Some optics simulations are presented and discussed to illustrate the real use of the profiles from the database.

Published
2016

9. DABAM: an open-source database of X-ray mirrors metrology.

Author

Sanchez Del Rio, Manuel, Sanchez Del Rio, Manuel, Bianchi, Davide, Cocco, Daniele, Glass, Mark, Idir, Mourad, Metz, Jim, Raimondi, Lorenzo, Rebuffi, Luca, Reininger, Ruben, Shi, Xianbo, Siewert, Frank, Spielmann-Jaeggi, Sibylle, Takacs, Peter, Tomasset, Muriel, Tonnessen, Tom, Vivo, Amparo, Yashchuk, Valeriy, Sanchez Del Rio, Manuel, Sanchez Del Rio, Manuel, Bianchi, Davide, Cocco, Daniele, Glass, Mark, Idir, Mourad, Metz, Jim, Raimondi, Lorenzo, Rebuffi, Luca, Reininger, Ruben, Shi, Xianbo, Siewert, Frank, Spielmann-Jaeggi, Sibylle, Takacs, Peter, Tomasset, Muriel, Tonnessen, Tom, Vivo, Amparo, and Yashchuk, Valeriy

Abstract

An open-source database containing metrology data for X-ray mirrors is presented. It makes available metrology data (mirror heights and slopes profiles) that can be used with simulation tools for calculating the effects of optical surface errors in the performances of an optical instrument, such as a synchrotron beamline. A typical case is the degradation of the intensity profile at the focal position in a beamline due to mirror surface errors. This database for metrology (DABAM) aims to provide to the users of simulation tools the data of real mirrors. The data included in the database are described in this paper, with details of how the mirror parameters are stored. An accompanying software is provided to allow simple access and processing of these data, calculate the most usual statistical parameters, and also include the option of creating input files for most used simulation codes. Some optics simulations are presented and discussed to illustrate the real use of the profiles from the database.

Published
2016

10. Binary Pseudorandom Gratings and Arrays for Calibration of Modulation Transfer Function of Surface Profilometers: Recent Development

Author

Barber, Samuel K., Barber, Samuel K., Soldate, Paul, Cambie, Rosanna, Anderson, Erik, McKinney, Wayne R., Takacs, Peter Z., Voronov, Dymtro, Yashchuk, Valeriy V., Barber, Samuel K., Barber, Samuel K., Soldate, Paul, Cambie, Rosanna, Anderson, Erik, McKinney, Wayne R., Takacs, Peter Z., Voronov, Dymtro, and Yashchuk, Valeriy V.

Abstract

The major problem of measurement of a power spectral density (PSD) distribution of the surface heights with surface profilometers arises due to the unknown Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) of the instruments. The MTF tends to distort the PSD at higher spatial frequencies. It has been suggested (Proc. SPIE 7077-7, 2007) that the instrumental MTF of a surface profiler can be precisely measured using standard test surfaces based on binary pseudo random (BPR) patterns. In the cited work, a one dimensional (1D) realization of the suggested method based on use of BPR gratings has been demonstrated. Here, we present recent achievements made in fabricating and using two-dimensional (2D) BPR arrays that allow for a direct 2D calibration of the instrumental MTF. The 2D BPRAs were used as standard test surfaces for MTF calibration of the MicroMapTM-570 interferometric microscope with all available objectives. The effects of fabrication imperfections on efficiency of calibration are also discussed.

Published
2009

11. Binary Pseudorandom Gratings and Arrays for Calibration of Modulation Transfer Function of Surface Profilometers: Recent Development

Author

Barber, Samuel K., Barber, Samuel K., Soldate, Paul, Cambie, Rosanna, Anderson, Erik, McKinney, Wayne R., Takacs, Peter Z., Voronov, Dymtro, Yashchuk, Valeriy V., Barber, Samuel K., Barber, Samuel K., Soldate, Paul, Cambie, Rosanna, Anderson, Erik, McKinney, Wayne R., Takacs, Peter Z., Voronov, Dymtro, and Yashchuk, Valeriy V.

Abstract

The major problem of measurement of a power spectral density (PSD) distribution of the surface heights with surface profilometers arises due to the unknown Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) of the instruments. The MTF tends to distort the PSD at higher spatial frequencies. It has been suggested (Proc. SPIE 7077-7, 2007) that the instrumental MTF of a surface profiler can be precisely measured using standard test surfaces based on binary pseudo random (BPR) patterns. In the cited work, a one dimensional (1D) realization of the suggested method based on use of BPR gratings has been demonstrated. Here, we present recent achievements made in fabricating and using two-dimensional (2D) BPR arrays that allow for a direct 2D calibration of the instrumental MTF. The 2D BPRAs were used as standard test surfaces for MTF calibration of the MicroMapTM-570 interferometric microscope with all available objectives. The effects of fabrication imperfections on efficiency of calibration are also discussed.

Published
2009

12. LSST: from Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products

Author

Ivezić, Željko, Kahn, Steven M., Tyson, J. Anthony, Abel, Bob, Acosta, Emily, Allsman, Robyn, Alonso, David, AlSayyad, Yusra, Anderson, Scott F., Andrew, John, Angel, James Roger P., Angeli, George Z., Ansari, Reza, Antilogus, Pierre, Araujo, Constanza, Armstrong, Robert, Arndt, Kirk T., Astier, Pierre, Aubourg, Éric, Auza, Nicole, Axelrod, Tim S., Bard, Deborah J., Barr, Jeff D., Barrau, Aurelian, Bartlett, James G., Bauer, Amanda E., Bauman, Brian J., Baumont, Sylvain, Becker, Andrew C., Becla, Jacek, Beldica, Cristina, Bellavia, Steve, Bianco, Federica B., Biswas, Rahul, Blanc, Guillaume, Blazek, Jonathan, Blandford, Roger D., Bloom, Josh S., Bogart, Joanne, Bond, Tim W., Borgland, Anders W., Borne, Kirk, Bosch, James F., Boutigny, Dominique, Brackett, Craig A., Bradshaw, Andrew, Brandt, William Nielsen, Brown, Michael E., Bullock, James S., Burchat, Patricia, Burke, David L., Cagnoli, Gianpietro, Calabrese, Daniel, Callahan, Shawn, Callen, Alice L., Chandrasekharan, Srinivasan, Charles-Emerson, Glenaver, Chesley, Steve, Cheu, Elliott C., Chiang, Hsin-Fang, Chiang, James, Chirino, Carol, Chow, Derek, Ciardi, David R., Claver, Charles F., Cohen-Tanugi, Johann, Cockrum, Joseph J., Coles, Rebecca, Connolly, Andrew J., Cook, Kem H., Cooray, Asantha, Covey, Kevin R., Cribbs, Chris, Cui, Wei, Cutri, Roc, Daly, Philip N., Daniel, Scott F., Daruich, Felipe, Daubard, Guillaume, Daues, Greg, Dawson, William, Delgado, Francisco, Dellapenna, Alfred, de Peyster, Robert, de Val-Borro, Miguel, Digel, Seth W., Doherty, Peter, Dubois, Richard, Dubois-Felsmann, Gregory P., Durech, Josef, Economou, Frossie, Eracleous, Michael, Ferguson, Henry, Figueroa, Enrique, Fisher-Levine, Merlin, Focke, Warren, Foss, Michael D., Frank, James, Freemon, Michael D., Gangler, Emmanuel, Gawiser, Eric, Geary, John C., Gee, Perry, Geha, Marla, Gessner, Charles J. B., Gibson, Robert R., Gilmore, D. Kirk, Glanzman, Thomas, Glick, William, Goldina, Tatiana, Goldstein, Daniel A., Goodenow, Iain, Graham, Melissa L., Gressler, William J., Gris, Philippe, Guy, Leanne P., Guyonnet, Augustin, Haller, Gunther, Harris, Ron, Hascall, Patrick A., Haupt, Justine, Hernandez, Fabio, Herrmann, Sven, Hileman, Edward, Hoblitt, Joshua, Hodgson, John A., Hogan, Craig, Huang, Dajun, Huffer, Michael E., Ingraham, Patrick, Innes, Walter R., Jacoby, Suzanne H., Jain, Bhuvnesh, Jammes, Fabrice, Jee, James, Jenness, Tim, Jernigan, Garrett, Jevremović, Darko, Johns, Kenneth, Johnson, Anthony S., Johnson, Margaret W. G., Jones, R. Lynne, Juramy-Gilles, Claire, Jurić, Mario, Kalirai, Jason S., Kallivayalil, Nitya J., Kalmbach, Bryce, Kantor, Jeffrey P., Karst, Pierre, Kasliwal, Mansi M., Kelly, Heather, Kessler, Richard, Kinnison, Veronica, Kirkby, David, Knox, Lloyd, Kotov, Ivan V., Krabbendam, Victor L., Krughoff, K. Simon, Kubánek, Petr, Kuczewski, John, Kulkarni, Shri, Ku, John, Kurita, Nadine R., Lage, Craig S., Lambert, Ron, Lange, Travis, Langton, J. Brian, Guillou, Laurent Le, Levine, Deborah, Liang, Ming, Lim, Kian-Tat, Lintott, Chris J., Long, Kevin E., Lopez, Margaux, Lotz, Paul J., Lupton, Robert H., Lust, Nate B., MacArthur, Lauren A., Mahabal, Ashish, Mandelbaum, Rachel, Marsh, Darren S., Marshall, Philip J., Marshall, Stuart, May, Morgan, McKercher, Robert, McQueen, Michelle, Meyers, Joshua, Migliore, Myriam, Miller, Michelle, Mills, David J., Miraval, Connor, Moeyens, Joachim, Monet, David G., Moniez, Marc, Monkewitz, Serge, Montgomery, Christopher, Mueller, Fritz, Muller, Gary P., Arancibia, Freddy Muñoz, Neill, Douglas R., Newbry, Scott P., Nief, Jean-Yves, Nomerotski, Andrei, Nordby, Martin, O'Connor, Paul, Oliver, John, Olivier, Scot S., Olsen, Knut, O'Mullane, William, Ortiz, Sandra, Osier, Shawn, Owen, Russell E., Pain, Reynald, Palecek, Paul E., Parejko, John K., Parsons, James B., Pease, Nathan M., Peterson, J. Matt, Peterson, John R., Petravick, Donald L., Petrick, M. E. Libby, Petry, Cathy E., Pierfederici, Francesco, Pietrowicz, Stephen, Pike, Rob, Pinto, Philip A., Plante, Raymond, Plate, Stephen, Price, Paul A., Prouza, Michael, Radeka, Veljko, Rajagopal, Jayadev, Rasmussen, Andrew P., Regnault, Nicolas, Reil, Kevin A., Reiss, David J., Reuter, Michael A., Ridgway, Stephen T., Riot, Vincent J., Ritz, Steve, Robinson, Sean, Roby, William, Roodman, Aaron, Rosing, Wayne, Roucelle, Cecille, Rumore, Matthew R., Russo, Stefano, Saha, Abhijit, Sassolas, Benoit, Schalk, Terry L., Schellart, Pim, Schindler, Rafe H., Schmidt, Samuel, Schneider, Donald P., Schneider, Michael D., Schoening, William, Schumacher, German, Schwamb, Megan E., Sebag, Jacques, Selvy, Brian, Sembroski, Glenn H., Seppala, Lynn G., Serio, Andrew, Serrano, Eduardo, Shaw, Richard A., Shipsey, Ian, Sick, Jonathan, Silvestri, Nicole, Slater, Colin T., Smith, J. Allyn, Smith, R. Chris, Sobhani, Shahram, Soldahl, Christine, Storrie-Lombardi, Lisa, Stover, Edward, Strauss, Michael A., Street, Rachel A., Stubbs, Christopher W., Sullivan, Ian S., Sweeney, Donald, Swinbank, John D., Szalay, Alexander, Takacs, Peter, Tether, Stephen A., Thaler, Jon J., Thayer, John Gregg, Thomas, Sandrine, Thukral, Vaikunth, Tice, Jeffrey, Trilling, David E., Turri, Max, Van Berg, Richard, Berk, Daniel Vanden, Vetter, Kurt, Virieux, Francoise, Vucina, Tomislav, Wahl, William, Walkowicz, Lucianne, Walsh, Brian, Walter, Christopher W., Wang, Daniel L., Wang, Shin-Yawn, Warner, Michael, Wiecha, Oliver, Willman, Beth, Winters, Scott E., Wittman, David, Wolff, Sidney C., Wood-Vasey, W. Michael, Wu, Xiuqin, Xin, Bo, Yoachim, Peter, Zhan, Hu, Ivezić, Željko, Kahn, Steven M., Tyson, J. Anthony, Abel, Bob, Acosta, Emily, Allsman, Robyn, Alonso, David, AlSayyad, Yusra, Anderson, Scott F., Andrew, John, Angel, James Roger P., Angeli, George Z., Ansari, Reza, Antilogus, Pierre, Araujo, Constanza, Armstrong, Robert, Arndt, Kirk T., Astier, Pierre, Aubourg, Éric, Auza, Nicole, Axelrod, Tim S., Bard, Deborah J., Barr, Jeff D., Barrau, Aurelian, Bartlett, James G., Bauer, Amanda E., Bauman, Brian J., Baumont, Sylvain, Becker, Andrew C., Becla, Jacek, Beldica, Cristina, Bellavia, Steve, Bianco, Federica B., Biswas, Rahul, Blanc, Guillaume, Blazek, Jonathan, Blandford, Roger D., Bloom, Josh S., Bogart, Joanne, Bond, Tim W., Borgland, Anders W., Borne, Kirk, Bosch, James F., Boutigny, Dominique, Brackett, Craig A., Bradshaw, Andrew, Brandt, William Nielsen, Brown, Michael E., Bullock, James S., Burchat, Patricia, Burke, David L., Cagnoli, Gianpietro, Calabrese, Daniel, Callahan, Shawn, Callen, Alice L., Chandrasekharan, Srinivasan, Charles-Emerson, Glenaver, Chesley, Steve, Cheu, Elliott C., Chiang, Hsin-Fang, Chiang, James, Chirino, Carol, Chow, Derek, Ciardi, David R., Claver, Charles F., Cohen-Tanugi, Johann, Cockrum, Joseph J., Coles, Rebecca, Connolly, Andrew J., Cook, Kem H., Cooray, Asantha, Covey, Kevin R., Cribbs, Chris, Cui, Wei, Cutri, Roc, Daly, Philip N., Daniel, Scott F., Daruich, Felipe, Daubard, Guillaume, Daues, Greg, Dawson, William, Delgado, Francisco, Dellapenna, Alfred, de Peyster, Robert, de Val-Borro, Miguel, Digel, Seth W., Doherty, Peter, Dubois, Richard, Dubois-Felsmann, Gregory P., Durech, Josef, Economou, Frossie, Eracleous, Michael, Ferguson, Henry, Figueroa, Enrique, Fisher-Levine, Merlin, Focke, Warren, Foss, Michael D., Frank, James, Freemon, Michael D., Gangler, Emmanuel, Gawiser, Eric, Geary, John C., Gee, Perry, Geha, Marla, Gessner, Charles J. B., Gibson, Robert R., Gilmore, D. Kirk, Glanzman, Thomas, Glick, William, Goldina, Tatiana, Goldstein, Daniel A., Goodenow, Iain, Graham, Melissa L., Gressler, William J., Gris, Philippe, Guy, Leanne P., Guyonnet, Augustin, Haller, Gunther, Harris, Ron, Hascall, Patrick A., Haupt, Justine, Hernandez, Fabio, Herrmann, Sven, Hileman, Edward, Hoblitt, Joshua, Hodgson, John A., Hogan, Craig, Huang, Dajun, Huffer, Michael E., Ingraham, Patrick, Innes, Walter R., Jacoby, Suzanne H., Jain, Bhuvnesh, Jammes, Fabrice, Jee, James, Jenness, Tim, Jernigan, Garrett, Jevremović, Darko, Johns, Kenneth, Johnson, Anthony S., Johnson, Margaret W. G., Jones, R. Lynne, Juramy-Gilles, Claire, Jurić, Mario, Kalirai, Jason S., Kallivayalil, Nitya J., Kalmbach, Bryce, Kantor, Jeffrey P., Karst, Pierre, Kasliwal, Mansi M., Kelly, Heather, Kessler, Richard, Kinnison, Veronica, Kirkby, David, Knox, Lloyd, Kotov, Ivan V., Krabbendam, Victor L., Krughoff, K. Simon, Kubánek, Petr, Kuczewski, John, Kulkarni, Shri, Ku, John, Kurita, Nadine R., Lage, Craig S., Lambert, Ron, Lange, Travis, Langton, J. Brian, Guillou, Laurent Le, Levine, Deborah, Liang, Ming, Lim, Kian-Tat, Lintott, Chris J., Long, Kevin E., Lopez, Margaux, Lotz, Paul J., Lupton, Robert H., Lust, Nate B., MacArthur, Lauren A., Mahabal, Ashish, Mandelbaum, Rachel, Marsh, Darren S., Marshall, Philip J., Marshall, Stuart, May, Morgan, McKercher, Robert, McQueen, Michelle, Meyers, Joshua, Migliore, Myriam, Miller, Michelle, Mills, David J., Miraval, Connor, Moeyens, Joachim, Monet, David G., Moniez, Marc, Monkewitz, Serge, Montgomery, Christopher, Mueller, Fritz, Muller, Gary P., Arancibia, Freddy Muñoz, Neill, Douglas R., Newbry, Scott P., Nief, Jean-Yves, Nomerotski, Andrei, Nordby, Martin, O'Connor, Paul, Oliver, John, Olivier, Scot S., Olsen, Knut, O'Mullane, William, Ortiz, Sandra, Osier, Shawn, Owen, Russell E., Pain, Reynald, Palecek, Paul E., Parejko, John K., Parsons, James B., Pease, Nathan M., Peterson, J. Matt, Peterson, John R., Petravick, Donald L., Petrick, M. E. Libby, Petry, Cathy E., Pierfederici, Francesco, Pietrowicz, Stephen, Pike, Rob, Pinto, Philip A., Plante, Raymond, Plate, Stephen, Price, Paul A., Prouza, Michael, Radeka, Veljko, Rajagopal, Jayadev, Rasmussen, Andrew P., Regnault, Nicolas, Reil, Kevin A., Reiss, David J., Reuter, Michael A., Ridgway, Stephen T., Riot, Vincent J., Ritz, Steve, Robinson, Sean, Roby, William, Roodman, Aaron, Rosing, Wayne, Roucelle, Cecille, Rumore, Matthew R., Russo, Stefano, Saha, Abhijit, Sassolas, Benoit, Schalk, Terry L., Schellart, Pim, Schindler, Rafe H., Schmidt, Samuel, Schneider, Donald P., Schneider, Michael D., Schoening, William, Schumacher, German, Schwamb, Megan E., Sebag, Jacques, Selvy, Brian, Sembroski, Glenn H., Seppala, Lynn G., Serio, Andrew, Serrano, Eduardo, Shaw, Richard A., Shipsey, Ian, Sick, Jonathan, Silvestri, Nicole, Slater, Colin T., Smith, J. Allyn, Smith, R. Chris, Sobhani, Shahram, Soldahl, Christine, Storrie-Lombardi, Lisa, Stover, Edward, Strauss, Michael A., Street, Rachel A., Stubbs, Christopher W., Sullivan, Ian S., Sweeney, Donald, Swinbank, John D., Szalay, Alexander, Takacs, Peter, Tether, Stephen A., Thaler, Jon J., Thayer, John Gregg, Thomas, Sandrine, Thukral, Vaikunth, Tice, Jeffrey, Trilling, David E., Turri, Max, Van Berg, Richard, Berk, Daniel Vanden, Vetter, Kurt, Virieux, Francoise, Vucina, Tomislav, Wahl, William, Walkowicz, Lucianne, Walsh, Brian, Walter, Christopher W., Wang, Daniel L., Wang, Shin-Yawn, Warner, Michael, Wiecha, Oliver, Willman, Beth, Winters, Scott E., Wittman, David, Wolff, Sidney C., Wood-Vasey, W. Michael, Wu, Xiuqin, Xin, Bo, Yoachim, Peter, and Zhan, Hu

Abstract

(Abridged) We describe here the most ambitious survey currently planned in the optical, the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST). A vast array of science will be enabled by a single wide-deep-fast sky survey, and LSST will have unique survey capability in the faint time domain. The LSST design is driven by four main science themes: probing dark energy and dark matter, taking an inventory of the Solar System, exploring the transient optical sky, and mapping the Milky Way. LSST will be a wide-field ground-based system sited at Cerro Pach\'{o}n in northern Chile. The telescope will have an 8.4 m (6.5 m effective) primary mirror, a 9.6 deg$^2$ field of view, and a 3.2 Gigapixel camera. The standard observing sequence will consist of pairs of 15-second exposures in a given field, with two such visits in each pointing in a given night. With these repeats, the LSST system is capable of imaging about 10,000 square degrees of sky in a single filter in three nights. The typical 5$\sigma$ point-source depth in a single visit in $r$ will be $\sim 24.5$ (AB). The project is in the construction phase and will begin regular survey operations by 2022. The survey area will be contained within 30,000 deg$^2$ with $\delta<+34.5^\circ$, and will be imaged multiple times in six bands, $ugrizy$, covering the wavelength range 320--1050 nm. About 90\% of the observing time will be devoted to a deep-wide-fast survey mode which will uniformly observe a 18,000 deg$^2$ region about 800 times (summed over all six bands) during the anticipated 10 years of operations, and yield a coadded map to $r\sim27.5$. The remaining 10\% of the observing time will be allocated to projects such as a Very Deep and Fast time domain survey. The goal is to make LSST data products, including a relational database of about 32 trillion observations of 40 billion objects, available to the public and scientists around the world., Comment: 57 pages, 32 color figures, version with high-resolution figures available from https://www.lsst.org/overview

Published
2008
Full Text
View/download PDF

13. LSST: from Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products

Author

Ivezić, Željko, Kahn, Steven M., Tyson, J. Anthony, Abel, Bob, Acosta, Emily, Allsman, Robyn, Alonso, David, AlSayyad, Yusra, Anderson, Scott F., Andrew, John, Angel, James Roger P., Angeli, George Z., Ansari, Reza, Antilogus, Pierre, Araujo, Constanza, Armstrong, Robert, Arndt, Kirk T., Astier, Pierre, Aubourg, Éric, Auza, Nicole, Axelrod, Tim S., Bard, Deborah J., Barr, Jeff D., Barrau, Aurelian, Bartlett, James G., Bauer, Amanda E., Bauman, Brian J., Baumont, Sylvain, Becker, Andrew C., Becla, Jacek, Beldica, Cristina, Bellavia, Steve, Bianco, Federica B., Biswas, Rahul, Blanc, Guillaume, Blazek, Jonathan, Blandford, Roger D., Bloom, Josh S., Bogart, Joanne, Bond, Tim W., Borgland, Anders W., Borne, Kirk, Bosch, James F., Boutigny, Dominique, Brackett, Craig A., Bradshaw, Andrew, Brandt, William Nielsen, Brown, Michael E., Bullock, James S., Burchat, Patricia, Burke, David L., Cagnoli, Gianpietro, Calabrese, Daniel, Callahan, Shawn, Callen, Alice L., Chandrasekharan, Srinivasan, Charles-Emerson, Glenaver, Chesley, Steve, Cheu, Elliott C., Chiang, Hsin-Fang, Chiang, James, Chirino, Carol, Chow, Derek, Ciardi, David R., Claver, Charles F., Cohen-Tanugi, Johann, Cockrum, Joseph J., Coles, Rebecca, Connolly, Andrew J., Cook, Kem H., Cooray, Asantha, Covey, Kevin R., Cribbs, Chris, Cui, Wei, Cutri, Roc, Daly, Philip N., Daniel, Scott F., Daruich, Felipe, Daubard, Guillaume, Daues, Greg, Dawson, William, Delgado, Francisco, Dellapenna, Alfred, de Peyster, Robert, de Val-Borro, Miguel, Digel, Seth W., Doherty, Peter, Dubois, Richard, Dubois-Felsmann, Gregory P., Durech, Josef, Economou, Frossie, Eracleous, Michael, Ferguson, Henry, Figueroa, Enrique, Fisher-Levine, Merlin, Focke, Warren, Foss, Michael D., Frank, James, Freemon, Michael D., Gangler, Emmanuel, Gawiser, Eric, Geary, John C., Gee, Perry, Geha, Marla, Gessner, Charles J. B., Gibson, Robert R., Gilmore, D. Kirk, Glanzman, Thomas, Glick, William, Goldina, Tatiana, Goldstein, Daniel A., Goodenow, Iain, Graham, Melissa L., Gressler, William J., Gris, Philippe, Guy, Leanne P., Guyonnet, Augustin, Haller, Gunther, Harris, Ron, Hascall, Patrick A., Haupt, Justine, Hernandez, Fabio, Herrmann, Sven, Hileman, Edward, Hoblitt, Joshua, Hodgson, John A., Hogan, Craig, Huang, Dajun, Huffer, Michael E., Ingraham, Patrick, Innes, Walter R., Jacoby, Suzanne H., Jain, Bhuvnesh, Jammes, Fabrice, Jee, James, Jenness, Tim, Jernigan, Garrett, Jevremović, Darko, Johns, Kenneth, Johnson, Anthony S., Johnson, Margaret W. G., Jones, R. Lynne, Juramy-Gilles, Claire, Jurić, Mario, Kalirai, Jason S., Kallivayalil, Nitya J., Kalmbach, Bryce, Kantor, Jeffrey P., Karst, Pierre, Kasliwal, Mansi M., Kelly, Heather, Kessler, Richard, Kinnison, Veronica, Kirkby, David, Knox, Lloyd, Kotov, Ivan V., Krabbendam, Victor L., Krughoff, K. Simon, Kubánek, Petr, Kuczewski, John, Kulkarni, Shri, Ku, John, Kurita, Nadine R., Lage, Craig S., Lambert, Ron, Lange, Travis, Langton, J. Brian, Guillou, Laurent Le, Levine, Deborah, Liang, Ming, Lim, Kian-Tat, Lintott, Chris J., Long, Kevin E., Lopez, Margaux, Lotz, Paul J., Lupton, Robert H., Lust, Nate B., MacArthur, Lauren A., Mahabal, Ashish, Mandelbaum, Rachel, Marsh, Darren S., Marshall, Philip J., Marshall, Stuart, May, Morgan, McKercher, Robert, McQueen, Michelle, Meyers, Joshua, Migliore, Myriam, Miller, Michelle, Mills, David J., Miraval, Connor, Moeyens, Joachim, Monet, David G., Moniez, Marc, Monkewitz, Serge, Montgomery, Christopher, Mueller, Fritz, Muller, Gary P., Arancibia, Freddy Muñoz, Neill, Douglas R., Newbry, Scott P., Nief, Jean-Yves, Nomerotski, Andrei, Nordby, Martin, O'Connor, Paul, Oliver, John, Olivier, Scot S., Olsen, Knut, O'Mullane, William, Ortiz, Sandra, Osier, Shawn, Owen, Russell E., Pain, Reynald, Palecek, Paul E., Parejko, John K., Parsons, James B., Pease, Nathan M., Peterson, J. Matt, Peterson, John R., Petravick, Donald L., Petrick, M. E. Libby, Petry, Cathy E., Pierfederici, Francesco, Pietrowicz, Stephen, Pike, Rob, Pinto, Philip A., Plante, Raymond, Plate, Stephen, Price, Paul A., Prouza, Michael, Radeka, Veljko, Rajagopal, Jayadev, Rasmussen, Andrew P., Regnault, Nicolas, Reil, Kevin A., Reiss, David J., Reuter, Michael A., Ridgway, Stephen T., Riot, Vincent J., Ritz, Steve, Robinson, Sean, Roby, William, Roodman, Aaron, Rosing, Wayne, Roucelle, Cecille, Rumore, Matthew R., Russo, Stefano, Saha, Abhijit, Sassolas, Benoit, Schalk, Terry L., Schellart, Pim, Schindler, Rafe H., Schmidt, Samuel, Schneider, Donald P., Schneider, Michael D., Schoening, William, Schumacher, German, Schwamb, Megan E., Sebag, Jacques, Selvy, Brian, Sembroski, Glenn H., Seppala, Lynn G., Serio, Andrew, Serrano, Eduardo, Shaw, Richard A., Shipsey, Ian, Sick, Jonathan, Silvestri, Nicole, Slater, Colin T., Smith, J. Allyn, Smith, R. Chris, Sobhani, Shahram, Soldahl, Christine, Storrie-Lombardi, Lisa, Stover, Edward, Strauss, Michael A., Street, Rachel A., Stubbs, Christopher W., Sullivan, Ian S., Sweeney, Donald, Swinbank, John D., Szalay, Alexander, Takacs, Peter, Tether, Stephen A., Thaler, Jon J., Thayer, John Gregg, Thomas, Sandrine, Thukral, Vaikunth, Tice, Jeffrey, Trilling, David E., Turri, Max, Van Berg, Richard, Berk, Daniel Vanden, Vetter, Kurt, Virieux, Francoise, Vucina, Tomislav, Wahl, William, Walkowicz, Lucianne, Walsh, Brian, Walter, Christopher W., Wang, Daniel L., Wang, Shin-Yawn, Warner, Michael, Wiecha, Oliver, Willman, Beth, Winters, Scott E., Wittman, David, Wolff, Sidney C., Wood-Vasey, W. Michael, Wu, Xiuqin, Xin, Bo, Yoachim, Peter, Zhan, Hu, Ivezić, Željko, Kahn, Steven M., Tyson, J. Anthony, Abel, Bob, Acosta, Emily, Allsman, Robyn, Alonso, David, AlSayyad, Yusra, Anderson, Scott F., Andrew, John, Angel, James Roger P., Angeli, George Z., Ansari, Reza, Antilogus, Pierre, Araujo, Constanza, Armstrong, Robert, Arndt, Kirk T., Astier, Pierre, Aubourg, Éric, Auza, Nicole, Axelrod, Tim S., Bard, Deborah J., Barr, Jeff D., Barrau, Aurelian, Bartlett, James G., Bauer, Amanda E., Bauman, Brian J., Baumont, Sylvain, Becker, Andrew C., Becla, Jacek, Beldica, Cristina, Bellavia, Steve, Bianco, Federica B., Biswas, Rahul, Blanc, Guillaume, Blazek, Jonathan, Blandford, Roger D., Bloom, Josh S., Bogart, Joanne, Bond, Tim W., Borgland, Anders W., Borne, Kirk, Bosch, James F., Boutigny, Dominique, Brackett, Craig A., Bradshaw, Andrew, Brandt, William Nielsen, Brown, Michael E., Bullock, James S., Burchat, Patricia, Burke, David L., Cagnoli, Gianpietro, Calabrese, Daniel, Callahan, Shawn, Callen, Alice L., Chandrasekharan, Srinivasan, Charles-Emerson, Glenaver, Chesley, Steve, Cheu, Elliott C., Chiang, Hsin-Fang, Chiang, James, Chirino, Carol, Chow, Derek, Ciardi, David R., Claver, Charles F., Cohen-Tanugi, Johann, Cockrum, Joseph J., Coles, Rebecca, Connolly, Andrew J., Cook, Kem H., Cooray, Asantha, Covey, Kevin R., Cribbs, Chris, Cui, Wei, Cutri, Roc, Daly, Philip N., Daniel, Scott F., Daruich, Felipe, Daubard, Guillaume, Daues, Greg, Dawson, William, Delgado, Francisco, Dellapenna, Alfred, de Peyster, Robert, de Val-Borro, Miguel, Digel, Seth W., Doherty, Peter, Dubois, Richard, Dubois-Felsmann, Gregory P., Durech, Josef, Economou, Frossie, Eracleous, Michael, Ferguson, Henry, Figueroa, Enrique, Fisher-Levine, Merlin, Focke, Warren, Foss, Michael D., Frank, James, Freemon, Michael D., Gangler, Emmanuel, Gawiser, Eric, Geary, John C., Gee, Perry, Geha, Marla, Gessner, Charles J. B., Gibson, Robert R., Gilmore, D. Kirk, Glanzman, Thomas, Glick, William, Goldina, Tatiana, Goldstein, Daniel A., Goodenow, Iain, Graham, Melissa L., Gressler, William J., Gris, Philippe, Guy, Leanne P., Guyonnet, Augustin, Haller, Gunther, Harris, Ron, Hascall, Patrick A., Haupt, Justine, Hernandez, Fabio, Herrmann, Sven, Hileman, Edward, Hoblitt, Joshua, Hodgson, John A., Hogan, Craig, Huang, Dajun, Huffer, Michael E., Ingraham, Patrick, Innes, Walter R., Jacoby, Suzanne H., Jain, Bhuvnesh, Jammes, Fabrice, Jee, James, Jenness, Tim, Jernigan, Garrett, Jevremović, Darko, Johns, Kenneth, Johnson, Anthony S., Johnson, Margaret W. G., Jones, R. Lynne, Juramy-Gilles, Claire, Jurić, Mario, Kalirai, Jason S., Kallivayalil, Nitya J., Kalmbach, Bryce, Kantor, Jeffrey P., Karst, Pierre, Kasliwal, Mansi M., Kelly, Heather, Kessler, Richard, Kinnison, Veronica, Kirkby, David, Knox, Lloyd, Kotov, Ivan V., Krabbendam, Victor L., Krughoff, K. Simon, Kubánek, Petr, Kuczewski, John, Kulkarni, Shri, Ku, John, Kurita, Nadine R., Lage, Craig S., Lambert, Ron, Lange, Travis, Langton, J. Brian, Guillou, Laurent Le, Levine, Deborah, Liang, Ming, Lim, Kian-Tat, Lintott, Chris J., Long, Kevin E., Lopez, Margaux, Lotz, Paul J., Lupton, Robert H., Lust, Nate B., MacArthur, Lauren A., Mahabal, Ashish, Mandelbaum, Rachel, Marsh, Darren S., Marshall, Philip J., Marshall, Stuart, May, Morgan, McKercher, Robert, McQueen, Michelle, Meyers, Joshua, Migliore, Myriam, Miller, Michelle, Mills, David J., Miraval, Connor, Moeyens, Joachim, Monet, David G., Moniez, Marc, Monkewitz, Serge, Montgomery, Christopher, Mueller, Fritz, Muller, Gary P., Arancibia, Freddy Muñoz, Neill, Douglas R., Newbry, Scott P., Nief, Jean-Yves, Nomerotski, Andrei, Nordby, Martin, O'Connor, Paul, Oliver, John, Olivier, Scot S., Olsen, Knut, O'Mullane, William, Ortiz, Sandra, Osier, Shawn, Owen, Russell E., Pain, Reynald, Palecek, Paul E., Parejko, John K., Parsons, James B., Pease, Nathan M., Peterson, J. Matt, Peterson, John R., Petravick, Donald L., Petrick, M. E. Libby, Petry, Cathy E., Pierfederici, Francesco, Pietrowicz, Stephen, Pike, Rob, Pinto, Philip A., Plante, Raymond, Plate, Stephen, Price, Paul A., Prouza, Michael, Radeka, Veljko, Rajagopal, Jayadev, Rasmussen, Andrew P., Regnault, Nicolas, Reil, Kevin A., Reiss, David J., Reuter, Michael A., Ridgway, Stephen T., Riot, Vincent J., Ritz, Steve, Robinson, Sean, Roby, William, Roodman, Aaron, Rosing, Wayne, Roucelle, Cecille, Rumore, Matthew R., Russo, Stefano, Saha, Abhijit, Sassolas, Benoit, Schalk, Terry L., Schellart, Pim, Schindler, Rafe H., Schmidt, Samuel, Schneider, Donald P., Schneider, Michael D., Schoening, William, Schumacher, German, Schwamb, Megan E., Sebag, Jacques, Selvy, Brian, Sembroski, Glenn H., Seppala, Lynn G., Serio, Andrew, Serrano, Eduardo, Shaw, Richard A., Shipsey, Ian, Sick, Jonathan, Silvestri, Nicole, Slater, Colin T., Smith, J. Allyn, Smith, R. Chris, Sobhani, Shahram, Soldahl, Christine, Storrie-Lombardi, Lisa, Stover, Edward, Strauss, Michael A., Street, Rachel A., Stubbs, Christopher W., Sullivan, Ian S., Sweeney, Donald, Swinbank, John D., Szalay, Alexander, Takacs, Peter, Tether, Stephen A., Thaler, Jon J., Thayer, John Gregg, Thomas, Sandrine, Thukral, Vaikunth, Tice, Jeffrey, Trilling, David E., Turri, Max, Van Berg, Richard, Berk, Daniel Vanden, Vetter, Kurt, Virieux, Francoise, Vucina, Tomislav, Wahl, William, Walkowicz, Lucianne, Walsh, Brian, Walter, Christopher W., Wang, Daniel L., Wang, Shin-Yawn, Warner, Michael, Wiecha, Oliver, Willman, Beth, Winters, Scott E., Wittman, David, Wolff, Sidney C., Wood-Vasey, W. Michael, Wu, Xiuqin, Xin, Bo, Yoachim, Peter, and Zhan, Hu

Abstract

(Abridged) We describe here the most ambitious survey currently planned in the optical, the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST). A vast array of science will be enabled by a single wide-deep-fast sky survey, and LSST will have unique survey capability in the faint time domain. The LSST design is driven by four main science themes: probing dark energy and dark matter, taking an inventory of the Solar System, exploring the transient optical sky, and mapping the Milky Way. LSST will be a wide-field ground-based system sited at Cerro Pach\'{o}n in northern Chile. The telescope will have an 8.4 m (6.5 m effective) primary mirror, a 9.6 deg$^2$ field of view, and a 3.2 Gigapixel camera. The standard observing sequence will consist of pairs of 15-second exposures in a given field, with two such visits in each pointing in a given night. With these repeats, the LSST system is capable of imaging about 10,000 square degrees of sky in a single filter in three nights. The typical 5$\sigma$ point-source depth in a single visit in $r$ will be $\sim 24.5$ (AB). The project is in the construction phase and will begin regular survey operations by 2022. The survey area will be contained within 30,000 deg$^2$ with $\delta<+34.5^\circ$, and will be imaged multiple times in six bands, $ugrizy$, covering the wavelength range 320--1050 nm. About 90\% of the observing time will be devoted to a deep-wide-fast survey mode which will uniformly observe a 18,000 deg$^2$ region about 800 times (summed over all six bands) during the anticipated 10 years of operations, and yield a coadded map to $r\sim27.5$. The remaining 10\% of the observing time will be allocated to projects such as a Very Deep and Fast time domain survey. The goal is to make LSST data products, including a relational database of about 32 trillion observations of 40 billion objects, available to the public and scientists around the world., Comment: 57 pages, 32 color figures, version with high-resolution figures available from https://www.lsst.org/overview

Published
2008
Full Text
View/download PDF

14. Binary pseudo-random grating as a standard test surface for measurement of modulation transfer function of interferometric microscopes

Author

Yashchuk, Valeriy V., Yashchuk, Valeriy V., McKinney, Wayne R., Takacs, Peter Z., Yashchuk, Valeriy V., Yashchuk, Valeriy V., McKinney, Wayne R., and Takacs, Peter Z.

Abstract

The task of designing high performance X-ray optical systems requires the development of sophisticated X-ray scattering calculations based on rigorous information about the optics. One of the most insightful approaches to these calculations is based on the power spectral density (PSD) distribution of the surface height. The major problem of measurement of a PSD distribution with an interferometric and/or atomic force microscope arises due to the unknown Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) of the instruments. The MTF characterizes the perturbation of the PSD distribution at higher spatial frequencies. Here, we describe a new method and dedicated test surfaces for calibration of the MTF of a microscope. The method is based on use of a specially designed Binary Pseudo-random (BPR) grating. Comparison of a theoretically calculated PSD spectrum of a BPR grating with a spectrum measured with the grating provides the desired calibration of the instrumental MTF. The theoretical background of the method, as well as results of experimental investigations are presented.

Published
2007

15. Binary pseudo-random grating as a standard test surface for measurement of modulation transfer function of interferometric microscopes

Author

Yashchuk, Valeriy V., Yashchuk, Valeriy V., McKinney, Wayne R., Takacs, Peter Z., Yashchuk, Valeriy V., Yashchuk, Valeriy V., McKinney, Wayne R., and Takacs, Peter Z.

Abstract

The task of designing high performance X-ray optical systems requires the development of sophisticated X-ray scattering calculations based on rigorous information about the optics. One of the most insightful approaches to these calculations is based on the power spectral density (PSD) distribution of the surface height. The major problem of measurement of a PSD distribution with an interferometric and/or atomic force microscope arises due to the unknown Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) of the instruments. The MTF characterizes the perturbation of the PSD distribution at higher spatial frequencies. Here, we describe a new method and dedicated test surfaces for calibration of the MTF of a microscope. The method is based on use of a specially designed Binary Pseudo-random (BPR) grating. Comparison of a theoretically calculated PSD spectrum of a BPR grating with a spectrum measured with the grating provides the desired calibration of the instrumental MTF. The theoretical background of the method, as well as results of experimental investigations are presented.

Published
2007

16. Binary pseudo-random grating as a standard test surface for measurement of modulation transfer function of interferometric microscopes

Author

Yashchuk, Valeriy V., Yashchuk, Valeriy V., McKinney, Wayne R., Takacs, Peter Z., Yashchuk, Valeriy V., Yashchuk, Valeriy V., McKinney, Wayne R., and Takacs, Peter Z.

Abstract

The task of designing high performance X-ray optical systems requires the development of sophisticated X-ray scattering calculations based on rigorous information about the optics. One of the most insightful approaches to these calculations is based on the power spectral density (PSD) distribution of the surface height. The major problem of measurement of a PSD distribution with an interferometric and/or atomic force microscope arises due to the unknown Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) of the instruments. The MTF characterizes the perturbation of the PSD distribution at higher spatial frequencies. Here, we describe a new method and dedicated test surfaces for calibration of the MTF of a microscope. The method is based on use of a specially designed Binary Pseudo-random (BPR) grating. Comparison of a theoretically calculated PSD spectrum of a BPR grating with a spectrum measured with the grating provides the desired calibration of the instrumental MTF. The theoretical background of the method, as well as results of experimental investigations are presented.

Published
2007

17. Air convection noise of pencil-beam interferometer for long trace profiler

Author

Yashchuk, Valeriy V., Yashchuk, Valeriy V., Irick, Steve C., MacDowell, Alastair A., McKinney, Wayne R., Takacs, Peter Z., Yashchuk, Valeriy V., Yashchuk, Valeriy V., Irick, Steve C., MacDowell, Alastair A., McKinney, Wayne R., and Takacs, Peter Z.

Abstract

In this work, we investigate the effect of air convection on laser-beam pointing noise essential for the long trace profiler (LTP). We describe this pointing error with noise power density (NPD) frequency distributions. It is shown that the NPD spectra due to air convection have a very characteristic form. In the range of frequencies from ~;0.05 Hz to ~;0.5 Hz, the spectra can be modeled with an inverse-power-law function. Depending on the intensity of air convection that is controlled with a resistive heater of 100 to 150 mW along a one-meter-long optical path, the power index lies between 2 and 3 at an overall rms noise of ~;0.5 to 1 microradian. The efficiency of suppression of the convection noise by blowing air across the beam optical path is also discussed. Air-blowing leads to a white-noise-like spectrum. Air blowing was applied to the reference channel of an LTP allowing demonstration of the contribution of air convection noise to the LTP reference beam. The ability to change (with the blowing technique presented) the spectral characteristics of the beam pointing noise due to air convection allows one to investigate the contribution of the convection effect, and thus make corrections to the power spectral density spectra measured with the LTP.

Published
2006

18. Air convection noise of pencil-beam interferometer for long trace profiler

Author

Yashchuk, Valeriy V., Yashchuk, Valeriy V., Irick, Steve C., MacDowell, Alastair A., McKinney, Wayne R., Takacs, Peter Z., Yashchuk, Valeriy V., Yashchuk, Valeriy V., Irick, Steve C., MacDowell, Alastair A., McKinney, Wayne R., and Takacs, Peter Z.

Abstract

In this work, we investigate the effect of air convection on laser-beam pointing noise essential for the long trace profiler (LTP). We describe this pointing error with noise power density (NPD) frequency distributions. It is shown that the NPD spectra due to air convection have a very characteristic form. In the range of frequencies from ~;0.05 Hz to ~;0.5 Hz, the spectra can be modeled with an inverse-power-law function. Depending on the intensity of air convection that is controlled with a resistive heater of 100 to 150 mW along a one-meter-long optical path, the power index lies between 2 and 3 at an overall rms noise of ~;0.5 to 1 microradian. The efficiency of suppression of the convection noise by blowing air across the beam optical path is also discussed. Air-blowing leads to a white-noise-like spectrum. Air blowing was applied to the reference channel of an LTP allowing demonstration of the contribution of air convection noise to the LTP reference beam. The ability to change (with the blowing technique presented) the spectral characteristics of the beam pointing noise due to air convection allows one to investigate the contribution of the convection effect, and thus make corrections to the power spectral density spectra measured with the LTP.

Published
2006

19. 21st Century Metrology for Synchrotron Radiation Optics - Understanding How to Specify and Characterize Optics

Author

Yashchuk, Valeriy V., Yashchuk, Valeriy V., Church, Eugene L., Howells, Malcolm R., McKinney, Wayne R., Takacs, Peter Z., Yashchuk, Valeriy V., Yashchuk, Valeriy V., Church, Eugene L., Howells, Malcolm R., McKinney, Wayne R., and Takacs, Peter Z.

Abstract

As early as 1989 [1,2], E. Church and P. Takacs presented a systematic theoretical foundation for characterization of X-ray optics in terms of imaging system performance, accounting for surface figure and finish errors. Physically, the distinction between figure and finish errors reflects two regimes of scattering, specular and diffuse scattering. In Refs. [1,2], both figure and finish of a mirror surface were treated statistically based on the power spectral density (PSD) distribution for the surface profile. Such an approach naturally leads to specification and characterization of figure and finish of X-ray optics in the terms of slope variation (rms) and roughness (rms), respectively. In the present work, we demonstrate the limitations of specification, characterization, and performance evaluation based on the totally statistical approach. The limitations arise due to the fundamentally deterministic character of the surface profile data at lower spatial frequency measured for a specific mirror. Due to the deterministic character of the mirror figure, detrending and windowing procedures usually applied to the measured profile before estimating the PSD distributions, can significantly effect the estimated PSD distributions. This in turn gives rise to uncertainty while evaluating system performance based on the PSD distribution. An example of a figure leading to a fatal performance violation is a two-facetted mirror surface. For such a surface the image intensity distribution consists of two peaks. To overcome these problems, we suggest an extension of the approach developed in Refs. [1,2]. The deterministic character of the surface finish is accounted for by a direct specular scattering calculation. In the simplest case, such a calculation can be performed with a ray-tracing code. For each ray-trace, image variation due to the finish errors are still treated statistically based on the PSD distribution measured at higher special frequencies. As a result, the image i

Published
2005

20. Global high-accuracy inter-comparison of slope measuring instruments

Author

Siewert, Frank, Siewert, Frank, Assoufid, Lahsen, Cocco, Daniele, Hignette, Olivier, Irick, Steve, Lammert, Heiner, McKinney, Wayne, Ohashi, Haruhiko, Polack, Francois, Qian, Shinan, Rah, Seungyu, Rommeveaux, Amparo, Veit, Schonherr, Sostero, Giovani, Takacs, Peter, Thomasset, Muriel, Yamauchi, Kazuto, Yashchuk, Valeriy, Zeschke, Thomas, Siewert, Frank, Siewert, Frank, Assoufid, Lahsen, Cocco, Daniele, Hignette, Olivier, Irick, Steve, Lammert, Heiner, McKinney, Wayne, Ohashi, Haruhiko, Polack, Francois, Qian, Shinan, Rah, Seungyu, Rommeveaux, Amparo, Veit, Schonherr, Sostero, Giovani, Takacs, Peter, Thomasset, Muriel, Yamauchi, Kazuto, Yashchuk, Valeriy, and Zeschke, Thomas

Published
2005

21. 21st Century Metrology for Synchrotron Radiation Optics - Understanding How to Specify and Characterize Optics

Author

Yashchuk, Valeriy V., Yashchuk, Valeriy V., Church, Eugene L., Howells, Malcolm R., McKinney, Wayne R., Takacs, Peter Z., Yashchuk, Valeriy V., Yashchuk, Valeriy V., Church, Eugene L., Howells, Malcolm R., McKinney, Wayne R., and Takacs, Peter Z.

Abstract

As early as 1989 [1,2], E. Church and P. Takacs presented a systematic theoretical foundation for characterization of X-ray optics in terms of imaging system performance, accounting for surface figure and finish errors. Physically, the distinction between figure and finish errors reflects two regimes of scattering, specular and diffuse scattering. In Refs. [1,2], both figure and finish of a mirror surface were treated statistically based on the power spectral density (PSD) distribution for the surface profile. Such an approach naturally leads to specification and characterization of figure and finish of X-ray optics in the terms of slope variation (rms) and roughness (rms), respectively. In the present work, we demonstrate the limitations of specification, characterization, and performance evaluation based on the totally statistical approach. The limitations arise due to the fundamentally deterministic character of the surface profile data at lower spatial frequency measured for a specific mirror. Due to the deterministic character of the mirror figure, detrending and windowing procedures usually applied to the measured profile before estimating the PSD distributions, can significantly effect the estimated PSD distributions. This in turn gives rise to uncertainty while evaluating system performance based on the PSD distribution. An example of a figure leading to a fatal performance violation is a two-facetted mirror surface. For such a surface the image intensity distribution consists of two peaks. To overcome these problems, we suggest an extension of the approach developed in Refs. [1,2]. The deterministic character of the surface finish is accounted for by a direct specular scattering calculation. In the simplest case, such a calculation can be performed with a ray-tracing code. For each ray-trace, image variation due to the finish errors are still treated statistically based on the PSD distribution measured at higher special frequencies. As a result, the image i

Published
2005

22. Global high-accuracy inter-comparison of slope measuring instruments

Author

Siewert, Frank, Siewert, Frank, Assoufid, Lahsen, Cocco, Daniele, Hignette, Olivier, Irick, Steve, Lammert, Heiner, McKinney, Wayne, Ohashi, Haruhiko, Polack, Francois, Qian, Shinan, Rah, Seungyu, Rommeveaux, Amparo, Veit, Schonherr, Sostero, Giovani, Takacs, Peter, Thomasset, Muriel, Yamauchi, Kazuto, Yashchuk, Valeriy, Zeschke, Thomas, Siewert, Frank, Siewert, Frank, Assoufid, Lahsen, Cocco, Daniele, Hignette, Olivier, Irick, Steve, Lammert, Heiner, McKinney, Wayne, Ohashi, Haruhiko, Polack, Francois, Qian, Shinan, Rah, Seungyu, Rommeveaux, Amparo, Veit, Schonherr, Sostero, Giovani, Takacs, Peter, Thomasset, Muriel, Yamauchi, Kazuto, Yashchuk, Valeriy, and Zeschke, Thomas

Published
2005

23. Magnetosheath Effects on Cylindrical Langmuir Probes. Revision

Author

NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC, Szuszczewicz, Edward P, Takacs, Peter Z, NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC, Szuszczewicz, Edward P, and Takacs, Peter Z

Abstract

The response of cylindrical Langmuir probes in magnetoplasmas is studied from a perspective which focuses on the relative magnitudes of Larmor radius and sheath size. The approach results in a classification for magnetic field effects which involves not only the magnetic field strength but also the plasma parameters of density, temperature, and the applied probe potential. We specifically show that a 0.25 G field can have similar effects on the current collection properties of the probe in an ionospheric plasma N sub e approx. = 1, 000,000/cu cm. as a 30 kG field would have in a hot, dense laboratory plasma N sub e approx. = 10 to the 15th power/cu. cm. The classifications are found to agree with new experimental results collected in an ionospheric plasma. The data also show: the effects of probe orientation on electron current collection from magnetoplasmas; that these effects can be important even when the electron Larmor radius is larger than the radius of the probe; and that substantial magnetic field effects occur when the probe's sheath is comparable to or greater than the Larmor radius.

Published
1979

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