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This work shows the preliminary results related to the evaluation of the dynamic behavior of a 5x5 m masonry cross vault after undergoing different changes in its structural behavior. It has been built using solid clay bricks and lime and sand mortar. The cross vault has been built in the laboratory specifically for carrying out these tests and evaluating its structural behavior. A device has been designed to be able to carry out a controlled settling of one of its supports without causing an instantaneous collapse of the structure. Dynamic identification using OMA was performed by installing seismic accelerometers at several selected points on the structure, using ARTEMIS software to analyze the results. The evolution of the dynamic characteristics was carried out in four different states: (i) After construction (ii) After the generation of generalized damage through the forced settlement of one of its supports. (iii) After repair using Textile Reinforced Mortars (TRM) (iv) After generating new damage by settling one of its supports in the TRM repaired structure. After the generation of the damage in the structure, important cracks are observed in various points of the structure, although no situation was reached that would foresee a possible collapse. The repair with TRM has consisted of the introduction of fiberglass mesh bands coated in lime and sand mortar. These bands have been arranged forming a cross in the upper part of the structure and in all the edge arches of the structure. In all these phases the OMA was developed under a situation of ambient vibrations, where these vibrations levels were very low due to the situation inside of a laboratory. After each of these phases, their main frequencies, their vibration modes and the structural damping factor of each of the identified modes have been obtained. It is observed how a loss of rigidity of the vault occurs after the production of damage and how it completely recovers by means of reinforcement and repair

This research investigates, both experimentally and analytically, the mechanical performance of masonry specimens made with special lightweight concrete voussoirs joined with cement mortar and reinforced with TRM (Textile Reinforced Mortar) made of either fibreglass mesh, TRM with basalt mesh or FRPs (Fiber Reinforced Polymers). The specimens represent a segment of an arch. A total of 18 specimens were tested, with one-third featuring each reinforcement solution. Another variable studied was the number of sides reinforced with TRM or FRP, either one or three. The specimens were tested under eccentric compression to analyze the effectiveness of the reinforcements. An analytical model was calibrated with the experimental results and used to extrapolate the experimental results in terms of strength capacity. The specimens that exhibited the best mechanical behaviours were those reinforced with TRM using basalt mesh. The FRP reinforcement experienced prematurely debonding with the voussoirs.

One of the most important factors that define the effectiveness of Textile Reinforced Mortar (TRM) is their bond capacity to the substrate. This property may be compromised in case of exposure to high temperatures, although the information available on this topic is very limited at the moment. This paper analyzes the bond behavior on clay brick substrates of TRMs with carbon or glass textiles and different hydraulic lime mortar matrix. The effect of bond length and 3 levels of exposure temperature (20, 200 and 400 °C) are studied. The results show that at 200 °C the TRMs analyzed retain a significant part of their bond capacity, although textile slippage within the mortar matrix occurs and the tensile capacity of the fibers cannot be fully exploited, even if the meshes are properly anchored. At 400 °C the bond capacity may be completely lost, and debonding at the matrix-to-substrate interface may occur at very low stresses, depending on the properties of each TRM.

This paper presents a study carried out in different types of masonry structures to identify existing damage through dynamic identification techniques using operational modal analysis. A cross vault, a masonry wall and a simple clay brick construction have been analyzed. The three cases have been tested on a full scale in the laboratory. The cross vault has been subjected to a settlement of one of its supports, the damage has occurred and then it has been repaired by using Textile Reinforced Mortars (TRM). In the case of the wall and the simple construction, the damage has been generalized by means of horizontal loads simulating a seismic action by a cyclic incremental load, after the generation of the damage, it has been repaired using TRM. In all cases, a dynamic identification has been carried out prior to the generation of the damage, after the generation of the damage and later after its repair, finally after a new process of damage the structural health changes have been monitored. In the four phases, an identification of the dynamic characteristics of the structures has been carried out, both main frequencies and damping factor associated with each mode shape. Regarding operational modal analysis, the first vibration modes have been identified. Singular Value Plot have been obtained through the EFDD technique. In general terms, the results of the investigation showed that the effect of cracking generated by both horizontal cyclic loads and vertical displacements located in one of the supports generated a decrease in the vibration frequencies and an increase in the structural damping factors for the different vibration modes. On the other hand, in relation to the effect of the reinforcement techniques employed, the results showed the feasibility of recovering or even slightly increasing the stiffness of the original damaged structure. However, the results for the strengthened structures also showed that the intervention on the damaged structure tended to reduc

A key feature that determines the seismic performance of masonry buildings is the ability of the walls to withstand in-plane cyclic loads. In this context, Textile Reinforced Mortars (TRM) have proven to be a very suitable strengthening solution, although their effectiveness after high temperature exposure is currently practically unexplored. This paper proposes an experimental campaign with full-scale brick walls and carbon fiber TRM, tested to failure under horizontal cyclic in-plane loads, after being exposed to temperatures of about 1000 °C by exposure to real fire. TRM is applied on one or both sides of the walls, and after or before exposure to fire, to simulate different scenarios that a real building could be exposed to. The results show that high temperatures can seriously compromise the integrity of the walls, while TRM can provide effective protection and prevent cracking of masonry from fire. Even after previous fire damage, the reinforcements can double the shear strength of unreinforced damaged walls, and provide high ductility and energy dissipation capacity. However, it is important to note that TRM, even undamaged, may not be able to properly retrofit a severely fire-damaged wall.

Technology roadmapping (TRM) has gained prominence in both firm-level and industry-level applications, however, there is a lack of attention in the evolution of TRM processes in the industry. This paper systematically reviews the literature on industry-level TRM between the period 2000 and 2019 by categorically coding 23 journal articles to account for the general facets of TRM and the stakeholder involvement efforts in the process. The paper contributes to the TRM body of knowledge in three ways, first, by creating a portfolio of articles extending on prior reviews in the field and focusing on the industry-level applications between 2000 and 2019. The results show that many researchers combine methods in different stages of TRM, but only a handful of the industries forgo future planning for technology implementation. Second, the efforts and rigour in stakeholder selection and involvement were assessed across breadth, depth, and timing dimensions. Our results show that the overall stakeholder involvement effort is low, and the process can benefit from including thought leaders from diverse domains, especially from firms to instigate interest in technology development and commercialization. Third, based on our findings we developed design propositions for TRM practitioners to improve stakeholder involvement in the process. Keywords: Technology roadmapping, TRM, stakeholder theory, design propositions, stakeholder involvement, CIMO-logic

Although one of the main advantages of Textile Reinforced Mortars (TRM) is their non-combustible character, their behavior against fire or high temperatures has not been sufficiently studied at present. This work analyzes the behavior of different commercial systems containing inorganic mortars and fabric reinforcements based on glass, carbon and basalt fibers, subjected to different temperature levels. To characterize the mechanical response of the different systems, non-destructive tests have been carried out to determine the dynamic modulus of elasticity of the different materials, and subsequent destructive tests to determine their strength and stress-strain relationship. For this purpose, the TRM coupons have been subjected to uniaxial tensile tests and the deformations have been monitored using LVDT (Linear Variable Displacement Transducer) sensors and DIC (Digital Image Correlation), in order to evaluate cracking patterns and failure modes. The results show, in general terms, that the mechanical capacity of these materials is seriously compromised at temperatures in the order of 400 to 600 °C, which can easily be reached during a fire inside a building. Therefore, it can be concluded that although these systems are erroneously perceived as fire resistant in many cases, they may require additional protection depending on the specific use for which they are intended.

The intestines are a major reservoir for a range of immune cells, of which CD8+ T cells are key in the elimination of viral infections. The structure of the small and large intestines differs significantly, potentially providing specific tissue niches with different capacities to support immune responses. The structural architecture of the intestines is maintained by a network of stromal cells that contribute to tissue homeostasis and communication with immune cells. Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) form following infection and reside in organs such as the gut without recirculating, providing accelerated protective immunity against subsequent infections. In the small intestinal epithelium, most TRM have been characterised by CD103 and CD69 expression in the context of acute infection, where their formation requires the cytokine TGF-beta. However, different infections can modulate TRM formation in different ways, and less is known about the dynamics of T cells in the large intestine. Further, how the stromal cell network influences immune responses in the intestines has not been established. In this thesis, acute and chronic strains of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus (LCMV) were utilised to characterise T cell and stromal cell populations in the mouse intestine. The antigen-specific CD8+ T cell population underwent a significantly larger contraction in the large versus small intestine after acute LCMV infection. There were low numbers of TRM cells in the large intestine compared to the small intestine, resulting in part from limiting TGF-beta signals in the large intestine. Comparatively, during chronic LCMV infection, LCMV-specific T cells remained in high numbers in both the small and large intestine. The stromal cell network differed significantly between the small and large intestine and was altered during chronic infection. Memory T cells in the large intestine after acute LCMV infection differed phenotypically to those in the small intestine, which may b

Uno de los aspectos más importantes que determina la eficacia de los Textile Reinforced Mortars (TRM) es su capacidad de adherencia respecto del sustrato base, cuestión esencial para garantizar una correcta transmisión de tensiones. Aunque este tema ha sido objeto de diferentes investigaciones durante la última década, la adherencia bajo el efecto de temperaturas elevadas apenas ha sido analizada hasta la fecha. En este trabajo se plantea el estudio experimental de la adherencia entre muros de ladrillo cerámico y distintas soluciones de TRM, con mallas de fibras de carbono o vidrio y diferentes matrices. Los ensayos se realizan a temperatura ambiente y tras exposición a 200 y 400 ºC, a fin de evaluar la incidencia que un eventual incendio podría tener en un edificio reforzado con estos materiales. Los resultados muestran, en líneas generales, que la exposición a temperaturas elevadas reduce notablemente la adherencia y puede comprometer seriamente la eficacia de estos refuerzos. Puede concluirse, por tanto, que aunque los TRM se perciben con frecuencia como sistemas resistentes al fuego y que pueden emplearse sin protección, en realidad no es así.

The behavior of masonry walls strengthened with Textile Reinforced Mortars (TRM) is a topic that has received considerable attention from researchers in recent years. However, the response of such elements after exposure to high temperature is an issue that remains to be explored extensively. This study analyzes the behavior of TRM-strengthened brick masonry panels with glass and carbon fiber meshes subjected to temperatures up to 600 °C, and subsequently tested under diagonal compression. The reinforcements were applied before or after temperature exposure, to analyze the effectiveness of damaged or undamaged TRMs, thus simulating different scenarios that might occur in a real building under a fire event. In general terms, the results showed that TRMs with carbon fibers exhibited a better response in these conditions, restoring the walls to their original capacity and providing additional ductility, whilst reinforcements with glass fibers seemed to be more affected by temperature. Finally, the experimental results are here compared to predictions from available design guides, in order to assess the accuracy that these codes would provide in these circumstances.

Recent research on the mechanical characterisation of Steel Reinforced Grout (SRG) has highlighted its excellent performance as strengthening solutions for masonry structures. Using SRG with limited fabric density ensures a good textile-matrix interlocking, preventing at the same time the failure due to slippage or debonding from the substrate. This paper presents an experimental investigation on the use of SRG as in-plane strengthening solution for shear masonry walls composed of handmade solid clay brick and hydraulic lime mortar. Cyclic shear compression tests were carried out on walls strengthened with SRG comprising low density steel sheets (LDS). The SRG was applied on both faces of the walls with a strip configuration, using one and two layers of LDS. The experimental programme aimed to study the influence of the number of textile layers on the in-plane response of strengthened masonry walls in terms of failure mechanism, load-bearing capacity, energy dissipation, and ductility., The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Spain and from the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities of the Spanish Government, as well as that of the ERDF (European Regional Development Fund) through the project SEVERUS (Multilevel evaluation of seismic vulnerability and risk mitigation of masonry buildings in resilient historical urban centres, Ref. num. RTI2018-099589-B-I00). The reinforcement systems and construction of the specimens for the experimental programme have been funded by Kerakoll Spa through the RTD project “Seismic Strengthening of Masonry Walls” (Ref. num. A-01278). The authors wish to thank Paolo Casadei, José Luis Sanchez and José Dobón from Kerakoll Spa for their involvement and support. The support from Secretaria d’Universitats i Investigació de la Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain through a predoctoral grant awarded to the first author is also gratefully acknowledged., Peer Reviewed, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::11 - Ciutats i Comunitats Sostenibles, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura::9.1 - Desenvolupar infraestructures fiables, sostenibles, resilients i de qualitat, incloent infraestructures regionals i transfrontereres, per tal de donar suport al desenvolupament econòmic i al benestar humà, amb especial atenció a l’accés assequible i equitatiu per a totes les persones, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::11 - Ciutats i Comunitats Sostenibles::11.4 - Redoblar els esforços per a protegir i salvaguardar el patrimoni cultural i natural del món, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::13 - Acció per al Clima, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::13 - Acció per al Clima::13.1 - Enfortir la resiliència i la capacitat d’adaptació als riscos relacionats amb el clima i els desastres naturals a tots els països, Postprint (author's final draft)

This paper contains a numerical study based on tests carried out at the Universitat Politècnica de València (Spain) on a U-shaped unreinforced and Textile Reinforced Mortar (TRM)-reinforced masonry structure subjected to horizontal loads. The masonry was composed of clay bricks with 10 mm thick mortar joints arranged in an English bond pattern. The prototype was tested by applying pseudodynamic displacement-driven cycles and varying cyclic amplitudes and frequencies in two different stages: (1) on the as-built structure and (2) after the application of the TRM material. A series of nonlinear numerical simulations were performed adopting the ABAQUS/Explicit version 6.14 finite-element (FE) software. The FE calibration was carried out using the results obtained during ambient vibration tests. Simulations were then used to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed TRM strengthening technique in improving the behaviour of low-rise old masonry building subjected to horizontal loads.

This study adds to doctrine research by providing knowledge of how doctrines in the same hierarchy interrelate. Based on a theory of hierarchical disharmony due to different ontologies of war at the different levels, a hypothesis is constructed that the descriptions of flexibility differ between the doctrines of the different levels. Finkel’s model of flexibility is used to investigate whether the Swedish military strategic, operational and naval doctrines understand flexibility alike. The result shows that the three doctrines in a few respects indeed are in dissonance. Thus, the hypothesis cannot be falsified. This strengthens the theory of the differing ontologies of war.

As one of the main historical construction materials, masonry is abundant among the architectural heritage of earthquake-prone areas of the Mediterranean countries. Earthquake mitigation approaches are now focusing on strengthening solutions based on compatible and environmentally friendly repair materials. These solutions should efficiently improve the in-plane lateral strength and displacement capacity, which are the two most significant parameters considered in the seismic assessment of masonry buildings. This paper reports an experimental programme on masonry walls composed of handmade solid clay brick and hydraulic lime mortar, a recurrent typology for historical buildings. Tests under cyclic in-plane forces were carried out on unreinforced and retrofitted walls. The unreinforced walls were repaired and retrofitted after being damaged in the first test and were then tested again to investigate the recovery of strength. The repair consisted in filling the open cracks and replacing the damaged bricks by following the so-called “scuci-cuci” technique. The retrofitting consisted of externally bonded textile reinforced mortar (TRM). The investigated TRM system was a continuous bidirectional grid of basalt embedded in hydraulic lime mortar. The experimental results show the suitability of the proposed solutions for seismic retrofit and post-earthquake repair of existing masonry buildings. The research results highlight the effectiveness of the investigated systems in increasing the resistance and ductility of unreinforced brick masonry. In addition, the results allow a better understanding of the behaviour of masonry walls subjected to cyclic horizontal displacement., The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (MCIU) of the Spanish Government, the State Agency of Research (AEI) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the SEVERUS project (“Multilevel evaluation of seismic vulnerability and risk mitigation of masonry buildings in resilient historical urban centres”, ref. num. RTI2018-099589-BI00), and from Kerakoll Ibérica S.A. through the RTD project A-01217. Support from Secretaria d’Universitats i Investigació de la Generalitat de Catalunya through a predoctoral grant awarded to the first author is also gratefully acknowledged., Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::11 - Ciutats i Comunitats Sostenibles, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::11 - Ciutats i Comunitats Sostenibles::11.4 - Redoblar els esforços per a protegir i salvaguardar el patrimoni cultural i natural del món, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::13 - Acció per al Clima, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::13 - Acció per al Clima::13.1 - Enfortir la resiliència i la capacitat d’adaptació als riscos relacionats amb el clima i els desastres naturals a tots els països, Postprint (published version)

The proliferation of the Internet of Things (IoT) caused new application needs to emerge as rapid response ability is missing in the current IoT end-devices. Therefore, Fog Computing has been proposed to be an edge component for the IoT networks as a remedy to this problem. In recent times, cyber-attacks are on the rise, especially towards infrastructure-less networks, such as IoT. Many botnet attack variants (Mirai, Torii, etc.) have shown that the tiny microdevices at the lower spectrum of the network are becoming a valued participant of a botnet, for further executing more sophisticated attacks against infrastructural networks. As such, the fog devices also need to be secured against cyber-attacks, not only software-wise, but also from hardware alterations and manipulations. Hence, this article first highlights the importance and benefits of fog computing for IoT networks, then investigates the means of providing hardware security to these devices with an enriched literature review, including but not limited to Hardware Security Module, Physically Unclonable Function, System on a Chip, and Tamper Resistant Memory.

Masonry constructions compose the majority of the Architectural Heritage worldwide, thus, their preservation is of great importance. Nevertheless, they usually show a great vulnerability to seismic and dynamic loads. Several reinforcement techniques can be used in order to improve their dynamic behaviour. The Textile Reinforced Mortar (TRM) material appears as very suitable, since it meets the requirements of compatibility and reversibility of the retrofitting. Moreover, it avoids some problems related to permeability. And strongly reduces adhesion and debonding issues. In this paper the effectiveness of the TRM reinforcement for dynamic loads for windowed brick masonry walls is evaluated through vibration testing and operational modal analysis. To this aim, two scaled brick masonry walls were built at the “Laboratorio de Grandes Estructuras” of the University of Alicante. Only one of them was reinforced with the TRM. Both were damaged with a cyclic in-plane lateral force for simulating damage due to seismic actions. Structural vibrations of the two walls were measured in the presence of a white noise excitation. Modal parameters were evaluated through Operational Modal Analysis (OMA) before and after the damage. Finally, changes in modal parameters due to damage were compared and investigated in both the unreinforced and reinforced cases. The results suggest that TRM reinforcement can be considered effective for improving the mechanical behaviour of a brick windowed masonry wall.

This paper deals with estimation of direct energy consumption and related emissions of GHG exclusively, including CO2, by the High Speed Rail (HSR), Trans Rapid Maglev (TRM), and Hyperloop (HL) passenger transport systems. This includes developing the corresponding analytical models based on the mechanical energy and applying them according to the specified what-if operating scenarios. The analogous models are developed and applied to the Air Passenger Transport (APT) system for comparison purposes. The results of the application of the proposed models under given conditions have indicated that the average and total energy consumption and related emission of CO2 of the three systems have been generally sensitive, i.e. elastic to variations of the nonstop journey distance and the vehicle/train seating capacity. Their average values have decreased more than proportionally and total values in proportion with increasing of the nonstop journey distance. Both have decreased with increasing of the vehicle/train seating capacity per departure. In the case of supplying equivalent equally utilized transport capacities, the HSR and the TRM have had lower energy consumption and related emission of CO2 than the HL system. As well, the HSR, the TRM, and the HL have had lower energy consumption and related CO2 emission than the selected APT aircraft up to some ‘breaking’ journey distance under given what-if operating scenarios., Transport and Planning

In the last decades, there are many reports on the use of composites as reinforcement of structural elements under compression, especially regarding the confinement of concrete structures, but works on stone or masonry columns are limited. Initially, FRP jackets were used because their high structural performance. However, they present some drawbacks like aesthetics or water impermeability, which can affect their applicability in historical constructions made in stone. Recently, FRCM appeared as an alternative with better compatibility with masonry structures. In the present study, a comparison between different composite materials to confine masonry specimens was made. FRPs with carbon or glass fibers and epoxy matrix, and FRCM with basalt or glass fiber mesh in a cementitious matrix were used to confine masonry, made in calcarenite cylindrical pieces and lime mortar. Strength and ductility gains under compressive loads were measured, and compared to the recommendations of different guidelines. Unidirectional FRPs were the optimal solution from a strengthening point of view. On the other hand, FRCM confinement offered more ductility than unreinforced masonry, but showed a softening behavior. Finally, regarding the studied design codes, the specific parameters included for masonry structures seemed enough to obtain accurate predictions of the compressive strength increase due to the confinement with the tested composites.

This paper focuses on the application of composite materials to improve the in-plane shear strength of existing brick masonry walls. The experimental program involved the construction of walls composed of handmade solid clay brick and hydraulic lime mortar joints, a recurrent typology for historical buildings in the Mediterranean countries. The walls were tested under both unreinforced and reinforced configurations, being the latter obtained by either externally bonded textile reinforced mortar (TRM) or structural repointing with near surface mounted (NSM) rebars into the bed joints. Both TRM and NSM compounds were embedded in hydraulic lime mortar. The diagonal compression tests on retrofitted specimens considered different double-sided TRM configurations. One of them consisted in a novel asymmetric layout based on basalt TRM on one face, and NSM steel reinforcing bars on the other face. The experimental results illustrate the suitability of the proposed TRM and NSM solutions for seismic retrofit and post-earthquake repair of existing masonry buildings. The research outcomes highlight the effectiveness of the investigated systems in increasing the resistance and ductility of unreinforced brick masonry., The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (MCIU) of the Spanish Government, the State Agency of Research (AEI) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the SEVERUS project (Multilevel evaluation of seismic vulnerability and risk mitigation of masonry buildings in resilient historical urban centres ref. num. RTI2018-099589-BI00), and from Kerakoll Ibérica S.A. through the RTD project A-01217. Support from Secretaria d’Universitats i Investigació de la Generalitat de Catalunya through a predoctoral grant awarded to the first author is also gratefully acknowledged., Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura::9.1 - Desenvolupar infraestructures fiables, sostenibles, resilients i de qualitat, incloent infraestructures regionals i transfrontereres, per tal de donar suport al desenvolupament econòmic i al benestar humà, amb especial atenció a l’accés assequible i equitatiu per a totes les persones, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::11 - Ciutats i Comunitats Sostenibles, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::11 - Ciutats i Comunitats Sostenibles::11.4 - Redoblar els esforços per a protegir i salvaguardar el patrimoni cultural i natural del món, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::11 - Ciutats i Comunitats Sostenibles::11.b - Per a 2020, augmentar substancialment el nombre de ciutats i assentaments humans que adopten i posen en marxa polítiques i plans integrats per promoure la inclusió, l’ús eficient dels recursos, la mitigació del canvi climàtic i l’adaptació a aquest, així com la resiliència davant dels desastres, i desenvolupar i posar en pràctica una gestió integral dels riscos de desastre a tots els nivells, d’acord amb el Marc de Sendai per a la reducció del risc de desastres 2015.2030, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::13 - Acció per al Clima, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::13 - Acció per al Clima::13.1 - Enfortir la resiliència i la capacitat d’adaptació als riscos relacionats amb el clima i els desastres naturals a tots els països, Postprint (published version)

La venta de vehículos nuevos en Colombia presenta un dinamismo de interés para analizar debido a la naturaleza de este bien, al ser un bien aspiracional al que la mayoría de la población quisiera acceder, y al comportamiento que ha presentado en el país. El objetivo de este documento es mostrar si la decisión de consumidores se ven afectadas por cambios en la TRM en el periodo 2011-2014, en donde se analizará, no solo el impacto en la venta total mensual de vehículos nuevos, sino que desagregará en nacionales e importados. Realizados los respectivos modelos, se evidencia que la TRM, es significativa para la demanda del total de vehículos nuevos e importados, pero muestra un signo contrario al planteado dentro de la hipotesis, por lo que después de realizados varios análisis adicionales, se evidencia la exogenidad de la variable., The sales of new vehicles in Colombia presents a dynamism of interest to analyze due to the nature of this asset, as it is an aspirational asset that the majority of the population would like to access, and the behavior it has exhibited in the country. The objective of this document is to show if the decision of consumers are affected by changes in the TRM in the period 2011-2014, where it will analyze not only the impact on the total monthly sale of new vehicles, but it will also be broken down into national and imported. Once the respective models have been carried out, it is evident that the TRM is significant for the demand of the total of new and imported vehicles, but it shows a contrary sign to the one proposed within the hypothesis, so, after several additional analyzes, it’s posible to say the variable presents exogenity.

Actualmente la industria aeronáutica colombiana enfrenta grandes cambios económicos y financieros. Esta situación se debe a que esta industria ha tenido un crecimiento del 9% promedio anual en los últimos 13 años (2005 a 2018). Se debe analizar qué tan sostenible es dicho crecimiento para las aerolíneas, puesto que genera un alto impacto en los ingresos de estas y conlleva a darle prioridad a la evaluación de sus costos, pues algunos pueden ser controlados directamente por las empresas, pero otros no. En esta investigación se identifican las variables que afectan uno de sus principales costos, el consumo de combustible, que depende del tipo de flota y de las rutas que se operen. Este rubro es el 33% del total de los costos de las aerolíneas, el más significativo, con una alta volatilidad, puesto que depende de factores externos que no son controlables por las aerolíneas generando un alto impacto en sus estados financieros. El rol de la planeación financiera es implementar las posibles herramientas que permitan mitigar los cambios en los precios del jet fuel. Se espera que la propuesta aporte información útil para desarrollar una política de coberturas internas, que les permita a las empresas gestionar los riesgos de mercado que impactan directamente los costos y la caja de una aerolínea., Currently, the Colombian aviation industry faces major economic and financial changes. This industry has had an average annual growth of 9% in the last 13 years (2005 to 2018). Its necessary to analyze how sustainable is this growth that generates a high impact on revenues and leads to prioritizing the evaluation of their costs. Some of these can be directly controlled by the companies, while others don’t. In this sense, this paper identifies the variables that affect one of its main costs, fuel consumption, which depends on type of fleet and routes. This item is 33% of the total costs of the airline, making it the most significant, with high volatility, because its price depends on external factors not controllable by the airlines generating a high impact on their financial statements. Financial planning role is implement possible tools to mitigate the changes in the prices of jet fuel. The paper is expected to provide useful information for developing an internal coverage policy, which allows companies to manage market risks that directly impact the costs and cash of an airline.

This paper presents an experimental study of the structural behaviour of masonry walls retrofitted with Textile Reinforced Mortar (TRM) to improve their in-plane shear strength and deformation capacity. The experimental programme consists in diagonal compression testing of ten specimens of clay brick and lime mortar masonry retrofitted with three different TRM systems: i) continuous bidirectional grids of basalt TRM, ii) discrete bands of unidirectional steel TRM and iii) continuous basalt TRM on the wall’s inner face and bed joints structural repointing with near surface mounted helical stainless steel bars on the wall’s outer face. Two of the specimens were tested two times, i.e. in the unreinforced condition and subsequently in the repaired configuration including basalt TRM retrofitting. The experimental results show that the adopted TRM solutions produce a beneficial increase of shear resistance and ductility, making them suitable for seismic retrofitting and post-earthquake repair., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

El objeto de esta intervención es el de reparar y reforzar la chimenea frente a cargas sísmicas, dotándola de una capacidad resistente mediante el uso de materiales compuestos y reforzarla frente a las actuales lesiones que presenta, dejándola en servicio para catalogarla como Bien de Relevancia Local y, de esta manera, preservar esta construcción dentro del patrimonio industrial.

El presente artículo se centra en el comportamiento estructural de muros de mampostería con hueco de ventana sometidos a cargas cíclicas en su plano. Para ello, se realizó una campaña experimental a escala real donde se fabricaron muros de 3 x 2 metros con un hueco central, siguiendo para ello las recomendaciones de las normas españolas para diseño sísmico. Con el objetivo de mejorar la resistencia y ductilidad, un muro se ha reforzado a dos caras mediante el sistema Textile Reinforced Mortar (en adelante TRM). El comportamiento de los muros ha sido analizado en términos de resistencia, ductilidad, comportamiento cíclico, degradación de rigidez y capacidad de disipación de energía. Todos los ensayos fueron monitorizados empleando sensores LVDT, así como la técnica de correlación de imagen. Los resultados muestran que el TRM aumenta la resistencia mecánica, el desplazamiento último, disipa más cantidad de energía y controla la propagación de la fisuración.

El FRCM (Fabric Reinforced Cementitous Matrix), también conocido como TRM (Textile-Reinforced Matrix) es un compuesto muy prometedor para ser utilizado en refuerzo de estructuras antiguas o dañadas por el paso del tiempo. Su composición lo hace totalmente compatible con los distintos materiales utilizados en construcción y edificación, así como son los elementos de mampostería antigua, hasta los diferentes tipos de cemento y hormigón. Este compuesto está formado por una matriz de mortero y un refuerzo en forma de malla, normalmente fibras textiles de origen sintético. Este está siendo utilizado para el refuerzo de estructuras de hormigón armado y mampostería. Este material supone una alternativa muy prometedora a los materiales que antes se utilizaban para ello, dado el amplio abanico de usos que puede tener y a todas las variaciones del mismo, haciendo cambios en la malla o el propio mortero. Uno de estos materiales es el FRP (FabricReinforced Polymer), material del cual se utiliza hace mucho tiempo, y en cual se basarón los primeros estudios de los compuestos FRCM. Hoy en día, existen una gran variedad de trabajos en los cuales se pretende caracterizar las propiedades, tanto físicas como químicas, de estos materiales. Para ello, se hacen diferentes tipos de experimentos, ensayos y diferentes especímenes a probar, con diferentes tipos de morteros, mallas, e incluso, diferentes formas de fabricación. Habiendo tal cantidad de trabajos sobre el tema, hay muy pocos encarados a la adhesión interna de los compuestos, la gran mayoría de ellos, están centrados en la adherencia del mortero y el compuesto de obre sobre el que el FRCM se va a adherir (adherencia externa). De por sí, no existe una gran extensión sobre el FRCM a partir de mallas vegetales, lo que hace más difícil aun la búsqueda de información, por lo que se tiene como base los estudios existentes con el FRCM de mallas sintéticas. En este trabajo, se pretende estudiar la adherencia interna de los elementos que

Many European heritage and modern buildings have a very high seismic vulnerability due to their masonry-based structural system. Although these structures have a low capacity to resist tension or shear stresses, even nowadays some new buildings are using these materials as structural system in many seismic areas. The main objective of this paper is the use of high order ANSYS code 3D elements in the numerical modelling of masonry structures. For this purpose, FE models corresponding to standard tests were made and calibrated using results of experimental tests. In particular, this document will analyze the resistant behavior to uniaxial and diagonal compression in brick samples. The numerical micromodel has been developed using non-linear hexaedrical 8 and 20 nodes tridimensional elements to represent brick and mortar, such as solid185 and solid186, in contrast to traditional FE models which use element solid65 as finite element to represent masonry behavior. Drucker-Prager and Rankine models have been used to study the compression-tension failure surface, adding a linear hardening-softening-dilatation behavior. Moreover, fracture-energies based cohesive zones have been added to contacts between mortar and bricks, in order to allow debonding failure between these two materials. These modelling methods prove to be a valid technique to simulate brick masonry behavior according to experimental results and will be used as a base to develop future parametric FEM analysis to study TRM reinforced masonry specimens.

The geological sources of large-scale lithospheric magnetic field anomalies are poorly constrained. Understanding the magnetic behavior of rocks and minerals under the pressures and temperatures encountered at large crustal depths is particularly important in that task. The impact of lithospheric pressure is not well known and most of the time neglected in numerical models of the geological sources of magnetic anomalies. We present thermal remanent magnetization (TRM) acquisition and stepwise thermal demagnetization on synthetic titanomagnetite dispersed powder, within an amagnetic cell under hydrostatic pressure up to 1 GPa. TRM is measured after thermal cycling within a cryogenic magnetometer. Pressure-dependent increase in the Curie temperature (initially in the 50–70°C range) is observed, mostly between 0.3 and 0.6 GPa, on the order of 20 K/GPa. TRM intensity also increases with pressure up to 200% at 675 MPa, although the pressure variation with temperature inside the cell complicates the interpretation. ©2017. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.

Descripción de una serie de ensayos a flexión sobre vigas de hormigón armado reforzadas con textiles y morteros. Resultados de los ensayos y formulaciones analíticas para el cálculo del refuerzo. Estudio comparativo de diferentes soluciones., Postprint (published version)

Strategic alliances and mergers (SAMs) are well-known organisational instruments to increase the pool resources, competitive advantages, strengthen the power and strategic positioning for achieving synergy effects (SEF). This study aims to explore and measure the possible SEF of mergers using the 5Qs approach. Data for this study was collected from questionnaires. The data was analysed using a multiple regression model in order to test the effect of the independent variables related to mergers and the dependent variable of SEF. The results indicate that not all qualities were significant but the infrastructure-oriented construct (INFRA) and the process-oriented construct (PROC) are the most significant in the regression models for obtaining better SEF of the merger relationship. The study extracts the valuable lessons that might help others to effectively utilise mergers and strategic alliances between corporations and higher education institutions.

Protective immunity against influenza virus infections relies heavily in neutralising antibodies (nAbs) and CD8+ T lymphocytes (CTLs). Current nAbs-based influenza vaccines are greatly undermined by the antigenic adaptation of influenza A viruses (IAVs). In contrast, protective CTLs recognize more conserved antigenic determinants and thus, provide potential for broadly protective vaccines. However, how influenza-specific CTL immunity is established, maintained and recalled, is far from clear. Therefore, this PhD thesis investigated key factors shaping CTL responses against seasonal, pandemic and newly emerged IAVs. CTL escape was investigated using a mouse model and a human case of persistent IAV infection. Analysis of viral isolates from the clinical case revealed a sequential emergence and accumulation of influenza virus variants with mutations in relevant CTL epitopes. These findings were validated in mice experiments where it was demonstrated that CTL escape variants can be generated promptly after influenza infection. The frequency of viral variants coincided with the magnitude of the ongoing CTL responses. The mechanism of viral escape in influenza is thus similar to that of chronic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), indicating that immunocompromised patients may play a significant role in the establishment of influenza quasispecies. We then investigated the emergence of influenza CTL escape variants at the population level and its potential role in determining influenza susceptibility. To this end, we performed conservation analysis of CTL antigenic peptides across the 40 years preceding the emergence of the pandemic H2N2 virus in 1957; when children were ten times more susceptible than adults to undergo symptomatic influenza virus infection. Our work showed extensive conservation of influenza CTL peptides and no evidence of major immune escape. In contrast, experiments in mice lacking B cells showed that (irrespective of

This research explores the importance of quality variables for achieving high quality in strategic alliance relationship, reasons for strategic alliance failures and provides insights into their underlying causes. Data for analysis is generated from 112 managers from different industries in three countries. Frequency, factor, and regression analysis, reliability tests are used for data analysis. Multiple item scales based on five qualities model (5Qs) were developed and adapted. The results suggest that there is an important interaction between most independent variables and alliance motivations, length and type of alliance. Quality of atmosphere followed by quality of interaction was identified as the most important variables to achieve high total quality of strategic alliance relationship (TQSAR). The proposed 5Qs model consists of some generic and integrated dimensions. Each quality dimension is represented by a number of statements/items, intended to represent a specific quality factor as thoroughly and reliably as possible.

El propósito de esta obra es aportar una visión global del estado actual de la técnica y los recientes desarrollos sobre la aplicabilidad de los materiales compuestos en la obra civil y la edificación. El libro recoge una colección de trabajos de investigación de expertos nacionales e internacionales, que abordan los retos actuales y futuros en este campo, proporcionando, a través de una amplia variedad de casos de estudio, una hoja de ruta con las habilidades técnicas y los conocimientos prácticos necesarios para el empleo de materiales compuestos en nuevas aplicaciones. Los textos son –en la medida de lo posible– autocontenidos en sus partes, permitiendo una lectura acorde al interés particular de cada lector. En ellos se presentan fundamentos técnicos, resultados de investigaciones, y se revisan y compilan referencias bibliográficas actualizadas que complementan y permiten al lector adquirir un conocimiento más profundo de los temas expuestos, encaminándolo hacia posibles futuras líneas de investigación. Escrito por profesionales e investigadores con experiencia en este campo, este libro pretende ser un texto de referencia para los no iniciados en la temática y una herramienta de estudio e investigación para lectores de niveles más avanzados., Postprint (published version)

According to the report “To Err is Human” the injuries from medical errors are immense and the majority of the errors do not result from individual recklessness but from the flaws in the way the healthcare is delivered. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the integrated Total Relationship Medical Management (TRMM) perspective, Total healthcare quality (THQ) and 5 qualities (5Qs) model as a new integrated measurement method which can build an effective and safe patient care environment and provide the guard of reducing the risk of medical and non-medical errors. Traditionally, medical and healthcare qualities have been measured using hard objective criteria such as mortality and morbidity. Soft assessments are often overlooked and neglected. The 5Qs model is more comprehensive and incorporates essential multidimensional attributes which are missing in the other models. A survey was conducted involving 223 inpatients in 8 public and private hospitals in China.

Students, their families, employers and the government want the assurance that students will get “good quality” education. The question is: what does “good quality education” mean? This paper seeks to provide the answer as well as some concrete criteria and proposals to improve the objectives and quality of the education systems. We argue in this study that the quality of higher education and student satisfaction is a cumulative construct, summing various facets and variables of the educational institution, such as technical, functional, infrastructure, interaction and atmosphere variables. In this research we describe a study involving a new instrument, i.e. the 5Qs model and a new method which assures the reasonable level of relevance, validity and reliability, while being explicitly change-oriented. The main goal of the empirical part of this study is not to evaluate the performance of the staff or to analyze the student assessment or satisfaction, rather to test the new 5Qs model. The use of the 5Q dimensions provides both a structure for designing a higher education quality measurement instrument and a framework for prioritizing results and findings.

This work presents a method of strengthening concrete structures based on textiles of high strength and mortars. The combination of textiles and mortars produces a new composite material with cementitious matrix. This material can be used for the reinforcement of concrete beams under bending loads. We tested several combinations of fibers: glass, Poliparafenil Benzobisoxazol (PBO), steel and carbon fibers with mortar and we used them to reinforce precast concrete beams. All the specimens were tested with a four-point load test. We discuss the performance of the specimens and we compare the ultimate results with the formulae from FRP codes., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

This paper shows the results of a research that attempted to show the validity of the estimates done by the Colombian Financial Superintendence on the volatility of IGBC and TRM parameters used in the calculation of VaR risk by the financial intermediaries and additionally evaluating the predictive ability of these estimates when using more updated data, applying the Lognormal and Monte Carlo techniques in the process. In general with this work, it was observed that the recommendations made by the SFC concerning the proper selection of a methodology to measure the volatility of IGBC are valid, however, the recommendations made by the SFC in respect to the most appropriate methodology for the measurement and prediction of the volatility of the TRM, deserves further investigation, since the Monte Carlo model behaved inferiorly in scenarios on normal economic activity., El presente documento muestra los resultados de una investigación que intentaba demostrar la validez de las estimaciones realizadas por la Superintendencia Financiera Colombiana sobre la volatilidad de los parámetros IGBC y TRM utilizados en el cálculo del VaR de riesgo por parte de los intermediarios financieros y adicionalmente evaluar la capacidad predictiva de dichas estimaciones cuando se utilizaban datos más actualizados, aplicando las técnicas Lognormal y de Montecarlo en dicho proceso. En general, con este trabajo se pudo observar que las recomendaciones hechas por la SFC que conciernen con la apropiada selección de una metodología para medir la volatilidad del IGBC son válidas; sin embargo, las recomendaciones hechas por la SFC en lo tocante a la metodología más apropiada para la medición y predicción de la volatilidad de la TRM, merece más investigación, ya que el modelo Montecarlo se comportó inferiormente en escenarios de actividad económica normal.

International Standards Organisation (ISO) series sets out the methods that can be implemented in an organization to assure that the customers’ requirements are fully met. Moreover, the organization’s requirements will be met both internally and externally and at an optimum cost. This is the result of efficient organization of the resources available, including material, people and technology. The most important standard in the ISO Series is obviously ISO 9000. Over the past fourteen ICIT’s the focuses were on ISO 9000. However, with the advancement of mankind, there is a pressing need for other equally important standards for organizations to develop and compete. Because of the significance of the ISO Series of standards, and its close relationship to TQM, the Ufirst objective of this proceedings is to consider the impact of ISO implementation on TQM. TQM and TRM provide the overall concept that fosters continuous improvement in an organization. They stress a systematic, integrated, consistent, organization-wide perspective involving everyone and everything. It focuses primarily on total satisfaction for both the internal and external customers within a management environment that seeks continuous improvement of all systems and processes. TQM has been considered by many organizations as the way to survive and succeed. The Usecond objective of this proceedigns is therefore to provide a forum for the identification of the contemporary development in the theories and practices of TQM´and TRM. In view of the importance of Cooperation & Competition as developed by Prof. Mosad Zineldin (2000), the third objective of this porceddings is to research on the Cooperation & Competition approach to healthcare quality/safety and patient satisfaction as well as medical tourism., C&C International Confernce

Stone masonry arches are structures of great functional and architectural importance as they may be found in a large number of constructions that are mainly historic buildings. Although relatively solid structures, time has taught us that environmental conditions, as well as their load history, use and possible accidents can lead to their collapse, all of which entails a risk of losing a large amount of our architectural and cultural heritage. In this research work a compatible strengthening system for the rehabilitation of stone arches was investigated. The strengthening material was constituted of basalt textile embedded in an inorganic matrix known as Basalt Textile-Reinforced Mortar (BTRM) and provides an alternative to the usual reinforcement methods.The research work was based on an integral analysis of this reinforcement solution and its application to stone masonry. The first stage involved physical-chemical and mechanical tests to characterise the materials that constitute the masonry and the strengthening system. In the second stage, six arches were tested by means of displacement control up to the point of collapse. These arches were built according to different criteria: (1) dry or with mortar joints and (2) non-strengthened or strengthened on the extrados. The experimental results obtained in this research work demonstrated good physical-chemical compatibility between the BTRM reinforcement system and the corresponding stone masonry substrate and validated its mechanical effectiveness for the reinforcement of arched structures in terms of load-bearing capacity and ductility., Los arcos de mampostería de piedra son estructuras de gran importancia funcional y arquitectónica ya que se pueden encontrar en un gran número de construcciones principalmente históricas. Aunque son estructuras relativamente sólidas, el tiempo nos ha enseñado que las condiciones ambientales, así como su historial de carga, uso y posibles accidentes pueden provocar su colapso, todo lo cual conlleva el riesgo de perder gran parte de nuestro patrimonio arquitectónico y cultural. En este trabajo de investigación se investigó un sistema de refuerzo compatible para la rehabilitación de arcos de piedra. El material de refuerzo estuvo constituido por tejido de basalto embebido en una matriz inorgánica conocida como Mortero de Basalto Reforzado con Textil (BTRM) y proporciona una alternativa a los métodos de refuerzo habituales. El trabajo de investigación se basó en un análisis integral de esta solución de refuerzo y su aplicación a mampostería de piedra. La primera etapa implicó pruebas físico-químicas y mecánicas para caracterizar los materiales que constituyen la mampostería y el sistema de refuerzo. En la segunda etapa se ensayaron seis arcos mediante control de desplazamiento hasta el punto de colapso. Estos arcos se construyeron según diferentes criterios: (1) secos o con juntas de mortero y (2) no reforzados o reforzados en el trasdós. Los resultados experimentales obtenidos en este trabajo de investigación demostraron una buena compatibilidad físico-química entre el sistema de refuerzo BTRM y el correspondiente sustrato de mampostería de piedra y validaron su efectividad mecánica para el refuerzo de estructuras arqueadas en términos de capacidad portante y ductilidad.

Titel: Hållbar utveckling – med framtiden som intressent Ämne: Företagsekonomi, kandidatuppsats, 15 hp Författare: Björn Martinsson och Mattias Robertsson Handledare: Mikael Johnson Syfte: Att förklara hur ett antal företag tolkar innebörden av begreppet hållbar utveckling, beskriva hur och utifrån vilka grunder ansvar tas och förstå hållbarhetsredovisningens betydelse för hållbar utveckling. Metod: I vår undersökning använde vi oss av en kvalitativ metod med induktiv härledning av slutsatser. Vi samlade in primärdata genom öppna individuella intervjuer med tolv uppgiftslämnare och sekundärdata genom texter. Teori: I teoriavsnittet är uppdelat i tre rubriker: Hållbar utveckling, Ansvarstagande och Hållbarhetsredovisning. Teorierna bygger upp en uppfattning om vad de tre områdena innebär och fördjupar förståelsen för vad vår granskning syftar till. Empiri: I empiriavsnittet presenterar vi resultatet av våra intervjuer, uppdelade mellan konsulter och företag. Frågeställningarna har berört uppgiftslämnarnas åsikter och erfarenhet gällande interna, externa och allmänna aspekter av arbetet mot hållbar utveckling, ansvarstagande och hållbarhetsredovisning. Analys: Resultatet av vår empiriska undersökning ställs mot vår teoretiska referensram utifrån arbetets frågeställningar. Detta öppnar för en vidare diskussion och argumentation av det vi granskat i en slutsats. Slutsats: Vår undersökning visar att WCED:s definition av hållbar utveckling är allmänt accepterad men däremot inte praktiskt tillämpbar för företagens egen strävan mot hållbar utveckling. Företagens egen definition tycker vi istället ska utgå från WCED:s och vara en deklaration för deras strävan på lång sikt, snarare än en kortsiktig lösning. TBL talar om en balans mellan ekonomiska, sociala och miljömässiga aspekter i arbetet mot hållbarhet. Vår uppsats visar att balansen i praktiken snarare är förskjuten mot en kombination av två ”bottom lines”, där den ekonomiska utgör grunden ackompanjerad av ytterligare e

Existen diferentes métodos para la medición del agrupamiento de la volatilidad en las series financieras, en las cuales el supuesto sobre la distribución del error determina la estructura de la función de log verosimilitud. En este documento se explota la flexibilidad de los modelos ARCH para capturar los agrupamientos de la volatilidad de la Tasa Representativa del Mercado TRM colombiana. Los resultados indican que el modelo MA (1) en media y el modelo GARCH (1, 1) en varianza superan otro tipo de especificación, que trate de medir el agrupamiento de la volatilidad de la TRM colombiana, There are different methods to measure the volatility regarding clustering in financial series, in which the assumption of the error distribution determines the structure of the log-likelihood function. This paper analyses the flexibility of ARCH models to capture the volatility of TRM in Colombia. The results show that the MA (1) model in mean and GARCH (1, 1) model in variance outperform another kind of specification, which tries to measure the volatility clustering of the TRM in Colombia

There are different methods to measure the volatility regarding clustering in financial series, in which the assumption of the error distribution determines the structure of the log-likelihood function. This paper analyses the flexibility of ARCH models to capture the volatility of TRM in Colombia. The results show that the MA (1) model in mean and GARCH (1, 1) model in variance outperform another kind of specification, which tries to measure the volatility clustering of the TRM in Colombia., Existen diferentes métodos para la medición del agrupamiento de la volatilidad en las series financieras, en las cuales el supuesto sobre la distribución del error determina la estructura de la función de log verosimilitud. En este documento se explota la flexibilidad de los modelos ARCH para capturar los agrupamientos de la volatilidad de la Tasa Representativa del Mercado TRM colombiana. Los resultados indican que el modelo MA (1) en media y el modelo GARCH (1, 1) en varianza superan otro tipo de especificación, que trate de medir el agrupamiento de la volatilidad de la TRM colombiana.

Los mapas de rutas o itinerarios tecnológicos (“Roadmaps”) y su meTodología (“TRM, Technology Roadmapping”), son una herramienta de planificación de proyectos a medio/largo plazo de gran utilidad para cualquier tipo de empresas o estamentos, comprendiendo múltiples aspectos a tener en cuenta en la prospectiva de innovación de la empresa y su desarrollo en un periodo temporal. La diferencia entre un roadmap y un simple diagrama Pert o Gantt de planificación es que el primero va mucho más allá de una distribución de tareas o Acciones a desarrollar durante un cierto periodo de tiempo, la consistencia y la realización de un roadmap comporta (o debería comportar) una gran cantidad de información interna y externa a la organización a través de la cual debería definirse con la máxima precisión posible el futuro estado de aquella. En este artículo se propone una nueva guía metodológica de roadmapping para proyectos de innovación medio-largo plazo, consistiendo sus aspectos novedosos en: focalización de los diferentes conceptos básicos a tener en cuenta dentro de dos grandes visiones, la interna (“inside”) y la externa (“outside”); énfasis en la inclusión del estudio de la propiedad industrial propia y ajena; construcción del Roadmap a través de un proceso lógico en el que intervendrá la táctica y la estrategia. - - - - Roadmaps and their methodology (TRM, Technology roadmapping) are planning tools for medium-term and long-term projects which are useful to any business or corporation. Roadmaps cover many aspects that must be taken into account in a company's innovation forecasting and its development over time. The difference between a roadmap and a Gantt or Pert planning diagram is that the Roadmap is much more than a distribution of tasks or actions to be implemented over a period of time, the realization and subsequent implementation of a roadmap includes (or should include) a huge amount of internal and external information about the organization through which its future, Peer Reviewed, Preprint

Roadmaps and their methodology (TRM, Technology roadmapping) are a planning tool for medium and long-term projects which are useful to any business or corporation. Roadmaps cover many aspects that must be taken into account in a company's innovation forecasting and its development over time, such as opportunities to launch new products or to change existing ones, marketing, new markets, competitors, capabilities and skills, weaknesses, results exploitation, goals... The basic beginning information of the Roadmap is the result of research on internal and external factors of the company by asking questions like: What do we produce? Who are we in our sector? What do we want to / can we achieve? What or who is our competition? What do we have and what should we have? This article deals with the historical development of roadmapping and the state of the art of its different methodologies as well as the clusters that generate them (EIRMA, Northwestern, Cambridge, Purdue, Nottingham...) and their distinguishing features., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Existen diferentes métodos para la medición del agrupamiento de la volatilidad en las series financieras, en las cuales el supuesto sobre la distribución del error determina la estructura de la función de log verosimilitud. En este documento se explota la flexibilidad de los modelos ARCH para capturar los agrupamientos de la volatilidad de la Tasa Representativa del Mercado TRM colombiana. Los resultados indican que el modelo MA (1) en media y el modelo GARCH (1, 1) en varianza superan otro tipo de especificación, que trate de medir el agrupamiento de la volatilidad de la TRM colombiana, There are different methods to measure the volatility regarding clustering in financial series, in which the assumption of the error distribution determines the structure of the log-likelihood function. This paper analyses the flexibility of ARCH models to capture the volatility of TRM in Colombia. The results show that the MA (1) model in mean and GARCH (1, 1) model in variance outperform another kind of specification, which tries to measure the volatility clustering of the TRM in Colombia

Existen diferentes métodos para la medición del agrupamiento de la volatilidad en las series financieras, en las cuales el supuesto sobre la distribución del error determina la estructura de la función de log verosimilitud. En este documento se explota la flexibilidad de los modelos ARCH para capturar los agrupamientos de la volatilidad de la Tasa Representativa del Mercado TRM colombiana. Los resultados indican que el modelo MA (1) en media y el modelo GARCH (1, 1) en varianza superan otro tipo de especificación, que trate de medir el agrupamiento de la volatilidad de la TRM colombiana., There are different methods to measure the volatility regarding clustering in financial series, in which the assumption of the error distribution determines the structure of the log-likelihood function. This paper analyses the flexibility of ARCH models to capture the volatility of TRM in Colombia. The results show that the MA (1) model in mean and GARCH (1, 1) model in variance outperform another kind of specification, which tries to measure the volatility clustering of the TRM in Colombia.

Roadmaps and their methodology (TRM, Technology roadmapping) is a planning tool for medium - term and long - term projects which is useful to any business or corporation. Roadmaps cover many aspects that must be taken into account in a company's innovation forecasting and their development over time, such as opportunities to launch n ew products or to change existing ones, marketing, new markets, competitors, capabilities and skills, weaknesses, results exploitation, targets... The basic beginning information of the Roadmap is the result of research on internal and external factors o f the company by asking questions like: What do we produce? Who are we in our sector? What do we want to / can we achieve? What or who is our competition? What do we have and what should we have? This article deals with the historical development of roa dmapping and the current state of the art of their different methodologies as well as the clusters that generate them (EIRMA, Northwestern, Cambridge, Purdue, Nottingham...) and their distinguishing features . Los mapas de rutas o itinerarios tecnológicos (“Roadmaps”) y su metodología ( “TRM, Technology Roadmapping”), son una herramienta de planificación de proyectos a medio/largo plazo de gran utilidad para cualquier tipo de empresas o estamentos. Los “Roadmaps” comprenden múltiples aspectos a tener en cuenta en la prospectiva de innovación de la empresa y su desarrollo en un periodo temporal, tales como oportunidades de nuevos productos o variación de los ya existentes, comercialización, nuevos mercados , competidores, capacidades y habilidades, debilidades, explotación de resultados, hitos... La información básica de partida del Roadmap es el resultado de la investigación sobre los factores internos y externos de la empresa al realizarse preguntas como : ¿qué producimos ? ¿Quiénes somos en nuestro sector ? ¿Dónde queremos/podemos llegar ? ¿Con qué o con quién competimos ? ¿De qué disponemos y de qué deberíamos disponer? Este artículo, Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)