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Dandelion seeds are highly resilient and can thrive in very challenging environments. People have also been carried far away throughout centuries by the vortex of their dreams and visions, upholding a seed for the future. Just like the dandelion many explorers have overcome hostile environments and over the years of technological progress we even succeed to thrive in the extreme. And so today technological advancement is equal to broadening the outreach of our life beyond what was possible and imaginable before. Every endeavour of men and women begins with a dream. The dandelion dream Is the fragile dream to reach further heights and depths of space. It is the whirlwind to take a space station from the Earth to the Moon and back, through the harsh environment of the vacuum, carrying securely an initial crew of 6 persons. This is space station Parhelion. It is a space station designed to transform into a spaceship and be carried forth by the power of the solar wind. It’s mission is to fill the gap between Earth and the Moon, not just as a single flight, but as a shuttle between our planet and our satellite. It is able to supply a space station in Moon’s orbit and stations on the Moon’s surface with provisions from the Earth , and it is also a place for the development of new experiments related to life on the Moon and in weightlessness, the continuous study of these environment and it’s influence on our physiology and psychology for the improvement of life beyond Earth’s atmosphere., Valentina Georgieva, Masterarbeit Universität Innsbruck 2022

Since the beginning of 2020 covid-19 has been declared as a public health crisis. Whatfollowed when restrictions were introduced in the world, were that many people wereforced to work from home. Our study will investigate the work of auditors at the largeraudit firms in Sweden. The purpose of this study is to find out how auditors work has beenaffected by the industry's increasing digitization during covid-19. A qualitative methodhas been used to answer the following research questions;In what way has digitization changed the way auditors work during covid-19?Could some of these changes remain after covid-19 has ended?Five auditors have been interviewed from KPMG, PwC, and Grant Thornton. By using thestudys collection of theories the responses from the interviews were analyzed. The chapterwith empirical findings is where the data collection is gathered. Here it shows that covid-19 has affected the auditors work in both a positive and negative manner. The mainpositive side of covid-19 is that work became even more flexible than before. Thenegative side is that the social interactions were missing. Digital tools and equipment haveoverall been of great value during covid-19, though perhaps not to a larger extent thanbefore covid-19. Further, now that the restrictions had been lifted, our respondents saw afuture of working from home more continuously and being able to dictate their ownworking hours with the help of digital tools and equipment.

This study asks whether innovation in smallholder production reduces or accelerates land expansion. Even though innovation in agriculture has reduced land expansion globally, rebound effects can occur locally and often at the expense of vital ecosystem functions. In contrast to other studies that investigate rebound effects in response to technological innovation, our study focuses on technical efficiency, the remaining component of total factor productivity. We use a short panel dataset from smallholder oil palm farmers in Sumatra, Indonesia, and develop a two-stage approach in which we estimate technical efficiency and determine its land expansion effect. Our findings suggest that technical efficiency and in particular land efficiency are low, indicating that 50% of the currently cultivated land could be spared. However, the land-sparing effect of increasing technical efficiency is at risk of being offset by about half due to a rebound effect. To maximize the conservation potential from increasing smallholder efficiency, policies need to simultaneously incentivize well-functioning land markets and stricter protection measures for land with high ecological value to mitigate local rebound effects.

As a result of the economic reforms implemented in our republic today, rapid developments are being observed in a number of areas. In particular, the importance of science and technology development is considered important in the fundamental basis of development.

As a result of the economic reforms implemented in our republic today, rapid developments are being observed in a number of areas. In particular, the importance of science and technology development is considered important in the fundamental basis of development.

Dandelion seeds are highly resilient and can thrive in very challenging environments. People have also been carried far away throughout centuries by the vortex of their dreams and visions, upholding a seed for the future. Just like the dandelion many explorers have overcome hostile environments and over the years of technological progress we even succeed to thrive in the extreme. And so today technological advancement is equal to broadening the outreach of our life beyond what was possible and imaginable before. Every endeavour of men and women begins with a dream. The dandelion dream Is the fragile dream to reach further heights and depths of space. It is the whirlwind to take a space station from the Earth to the Moon and back, through the harsh environment of the vacuum, carrying securely an initial crew of 6 persons. This is space station Parhelion. It is a space station designed to transform into a spaceship and be carried forth by the power of the solar wind. It’s mission is to fill the gap between Earth and the Moon, not just as a single flight, but as a shuttle between our planet and our satellite. It is able to supply a space station in Moon’s orbit and stations on the Moon’s surface with provisions from the Earth , and it is also a place for the development of new experiments related to life on the Moon and in weightlessness, the continuous study of these environment and it’s influence on our physiology and psychology for the improvement of life beyond Earth’s atmosphere., Valentina Georgieva, Masterarbeit Universität Innsbruck 2022

This study aims to clarify the relationship between technological progress and economic growth in Vietnam. This investigation used annual data from the World Bank related to Vietnam from 1985 to 2019 and applied the approach of autoregressive distributed lag to evaluate the impact of technological progress on economic growth in Vietnam in the short and long term. The regression equation constructed in this investigation came from the analysis of the Cobb-Doulag equation and the Solow model. The results of the study showed that GDP per capita is affected by the variables of technological progress in the short and long term, which means that technological progress affects economic growth in Vietnam. This study also contributes to the area of economic growth research in Vietnam with important evidence-based results on the impact of technological progress on GDP per capita, and the findings of this study have several implications for the understanding of the role of technological progress in economic development. The current study is still limited to small sample sizes and does not cover all indicators for analysis; however, it provides the foundation for future investigations with larger sample sizes, and other elements of technological progress are modified and applied in specific fields.

As a result of the economic reforms implemented in our republic today, rapid developments are being observed in a number of areas. In particular, the importance of science and technology development is considered important in the fundamental basis of development.

As a result of the economic reforms implemented in our republic today, rapid developments are being observed in a number of areas. In particular, the importance of science and technology development is considered important in the fundamental basis of development.

Since the beginning of 2020 covid-19 has been declared as a public health crisis. Whatfollowed when restrictions were introduced in the world, were that many people wereforced to work from home. Our study will investigate the work of auditors at the largeraudit firms in Sweden. The purpose of this study is to find out how auditors work has beenaffected by the industry's increasing digitization during covid-19. A qualitative methodhas been used to answer the following research questions;In what way has digitization changed the way auditors work during covid-19?Could some of these changes remain after covid-19 has ended?Five auditors have been interviewed from KPMG, PwC, and Grant Thornton. By using thestudys collection of theories the responses from the interviews were analyzed. The chapterwith empirical findings is where the data collection is gathered. Here it shows that covid-19 has affected the auditors work in both a positive and negative manner. The mainpositive side of covid-19 is that work became even more flexible than before. Thenegative side is that the social interactions were missing. Digital tools and equipment haveoverall been of great value during covid-19, though perhaps not to a larger extent thanbefore covid-19. Further, now that the restrictions had been lifted, our respondents saw afuture of working from home more continuously and being able to dictate their ownworking hours with the help of digital tools and equipment.

As a result of the economic reforms implemented in our republic today, rapid developments are being observed in a number of areas. In particular, the importance of science and technology development is considered important in the fundamental basis of development.

This study aims to clarify the relationship between technological progress and economic growth in Vietnam. This investigation used annual data from the World Bank related to Vietnam from 1985 to 2019 and applied the approach of autoregressive distributed lag to evaluate the impact of technological progress on economic growth in Vietnam in the short and long term. The regression equation constructed in this investigation came from the analysis of the Cobb-Doulag equation and the Solow model. The results of the study showed that GDP per capita is affected by the variables of technological progress in the short and long term, which means that technological progress affects economic growth in Vietnam. This study also contributes to the area of economic growth research in Vietnam with important evidence-based results on the impact of technological progress on GDP per capita, and the findings of this study have several implications for the understanding of the role of technological progress in economic development. The current study is still limited to small sample sizes and does not cover all indicators for analysis; however, it provides the foundation for future investigations with larger sample sizes, and other elements of technological progress are modified and applied in specific fields.

Die Diskussion rund um digitale Technologien, insbesondere die um künstliche Intelligenz, ist von Spekulation geprägt, da noch niemand sagen kann, wie nachhaltig sie unsere Gesellschaft transformieren werden. Was jedoch fehlt ist ein feministischer Blickwinkel auf die Strategien der Spekulation. Das in diesem Artikel umrissene Forschungsprogramm möchte anhand der empirischen Installation MiauMiau eine spekulativ-feministische Methode als kritisches Instrument vorstellen, um Limitierungen aktueller Diskurs-Strategien über technologische Potenziale und soziale Ungleichheit zu analysieren. Dadurch kann dazu beigetragen werden, zukünftig Spekulation als Methode feministischer Kritik zu nutzen., Speculation shapes the discourses about digital technologies, notably the debate about artificial intelligence, since nobody can predict how AI will transform our society in the long term. However, what is missing in this discourse is a feminist perspective on strategies of speculation. The approach described in this article aims to introduce a speculative-feminist method as a critical instrument to analyse the limits of current discourse strategies about technological potentials and social inequality. Finally, the article aims to contribute towards the establishment of speculation as a practice-based approach for use in feminist critique.

The article presents the Evangelical teaching on work in light of the emergence of a new socioeconomic order, denoted as the fourth industrial revolution. It shows how the theologians from the Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD) adopt the social teaching of the Reformation to the current situation and discusses their systemic vision of relationships in work and education. Theological reflection of the EKD focuses on the axiological foundation for the political and social programs. The concept of work as vocation is a crucial component of it. The article examines selected Church documents in the wider context of descriptions of the current upheavals in technology, economy and society., Artykuł ma na celu prezentację ewangelickiej koncepcji pracy w perspektywie wyłaniania się nowego porządku ekonomiczno-społecznego i tzw. czwartej rewolucji przemysłowej. Pokazuje, jak teologowie EKD adaptują reformacyjne nauczanie społeczne do bieżących okoliczności i dowodzi, że Kościół ewangelicki dostrzega potrzebę kształtowania systemowej koncepcji obejmującej zarówno modele stosunków pracy, jak i modele edukacji. Refleksja teologiczna EKD zmierza przede wszystkim do sformułowania aksjologicznego fundamentu, na którym mogą oprzeć się strategie polityczne czy społeczne. Przypomnienie teologicznego znaczenia pracy jako powołania jest ważnym czynnikiem tego fundamentu. Realizacja zamierzenia zakłada analizę wybranych tekstów Kościoła osadzoną w kontekście zwięzłego nakreślenia głównych punktów bieżących przemian technologicznych, ekonomicznych i społecznych.

The article presents the Evangelical teaching on work in light of the emergence of a new socioeconomic order, denoted as the fourth industrial revolution. It shows how the theologians from the Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD) adopt the social teaching of the Reformation to the current situation and discusses their systemic vision of relationships in work and education. Theological reflection of the EKD focuses on the axiological foundation for the political and social programs. The concept of work as vocation is a crucial component of it. The article examines selected Church documents in the wider context of descriptions of the current upheavals in technology, economy and society., Artykuł ma na celu prezentację ewangelickiej koncepcji pracy w perspektywie wyłaniania się nowego porządku ekonomiczno-społecznego i tzw. czwartej rewolucji przemysłowej. Pokazuje, jak teologowie EKD adaptują reformacyjne nauczanie społeczne do bieżących okoliczności i dowodzi, że Kościół ewangelicki dostrzega potrzebę kształtowania systemowej koncepcji obejmującej zarówno modele stosunków pracy, jak i modele edukacji. Refleksja teologiczna EKD zmierza przede wszystkim do sformułowania aksjologicznego fundamentu, na którym mogą oprzeć się strategie polityczne czy społeczne. Przypomnienie teologicznego znaczenia pracy jako powołania jest ważnym czynnikiem tego fundamentu. Realizacja zamierzenia zakłada analizę wybranych tekstów Kościoła osadzoną w kontekście zwięzłego nakreślenia głównych punktów bieżących przemian technologicznych, ekonomicznych i społecznych.

In order to make the sustainable development of transport system, China has taken actions toward the electrification transition of vehicles. However, whether the electric vehicles (EVs) are more environmentally friendly than the conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) in China is still not clear due to a lack of complete and consistent environmental impact comparison of vehicles. This study takes the vehicle models from BYD Qin Pro series in China as illustrations to compare the environmental impact of battery electric vehicle (BEV) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) with the conventional ICEV. The environmental profiles of vehicles across the whole life cycle within a set of environmental indicators are analyzed. The key aspects that may heavily influence the environmental impacts, i.e. regional heterogeneity, technology improvement and different modeling methods (attributional vs consequential) choices, are further tested, respectively. The results show that already today the BEV and PHEV powered by the current average Chinese electricity mix offer 23% and 17% reduction of global warming potential (GWP), respectively, compared to the gasoline ICEV. But it is achieved at the expense of considerable increases in mineral resource scarcity and ecological and human toxicity, etc. All of the factors considered show markedly influences on the environmental profiles of EVs, even up to 51% of GWP differences for different modeling methods application. And they all have the possibility to reverse the environmental priorities of some impact categories among ICEV, BEV and PHEV.

The interrelation between innovation and intellectual capital is probably one of the most complex issues from the perspective of South America, because the new technological paradigm poses extraordinary challenges for the region. This research aims to determine the relationship between intellectual capital and innovation management in small and medium leather and footwear companies in Tungurahua-Ecuador. The research is of a non-experimental type, because it studies phenomena in their natural state to later analyze and explain them; mixed, with an emphasis on the qualitative approach, with a sample of 45 companies. The results show a low level of job satisfaction and stability in the analysis of human capital; In addition, in innovation there is a need for training in topics such as production, process engineering, shoe costs, basic modeling, biomechanics in footwear, design and style. In conclusion, contributions were generated in technology and skills development, identifying areas in which SMEs should pay attention to be productive, since it is not yet possible to change the productive matrix in these businesses, since there is no capacity to exports and research and innovation in science and knowledge management is insufficient., La interrelación entre innovación y capital intelectual es, probablemente, uno de los temas más complejos desde la perspectiva de Sudamérica, debido a que el nuevo paradigma tecnológico plantea retos extraordinarios para la región. Esta investigación pretende determinar la relación del capital intelectual con la gestión de la innovación en pequeñas y medianas empresas de cuero y calzado en Tungurahua-Ecuador. La investigación es de tipo no experimental, porque estudia los fenómenos en su estado natural para posteriormente analizarlos y explicarlos; mixta, con énfasis en el enfoque cualitativo, con una muestra que asciende a 45 empresas. Los resultados evidencian un bajo nivel de satisfacción y estabilidad laboral en el análisis del capital humano; además, en la innovación se advierte necesidad de capacitación en temas como producción, ingeniería de procesos, costo del calzado, modelaje básico, biomecánica en el calzado, diseño y estilo. En conclusión, se generó aportes en tecnología y desarrollo de competencias, identificando áreas en las cuales las pymes deberán prestar atención para lograr ser productivas, puesto que aun no es posible el cambio de la matriz productiva en estos negocios, puesto que no hay capacidad para la exportación y es insuficiente la investigación e innovación en ciencia y gestión del conocimiento.

The purpose of this study is to assess empirically how the technical efficiency scores for 43 sub-sectors and their determinants over the period 2010 to 2017 show significant variation across the sub-sectors. The study applied a two-step approach for measuring technical efficiency and its determinants. A data envelopment analysis output-orientation (i.e. both CCR & BCC models) is used to estimate technical efficiency scores for 43 sub-sectors over the period 2010 to 2017. Malmquist productivity index (MPI) output orientation is also applied to compute technical efficiency change, technological progress, and productivity change. The estimated technical efficiency score shows significant variation across the sub-sectors. Thus, we used a Tobit regression model to scrutinize what defines the variation in technical efficiency scores using three years of panel data which covers 2015 to 2017. Moreover, the 43 sub-sectors were further grouped into 14 major sub sectors and classified as public and private to examine whether there is a technical efficiency score discrepancy between the same sub-sectors operating under different ownership. For measuring overall technical efficiency, we used two output variables (i.e., value-added and operating surplus) and two input variables (i.e., total fixed assets and a total number of employees). When reducing the sub-sectors to fourteen major groups, the operating surplus was not included, thus we used value-added and total sales as output variables and total fixed assets, the total number of employees, and cost of raw materials used in the production process as input variables. To shed light on the source of inefficiency, technical efficiency is decomposed into pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency. This study found that the sector had experienced a 37 percent technical efficiency in overall average when the CCR model was used. The study also claims that public owned subsectors are less likely to be efficient than private subse

The interrelation between innovation and intellectual capital is probably one of the most complex issues from the perspective of South America, because the new technological paradigm poses extraordinary challenges for the region. This research aims to determine the relationship between intellectual capital and innovation management in small and medium leather and footwear companies in Tungurahua-Ecuador. The research is of a non-experimental type, because it studies phenomena in their natural state to later analyze and explain them; mixed, with an emphasis on the qualitative approach, with a sample of 45 companies. The results show a low level of job satisfaction and stability in the analysis of human capital; In addition, in innovation there is a need for training in topics such as production, process engineering, shoe costs, basic modeling, biomechanics in footwear, design and style. In conclusion, contributions were generated in technology and skills development, identifying areas in which SMEs should pay attention to be productive, since it is not yet possible to change the productive matrix in these businesses, since there is no capacity to exports and research and innovation in science and knowledge management is insufficient., La interrelación entre innovación y capital intelectual es, probablemente, uno de los temas más complejos desde la perspectiva de Sudamérica, debido a que el nuevo paradigma tecnológico plantea retos extraordinarios para la región. Esta investigación pretende determinar la relación del capital intelectual con la gestión de la innovación en pequeñas y medianas empresas de cuero y calzado en Tungurahua-Ecuador. La investigación es de tipo no experimental, porque estudia los fenómenos en su estado natural para posteriormente analizarlos y explicarlos; mixta, con énfasis en el enfoque cualitativo, con una muestra que asciende a 45 empresas. Los resultados evidencian un bajo nivel de satisfacción y estabilidad laboral en el análisis del capital humano; además, en la innovación se advierte necesidad de capacitación en temas como producción, ingeniería de procesos, costo del calzado, modelaje básico, biomecánica en el calzado, diseño y estilo. En conclusión, se generó aportes en tecnología y desarrollo de competencias, identificando áreas en las cuales las pymes deberán prestar atención para lograr ser productivas, puesto que aun no es posible el cambio de la matriz productiva en estos negocios, puesto que no hay capacidad para la exportación y es insuficiente la investigación e innovación en ciencia y gestión del conocimiento.

The interrelation between innovation and intellectual capital is probably one of the most complex issues from the perspective of South America, because the new technological paradigm poses extraordinary challenges for the region. This research aims to determine the relationship between intellectual capital and innovation management in small and medium leather and footwear companies in Tungurahua-Ecuador. The research is of a non-experimental type, because it studies phenomena in their natural state to later analyze and explain them; mixed, with an emphasis on the qualitative approach, with a sample of 45 companies. The results show a low level of job satisfaction and stability in the analysis of human capital; In addition, in innovation there is a need for training in topics such as production, process engineering, shoe costs, basic modeling, biomechanics in footwear, design and style. In conclusion, contributions were generated in technology and skills development, identifying areas in which SMEs should pay attention to be productive, since it is not yet possible to change the productive matrix in these businesses, since there is no capacity to exports and research and innovation in science and knowledge management is insufficient., La interrelación entre innovación y capital intelectual es, probablemente, uno de los temas más complejos desde la perspectiva de Sudamérica, debido a que el nuevo paradigma tecnológico plantea retos extraordinarios para la región. Esta investigación pretende determinar la relación del capital intelectual con la gestión de la innovación en pequeñas y medianas empresas de cuero y calzado en Tungurahua-Ecuador. La investigación es de tipo no experimental, porque estudia los fenómenos en su estado natural para posteriormente analizarlos y explicarlos; mixta, con énfasis en el enfoque cualitativo, con una muestra que asciende a 45 empresas. Los resultados evidencian un bajo nivel de satisfacción y estabilidad laboral en el análisis del capital humano; además, en la innovación se advierte necesidad de capacitación en temas como producción, ingeniería de procesos, costo del calzado, modelaje básico, biomecánica en el calzado, diseño y estilo. En conclusión, se generó aportes en tecnología y desarrollo de competencias, identificando áreas en las cuales las pymes deberán prestar atención para lograr ser productivas, puesto que aun no es posible el cambio de la matriz productiva en estos negocios, puesto que no hay capacidad para la exportación y es insuficiente la investigación e innovación en ciencia y gestión del conocimiento.

This paper aims at identifying relevant indicators for TFP growth in EU countries during the recovery phase following the 2008/09 economic crisis. We proceed in three steps: First, we estimate TFP growth by means of Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA). Second, we perform a TFP growth decomposition in order to get measures for changes in technical progress (CTP), technical efficiency (CTE), scale efficiency (CSC) and allocative efficiency (CAE). And third, we use BART - a non-parametric Bayesian technique from the realm of statistical learning - in order to identify relevant predictors of TFP and its components from the Global Competitiveness Reports. We find that only a few indicators prove to be stable predictors. In particular, indicators that characterize technological readiness, such as broadband internet access, are outstandingly important in order to push technical progress while issues that describe innovation seem only to speed up CTP in higher-income economies. The results presented in this paper can be guidelines to policymakers as they identify areas in which further action could be taken in order to increase economic growth. Concerning the bigger picture, it becomes obvious that advanced machine learning techniques might not be able to replace sound economic theory but they help separating the wheat from the chaff when it comes to selecting the most relevant indicators of economic competitiveness.

Future cyber-physical systems (CPS), such as smart cities, collaborative robots, autonomous vehicles or intelligent transport systems, are expected to be highly intelligent, electrified, and connected. This study explores a focal question about how these new characteristics may affect the education and research related to CPS in 2030, the date identified by the United Nations to achieve the Agenda for Sustainable Development. To this end, first, we have conducted a trend spotting activity, seeking to identify possible influencing factors that may have a great impact on the future of CPS education and research. These factors were clustered in a total of 12 trends – four certainties; namely connectivity, electrification, data and automation – and eight uncertainties; namely intelligence, data ethics, labour market, lifelong learning, higher education, trust in technology, technological development speed, and sustainable development goals. After that, two of the eight uncertainties are identified and used to construct a scenario matrix, which includes four scenarios. These two uncertainties – the so-called strategic uncertainties – are: fulfilment of sustainable development goals and the nature of the technological development, respectively. These two important uncertainties are considered to build the scenarios due to their potential impact on the research and education of CPS. For instance, sustainable development goals are significant targets for many initiatives, organisations and countries. While 2030 is the deadline to achieve these goals, the relationship between the sustainable development goals related to CPS research and education is not studied well. Similarly, the speed of technological development is seen as a driving force behind future CPS. However, the effect of this speed to CPS research and education environment is not known. Different outcomes of the chosen two uncertainties are, then, combined with the remaining trends and uncertainties. Consequentl, QC 20210824

The article presents the Evangelical teaching on work in light of the emergence of a new socioeconomic order, denoted as the fourth industrial revolution. It shows how the theologians from the Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD) adopt the social teaching of the Reformation to the current situation and discusses their systemic vision of relationships in work and education. Theological reflection of the EKD focuses on the axiological foundation for the political and social programs. The concept of work as vocation is a crucial component of it. The article examines selected Church documents in the wider context of descriptions of the current upheavals in technology, economy and society., Artykuł ma na celu prezentację ewangelickiej koncepcji pracy w perspektywie wyłaniania się nowego porządku ekonomiczno-społecznego i tzw. czwartej rewolucji przemysłowej. Pokazuje, jak teologowie EKD adaptują reformacyjne nauczanie społeczne do bieżących okoliczności i dowodzi, że Kościół ewangelicki dostrzega potrzebę kształtowania systemowej koncepcji obejmującej zarówno modele stosunków pracy, jak i modele edukacji. Refleksja teologiczna EKD zmierza przede wszystkim do sformułowania aksjologicznego fundamentu, na którym mogą oprzeć się strategie polityczne czy społeczne. Przypomnienie teologicznego znaczenia pracy jako powołania jest ważnym czynnikiem tego fundamentu. Realizacja zamierzenia zakłada analizę wybranych tekstów Kościoła osadzoną w kontekście zwięzłego nakreślenia głównych punktów bieżących przemian technologicznych, ekonomicznych i społecznych.

The purpose of this study is to assess empirically how the technical efficiency scores for 43 sub-sectors and their determinants over the period 2010 to 2017 show significant variation across the sub-sectors. The study applied a two-step approach for measuring technical efficiency and its determinants. A data envelopment analysis output-orientation (i.e. both CCR & BCC models) is used to estimate technical efficiency scores for 43 sub-sectors over the period 2010 to 2017. Malmquist productivity index (MPI) output orientation is also applied to compute technical efficiency change, technological progress, and productivity change. The estimated technical efficiency score shows significant variation across the sub-sectors. Thus, we used a Tobit regression model to scrutinize what defines the variation in technical efficiency scores using three years of panel data which covers 2015 to 2017. Moreover, the 43 sub-sectors were further grouped into 14 major sub sectors and classified as public and private to examine whether there is a technical efficiency score discrepancy between the same sub-sectors operating under different ownership. For measuring overall technical efficiency, we used two output variables (i.e., value-added and operating surplus) and two input variables (i.e., total fixed assets and a total number of employees). When reducing the sub-sectors to fourteen major groups, the operating surplus was not included, thus we used value-added and total sales as output variables and total fixed assets, the total number of employees, and cost of raw materials used in the production process as input variables. To shed light on the source of inefficiency, technical efficiency is decomposed into pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency. This study found that the sector had experienced a 37 percent technical efficiency in overall average when the CCR model was used. The study also claims that public owned subsectors are less likely to be efficient than private subse

The purpose of the article is to conduct a historical and pedagogical analysis of the process of global digitalization of education, to determine the stages of this phenomenon, and to highlight the features of online learning. The objectives of the study are the analysis of sources on the digitalization of education, the definition of the "global digitalization of education"concept, the classification of the stages of this digitalization, and the definition of the main aspects of online learning. The methodology is the use of a comparative analysis of theoretical and practical sources of global digitalization of education. The lack of attention in modern research to the disclosure of the historical and pedagogical subject of this phenomenon was identified. The method of theoretical analysis was used to identify new realities in the educational process. The main aspects of the global digitalization of education were identified by applying the method of deduction and historical and pedagogical analysis. These aspects were classified to positive and negative lists by their impact on the participants of the educational process The global digitalization of education is the technical and technological development of civilization, as a result of which there was a change in informational social development according to the scheme: informatization-digitalization-artificial intelligence. It led to the new forms of thinking and socialization of the individual in the digital educational environment. The phasing is from the 60s of the last century and to the present, due to the rapid technological progress. © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2021.

STEM education has become the normative base for teaching natural sciences, physical-mathematical disciplines and engineering sciences in a number of countries. This technique has become the basis for a series of reforms for secondary and higher education in the USA, Australia, and some other countries. The method involves the integration of training in the fields of mathematics, technical specialties, scientific research and engineering. The widespread use of this technique and its active research throughout the world over the past ten years is due to the need to improve the quality of technical education and the everincreasing rate of technological progress. This research is devoted to studying the impact of the STEM education introduction for 3rd year students of technical and pedagogical departments for improving the quality of training. The study involved two groups of students from two universities in Russia and China. The sample consisted of 316 people from each university, and the same amount was for control group to verify the results. The two study groups underwent training using two different STEM methodologies - "amalgam" and "interconnect", which involve varying degrees of integration of various academic subjects within the coordinated STEM education. Both study groups used online-education integrated with STEM that helped to significantly increase the involvement of students in the learning process. All three groups passed pre-tests and post-tests on the learning outcomes before and after the introduction of the STEM education. The average grades received by students on studied disciplines show that the STEM education increases the academic performance with the statistical error of the study exceeded. The introduction of the "interconnect" method, which implies a greater integration of subjects during the training, showed provably higher results than the "amalgam" method. However, this study cannot be used to assess the quality and capabilities of each, National Office for Philosophy and Social Sciences, NPOPSS: 19BYY098, The first author was partly supported by Project of National Social Sciences Foundation of China (No.19BYY098), Innovation Project of GuangXi Graduate Education (No. JGY2018020, JGY2019031).

In the last decade, the development of small, remotely operated multicopters with cameras, so-called drones, has made aerial photography easily available. Consumers and institutions now use drones in a variety of ways, both for personal entertainment and professionally. The application of drones in media production and journalism is of particular interest, as it provides insight into the complex interplay between technology, the economic and legal constraints of the media market, professional cultures and audience preferences. The thematic issue Journalism from Above: Drones, the Media, and the Transformation of Journalistic Practice presents new research concerning the role of drones in journalism and media production. The issue brings together scholars representing a variety of approaches and perspectives. A broad selection of empirical cases from Finland, Spain, Sweden, the UK and the US form the basis of an exploration of the changing relations between the media, technology and society. The articles address topics such as: Adaption of drone technology in the news-rooms; audience preferences and reactions in a changing media landscape; the relation between journalists and public authorities who use drones; and attitudes from journalistic practitioners as well as historical and future perspectives.

In recent years there has been an ideological push within social care away from segregated housing provision towards supported housing integrated within the wider community (McConkey, Keogh, Bunting, Iriarte, & Watson, 2016; Merrells, Buchanan, & Waters, 2019; Overmars-Marx, Thomése, Verdonschot, & Meininger, 2014). Despite this, many housing solutions for older and disabled people continue to be built on a designated basis, with physical and emotional wellbeing outcomes being both contested and mixed. After reviewing key policy relating to social care housing alongside some of the theoretical and ideological positions, this article explores the social and emotional outcomes of a diverse group of disabled people living with mental health difficulties, physical and intellectual impairments, illnesses and age-related conditions, who moved into a small, purpose-built estate of smart homes. Drawing primarily on qualitative data collected from tenants prior to moving and again seven months following relocation, the impact of moving into the estate on tenants’ sense of wellbeing and feelings of inclusion will be analysed and discussed in relation to efforts to build a new community.

Ropohl plädiert in seiner Technikphilosophie für eine bewusste Gestaltung des technischen Wandels, in dem auch die Ingenieur*innen in die Pflicht genommen werden. In meiner Rekonstruktion zeige ich, dass Ropohls normative Grundorientierung in einer Zeitdiagnose fußt, die er allerdings nicht expliziert. Aus seinem Beispiel ziehe ich die These, dass jeder Theorie der Technikfolgenabschätzung (TA) notwendig eine historisch-normative Signatur eingeschrieben ist. Um eine kritische Auseinandersetzung über das Selbstverständnis und den Zweck von TA zu führen, gilt es, anders als Ropohl, auch die inhärenten Zeitdiagnosen sichtbar zu machen und zu diskutieren., Ropohl bases his theory of technization on a diagnosis of time which orients his proposal in a normative way. Furthermore, Ropohl derives his idea of technological enlightenment directly from his diagnosed crises of his time. His example shows that every theory of technology assessment (TA) is marked by some sort of historically-normative imprint. In order to critically assess TA’s self-understanding and its aim, it is necessary – in contrast to Ropohl – to also discuss and make visible the inherent diagnoses of time.

Viele Redaktionen haben in den vergangenen Jahren Maßnahmen ergriffen, um ausfallenden Nutzerbeiträgen, Beleidigungen und Hassrede in den Kommentarspalten und Diskussionsforen ihrer Internetseiten zu begegnen. Neben der Formulierung von Community-Richtlinien, manueller Kommentarmoderation und dem Einsatz von Monitoringsoftware kommt dabei der "Diskursarchitektur", der technischen Ausgestaltung dieser Kommentarbereiche, eine große Bedeutung zu. Dazu zählen etwa verschiedene Formen der Registrierung, die Sortierung der Kommentarthreads oder verschiedene Grade der Anonymisierung. Die bisherige Forschung zu dem Thema hat solche Diskursarchitekturen zumeist in Fallstudien vergleichend untersucht, um möglichen Effekten der technischen Umgebung auf das Kommentarverhalten nachzuspüren. Die einzelnen Bestandteile von Diskursarchitekturen wurden dabei in der Regel analytisch nicht differenziert. Dieser Lücke widmet sich der vorliegende Beitrag und präsentiert eine Studie, in der alle von der IVW ausgewiesenen 361 redaktionell betreuten deutschen Nachrichtenseiten differenziert auf zehn verschiedene Merkmale hin analysiert wurden. Dabei zeigt sich, dass jene 173 Nachrichtenseiten, die überhaupt Kommentarspalten anbieten, ihre Möglichkeiten zur technischen Regulierung bei Weitem nicht ausschöpfen. Mit Hilfe einer hierarchischen Clusteranalyse wurden schließlich fünf distinkte Typen von Diskursarchitekturen in Kommentarspalten identifiziert, die in zukünftigen Studien zur Klassifizierung genutzt werden können., For some years now, news sites around the world are increasingly confronted with abusive user comments in their respective comment sections and discussion forums. While these spaces were long seen as promising instruments of democratic participation, they now have a reputation as spaces full of insults and hate speech. Since this not only poses a threat to social cohesion but can also compromise the image of a news site, many platforms have taken measures to regulate the comments on their sites since then. Some have published community guidelines, hired moderation teams and implemented monitoring software. As an additional measure, many adapted the technological design and the features of their comment spaces to gain more control over the posted comments. This includes, for example, requiring commenters to register with the site, sorting of comment threads and various degrees of anonymization. Many authors refer to this technological design of comment spaces as "discourse architecture." The theoretical argument behind this term is that the way comment spaces are "built" influences how commenters behave within them. This perspective is particularly interesting from the point of view of journalism research, since the relationship between editorial staff and audience is manifested in such technological architectures. Several studies have analyzed and compared various discourse architectures in order to investigate possible effects on commenting behavior. However, there is still a lack of a systematic analysis in this field. Apart from individual case studies, there are no findings on the diversity of discourse architectures which provide information on the technical conditions of audience participation on the Internet. On the theoretical basis of the discourse architecture approach, this study investigates two research questions: How are the included discourse architectures designed (RQ1)? And what types of discourse architectures can we identify (RQ2)? In order to ans

Seit mehreren Jahrzehnten prägt Globalisierung die Welt - politisch, wirtschaftlich und sozial. Dies veränderte viele Lebenssachverhalte erheblich, sowohl im Positiven wie im Negativen. Im Ergebnis entstanden Zwiespältigkeit und eine postglobale Misere, die es zu bewältigen gilt. Jürgen Tureks umfangreiche Analyse geht den Gründen für die Destabilisierung der zivilisatorischen Verhältnisse im Spannungsfeld wirtschaftlicher Dynamik, sozial-kultureller Aufregung und politischer Unsicherheit nach. Seine differenzierte Bestandsaufnahme verschafft Orientierung und schlägt konkrete politische Lösungsstrategien vor., Globalization has shaped the world for several decades now - politically, economically and socially. This has changed a lot of situations considerably - in positive as well as in negative ways. The result is ambivalence and a post-global plight that need to be overcome. Jürgen Turek`s comprehensive analysis examines the reasons of the destabilization of civilizing conditions between the poles of economic dynamics, socio-cultural turmoil and political instability. His complex inventory provides orientation and suggests concrete political solutions.

Blockchain technology is a decentralized and open database maintained by a peer-to-peer network, offering a "trustless trust" for untrusted parties. Despite the fact that some researchers consider blockchain as a bubble, blockchain technology has the genuine potential to solve problems across industries. In this article, we provide an overview of the development that Blockchain technology has had in 2018 and point out the challenges of deploying blockchain-based applications in the real world from a Human-Computer Interaction view. We propose that blockchain practitioners should design blockchain applications from users’ perspective, think about who the users are, and what they need. Furthermore, we also lay out possible future trends for blockchain based systems.

This paper attempts to connect two rather different fields of study by applying concepts from regulating technological risks to the field of cyberspace regulation. The concept of framing assumption is used in order to show the cyberspace regulation differences in countries particularly between the U.S. and the European system. It shows how the U.S. and Europe have adopted different assumptions regarding the policy problem, the system within which the problem arises and the policy solutions. While the problem for the U.S. regulatory system is technological advancement, the European countries perceived the problem as mitigating hazards. The system for the U.S. is conceived as the competition among profit-seeking companies, whereas European countries are suspicious about those profit-seeking activities. Finally, the solution is lower government intervention for the former, and the latter found the direct involvement of the government as the main solution. An important implication is that there is no unified form of regulation and countries like Iran need to consider their local factors in order to establish their own regulatory systems.

Long-term economic development, productivity growth and technological progress are inevitably linked to each other. The present study tackles this nexus and elaborates on the declining rates of productivity growth in the recent past. As the field of study is the German economy and in order to avoid problems associated with structural changes, the point of departure for the analysis of productivity trends is 1991. The first part of the study is dedicated to the question, whether total factor productivity (TFP) is a suitable variable for depicting technological progress in the system of national accounts. Apart from providing insight into the evolution of the growth accounting framework, the study presents three views of how to interpret the connection between TFP and technology: a traditional view, which states an equivalence (the „residual-view“), a view that emphasizes the ignorance of the components of the residual and a third-way, which explains the occurence of the residual as a result from (technological) „spill-over“-effects. Usually, the birth point of the theory of growth accounting and the discussion about „the residual“, which form the traditional view, are associated with the works of Robert Solow (1956, 1957). However, it was Jan Tinbergen (1959 [1942]), who has originally set up such a framework, mathematically based on a Cobb-Douglas production function (1928). As a critical reaction on the traditional view, subsequent research has tackled the issue by promoting the ignorance-character of the residual. Moreover, it was tried to minimize this catch-all variable by trying to explain economic growth just with the input factors labour and capital and not a technology-labelled residual. A third possibilty of interpretation is provided mainly by Richard Lipsey and Kenneth Carlaw (2003), who interpret any changes in TFP as „spill-over“-effects from technology, but not technology per se. The second part of the study then tackles the German productivity puzzle, Die vorliegende Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit der Bedeutung des Technischen Fortschritts, den damit verbundenen Produktivitätstrends und den Implikationen für den Entwicklungspfad einer Volkswirtschaft - mit Hauptaugenmerk auf der deutschen Ökonomie. Um etwaige Strukturbrüche zu vermeiden, liegt der Fokus der Arbeit vornehmlich auf den gesamtwirtschaftlichen Produktivitätstrends ab 1991. Dabei befasst sich die Arbeit im ersten Teil mit der Frage, ob die gängige Messgröße zur Abbildung des Technischen Fortschritts - die Totale Faktorproduktivität (TFP) - diesen im Rahmen der Volkswirtschaftlichen Gesamtrechnung (VGR) akkurat abbilden kann. Neben der Entstehungsgeschichte der Messgröße und der Entwicklung der dazugehörigen Methodik (Wachstumsbeitragsrechnung, engl. growth accounting), diskutiert die Dissertation drei mögliche Interpretationen der Technologie-Produktivitäts-Relation: die klassische Sichtweise, die quasi eine 1:1-Beziehung konstatiert, eine dazu konträre Meinung („ignorance“-Sichtweise) und eine Art „spill-over“-Sichtweise. Als Startpunkt für den chronologischen Aufbau des ersten Teils wurden die Arbeiten von Paul Douglas und Howard Cobb (1928) zur mathematischen Abbildung einer Produktionsfunktion gewählt. Daran anknüpfend gilt das Werk von Jan Tinbergen (1959 [1942]) als Geburtsstunde der Wachstumsbeitragsrechnung, wenngleich als deren Gründungsvater meist Robert Solow (1956, 1957) gesehen wird. Als Reaktion auf das sogenannte „Solow-Residuum“ entstand eine Gegenbewegung, die die Äquivalenz von Technologie und TFP infrage stellte („measure of ignorance“, Abramovitz (1956)). Sie war bemüht, Technologieeffekte nicht durch ein unerklärtes Residuum darzustellen, und versuchte diese vollständig den Inputfaktoren Arbeit und Kapital zuzuordnen. Als dritte Interpretationsmöglichkeit der TFP im Lichte des Technologischen Fortschritts wählen die Arbeiten von (v.a.) Richard Lipsey und Kenneth Carlaw (insb. 2003) die Variante, dass das TFP-Residuum nicht Tech

В статье проводится социально-философский анализ технологических проявлений феномена отчуждения в современном российском обществе. Современный индивид помимо объективного мира погружается и в виртуальное пространство, вследствие чего зачастую происходит размытие границ между реальностью и виртуальностью. Это способствует отчуждению индивида от своей собственной сущности, других людей и общества в целом., In the article we analyze the phenomenon of Alienation in modern Russian society. Nowadays, an individual, in addition to the usual material world, plunges into virtual space, as a result of which the boundaries between reality and virtuality are often blurred. This contributes to the alienation of the individual from his own essence, from other people and society as a whole.

It is necessary to have psychological and social requirements for regional development in the same way as economic needs. The reason for this is that political, social, cultural, religious and economic trends have a combined effect on national investment policy. The economic development of a country basically depends on how strong is the desire of the people to adopt new values and institutions. Technological innovations have special significance in the path of regional development.

It is necessary to have psychological and social requirements for regional development in the same way as economic needs. The reason for this is that political, social, cultural, religious and economic trends have a combined effect on national investment policy. The economic development of a country basically depends on how strong is the desire of the people to adopt new values and institutions. Technological innovations have special significance in the path of regional development.

In this article, we attempt to develop a four-sector endogenous growth model with depletable energy resources to study how energy resource depletion and R&D would affect long-run economic growth. We apply the Schumpeterian approach of vertical innovation to characterize technological progress by the efficiency improvement in intermediate goods. We obtain the social optimal equilibrium of this economic system and discuss the conditions for the existence of balanced growth path. We also conduct stability analysis of the optimal long-run balanced growth path and come up with some appropriate policy recommendations.

A set of 17-year panel data (1996–2013) across a representative sample from eighteen Latin American countries is used to respond four research questions: Did Latin American Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions prove the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis? Did the quality of institutions play a compensating role for income on environmental stress? Did technological progress help decouple income from environmental stress? Has the Pollution Haven Hypothesis (PHH) been proven? In order to answer the research questions, the paper expands the traditional EKC approach by including an exclusive quality analysis of institutions, technological progress, and PHH as part of the model. This innovation is developed considering the most recent literature about EKC as a starting point. Major findings show that the relationship between income and GHG emissions is adjusted to the traditional EKC hypothesis for the analyzed period. They also show that the quality of institutions and technological progress improve environmental sustainability. However, the variables, Foreign Direct Investment and International Trade, provide a negative answer to the fourth question. The main methodological contribution of this paper is to use a threefold extended classic EKC model to conduct the feasible generalized least squares method. The paper also contributes to the growing body of PHH literature.

Energy-saving technologies in buildings have received great attention from energy efficiency researchers in the construction sector. Traditional research tends to focus on the energy used during building operation and in construction materials production, but it usually neglects the energy consumed in the building construction process. Very few studies have explored the impacts of technological progress on energy efficiency in the construction industry. This paper presents a model of the building construction process based on Cobb-Douglas production function. The model estimates the effects of technological progress on energy efficiency with the objective to examine the role that technological progress plays in energy savings in China's construction industry. The modeling results indicated that technological progress improved energy efficiency by an average of 7.1% per year from 1997 to 2014. Furthermore, three main technological progress factors (the efficiency of machinery and equipment, the proportion change of the energy structure, and research and development investment) were selected to analyze their effects on energy efficiency improvement. These positive effects were verified, and results show the effects of first two factors are significant. Finally, recommendations for promoting energy efficiency in the construction industry are proposed.

A set of 17-year panel data (1996–2013) across a representative sample from eighteen Latin American countries is used to respond four research questions: Did Latin American Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions prove the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis? Did the quality of institutions play a compensating role for income on environmental stress? Did technological progress help decouple income from environmental stress? Has the Pollution Haven Hypothesis (PHH) been proven? In order to answer the research questions, the paper expands the traditional EKC approach by including an exclusive quality analysis of institutions, technological progress, and PHH as part of the model. This innovation is developed considering the most recent literature about EKC as a starting point. Major findings show that the relationship between income and GHG emissions is adjusted to the traditional EKC hypothesis for the analyzed period. They also show that the quality of institutions and technological progress improve environmental sustainability. However, the variables, Foreign Direct Investment and International Trade, provide a negative answer to the fourth question. The main methodological contribution of this paper is to use a threefold extended classic EKC model to conduct the feasible generalized least squares method. The paper also contributes to the growing body of PHH literature.

The professionaltranslation market has changedin recent years and it is getting more global and interconnected. Technological progress has made possible the emergence of new translation processes that allow professional translators to face a higher demand and shorter deadlines. This paper aims to show a journey through the history of machine translation and post-editing in Spain., En los últimos años, el mercado profesional de la traducción ha cambiado y se ha convertido en un mercado cada vez más global e interconectado. Los avances tecnológicos han hecho posible la aparición de nuevos procesos de traducción que permiten afrontar un mayor volumen de demanda y unos plazos de entrega más ajustados. Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentarun recorridopor la historia de la traducción automática y la posedición en España.

Reducing food imports and promoting domestically produced food commodities are long-standing goals for policymakers and other stakeholders in sub-Saharan African countries. For instance, Tanzania, after a long period of dependency on imported food commodities, such as sugar and edible oils, intends to meet its demand for these commodities through domestic production by transforming its agriculture sector to achieve this goal. Applying a general computable equilibrium (CGE) model, this study determines the multiplier effects of technological progress that is assumed to foster domestic edible oilseed crop production, other crops, and Tanzania’s economy in general. Findings from the model establish an increase in domestic production not only for the edible oilseed crops but also for other commodities from other sectors of the economy. In addition, there is a decrease in prices on domestically produced commodities sold in the domestic market, and an increase in disposable income is predicted for all rural and urban households, as well as government revenues. Based on model results, we recommend that the Tanzanian government invests in technological progress and interventions that increase production in sectors such as agriculture, where it has a comparative advantage. Interventions that increase smallholder farmer’s production, such as the use of improved seed and other modern technologies that reduce costs of production, are critical for reducing food imports and improving food security., Peer Reviewed

The professionaltranslation market has changedin recent years and it is getting more global and interconnected. Technological progress has made possible the emergence of new translation processes that allow professional translators to face a higher demand and shorter deadlines. This paper aims to show a journey through the history of machine translation and post-editing in Spain., En los últimos años, el mercado profesional de la traducción ha cambiado y se ha convertido en un mercado cada vez más global e interconectado. Los avances tecnológicos han hecho posible la aparición de nuevos procesos de traducción que permiten afrontar un mayor volumen de demanda y unos plazos de entrega más ajustados. Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentarun recorridopor la historia de la traducción automática y la posedición en España.

Статья посвящена вопросу применения и развития информационных технологий в медицине. В работе рассмотрены и проанализированы этапы внедрения компьютерных технологий в сфере здравоохранения., The article discusses the application and development of information technology in the field of medicine. In this paper, the stages of the introduction of computer technology in the healthcare industry are reviewed and analyzed.

Статья посвящена вопросу применения и развития информационных технологий в медицине. В работе рассмотрены и проанализированы этапы внедрения компьютерных технологий в сфере здравоохранения., The article discusses the application and development of information technology in the field of medicine. In this paper, the stages of the introduction of computer technology in the healthcare industry are reviewed and analyzed.