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SAMMANFATTNING Titel: Hållbarhetsprestationer och bolagsskatt: Komplement eller substitut? - En kvantitativ studie om publika europeiska bolag Nivå: C-uppsats i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Nicklas Johansson Handledare: Jan Svanberg Datum: 2017 - Januari Syfte: Företagens sociala ansvar (CSR) är en viktig fråga för många av företagets intressenter, inte minst samhället. Hur företag betraktar bolagsskatt som en del av detta ansvar är därmed en betydelsefull fråga då statens skatteintäkter bidrar till välfärden i samhället. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka sambandet mellan CSR och europeiska bolags effektiva skattesats, dels utifrån total CSR-prestation samt utifrån dimensioner av CSR. Metod: Studien utgår från en positivistisk forskningsfilosofi och en deduktiv ansats. Studien har vidare en kvantitativ strategi och en longitudinell design för att samla in sekundärdata från Thomson Reuters databas Datastream för åren 2011-2016. Urvalet består av 465 publika europeiska företag för vilka data analyserats med multipla regressionsanalyser i statistikprogrammet IBM SPSS. Resultat & slutsats: Studiens resultat indikerar ett negativt samband mellan total CSR-prestation och bolagsskatt, men att detta samband drivs av att CSR-aktiviteter inom miljödimensionen har en starkare negativ inverkan än den positiva inverkan som CSR-aktiviteter inom den sociala dimensionen bidrar med. Slutsatsen därav är att CSR och bolagsskatt både kan utgöra substitut och komplement till varandra. CSR-aktiviteter inom miljödimensionen används som substitut till bolagsskatt medan bolagsskatt betraktas som ett komplement till CSR inom den sociala dimensionen. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Då sambanden visat sig skilja sig åt mellan olika dimensioner bör framtida forskning inte utgå från ett samlat mått på CSR utan gå in mer i detalj på de kategorier och indikatorer som bygger upp dimensionerna. Det kan också finnas skillnader mellan industrier och land, varför det, Title: Sustainability performance and corporate tax: Complement or substitute? - A quantitative study of public European companies Level: Final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Author: Nicklas Johansson Supervisor: Jan Svanberg Date: 2017 - January Aim: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is an important issue for many of the company's stakeholders, not least society. How companies regard corporate tax as part of this responsibility is therefore an important issue as the state's tax revenues contribute to the welfare of society. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between CSR and European companies' effective tax rate, partly based on total CSR performance as well as dimensions of CSR. Method: The study is based on a positivistic research philosophy and a deductive approach. The study also has a quantitative strategy and a longitudinal design for collecting secondary data from the Thomson Reuters database Datastream for the years 2011-2016. The sample consists of 465 public European companies for which data were analyzed by multiple regression analyzes in the IBM SPSS statistics program. Result & conclusions: The study's results indicate a negative relationship between total CSR performance and corporate tax, but this connection is driven by the stronger impact of CSR activities in the environmental dimension relative to the positive impact of CSR activities in the social dimension. The conclusion is that CSR and corporate tax can both be substitutes and complementary to each other. CSR activities within the environmental dimension are used as substitutes for corporate tax while corporate tax is considered as a complement to CSR in the social dimension. Suggestions for future research: When the relationships were found to differ between different dimensions, future research should not be based on a single measure of CSR, but go into more detail on the categories and indicators that bu

SAMMANFATTNING Titel: Hållbarhetsprestationer och bolagsskatt: Komplement eller substitut? - En kvantitativ studie om publika europeiska bolag Nivå: C-uppsats i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Nicklas Johansson Handledare: Jan Svanberg Datum: 2017 - Januari Syfte: Företagens sociala ansvar (CSR) är en viktig fråga för många av företagets intressenter, inte minst samhället. Hur företag betraktar bolagsskatt som en del av detta ansvar är därmed en betydelsefull fråga då statens skatteintäkter bidrar till välfärden i samhället. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka sambandet mellan CSR och europeiska bolags effektiva skattesats, dels utifrån total CSR-prestation samt utifrån dimensioner av CSR. Metod: Studien utgår från en positivistisk forskningsfilosofi och en deduktiv ansats. Studien har vidare en kvantitativ strategi och en longitudinell design för att samla in sekundärdata från Thomson Reuters databas Datastream för åren 2011-2016. Urvalet består av 465 publika europeiska företag för vilka data analyserats med multipla regressionsanalyser i statistikprogrammet IBM SPSS. Resultat & slutsats: Studiens resultat indikerar ett negativt samband mellan total CSR-prestation och bolagsskatt, men att detta samband drivs av att CSR-aktiviteter inom miljödimensionen har en starkare negativ inverkan än den positiva inverkan som CSR-aktiviteter inom den sociala dimensionen bidrar med. Slutsatsen därav är att CSR och bolagsskatt både kan utgöra substitut och komplement till varandra. CSR-aktiviteter inom miljödimensionen används som substitut till bolagsskatt medan bolagsskatt betraktas som ett komplement till CSR inom den sociala dimensionen. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Då sambanden visat sig skilja sig åt mellan olika dimensioner bör framtida forskning inte utgå från ett samlat mått på CSR utan gå in mer i detalj på de kategorier och indikatorer som bygger upp dimensionerna. Det kan också finnas skillnader mellan industrier och land, varför det, Title: Sustainability performance and corporate tax: Complement or substitute? - A quantitative study of public European companies Level: Final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Author: Nicklas Johansson Supervisor: Jan Svanberg Date: 2017 - January Aim: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is an important issue for many of the company's stakeholders, not least society. How companies regard corporate tax as part of this responsibility is therefore an important issue as the state's tax revenues contribute to the welfare of society. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between CSR and European companies' effective tax rate, partly based on total CSR performance as well as dimensions of CSR. Method: The study is based on a positivistic research philosophy and a deductive approach. The study also has a quantitative strategy and a longitudinal design for collecting secondary data from the Thomson Reuters database Datastream for the years 2011-2016. The sample consists of 465 public European companies for which data were analyzed by multiple regression analyzes in the IBM SPSS statistics program. Result & conclusions: The study's results indicate a negative relationship between total CSR performance and corporate tax, but this connection is driven by the stronger impact of CSR activities in the environmental dimension relative to the positive impact of CSR activities in the social dimension. The conclusion is that CSR and corporate tax can both be substitutes and complementary to each other. CSR activities within the environmental dimension are used as substitutes for corporate tax while corporate tax is considered as a complement to CSR in the social dimension. Suggestions for future research: When the relationships were found to differ between different dimensions, future research should not be based on a single measure of CSR, but go into more detail on the categories and indicators that bu

The article discusses the potential threats and benefits of external labour migration for the Russian economy through establishing cause-effect relations between the migration processes and the current economic situation. The analysis of statistical data on the development of Russian regions and on the demographic, migration, and financial trends in the country allows us to assess the potential risks of using the labour of external migrants. External migration may damage the Russian economy: it may result in depreciation of the Russian rouble; a growing de cit in the balance of payments; and in an increasing loads on the country’s pension system. We should not forget, however, that external migration can also bring a number of benefits: it can rejuvenate the population and supply human resources to those Russian regions which experience the shortages of the workforce for blue-collar jobs. Moreover, migrants make contributions to the federal budget by paying fees for work patents. The state government may use the results of this research to improve its migration and labour policy and to develop a state program to stimulate external and internal migrants to find employment in workforce shortage areas. This research shows the connection between labour migration and economic activity of local population; reveals the factors of external labour migration; and analyzes the effect migration has on the host country.

This thesis explored the impact of non-contractual agreements in economic decisions. These statements of intent serve as a commitment device in strategic decisions and have been found to be an effective alternative to strong regulations in promoting social behaviour. Three studies have been undertaken using conceptual and methodological approaches from Behavioral and Experimental Economics. The first study explored in a public good setting the effect of public statements about intended social behaviour. The second study tested whether promises can help to promote co-operation in environments with uncertain choice options. The third study investigated a possible application of statement of intent and tested the effect of payment promises in a tax setting.

В статті висвітлюються підходи до побудови моделей організації податкового обліку в рамках чинного законодавства. Визначено особливості функціонування альтернативних моделей, порядок формування інформаційного масиву даних для розрахунку податкових платежів та складання податкової звітності в межах кожної з них. The purpose of the article is to determine the models of tax accounting organization, peculiarities of their functioning, formation of an information basis for the calculation of tax payments and concluding the tax reports. On the basis of summarizing the experience of the application of approaches to construction the tax accounting in enterprises` practical activities it have been identified three models of its organization. Under conditions of using each of the identified models it has been outlined the procedure of forming information complex of data for the purpose of calculating tax payments and concluding tax reports. The place and role of primary documents and accounting registers intended to systematize and accumulate information about the object of taxation. The approaches to construction models of tax accounting organization under the current law have been defined.

В статті висвітлюються підходи до побудови моделей організації податкового обліку в рамках чинного законодавства. Визначено особливості функціонування альтернативних моделей, порядок формування інформаційного масиву даних для розрахунку податкових платежів та складання податкової звітності в межах кожної з них. The purpose of the article is to determine the models of tax accounting organization, peculiarities of their functioning, formation of an information basis for the calculation of tax payments and concluding the tax reports. On the basis of summarizing the experience of the application of approaches to construction the tax accounting in enterprises` practical activities it have been identified three models of its organization. Under conditions of using each of the identified models it has been outlined the procedure of forming information complex of data for the purpose of calculating tax payments and concluding tax reports. The place and role of primary documents and accounting registers intended to systematize and accumulate information about the object of taxation. The approaches to construction models of tax accounting organization under the current law have been defined.

Статья посвящена проблеме терминологической определенности таких понятий, как менеджмент и управление, налоговые платежи, налоговая политика, налоговые потоки, налогообложение. Критически осмысливаются соответствующие дефиниции, содержащиеся в различных словарях русского языка, экономических и финансово-кредитных словарях, в книгах и статьях. Всесторонне анализируются содержащиеся в экономической литературе точки зрения на налоговое планирование, налоговый менеджмент и т.п. Предлагаются научно обоснованные авторские определения управления, налогообложения и управления налогообложением., The article is devoted to the terminological definition of such notions as management, tax payments, taxation policy, tax flows, and taxation. The existing definitions are reviewed including those taken from different dictionaries of the Russian language, economic and finance and accountancy dictionaries, books and articles. The author provides an overview of the existing in economic literature viewpoints about taxation planning, taxation management, etc. Finally, the author formulates his own definitions of management, taxation, and taxation management.

We study the distribution of tax payments in the model of Kyprianou and Zhou [Kyprianou, A.E., Zhou, X., 2009. General tax structures and the Lévy insurance risk model. J. Appl. Probab. (in press)], that is a Lévy insurance risk model with a surplus-dependent tax rate. More precisely, after a short discussion on the so-called tax identity, we derive a recursive formula for arbitrary moments of the discounted tax payments until ruin and we identify the distribution of the tax payments when there is no force of interest.

Using fluctuation theory, we solve the two-sided exit problem and identify the ruin probability for a general spectrally negative Levy risk process with tax payments of a loss-carry-forward type. We study arbitrary moments of the discounted total amount of tax payments and determine the surplus level to start taxation which maximises the expected discounted aggregate income for the tax authority in this model. The results considerably generalise those for the Cramér-Lundberg risk model with tax.

We study the distribution of tax payments in the model of Kyprianou and Zhou [Kyprianou, A.E., Zhou, X., 2009. General tax structures and the Lévy insurance risk model. J. Appl. Probab. (in press)], that is a Lévy insurance risk model with a surplus-dependent tax rate. More precisely, after a short discussion on the so-called tax identity, we derive a recursive formula for arbitrary moments of the discounted tax payments until ruin and we identify the distribution of the tax payments when there is no force of interest.

Using fluctuation theory, we solve the two-sided exit problem and identify the ruin probability for a general spectrally negative Levy risk process with tax payments of a loss-carry-forward type. We study arbitrary moments of the discounted total amount of tax payments and determine the surplus level to start taxation which maximises the expected discounted aggregate income for the tax authority in this model. The results considerably generalise those for the Cramér-Lundberg risk model with tax.