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© 2023 Elsevier. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0, Interfacial engineering of two-dimensional (2D) monometallic phosphides enables remarkable structural and electrochemical properties in energy storage devices. Herein, 2D nanosheets (NSs) of FeP2/Co2P were grown on Ni-foam (FCP) using a solution-based and phosphorization approach to be used as freestanding for high-performance energy storage devices. An effective phosphorization strategy is successfully developed to improve the overall crystalline phase, tailor the morphology, and boost the electrochemical performances of electrodes. The FCP NSs electrode exhibits a battery-type redox behavior with a maximum high areal capacity of 1.96 C cm–2 at 4 mA cm–2 in 6 M KOH aqueous electrolyte compared to the other counterparts. The superior electrochemical performance was achieved by increasing the electroactive sites and high conductivity via surface tailoring and fast redox reactions. Moreover, a supercapattery was assembled utilizing FCP and activated carbon (AC) electrodes and it revealed maximum specific energy (Es) and specific power (Ps) of 41.2 Wh kg–1 and 7578 W kg–1 with good cycling stability of 91% after 10,000 cycles at 5 A g–1. Eventually, the supercapattery has been explored in practical applications by lighting up light-emitting diodes (LEDs), representing the real-time performance of superior energy storage devices., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

DOI link format: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mtener.2022.101182 © 2022 Elsevier. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0, The functionalization of structural nanoengineered battery-type electrodes has aided the emergence of supercapattery (SCp) subclass, which enables a wide range of applications. Herein, our research work provides a platform for two-step fabrication of nanoengineered 3D-on-2D structure as a promising approach to obtain high-performance battery-type electrodes. The hierarchical 2D NiCo bimetallic LDH NC(12)40 electrode was fabricated using electrodeposition, while the nanoengineered 3D ZIF-67 on 2D LDH electrode was achieved via pseudomorphic replication techniques. The fabricated 3D-on-2D NC(12)40-30 electrode reveals a maximum areal capacity of 1044 mC cm-2 at a current density of 4 mA cm-2 in 6 M KOH electrolyte. Furthermore, NC(12)40-30//AC was integrated as a SCp device, achieving a maximum specific capacitance of 63 F/g and maximum specific energy and power of 20.5 W/h/kg and 8522.7 W/kg, respectively, with improved capacitance retention (85%) even after 10,000 cycles. Thus, the assembled SCp coin cell displays 18-LED illumination in four different commercial LED colors, indicating the viability of the battery-type electrode for SCp development., This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2014R1A6A1030419) and by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (No. 2020112382). This work has been partially supported by the Spanish government under project PID2019-109215RB-C41 (SCALED)., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

The paper considers galvanostatic discharge of different rechargeable cells. In the first part of the paper, the useful mathematical equations for the calculation of voltage, capacity, capacitance, energy, and power is given. In the second part of the paper, the proposal for the determinations of energy and power potentials of the electrode materials introducing the reference electrode as a reference point is discussed for different charge storage cells. The proposed analysis is applied on the polyaniline and lead-lead sulfate electrode discharge, and procedure how from the single electrode measurements, capacity, energy, and power of the hypothetical lead sulfate - polyaniline cell could be estimated.

The paper considers galvanostatic discharge of different rechargeable cells. In the first part of the paper, the useful mathematical equations for the calculation of voltage, capacity, capacitance, energy, and power is given. In the second part of the paper, the proposal for the determinations of energy and power potentials of the electrode materials introducing the reference electrode as a reference point is discussed for different charge storage cells. The proposed analysis is applied on the polyaniline and lead-lead sulfate electrode discharge, and procedure how from the single electrode measurements, capacity, energy, and power of the hypothetical lead sulfate - polyaniline cell could be estimated.

The electrochemically synthesized polypyrrole (PPy) is investigated as a possible active material of the low-cost aqueous based secondary power sources in combination with zinc, lead oxide, and lead sulfate. The discharge capacity of the polypyrrole in the chloride-based electrolyte (for the Zn|PPy cell) is in the range 110 mAh g −1 of PPy, while in the sulfate-based electrolyte ∼150 mAh g −1 of PPy (for the PbSO 4 |PPy and PPy|PbO 2 cells), which is close to the theoretically calculated values. Electrochemical and electrical parameters, reactions in the cells, specific capacity, specific capacitance, energy, and power, for the Zn|PPy, PPy|PbO 2 and PbSO 4 |PPy cells are determined. In addition, the energy efficiency, for the considered systems is estimated. Obtained values of the specific power and energy, could classified investigated systems as a battery type hybrid superacapacitors or “supercapattery”.

The electrochemically synthesized polypyrrole (PPy) is investigated as a possible active material of the low-cost aqueous based secondary power sources in combination with zinc, lead oxide, and lead sulfate. The discharge capacity of the polypyrrole in the chloride-based electrolyte (for the ZnIPPy cell) is in the range 110 mAh g(-1) of PPy, while in the sulfate-based electrolyte similar to 150 mAh g(-1) of PPy (for the PbSO4 vertical bar PPy and PPy vertical bar PbO2 cells), which is close to the theoretically calculated values. Electrochemical and electrical parameters, reactions in the cells, specific capacity, specific capacitance, energy, and power, for the Zn vertical bar PPy, PPy vertical bar PbO2 and PbSO4 vertical bar PPy cells are determined. In addition, the energy efficiency, for the considered systems is estimated. Obtained values of the specific power and energy, could classified investigated systems as a battery type hybrid superacapacitors or "supercapattery".

The electrochemically synthesized polypyrrole (PPy) is investigated as a possible active material of the low-cost aqueous based secondary power sources in combination with zinc, lead oxide, and lead sulfate. The discharge capacity of the polypyrrole in the chloride-based electrolyte (for the Zn|PPy cell) is in the range 110 mAh g −1 of PPy, while in the sulfate-based electrolyte ∼150 mAh g −1 of PPy (for the PbSO 4 |PPy and PPy|PbO 2 cells), which is close to the theoretically calculated values. Electrochemical and electrical parameters, reactions in the cells, specific capacity, specific capacitance, energy, and power, for the Zn|PPy, PPy|PbO 2 and PbSO 4 |PPy cells are determined. In addition, the energy efficiency, for the considered systems is estimated. Obtained values of the specific power and energy, could classified investigated systems as a battery type hybrid superacapacitors or “supercapattery”. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.

The electrochemically synthesized polypyrrole (PPy) is investigated as a possible active material of the low-cost aqueous based secondary power sources in combination with zinc, lead oxide, and lead sulfate. The discharge capacity of the polypyrrole in the chloride-based electrolyte (for the Zn|PPy cell) is in the range 110 mAh g −1 of PPy, while in the sulfate-based electrolyte ∼150 mAh g −1 of PPy (for the PbSO 4 |PPy and PPy|PbO 2 cells), which is close to the theoretically calculated values. Electrochemical and electrical parameters, reactions in the cells, specific capacity, specific capacitance, energy, and power, for the Zn|PPy, PPy|PbO 2 and PbSO 4 |PPy cells are determined. In addition, the energy efficiency, for the considered systems is estimated. Obtained values of the specific power and energy, could classified investigated systems as a battery type hybrid superacapacitors or “supercapattery”. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.

The electrochemically synthesized polypyrrole (PPy) is investigated as a possible active material of the low-cost aqueous based secondary power sources in combination with zinc, lead oxide, and lead sulfate. The discharge capacity of the polypyrrole in the chloride-based electrolyte (for the Zn|PPy cell) is in the range 110 mAh g −1 of PPy, while in the sulfate-based electrolyte ∼150 mAh g −1 of PPy (for the PbSO 4 |PPy and PPy|PbO 2 cells), which is close to the theoretically calculated values. Electrochemical and electrical parameters, reactions in the cells, specific capacity, specific capacitance, energy, and power, for the Zn|PPy, PPy|PbO 2 and PbSO 4 |PPy cells are determined. In addition, the energy efficiency, for the considered systems is estimated. Obtained values of the specific power and energy, could classified investigated systems as a battery type hybrid superacapacitors or “supercapattery”. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.

The electrochemically synthesized polypyrrole (PPy) is investigated as a possible active material of the low-cost aqueous based secondary power sources in combination with zinc, lead oxide, and lead sulfate. The discharge capacity of the polypyrrole in the chloride-based electrolyte (for the Zn|PPy cell) is in the range 110 mAh g −1 of PPy, while in the sulfate-based electrolyte ∼150 mAh g −1 of PPy (for the PbSO 4 |PPy and PPy|PbO 2 cells), which is close to the theoretically calculated values. Electrochemical and electrical parameters, reactions in the cells, specific capacity, specific capacitance, energy, and power, for the Zn|PPy, PPy|PbO 2 and PbSO 4 |PPy cells are determined. In addition, the energy efficiency, for the considered systems is estimated. Obtained values of the specific power and energy, could classified investigated systems as a battery type hybrid superacapacitors or “supercapattery”. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.

The electrochemically synthesized polypyrrole (PPy) is investigated as a possible active material of the low-cost aqueous based secondary power sources in combination with zinc, lead oxide, and lead sulfate. The discharge capacity of the polypyrrole in the chloride-based electrolyte (for the Zn|PPy cell) is in the range 110 mAh g −1 of PPy, while in the sulfate-based electrolyte ∼150 mAh g −1 of PPy (for the PbSO 4 |PPy and PPy|PbO 2 cells), which is close to the theoretically calculated values. Electrochemical and electrical parameters, reactions in the cells, specific capacity, specific capacitance, energy, and power, for the Zn|PPy, PPy|PbO 2 and PbSO 4 |PPy cells are determined. In addition, the energy efficiency, for the considered systems is estimated. Obtained values of the specific power and energy, could classified investigated systems as a battery type hybrid superacapacitors or “supercapattery”.

The electrochemically synthesized polypyrrole (PPy) is investigated as a possible active material of the low-cost aqueous based secondary power sources in combination with zinc, lead oxide, and lead sulfate. The discharge capacity of the polypyrrole in the chloride-based electrolyte (for the ZnIPPy cell) is in the range 110 mAh g(-1) of PPy, while in the sulfate-based electrolyte similar to 150 mAh g(-1) of PPy (for the PbSO4 vertical bar PPy and PPy vertical bar PbO2 cells), which is close to the theoretically calculated values. Electrochemical and electrical parameters, reactions in the cells, specific capacity, specific capacitance, energy, and power, for the Zn vertical bar PPy, PPy vertical bar PbO2 and PbSO4 vertical bar PPy cells are determined. In addition, the energy efficiency, for the considered systems is estimated. Obtained values of the specific power and energy, could classified investigated systems as a battery type hybrid superacapacitors or "supercapattery".

The electrochemically synthesized polypyrrole and lead-lead sulfate are examined as a potential electrodes for battery-type hybrid supercapacitors in acidic solution. Discharge in the specific current range of ∼0.6–2.27 A g−1 based on the active masses, can deliver capacity of 90–72 Ah kg−1, energy of 58–40 Wh kg−1 and power of 40–1350 W kg−1, with the specific capacitance of the cell in the range of 300–250 F g−1. The device exhibits battery-type behavior at low discharge rate, e.g. <0.5 A g−1, and supercapacitors-type behavior at a higher discharge rate. It is estimated that cell will lose 20% of initial capacitance after ∼500-600 cycles. The electrochemically synthesized polyaniline and lead sulfate are investigated as a possible active material of the aqueous based hybrid asymmetric supercapacitors. The electrochemical characteristics of polyaniline (doping-dedoping reactions), as well as electrical characteristics (specific capacitance, capacity, energy, and power) of the PbSO4|PANI cell, are determined. The cell capacitance, ranging from 216 F g−1 to 230 F g−1 is determined. In the specific current range of 0.3–1.5 A g−1 based on the active masses, the specific energy decrease from 30 to 20 Wh kg−1, while specific power increased from 200 to ∼800 W kg−1. The specific capacity of the cell, slightly decreased from 47 Ah g−1 to 40 Ah g−1 by increasing the specific current. It is estimated that cell will lose 20% of initial capacitance after ∼550 cycles. Based on the estimated specific energy and power, it is suggested that investigated cells could be classified as hydride asymmetric battery type supercapacitors оr “supercapattery” type of electrochemical power sources., Elektrohemijski sintetizovani polipirol i olovo-olovo sulfat ispitani su kao potencijalne elektrode za hibridne superkondenzatore akumulatora tipa u kiselom rastvoru. Pražnjenjem u strujnom opsegu od ~0,6-2,27 A g-1 na bazi aktivnih masa, određene su vrednosti specifični kapaciteti od 90-72 Ah kg-1, energija od 58-40 Wh kg-1 i snaga od 40-1350 W kg-1, sa specifičnom kapacitivnošću ćelije u opsegu od 300-250 F g-1. Sistem pokazuje ponašanje tipa akumulatora pri malim strujama pražnjenja, npr. <0,5 A g-1 i superkondenzatorsko ponašanje pri većom strujama pražnjenja. Procenjeno je da će ćelija izgubiti 20% početnog kapaciteta posle ~ 500-600 ciklusa punjenja i pražnjenja. Elektrohemijski sintetizovani polianilin i olovo sulfat ispitani su kao mogući aktivni materijal hibridnih asimetričnih superkondenzatora. Određene su elektrohemijske karakteristike polianilina (reakcije dopovanja i dedopovanja), kao i električne karakteristike (specifična kapacitivnost, kapacitet, energija i snaga) ćelije. Određuene su kapacitivnosti ćelije, u opsegu od 216 F g-1 do 230 F g-1. Pri strujama pražnjenja u opsegu od 0.3-1.5 A g-1 na osnovu aktivnih masa, specifična energija se smanjuje sa 30 na 20 Wh kg-1, dok se specifična snaga povećana sa 200 na ~ 800 W kg-1. Specifični kapacitet ćelije, malo je smanjen sa 47 Ah g-1 na 40 Ah g-1. Procenjeno je da će ćelija izgubiti 20% početne kapacitivnosti nakon ~550 ciklusa. Na osnovu procenjenih vrednosti specifične energije i snage, predloženo je da ispitane ćelije mogu biti klasifikovane kao asimetrični hibridni superkondenzatori akumulatorskog tipa ili a "superkapabaterijska" vrsta elektrohemijskih izvora energije.

Polypyrrole (PPY) electrode was obtained by electrochemical oxidative polymerization of pyrrole on graphite electrode from aqueous electrolyte containing 0.1 mol dm(-3) pyrrole monomer and 1.0 mol dm(-3) HCl. Polymerization was achieved at the constant current density of 2 mA cm(-2) during 1 h. The estimated active mass of PPY (assuming that the maximal doping degree of 0.33 was achieved and the polymerization efficiency of 100%) was 14 mg. Electrochemical characterization of PPY electrode was performed by galvanostatic experiments of charge (doping) and discharge (dedoping) with different current densities in the range between 0.5 and 1.5 mA cm(-2). The experiments were performed in aqueous electrolyte containing 2.0 mol dm(-3) NH4Cl and 1.1 mol dm(-3) ZnCl2. Based on galvanostatic charge/discharge curves, following parameters of PPY electrode were evaluated: discharge capacity, specific discharge capacity, charge capacity, specific charge capacity, and Columbic efficiency. Both charge and discharge capacities were dependent on charge/discharge currents. The values decreased by increasing charge/discharge current, except for the lowest current density where Columbic efficiency exceeded 100%, which was explained by involvement of cations, from the electrolyte, in the doping process. An electrochemical cell in which PPY electrode served as a cathode and zinc electrode as the anode with an aqueous electrolyte containing 2.0 mol dm(-3) NH4Cl and 1.1 mol dm(-3) ZnCl2, was formed and relevant electrochemical and electrical parameters of the cell were estimated and discussed. Charge of the Zn|PPY cell was dependent on the charge/discharge current. Charge of the cell started between 0.5 and 0.7 V and proceeded up to 1.5 V, while the open circuit voltage of the fully discharged cell was 1.3 V. Specific discharge capacity of Zn|PPY cell, calculated based on discharge times, ranged from 95 to 70 mA h g(-1), decreasing linearly with increasing discharge current density. On the

Polypyrrole (PPY) electrode was obtained by electrochemical oxidative polymerization of pyrrole on graphite electrode from aqueous electrolyte containing 0.1 mol dm(-3) pyrrole monomer and 1.0 mol dm(-3) HCl. Polymerization was achieved at the constant current density of 2 mA cm(-2) during 1 h. The estimated active mass of PPY (assuming that the maximal doping degree of 0.33 was achieved and the polymerization efficiency of 100%) was 14 mg. Electrochemical characterization of PPY electrode was performed by galvanostatic experiments of charge (doping) and discharge (dedoping) with different current densities in the range between 0.5 and 1.5 mA cm(-2). The experiments were performed in aqueous electrolyte containing 2.0 mol dm(-3) NH4Cl and 1.1 mol dm(-3) ZnCl2. Based on galvanostatic charge/discharge curves, following parameters of PPY electrode were evaluated: discharge capacity, specific discharge capacity, charge capacity, specific charge capacity, and Columbic efficiency. Both charge and discharge capacities were dependent on charge/discharge currents. The values decreased by increasing charge/discharge current, except for the lowest current density where Columbic efficiency exceeded 100%, which was explained by involvement of cations, from the electrolyte, in the doping process. An electrochemical cell in which PPY electrode served as a cathode and zinc electrode as the anode with an aqueous electrolyte containing 2.0 mol dm(-3) NH4Cl and 1.1 mol dm(-3) ZnCl2, was formed and relevant electrochemical and electrical parameters of the cell were estimated and discussed. Charge of the Zn|PPY cell was dependent on the charge/discharge current. Charge of the cell started between 0.5 and 0.7 V and proceeded up to 1.5 V, while the open circuit voltage of the fully discharged cell was 1.3 V. Specific discharge capacity of Zn|PPY cell, calculated based on discharge times, ranged from 95 to 70 mA h g(-1), decreasing linearly with increasing discharge current density. On the

There is a strong desire to replace or complement aqueous and organic electrolytes by ionic liquids (ILs) in electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices to achieve high operating voltages and hence high energy capacity. ILs are regarded as the inherent and competitive electrolytes since they were introduced to the electrochemical research community because they can overcome many disadvantages of the conventional aqueous and organic electrolytes, such as narrow potential windows, volatility, and flammability. This paper reviews critically the recent literatures of IL-based electrolytes used in supercapacitor, supercapattery, and micro-supercapacitor. Supercapattery is a generic term for various hybrid devices combining the merits of rechargeable battery and supercapacitor and often shows capacitive behavior. Fundamentals of supercapattery are briefly explained with typical examples. Micro-supercapacitor falls in the same scope of supercapacitor and supercapattery and shares the same fundamental concerns besides topology or structure. The future of IL-based electrolytes for the capacitive EES devices are also prospected.

There is a strong desire to replace or complement aqueous and organic electrolytes by ionic liquids (ILs) in electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices to achieve high operating voltages and hence high energy capacity. ILs are regarded as the inherent and competitive electrolytes since they were introduced to the electrochemical research community because they can overcome many disadvantages of the conventional aqueous and organic electrolytes, such as narrow potential windows, volatility, and flammability. This paper reviews critically the recent literatures of IL-based electrolytes used in supercapacitor, supercapattery, and micro-supercapacitor. Supercapattery is a generic term for various hybrid devices combining the merits of rechargeable battery and supercapacitor and often shows capacitive behavior. Fundamentals of supercapattery are briefly explained with typical examples. Micro-supercapacitor falls in the same scope of supercapacitor and supercapattery and shares the same fundamental concerns besides topology or structure. The future of IL-based electrolytes for the capacitive EES devices are also prospected.

There is a strong desire to replace or complement aqueous and organic electrolytes by ionic liquids (ILs) in electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices to achieve high operating voltages and hence high energy capacity. ILs are regarded as the inherent and competitive electrolytes since they were introduced to the electrochemical research community because they can overcome many disadvantages of the conventional aqueous and organic electrolytes, such as narrow potential windows, volatility, and flammability. This paper reviews critically the recent literatures of IL-based electrolytes used in supercapacitor, supercapattery, and micro-supercapacitor. Supercapattery is a generic term for various hybrid devices combining the merits of rechargeable battery and supercapacitor and often shows capacitive behavior. Fundamentals of supercapattery are briefly explained with typical examples. Micro-supercapacitor falls in the same scope of supercapacitor and supercapattery and shares the same fundamental concerns besides topology or structure. The future of IL-based electrolytes for the capacitive EES devices are also prospected.