Search

Background: Sleep problems in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are highly prevalent, but little information is available on this issue in low- to middle-income countries (LMIC) such as Bangladesh. Therefore, the present study investigated the prevalence and socio-demographic determinants of ASD sleep disturbances in a comparison with typically developing children (TDC). Methods: A cross-sectional interview study was carried out within a total of 446 Bangladeshi mothers, whose children's mean age was 8.1 +/- 2.9 years (151 ASD [8.5 +/- 2.7 years] and 295 TDC [7.9 +/- 2.9 years]); in addition to socio-demographics, the Child Sleep Habit Questionnaire (CSHQ) was used, and a cut-off score of 41 out of 93 points considered as reflecting sleep problems. Results: About 89.7% of the children reported having problems in sleep, with ASD reporting higher frequency vs TDC (94.00% vs 87.50%; chi(2)=4.678, p=0.031). The overall mean CSHQ score was 48.7 +/- 7.6 in total sample, whereas ASD children reported higher scores compared to TDCs (50.9 +/- 8.1 vs 47.5 +/- 7.0, p< 0.001). Similarly, subscales of CSHQ such as sleep duration (4.23 +/- 1.56 vs 3.90 +/- 1.31, p=0.017), sleep anxiety (7.23 +/- 2.05 vs 6.45 +/- 1.92, p< 0.001), night waking (3.82 +/- 1.07 vs 3.17 +/- 1.89, p< 0.001), parasomnias (8.86 +/- 2.06 vs 7.85 +/- 2.27, p< 0.001), and sleep disordered breathing (4.02 +/- 2.92 vs 3.43 +/- 2.07, p=0.014) were more problematic among ASD compared to TDC. Lastly, 28.5% of ASD reported taking sleep-related medications vs 0.3% for TDC (n=1). Conclusion: Bangladeshi ASD children are highly likely to manifest sleep disturbances, which warrant urgent implementation of parental educational and support programs to mitigate the impact of sleep problems in ASD families.

Naznin Sultana,1,2 Md Asaduzzaman,3 Firoj al Mamun,1,4 Ismail Hosen,1,4 Qian Yu,5 Amir H Pakpour,6,7 David Gozal,8 Mohammed A Mamun1,4 1CHINTA Research Bangladesh (Centre for Health Innovation, Networking, Training, Action and Research – Bangladesh), Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 2Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 3Department of Public Health, American International University – Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 4Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 5Exercise Psychophysiology Laboratory, Institute of KEEP Collaborative Innovation, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People’s Republic of China; 6Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; 7Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden; 8Department of Child Health and the Child Health Research Institute, The University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USACorrespondence: Qian YuExercise Psychophysiology Laboratory, Institute of KEEP Collaborative Innovation, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, 518060, People’s Republic of ChinaEmail yuqianmiss@163.comMohammed A MamunCHINTA Research Bangladesh, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, BangladeshTel +880-1738592653Email mamunphi46@gmail.comBackground: Sleep problems in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are highly prevalent, but little information is available on this issue in low- to middle-income countries (LMIC) such as Bangladesh. Therefore, the present study investigated the prevalence and socio-demographic determinants of ASD sleep disturbances in a comparison with typically developing children (TDC).Methods: A cross-sectional interview study was carried out within a total of 446 Bangladeshi mothers, who

Current mobility models for simultaneous mobility have their convolution in designing simultaneous movement where mobile nodes (MNs) travel randomly from the two adjacent cells at the same time and also have their complexity in the measurement of the occurrences of simultaneous handover. Simultaneous mobility problem incurs when two of the MNs start handover approximately at the same time. As Simultaneous mobility is different for the other mobility pattern, generally occurs less number of times in real time; we analyze that a simplified simultaneous mobility model can be considered by taking only symmetric positions of MNs with random steps. In addition to that, we simulated the model using mSCTP and compare the simulation results in different scenarios with customized cell ranges. The analytical results shows that with the bigger the cell sizes, simultaneous handover with random steps occurrences become lees and for the sequential mobility (where initial positions of MNs is predetermined) with random steps, simultaneous handover is more frequent.