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The aim of this investigation is to determine the content of ten elements, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Fe, Zn, As, Cu, Se, and Cd, in pig feed, manure and earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris). Samples were collected during 2015 and 2017, on four pig farms in Serbia, and analyzed for elements by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. According to the mean concentrations, the elements show the following trends: Fe > Mn > Zn > Cr > Ni > Cu > Cd > Se > As > Co in monocalcium phosphate, Zn > Mn > Fe > Cu > Co > Cr > Ni > Se > As > Cd in vitamin-mineral premixes, Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Ni > Cr > Se > Co > As > Cd in complete feed, and Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Ni > Cr > Co > Se > Cd > As in pig manure. The obtained results show that monocalcium phosphate and vitamin-mineral premixes are the main source of Mn, Zn, and Fe in complete feed mixtures. The Cd concentration in one sample of monocalcium phosphate exceeds the maximum permissible level. Only one out of six investigated complete feed mixtures was in accordance with the national and EU regulations. The presence of Fe, Zn, and Mn in earthworms reflects their concentration in pig manure, but this is not noticed for Cr, Cu, Se, As, Ni, Co, and Cd.

The aim of this study was to develop a quadrupole liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method suitable for quantification of synthetic food colors, used as additives or occurring as adulterants in the food or cosmetics industries. Ten colors were validated in terms of limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), precision, trueness and applicability. All tested parameters of the validation were within acceptable values, and the method was comparable to the existing high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC UV-PDA) method.

Ochratoxin A (OTA) and citrinin (CTN) are nephrotoxic mycotoxins often found together in grain. The aim of this study was to measure their accumulation in the kidney and liver of adult male Wistar rats, see how it would be affected by combined treatment, and to determine if resveratrol (RSV) would decrease their levels in these organs. The rats received 125 or 250 mg/kg bw of OTA by gavage every day for 21 days and/or 20 mg/kg bw of CTN a day for two days. Two groups of rats treated with OTA+CTN were also receiving 20 mg/kg bw of RSV a day for 21 days. In animals receiving OTA alone, its accumulation in both organs was dose-dependent. OTA+CTN treatment resulted in lower OTA but higher CTN accumulation in both organs at both OTA doses. RSV treatment increased OTA levels in the kidney and liver and decreased CTN levels in the kidney. Our findings point to the competition between CTN and OTA for organic anion transporters 1 and 3., Okratoksin A(OTA) i citrinin (CTN) nefrotoksični su mikotoksini koji zajednički kontaminiraju žitarice. Cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je izmjeriti koncentraciju OTA-e i CTN-a u bubrezima i jetri štakora, tretiranih tim mikotoksinima, te provjeriti hoće li tretman resveratrolom (RSV) smanjiti koncentraciju mikotoksina u tkivima. Istraživanje je provedeno na mužjacima štakora soja Wistar, koji su 21 dan bili tretirani OTA-om (0,125 i 0,250 mg/kg t. m.), a dva dana CTN-om (20 mg/kg t. m.) ili kombinacijama tih mikotoksina. Dvije skupine štakora koje su tretirane mikotoksinima OTA+CTN dobivale su 21 dan RSV (20 mg/kg t. m.). Povećanje koncentracija OTA-e u bubrezima i jetri bio je u skladu s povećanjem doze. Tretman mikotoksinima OTA+CTN smanjio je nakupljanje OTA-e u bubrezima i jetri, a povećao je koncentraciju CTN-a. Tretman RSV-om povećao je koncentraciju OTA-e u bubrezima i jetri, ali je smanjio koncentraciju CTN-a u bubrezima tretiranih štakora. Koncentracija OTA-e značajno se smanjila u prisutnosti CTN-a, vjerojatno zbog kompeticije CTN-a i OTA-e za prijenosnike OAT1 i 3, koji služe za prijenos tih toksina kroz membrane u bubrezima.

This study examines the effect of season-related heat stress in dams on mineral status, and hematological profile of their calves. Ten Holstein dams (LowT group) were exposed to the 49-day-long period of low air temperature (5.2 ± 0.5 °C) and ten dams (HighT group) were exposed to a 53-day-long high air temperature (27.4 ± 0.4 °C). The dams' blood samples were taken one hour after parturition, while colostrum was sampled at 2, 14, and 26 h after calving. Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Se concentrations were significantly lower while Cu and Co concentrations were significantly higher at least in two examined colostrum sampling points in HighT group. Calf`s blood samples were taken before 1st colostrum intake, and on days 1, 2, 3, and 7 postnatal. Ca, P, Na, K, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Se, and Co were significantly lower while concentration of Mg was significantly higher in calves that originated from HighT group at least at two examined sampling points. Season affected dam's blood mineral status but the pattern was not always the same as in calves, since Na, K, Cu, and Co were significantly higher in HighT group. Calves that originated from HighT group had significantly lower hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV, MCH, and MPV values, as well as neutrophils and monocyte counts, while platelets, eosinophils, basophils, and lymphocyte counts were significantly higher. Season-related heat stress leads to a reduction of the most minerals in both dams' colostrum and calves' blood and certain minerals' deficiencies are linked to impaired calves' hematological adaptation.

Mycotoxins are common natural food contaminants which pose a risk to human and animal health. The cavitation effect is often used to break down harmful materials in a liquid medium. In this study, we used a cavitation effect to reduce the amount of aflatoxins in milk. The results showed a 24.2% reduction in aflatoxin content in milk compared to the control sample. These findings indicate that the cavitation effect could be useful for the degradation of aflatoxin M1 in milk.

Aflatoksini su značajan problem u oblasti bezbednosti hrane i rizika po zdravlje ljudi. Gama zračenje uništava opasne zagađivače u hrani kao što su bakterije, virusi, gljivice, pesticidi i toksini. U ovoj studiji je korišćeno gama zračenje da bi se smanjila količina aflatoksina u mleku. Rezultati su pokazali smanjenje aflatoksina u mleku za 9 % - 35,26 % u poređenju sa kontrolnim uzorkom. Smanjenje koncentracija aflatoksina u mleku nije proporcionalno primenjenoj dozi grama zračenja usled zgrušavanja mleka, Aflatoxins are a significant problem in the field of food safety and risk to human health. Gamma irradiation destroys dangerous contaminants in foods such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, pesticides, and toxins. In this study, we used gamma radiation to reduce the amount of aflatoxins in milk. The results showed a 9 % - 35.26 % reduction of aflatoxin in milk compared to the control sample. Reductions in aflatoxin concentrations in milk are not proportional to the applied dose of grams of radiation due to milk coagulation

Mycotoxins are common natural food contaminants which pose a risk to human and animal health. The cavitation effect is often used to break down harmful materials in a liquid medium. In this study, we used a cavitation effect to reduce the amount of aflatoxins in milk. The results showed a 24.2% reduction in aflatoxin content in milk compared to the control sample. These findings indicate that the cavitation effect could be useful for the degradation of aflatoxin M1 in milk.

This study examines the effect of season-related heat stress in dams on mineral status, and hematological profile of their calves. Ten Holstein dams (LowT group) were exposed to the 49-day-long period of low air temperature (5.2 ± 0.5 °C) and ten dams (HighT group) were exposed to a 53-day-long high air temperature (27.4 ± 0.4 °C). The dams' blood samples were taken one hour after parturition, while colostrum was sampled at 2, 14, and 26 h after calving. Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Se concentrations were significantly lower while Cu and Co concentrations were significantly higher at least in two examined colostrum sampling points in HighT group. Calf`s blood samples were taken before 1st colostrum intake, and on days 1, 2, 3, and 7 postnatal. Ca, P, Na, K, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Se, and Co were significantly lower while concentration of Mg was significantly higher in calves that originated from HighT group at least at two examined sampling points. Season affected dam's blood mineral status but the pattern was not always the same as in calves, since Na, K, Cu, and Co were significantly higher in HighT group. Calves that originated from HighT group had significantly lower hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV, MCH, and MPV values, as well as neutrophils and monocyte counts, while platelets, eosinophils, basophils, and lymphocyte counts were significantly higher. Season-related heat stress leads to a reduction of the most minerals in both dams' colostrum and calves' blood and certain minerals' deficiencies are linked to impaired calves' hematological adaptation.

This study was aimed at the investigation into the influence of polyphenols on fermented sausages produced with and without nitrite addition, during storage which lasted for 280 days. Three types of sausages were produced and formed the three experimental groups: C-the control-sausages of usual composition containing nitrites; N+P-sausages with nitrites and polyphenols; and P-nitrite-free sausages with added polyphenols. The proximate chemical composition of all groups was in the range with that of dry fermented sausages. P sausages contained 0.3 mg nitrites per kg, while C and N+P contained 54.8 mg/kg and 52.2 mg/kg, respectively. Polyphenol-enriched sausages had significantly lower peroxide and TBARS values than C sausages. In all sausages lactic acid bacteria counts reached 8.9-9.9 log cfu/g, but decreased during storage to 4.3-4.8 log cfu/g at the end of the storage period. Micrococcaceae counts remained stable: 3.5-3.9 log cfu/g. In P and N+P sausages a significantly lower number of Pseudomonadaceae was observed than in the control. The lightness of C and P sausages was similar (L=50.2 and L=49.5, respectively), while N+P sausages were darker (L=42.5). C and N+P sausages had similar redness (a∗=14.5 and a∗=13.2, respectively) and yellowness (b∗=5.9 and b∗=6.4, respectively), but the values which correspond to redness and yellowness were lower in P sausages (a∗=8.0 and b∗=4.6). Sensory characteristics of all products were found to be very similar. The flavour of polyphenol-enriched sausages was considered to be better. The most dominant polyphenol in sausages was kaempferol-3-O-glucoside followed by quercetin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, catechin and syringic acid. Nitrite-free polyphenol-enriched sausages reached the same shelf life as conventional sausages containing nitrites did, which is a promising result implying that polyphenols might be used as natural preservatives and nitrite substitutes. Simultaneous use of nitrite and polyphenols is questionable due to t, Cilj ovog rada bio je ispitivanje uticaja polifenola na fermentisane kobasice proizvedene sa ili bez dodatka nitrita za vreme skladištenja od 280 dana. Proizvedena su tri tipa kobasica, od kojih su formirane tri eksperimentalne grupe: C - kontrolna grupa – kobasice uobičajenog sastava koje sadrže nitrite, N+P - kobasice sa nitritima i polifenolima i P - kobasice bez nitrita koje sadrže polifenole. Hemijski sastav svih grupa kobasica bio je u opsegu uobičajenom za fermentisane suve kobasice. P kobasice sadržale su 0,3 mg/kg nitrita, dok su C i N+P sadržale 54,8 mg/kg, odnosno 52,2 mg/kg. Kobasice obogaćene polifenolima imale su značajno manji peroksidni i TBARS broj nego C kobasice. Broj mlečno-kiselinskih bakterija dostigao je 8,9-9,9 log cfu/g, ali je u toku skladištenja opao na 4,3-4,8 log cfu/g posle 280dana u svim grupama kobasica. Broj Micrococcaceae bio je konstantan (3,5-3,9 log cfu/g). Kod P i N+P kobasica utvrđen je značajno niži broj Pseudomonadaceae. C i P kobasice bile su približno jednako svetle (L=50,2,odnosnoL=49,5) dok su N+P kobasice bile tamnije (L=42,5). C i N+P kobasice imale su sličan intenzitet crvne (a*=14,5 odnosno a*=13,2) i žute boje (b*=5,9 odnosno b*=6,4) ali su ove vrednosti bile niže kod P kobasica (a*=8,0 i b*=4,6). Senzorske karakteristike svih proizvoda bile su približno jednako ocenjene. Nešto bolja aroma utvrđena je od kobasica kojima su dodati polifenoli. Najdominantniji polifenol u kobasicama bio je kempferol-3-O-glukozid, a pored njega, bili su utvrđeni kvercetin, luteolin-7-O-glukozid, katehin i siringinska kiselina. Kobasice bez nitrita obogaćene polifenolima postigle su istu održivost kao i uobičajene kobasice koje sadrže nitrite, što predstavlja ohrabrujuće rezultate za mogućnost upotrebe polifenola kao prirodnog konzervansa i zamene za nitrite. Simultana upotreba nitrita i polifenola nije pouzdana zbog interakcija između polifenola i nitrita, što bi trebalo da bude detaljnije istraženo u budućnosti.

Naturally occurring radionuclides and toxic elements are ubiquitous in the environment and can pose a great risk to animals health. Control of these toxic substances in animal diet is essential for animals welfare, human nutrition risk management as well as environmental protection. Our study addresses these issues by determining a content of natural radionuclides (K-40, U-238 and Ra-226), and toxic elements (Cd, Cr, As) in total of 108 samples: 36 monocalcium phosphate, 36 complete feed and 36 pig manure samples that were collected from 6 different commercial farms in the Republic of Serbia. In monocalcium phosphate the content of K-40, U-238 and Ra-226 ranged from 7.6-23.4 Bq kg(-1), 13.2-1778 Bq kg(-1) and 3.6-13.5 Bq kg(-)1, respectively. In complete feed samples, 40K ranged from 170 to 306 Bq kg(-1), U-238 from minimum detectable activity (MDA) to 9.1 Bq kg(-1), and Ra-226 from MDA-5.5 Bq kg(-1), while in pig manure K-40 ranged from 146 to 531 Bq kg(-1), U-238 from MDA-30.1 Bq kg(-1), and Ra-226 from MDA-10 Bq kg(-1). The concentrations of Cd, Cr and As in monocalcium phosphate were 0.26-14.9 mg kg(-1), 10.3-497 mg kg(-1), and 4.2-5.5 mg kg(-1), respectively. In complete feed, the content of Cd, Cr and As ranged from minimum detectable concentration (MDC) - 0.78 mg kg-1, 0.30-7.41 mg kg(-1), and 0.09-0.31 mg kg(-1), respectively. In pig manure Cd, Cr and As ranged from 0.8-2.3 mg kg(-1), 2.3-22.2 mg kg(-1), and 0.51-5.45 mg kg(-1), respectively. The obtained results showed that Cd concentration inmonocalcium phosphate exceeded the maximum permissible legislative concentrations for phosphate additives. Monocalcium phosphate is the main source of U-238 and Cr in complete feed, while Cd derives from other sources. For that reason excessive use of monocalcium phosphate can lead to high levels of these pollutants in complete feed and consequently in manure.

Naturally occurring radionuclides and toxic elements are ubiquitous in the environment and can pose a great risk to animals health. Control of these toxic substances in animal diet is essential for animals welfare, human nutrition risk management as well as environmental protection. Our study addresses these issues by determining a content of natural radionuclides (K-40, U-238 and Ra-226), and toxic elements (Cd, Cr, As) in total of 108 samples: 36 monocalcium phosphate, 36 complete feed and 36 pig manure samples that were collected from 6 different commercial farms in the Republic of Serbia. In monocalcium phosphate the content of K-40, U-238 and Ra-226 ranged from 7.6-23.4 Bq kg(-1), 13.2-1778 Bq kg(-1) and 3.6-13.5 Bq kg(-)1, respectively. In complete feed samples, 40K ranged from 170 to 306 Bq kg(-1), U-238 from minimum detectable activity (MDA) to 9.1 Bq kg(-1), and Ra-226 from MDA-5.5 Bq kg(-1), while in pig manure K-40 ranged from 146 to 531 Bq kg(-1), U-238 from MDA-30.1 Bq kg(-1), and Ra-226 from MDA-10 Bq kg(-1). The concentrations of Cd, Cr and As in monocalcium phosphate were 0.26-14.9 mg kg(-1), 10.3-497 mg kg(-1), and 4.2-5.5 mg kg(-1), respectively. In complete feed, the content of Cd, Cr and As ranged from minimum detectable concentration (MDC) - 0.78 mg kg-1, 0.30-7.41 mg kg(-1), and 0.09-0.31 mg kg(-1), respectively. In pig manure Cd, Cr and As ranged from 0.8-2.3 mg kg(-1), 2.3-22.2 mg kg(-1), and 0.51-5.45 mg kg(-1), respectively. The obtained results showed that Cd concentration inmonocalcium phosphate exceeded the maximum permissible legislative concentrations for phosphate additives. Monocalcium phosphate is the main source of U-238 and Cr in complete feed, while Cd derives from other sources. For that reason excessive use of monocalcium phosphate can lead to high levels of these pollutants in complete feed and consequently in manure.

Naturally occurring radionuclides and toxic elements are ubiquitous in the environment and can pose a great risk to animals health. Control of these toxic substances in animal diet is essential for animals welfare, human nutrition risk management as well as environmental protection. Our study addresses these issues by determining a content of natural radionuclides (K-40, U-238 and Ra-226), and toxic elements (Cd, Cr, As) in total of 108 samples: 36 monocalcium phosphate, 36 complete feed and 36 pig manure samples that were collected from 6 different commercial farms in the Republic of Serbia. In monocalcium phosphate the content of K-40, U-238 and Ra-226 ranged from 7.6-23.4 Bq kg(-1), 13.2-1778 Bq kg(-1) and 3.6-13.5 Bq kg(-)1, respectively. In complete feed samples, 40K ranged from 170 to 306 Bq kg(-1), U-238 from minimum detectable activity (MDA) to 9.1 Bq kg(-1), and Ra-226 from MDA-5.5 Bq kg(-1), while in pig manure K-40 ranged from 146 to 531 Bq kg(-1), U-238 from MDA-30.1 Bq kg(-1), and Ra-226 from MDA-10 Bq kg(-1). The concentrations of Cd, Cr and As in monocalcium phosphate were 0.26-14.9 mg kg(-1), 10.3-497 mg kg(-1), and 4.2-5.5 mg kg(-1), respectively. In complete feed, the content of Cd, Cr and As ranged from minimum detectable concentration (MDC) - 0.78 mg kg-1, 0.30-7.41 mg kg(-1), and 0.09-0.31 mg kg(-1), respectively. In pig manure Cd, Cr and As ranged from 0.8-2.3 mg kg(-1), 2.3-22.2 mg kg(-1), and 0.51-5.45 mg kg(-1), respectively. The obtained results showed that Cd concentration inmonocalcium phosphate exceeded the maximum permissible legislative concentrations for phosphate additives. Monocalcium phosphate is the main source of U-238 and Cr in complete feed, while Cd derives from other sources. For that reason excessive use of monocalcium phosphate can lead to high levels of these pollutants in complete feed and consequently in manure.

This study was aimed at the investigation into the influence of polyphenols on fermented sausages produced with and without nitrite addition, during storage which lasted for 280 days. Three types of sausages were produced and formed the three experimental groups: C-the control-sausages of usual composition containing nitrites; N+P-sausages with nitrites and polyphenols; and P-nitrite-free sausages with added polyphenols. The proximate chemical composition of all groups was in the range with that of dry fermented sausages. P sausages contained 0.3 mg nitrites per kg, while C and N+P contained 54.8 mg/kg and 52.2 mg/kg, respectively. Polyphenol-enriched sausages had significantly lower peroxide and TBARS values than C sausages. In all sausages lactic acid bacteria counts reached 8.9-9.9 log cfu/g, but decreased during storage to 4.3-4.8 log cfu/g at the end of the storage period. Micrococcaceae counts remained stable: 3.5-3.9 log cfu/g. In P and N+P sausages a significantly lower number of Pseudomonadaceae was observed than in the control. The lightness of C and P sausages was similar (L=50.2 and L=49.5, respectively), while N+P sausages were darker (L=42.5). C and N+P sausages had similar redness (a∗=14.5 and a∗=13.2, respectively) and yellowness (b∗=5.9 and b∗=6.4, respectively), but the values which correspond to redness and yellowness were lower in P sausages (a∗=8.0 and b∗=4.6). Sensory characteristics of all products were found to be very similar. The flavour of polyphenol-enriched sausages was considered to be better. The most dominant polyphenol in sausages was kaempferol-3-O-glucoside followed by quercetin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, catechin and syringic acid. Nitrite-free polyphenol-enriched sausages reached the same shelf life as conventional sausages containing nitrites did, which is a promising result implying that polyphenols might be used as natural preservatives and nitrite substitutes. Simultaneous use of nitrite and polyphenols is questionable due to t, Cilj ovog rada bio je ispitivanje uticaja polifenola na fermentisane kobasice proizvedene sa ili bez dodatka nitrita za vreme skladištenja od 280 dana. Proizvedena su tri tipa kobasica, od kojih su formirane tri eksperimentalne grupe: C - kontrolna grupa – kobasice uobičajenog sastava koje sadrže nitrite, N+P - kobasice sa nitritima i polifenolima i P - kobasice bez nitrita koje sadrže polifenole. Hemijski sastav svih grupa kobasica bio je u opsegu uobičajenom za fermentisane suve kobasice. P kobasice sadržale su 0,3 mg/kg nitrita, dok su C i N+P sadržale 54,8 mg/kg, odnosno 52,2 mg/kg. Kobasice obogaćene polifenolima imale su značajno manji peroksidni i TBARS broj nego C kobasice. Broj mlečno-kiselinskih bakterija dostigao je 8,9-9,9 log cfu/g, ali je u toku skladištenja opao na 4,3-4,8 log cfu/g posle 280dana u svim grupama kobasica. Broj Micrococcaceae bio je konstantan (3,5-3,9 log cfu/g). Kod P i N+P kobasica utvrđen je značajno niži broj Pseudomonadaceae. C i P kobasice bile su približno jednako svetle (L=50,2,odnosnoL=49,5) dok su N+P kobasice bile tamnije (L=42,5). C i N+P kobasice imale su sličan intenzitet crvne (a*=14,5 odnosno a*=13,2) i žute boje (b*=5,9 odnosno b*=6,4) ali su ove vrednosti bile niže kod P kobasica (a*=8,0 i b*=4,6). Senzorske karakteristike svih proizvoda bile su približno jednako ocenjene. Nešto bolja aroma utvrđena je od kobasica kojima su dodati polifenoli. Najdominantniji polifenol u kobasicama bio je kempferol-3-O-glukozid, a pored njega, bili su utvrđeni kvercetin, luteolin-7-O-glukozid, katehin i siringinska kiselina. Kobasice bez nitrita obogaćene polifenolima postigle su istu održivost kao i uobičajene kobasice koje sadrže nitrite, što predstavlja ohrabrujuće rezultate za mogućnost upotrebe polifenola kao prirodnog konzervansa i zamene za nitrite. Simultana upotreba nitrita i polifenola nije pouzdana zbog interakcija između polifenola i nitrita, što bi trebalo da bude detaljnije istraženo u budućnosti.

Potrošači danas posvećuju veliku pažnju svim aspektima koji određuju kvalitet života. Među njima je i ishrana, koja nije jedini, ali je sigurno jedan od najznačajnijih faktora koji utiču na zdravlje ljudi. Kako je kupovna moć u rukama potrošača, a oni se sve češće susreću sa različitim bolestima koje se dovode u vezu sa ishranom, njihovi zahtevi za balansiranom, raznovrsnom, bezbednom i zdravijom hranom su glavni inicijatori koji su pokrenuli industriju mesa da se proizvedu novi, ili reformulišu konvencionalni proizvodi kako bi se dobili proizvodi od mesa koji su nutritivno prihvatljiviji, a da se pritom zadrži većina senzorskih i kvalitativnih karakteristika takvih proizvoda. Jedan od trenutno najznačajnijih pristupa u razvoju novih proizvoda od mesa, koji potencijalno mogu da budu funkcionalna hrana, podrazumeva reformulisanje konvencionalnih proizvoda, odnosno smanjen sadržaj masti i poboljšanje masnokiselinskog profila tokom procesa proizvodnje. Cilj ove doktorske disertacije bio je da se proizvedu fermentisane suve kobasice sa smanjenim ili niskim sadržajem masti i poboljšanim masnokiselinskim sastavom, koje bi bile obogaćene prebioticima. Ovakav proizvod imao bi karakteristike funkcionalnih proizvoda od mesa koji poseduju potencijal da ostvare pozitivan uticaj na zdravlje ljudi. Kako bi se formulisale ovakve kobasice, od 25% čvrstog masnog tkiva svinja koje se uobičajeno nalazi u sastavu fermentisanih suvih kobasica, 64% je zamenjeno inulin gel suspenzijom i inulin gel emulzijama biljnih ulja (16% u nadevu kobasice). Za potrebe eksperimenta napravljeno je 5 grupa kobasica: kontrolna grupa (K) koja je bila uobičajenog sastava (35% junećeg mesa, 40% svinjskog mesa i 25% čvrstog masnog tkiva), I grupa kobasica u kojima je čvrsto masno tkivo zamenjeno inulin gel suspenzijom (35% junećeg mesa, 40% svinjskog mesa, 9% čvrstog masnog tkiva i 16% inulin gel suspenzije) i tri grupe kobasica koje su sadržale inulin gel emulziju lanenog ulja (IU), ulja kukuruznih klica (U, Today, consumers pay great attention to all aspects that determine the quality of life. Among them is the diet, which is not the only but certainly is one of the most important factors that affect human health. As purchasing ability is in the hands of consumers, and they are increasingly faced with various diet-related diseases, their demands for balanced, various, safe and healthier food are the main initiators that have influenced the meat industry to produce new, or reformulate conventional products in a way to make them healthier, while retaining the most of sensory and quality characteristics of such products. One of the most important approaches in the development of new meat products, which show the potential to be functional foods, involves the reformulation of conventional products, i.e. reducing fat content and the improvement of the fatty acid profile during the production process. The aim of this doctoral dissertation was to produce dry fermented sausages with reduced or low-fat content and improved fatty acid composition, which would be enriched with prebiotics. Such a product would have the characteristics of functional meat products that posess a potential to provide a positive impact on human health. In order to formulate such sausages, of 25% of pork backfat commonly used in dry fermented sausage production, 64% is replaced with inulin gelled suspension and inulin vegetable oils gelled emulsions (16% in the stuffing). For the experiment purposes, 5 groups of sausages were made: control group (K) with a conventional main ingredients (35% beef, 40% pork and 25% pork backfat), I group of sausages in which pork backfat was replaced with inulin gelled suspension (35% of beef, 40% pork, 9% pork backfat and 16% inulin gelled suspension) and three groups of sausages containing inulin linseed oil (IU), corn oil (UK), and rapeseed oil (UR) gelled emulsions (35% beef, 40% pork, 9% pork backfat and 16% inulin oil gelled emulsion). During the experiment, physico

The selective synthesis of 5,6-dihydropyrimidin-4(3H)-one scaffold (precursor of dihydrouracil) was a very difficult synthetic challenge that, so far, has not been achieved. For the first time, in this paper, green, selective and high-yields approach to 40 novel 5,6-dihydropyrimidin-4(3H)-ones (DHPMs) by one-pot reaction of aldehydes, Meldrum's acid and isothioureas under solvent-free conditions, in the presence of water, since an additive is presented. In the majority of cases, introduced methodology gave an unprecedented tautomer-selective fashion toward targeted compounds with excellent tautomeric purity (>99.9%), which reached 100% in few cases. The molecular structure of the five compounds has been determined by X-ray crystallography. In each one of them, very short length for the corresponding N2-C1 bond was noticed, making them especially interesting from a structural standpoint. This experimental fact can imply a highly localized electron π density in this part of each heterocyclic ring. The obtained experimental results, which are determined from NMR and ESI-MS study, indicate that this Biginelli-type reaction smoothly proceeds in a one-pot mode, pointing to the three-step tandem process, proceeding via the Knoevenagel, aza-Michael, and retro-Diels-Alder reactions. The presented strategy also had the following advantages: reduction amount of waste, excellent values of green chemistry metrics (cEF, EcoScale and GCIS), and it is the first eco-friendly strategy toward the DHPMs scaffold. © Copyright 2018 American Chemical Society.

The selective synthesis of 5,6-dihydropyrimidin-4(3H)-one scaffold (precursor of dihydrouracil) was a very difficult synthetic challenge that, so far, has not been achieved. For the first time, in this paper, green, selective and high-yields approach to 40 novel 5,6-dihydropyrimidin-4(3H)-ones (DHPMs) by one-pot reaction of aldehydes, Meldrum's acid and isothioureas under solvent-free conditions, in the presence of water, since an additive is presented. In the majority of cases, introduced methodology gave an unprecedented tautomer-selective fashion toward targeted compounds with excellent tautomeric purity (>99.9%), which reached 100% in few cases. The molecular structure of the five compounds has been determined by X-ray crystallography. In each one of them, very short length for the corresponding N2-C1 bond was noticed, making them especially interesting from a structural standpoint. This experimental fact can imply a highly localized electron π density in this part of each heterocyclic ring. The obtained experimental results, which are determined from NMR and ESI-MS study, indicate that this Biginelli-type reaction smoothly proceeds in a one-pot mode, pointing to the three-step tandem process, proceeding via the Knoevenagel, aza-Michael, and retro-Diels-Alder reactions. The presented strategy also had the following advantages: reduction amount of waste, excellent values of green chemistry metrics (cEF, EcoScale and GCIS), and it is the first eco-friendly strategy toward the DHPMs scaffold. © Copyright 2018 American Chemical Society.

Ageing affects various physiological and metabolic processes in a body and a progressive accumulation of oxidative damage stands out as often used explanation. One of the most powerful scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in all organs is melatonin. A majority of melatonin supplied to the body via blood originates from the pineal gland. However, we have been interested in a locally produced melatonin. We have used 2.5- and 36-months-old Wistar rats. Tissues were collected and gene expression of AA-NAT and ASMT, the two key enzymes in a synthesis of melatonin, was determined in brain, liver, kidney, heart, skin, and intestine. Since melatonin can influence antioxidant enzymes, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and the level of GSH were measured in liver. In addition, Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), and Manganese (Mn) were also determined in liver since these microelements might affect the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The expression of AA-NAT and ASMT was increased in liver and skin of old animals. A positive correlation in AA-NAT and ASMT expression was observed in liver, intestine and kidney. Moreover, the activity of CAT enzyme in liver was increased while SOD activity was decreased. SOD and CAT were probably affected by the observed decreased amount of Cu, Zn, and Mn in liver of old animals. In our model, extrapineal melatonin pathway in ageing consisted of complex interplay of locally produced melatonin, activities of SOD and CAT, and adequate presence of Cu, Zn and Mn microelements in order to defend organs against oxidative damage.

Prema učešću u ishrani, meso zauzima vodeću poziciju među namirnicama životinjskog porekla. Meso i proizvodi od mesa predstavljaju važan deo ljudske ishrane jer su bogati i pogodni izvori materija neophodnih za normalno funkcionisanje organizma. Poslednjih nekoliko godina raste svest potrošača o konzumiranju "zdravog mesa" pa samim tim i zainteresovanost za alternativne načine uzgoja i proizvodnje svinjskog mesa. Ekstenzivna proizvodnja u Srbiji je uglavnom usmerena na uzgoj jedne od retkih autohtonih rasa svinja - mangulice. U poređenju sa mesom drugih rasa svinja, meso mangulice je tamnije boje, sadrži veći procenat masti, jačeg je mirisa ali je sočnije. Predmet ove doktorske disertacije je određivanje 16 elemenata (natrijum, magnezijum, kalcijum, kalijum, hrom, mangan, gvožđe, kobalt, nikl, bakar, cink, arsen, selen, kadmijum, živa i olovo) u mišićima, jetri i bubrezima intenzivno i ekstenzivno gajenih svinja u Srbiji, kao i u hrani korišćenoj u uzgoju svinja, primenom induktivnokuplovane plazme sa masenim spektrometrom (ICP-MS). Cilj ove studije je da se ispita i uporedi hemijski i mineralni sastav mišića, jetre i bubrega intenzivno (švedski landras) i ekstenzivno (mangulica) uzgajanih svinja u Srbiji da bi se utvrdile međusobne korelacije sadržaja različitih elemenata u tkivima i organima različito gajenih svinja. Studija je pokazala da mangulice imaju više masti, dok je kod landrasa značajno veći sadržaj vode i proteina. Takođe, mineralni sastav različitih mišićnih regija obe vrste svinja se razlikuje. Plećka je mišićna regija sa najviše Fe, Zn i Cu. Utvrđeno je da je sadržaj mikroelemenata kod različito gajenih svinja različit, posebno koncentracija Fe, Zn i Cu, koje su veće kod mišića ekstenzivno gajenih svinja što se može objasniti različitim mineralnim sastavom hrane za svinje, kao i stanjem životne sredine u kojoj su mangulice gajene. Kod makroelemenata dokazano je da mišići i iznutrice ekstenzivno gajenih svinja sadrže veće koncentracije Na. Koncentracij, Meat and meat products are an important part of human nutrition because they are rich and suitable sources of nutrients necessary for normal functioning of the organism. For this reason, meat takes leading position among the food of animal origin. For the past few years, consumers' awareness of the consumption of "healthy meat" has grown, and therefore the interest in alternative ways of breeding and pigs’ meat production. Extensive production in Serbia is mainly focused on the breeding of one of the rare indigenous breeds of pigs - mangulica. Compared to the meat of other pig breeds, the meat of mangulica is darker in color, it contains a higher percentage of fat and stronger odour. However, the consistency of this meat is juicier and more palatable. The aim of this study is to examine and compare the chemical and mineral composition of meat cuts, liver and kidneys of intensively (Swedish landrace) and extensively (mangulica) grown pigs in Serbia in order to determine the correlations between different elements in the tissues and organs of various breeding pigs. This will be accomplished by determination of 16 chemical elements (sodium, magnesium, calcium, potassium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, arsenic, selenium, cadmium, mercury and lead) in muscle, liver and kidneys of intensively and extensively reared pigs in Serbia, as well as in feed used in pig breeding, using inductively coupled plasma with mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). The study showed that mangulicas have more fat, while the landrace has a significantly higher content of water and protein. Also, the mineral composition of different meat cuts of both pigs varies. Shoulder is a meat cut with the highest concentration of Fe, Zn, and Cu. It was found that the concentrations of microelements in differently reared pigs varies, in particular the concentration of Fe, Zn and Cu, which are higher in the muscles of extensively grown pigs. This can be explained by the different mineral comp

Prema učešću u ishrani, meso zauzima vodeću poziciju među namirnicama životinjskog porekla. Meso i proizvodi od mesa predstavljaju važan deo ljudske ishrane jer su bogati i pogodni izvori materija neophodnih za normalno funkcionisanje organizma. Poslednjih nekoliko godina raste svest potrošača o konzumiranju "zdravog mesa" pa samim tim i zainteresovanost za alternativne načine uzgoja i proizvodnje svinjskog mesa. Ekstenzivna proizvodnja u Srbiji je uglavnom usmerena na uzgoj jedne od retkih autohtonih rasa svinja - mangulice. U poređenju sa mesom drugih rasa svinja, meso mangulice je tamnije boje, sadrži veći procenat masti, jačeg je mirisa ali je sočnije. Predmet ove doktorske disertacije je određivanje 16 elemenata (natrijum, magnezijum, kalcijum, kalijum, hrom, mangan, gvožđe, kobalt, nikl, bakar, cink, arsen, selen, kadmijum, živa i olovo) u mišićima, jetri i bubrezima intenzivno i ekstenzivno gajenih svinja u Srbiji, kao i u hrani korišćenoj u uzgoju svinja, primenom induktivnokuplovane plazme sa masenim spektrometrom (ICP-MS). Cilj ove studije je da se ispita i uporedi hemijski i mineralni sastav mišića, jetre i bubrega intenzivno (švedski landras) i ekstenzivno (mangulica) uzgajanih svinja u Srbiji da bi se utvrdile međusobne korelacije sadržaja različitih elemenata u tkivima i organima različito gajenih svinja. Studija je pokazala da mangulice imaju više masti, dok je kod landrasa značajno veći sadržaj vode i proteina. Takođe, mineralni sastav različitih mišićnih regija obe vrste svinja se razlikuje. Plećka je mišićna regija sa najviše Fe, Zn i Cu. Utvrđeno je da je sadržaj mikroelemenata kod različito gajenih svinja različit, posebno koncentracija Fe, Zn i Cu, koje su veće kod mišića ekstenzivno gajenih svinja što se može objasniti različitim mineralnim sastavom hrane za svinje, kao i stanjem životne sredine u kojoj su mangulice gajene. Kod makroelemenata dokazano je da mišići i iznutrice ekstenzivno gajenih svinja sadrže veće koncentracije Na. Koncentracij, Meat and meat products are an important part of human nutrition because they are rich and suitable sources of nutrients necessary for normal functioning of the organism. For this reason, meat takes leading position among the food of animal origin. For the past few years, consumers' awareness of the consumption of "healthy meat" has grown, and therefore the interest in alternative ways of breeding and pigs’ meat production. Extensive production in Serbia is mainly focused on the breeding of one of the rare indigenous breeds of pigs - mangulica. Compared to the meat of other pig breeds, the meat of mangulica is darker in color, it contains a higher percentage of fat and stronger odour. However, the consistency of this meat is juicier and more palatable. The aim of this study is to examine and compare the chemical and mineral composition of meat cuts, liver and kidneys of intensively (Swedish landrace) and extensively (mangulica) grown pigs in Serbia in order to determine the correlations between different elements in the tissues and organs of various breeding pigs. This will be accomplished by determination of 16 chemical elements (sodium, magnesium, calcium, potassium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, arsenic, selenium, cadmium, mercury and lead) in muscle, liver and kidneys of intensively and extensively reared pigs in Serbia, as well as in feed used in pig breeding, using inductively coupled plasma with mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). The study showed that mangulicas have more fat, while the landrace has a significantly higher content of water and protein. Also, the mineral composition of different meat cuts of both pigs varies. Shoulder is a meat cut with the highest concentration of Fe, Zn, and Cu. It was found that the concentrations of microelements in differently reared pigs varies, in particular the concentration of Fe, Zn and Cu, which are higher in the muscles of extensively grown pigs. This can be explained by the different mineral comp

Introduction: Due to the nature of work in pharmacies pharmacists may occur job burnout, which can affect the quality of health services. It is necessary to use validated instruments to test the burnout. One type of instrument is Shirom-Melamed Burnout Questionnaire (SMBQ). Objective: The primary objectives of this work are: cultural adaptation and assessment metric characteristics of SMBQ in a population of pharmacists in Serbia. Alternative objective is evaluate the degree of burnout in the pharmacist population. Methods: For comparison Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) was used. All licensed pharmacists have received an email by the Pharmaceutical Chamber of Serbia, with a link for accessing the questionnaires. The questionnaires were completed by 514 pharmacists. Results and Discussion: Professional translators carried out the translation using translation steps like forward translation and backward translation. Were calculated following metric characteristics: alpha - reliability coefficient Cronbach and associates; beta - the reliability of the first principal component; psi 1 - representativeness; h1 - the homogeneity (the average correlation of scale items), extent of curvature, horizontal (Skewness) and vertical (Kurtosis). Correlations between subscales are examined. Latent structure SMBQ (maximumlikelihud extraction) is examined. To select a number of factors, the method of parallel analysis was used. For calculation number of latent factors the Hull method was applied. Concurrent validity was examined by correlating the results of the questionnaire SMBQ and MBI. To confirm a one factor solution of the scale, factor analysis was used. Conclusion: All methods show that it is best to keep only one factor. SMBQ satisfies theoretical statistical criteria of reliability and validity and can be used to estimate job burnout at pharmacist population.

Ageing affects various physiological and metabolic processes in a body and a progressive accumulation of oxidative damage stands out as often used explanation. One of the most powerful scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in all organs is melatonin. A majority of melatonin supplied to the body via blood originates from the pineal gland. However, we have been interested in a locally produced melatonin. We have used 2.5- and 36-months-old Wistar rats. Tissues were collected and gene expression of AA-NAT and ASMT, the two key enzymes in a synthesis of melatonin, was determined in brain, liver, kidney, heart, skin, and intestine. Since melatonin can influence antioxidant enzymes, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and the level of GSH were measured in liver. In addition, Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), and Manganese (Mn) were also determined in liver since these microelements might affect the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The expression of AA-NAT and ASMT was increased in liver and skin of old animals. A positive correlation in AA-NAT and ASMT expression was observed in liver, intestine and kidney. Moreover, the activity of CAT enzyme in liver was increased while SOD activity was decreased. SOD and CAT were probably affected by the observed decreased amount of Cu, Zn, and Mn in liver of old animals. In our model, extrapineal melatonin pathway in ageing consisted of complex interplay of locally produced melatonin, activities of SOD and CAT, and adequate presence of Cu, Zn and Mn microelements in order to defend organs against oxidative damage.

Innovative, efficient, clean, experimentally simple and environmentally friendly one-pot biocatalytic synthesis of two small libraries of 3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinoxalinones (4a-m) and 3,4-dihydro-1,4-benzoxazin-2-ones (5a, 5b, 5f and 5k-o) by heterocyclization of ethyl 2-hydroxy-4-alkyl(aryl)-4-oxo-2-butenoates (1a-o) or their corresponding salts (1a-o) with o-phenylenediamine (2) or o-aminophenol (3) in lemon juice as a solvent and a catalyst is presented. In all reactions where esters 1a-o are used for 24 h, very good-to-excellent yields were achieved, but the best yield was realized in the synthesis of 5a (97%) from 3 and 1a. The use of enolate salts (1a-o) instead of the corresponding esters 1a-o significantly reduced the reaction time (up to 6 h) and good-to-excellent yields were achieved. Groups with electron-donating or -withdrawing effects at the aromatic ring of the ester did not have significant influences on the yield of targeted products. In addition, several selected 3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinoxalinones and 3,4dihydro-1,4-benzoxazin-2-ones on a gram-scale in the yields up to 92% were synthesized. The presented synthetic strategy has produced smaller amount of waste without by-products and with excellent values of green chemistry metrics (atom efficiency, reaction mass efficiency, E-factor and EcoScale).

Innovative, efficient, clean, experimentally simple and environmentally friendly one-pot biocatalytic synthesis of two small libraries of 3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinoxalinones (4a-m) and 3,4-dihydro-1,4-benzoxazin-2-ones (5a, 5b, 5f and 5k-o) by heterocyclization of ethyl 2-hydroxy-4-alkyl(aryl)-4-oxo-2-butenoates (1a-o) or their corresponding salts (1a-o) with o-phenylenediamine (2) or o-aminophenol (3) in lemon juice as a solvent and a catalyst is presented. In all reactions where esters 1a-o are used for 24 h, very good-to-excellent yields were achieved, but the best yield was realized in the synthesis of 5a (97%) from 3 and 1a. The use of enolate salts (1a-o) instead of the corresponding esters 1a-o significantly reduced the reaction time (up to 6 h) and good-to-excellent yields were achieved. Groups with electron-donating or -withdrawing effects at the aromatic ring of the ester did not have significant influences on the yield of targeted products. In addition, several selected 3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinoxalinones and 3,4dihydro-1,4-benzoxazin-2-ones on a gram-scale in the yields up to 92% were synthesized. The presented synthetic strategy has produced smaller amount of waste without by-products and with excellent values of green chemistry metrics (atom efficiency, reaction mass efficiency, E-factor and EcoScale).

Neodgovarajuće propisivanje lekova starijoj populaciji, povezano sa većim rizikom od koristi, danas se smatra jednim od najvažnijih globalnih problema javnog zdravlja. Stari ljudi kao najveći korisnici lekova, često su podvrgnuti polifarmaciji (simultanoj upotrebi više lekova svakodnevno) i podložniji greškama u primeni lekova, što značajno povećava rizik od ispoljavanja neželjenih dejstava lekova usled čega može doći do ozbiljnih zdravstvenih i socioekonomskih posledica. Glavni ciljevi ovog istraživanja bili su određivanje promenljivih faktora rizika koji doprinose potencijalno neodgovarajućem propisivanju lekova starijim ambulantnim pacijentima (≥65 godina) u primarnoj zdravstvenoj zaštiti definisanom pomođu eksplicitnih i validiranih STOPP (eng. Screening Tool of Older Persons’ Prescriptions) i START (eng. Screening Tool to Alert doctors to Right Treatment) kriterijuma. Shodno zadatim ciljevima, u Službi opšte medicine Doma zdravlja Kragujevac, u periodu septembar 2013. – septembar 2014., istovremeno su sprovedene dve zasebne opservacione studije tipa „slučaj-kontrola“. „Slučajevi“ su definisani kao pacijenti sa najmanje jednim propisanim potencijalno neodgovarajućim lekom (eng. Potentially Inappropriate Medication-PIM) na osnovu STOPP kriterijuma (n=122, studija 1), odnosno pacijenti sa najmanje jednim klinički indikovanim lekom koji je nedostajao u terapiji (eng. Potential Prescribing Omission-PPO) prema START kriterijumima (n=108). Kontrolne grupe činili su pacijenti kod kojih nisu zabeleženi takvi ishodi i koji su pojedinačno upareni sa svakim od „slučajeva“ prema starosti i polu (n=244, studija 1, odnosno n=216, studija 2). Rezultati su ukazali da su loše (nezdrave) životne navike pacijenta koje podrazumevaju najmanje dve od sledećih: sedenterni način života, nepravilnu ishranu, aktivno pušenje ili prekomerno konzumiranje alkohola (korigovani OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.28–5.20), zatim veći broj lekova propisan za redovnu simultanu upotrebu (5–8 lekova: korigovani OR, Inappropriate prescribing to older patients, widely defined as the use of drug therapy with an unfavorable risk-benefit ratio, has emerged as one of the most important global problems facing public health. Such a judgment reflects a well-known fact that older people are not only the largest users of drugs frequently subjected to polypharmacy (i.e., multiple medications), but they are also more vulnerable to medication errors and adverse drug events responsible for the serious health and socioeconomic consequences. Aim of this research was to determine modifiable risk factors contributing to potentially inappropriate prescribing in older primary care outpatients (≥65 years). Two separate, age- and sex-matched case-control studies were carried out simultaneously at the Primary Health Care Center Kragujevac, Serbia, during the period September 2013 – September 2014. The cases were defined as patients with at least one prescription for potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) according to STOPP criteria (n=122), and patients who had at least one potential prescribing omission (PPO) listed in START criteria (n=108), while the control groups consisted of patients without such outcomes (=n244 and n=216, respectively). Results showed that the unhealthy behaviors including at least two of the following: sedentary lifestyle, improper nutrition, active smoking or heavy alcohol consumption (adjusted OR 2.57, 95%CI 1.28-5.20), use of multiple drugs (5-8 drugs adjusted OR 3.05, 95%CI 1.59- 5.85; ≥9 of drugs adjusted OR 7.17, 95%CI 3.07-16.74) and frequent contacts between patients chosen general practitioners (GPs) and pharmaceutical sales representatives (adjusted OR 2.28, 95%CI 1.10-4.75), were identified as major risk factors for PIM use. Patients who were handled by GPs from smaller practices (adjusted OR 0.51, 95%CI 0.29-0.93), those with more organ systems affected by the extremely severe disorders and those who often visited the outpatient specialist services (

Neodgovarajuće propisivanje lekova starijoj populaciji, povezano sa većim rizikom od koristi, danas se smatra jednim od najvažnijih globalnih problema javnog zdravlja. Stari ljudi kao najveći korisnici lekova, često su podvrgnuti polifarmaciji (simultanoj upotrebi više lekova svakodnevno) i podložniji greškama u primeni lekova, što značajno povećava rizik od ispoljavanja neželjenih dejstava lekova usled čega može doći do ozbiljnih zdravstvenih i socioekonomskih posledica. Glavni ciljevi ovog istraživanja bili su određivanje promenljivih faktora rizika koji doprinose potencijalno neodgovarajućem propisivanju lekova starijim ambulantnim pacijentima (≥65 godina) u primarnoj zdravstvenoj zaštiti definisanom pomođu eksplicitnih i validiranih STOPP (eng. Screening Tool of Older Persons’ Prescriptions) i START (eng. Screening Tool to Alert doctors to Right Treatment) kriterijuma. Shodno zadatim ciljevima, u Službi opšte medicine Doma zdravlja Kragujevac, u periodu septembar 2013. – septembar 2014., istovremeno su sprovedene dve zasebne opservacione studije tipa „slučaj-kontrola“. „Slučajevi“ su definisani kao pacijenti sa najmanje jednim propisanim potencijalno neodgovarajućim lekom (eng. Potentially Inappropriate Medication-PIM) na osnovu STOPP kriterijuma (n=122, studija 1), odnosno pacijenti sa najmanje jednim klinički indikovanim lekom koji je nedostajao u terapiji (eng. Potential Prescribing Omission-PPO) prema START kriterijumima (n=108). Kontrolne grupe činili su pacijenti kod kojih nisu zabeleženi takvi ishodi i koji su pojedinačno upareni sa svakim od „slučajeva“ prema starosti i polu (n=244, studija 1, odnosno n=216, studija 2). Rezultati su ukazali da su loše (nezdrave) životne navike pacijenta koje podrazumevaju najmanje dve od sledećih: sedenterni način života, nepravilnu ishranu, aktivno pušenje ili prekomerno konzumiranje alkohola (korigovani OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.28–5.20), zatim veći broj lekova propisan za redovnu simultanu upotrebu (5–8 lekova: korigovani OR, Inappropriate prescribing to older patients, widely defined as the use of drug therapy with an unfavorable risk-benefit ratio, has emerged as one of the most important global problems facing public health. Such a judgment reflects a well-known fact that older people are not only the largest users of drugs frequently subjected to polypharmacy (i.e., multiple medications), but they are also more vulnerable to medication errors and adverse drug events responsible for the serious health and socioeconomic consequences. Aim of this research was to determine modifiable risk factors contributing to potentially inappropriate prescribing in older primary care outpatients (≥65 years). Two separate, age- and sex-matched case-control studies were carried out simultaneously at the Primary Health Care Center Kragujevac, Serbia, during the period September 2013 – September 2014. The cases were defined as patients with at least one prescription for potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) according to STOPP criteria (n=122), and patients who had at least one potential prescribing omission (PPO) listed in START criteria (n=108), while the control groups consisted of patients without such outcomes (=n244 and n=216, respectively). Results showed that the unhealthy behaviors including at least two of the following: sedentary lifestyle, improper nutrition, active smoking or heavy alcohol consumption (adjusted OR 2.57, 95%CI 1.28-5.20), use of multiple drugs (5-8 drugs adjusted OR 3.05, 95%CI 1.59- 5.85; ≥9 of drugs adjusted OR 7.17, 95%CI 3.07-16.74) and frequent contacts between patients chosen general practitioners (GPs) and pharmaceutical sales representatives (adjusted OR 2.28, 95%CI 1.10-4.75), were identified as major risk factors for PIM use. Patients who were handled by GPs from smaller practices (adjusted OR 0.51, 95%CI 0.29-0.93), those with more organ systems affected by the extremely severe disorders and those who often visited the outpatient specialist services (

Concentrations of cadmium (Cd) were measured in leg muscle and liver of pheasants (n=316) from 23 different Serbian regions under the Serbian National Residue Monitoring Program during 2013-2015. Levels of Cd in pheasant tissues were determined by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Most of the pheasants examined had Cd in their tissues. In the third year of the residue monitoring program, the Cd concentrations detected in leg muscles were nearly double the levels detected in the first year. The highest Cd levels in muscles were measured in pheasants from Podunavlje, Macva and Zlatibor districts. All leg muscle samples had Cd concentrations below permitted maximum residue levels (MRL=0.05 m kg-1). However, fifteen liver samples had Cd levels that exceeded the permitted MRL (0.50 mg kg-1). The number of non-compliant pheasant liver samples increased over the years. The lowest mean Cd level in pheasant livers was measured in birds from Morava district (0.035 mg kg-1), while the highest was in birds from Branicevo district (0.574 mg kg-1). This monitoring program shows that the Cd levels measured in pheasants, which are suitable bioindicators of environmental pollution, indicate that environmental pollution with Cd is increasing.

The aim of this study was to determine the amount of histamine in canned fish samples collected from Belgrade retail stores using ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry. In addition, the established levels were compared with the maximum levels set by US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Union (EU) in order to assess the risk of this toxic biogenic amine to the city population. Histamine was detected in 54.07% of analyzed canned fish, in concentrations ranging from 5 to 420 mg/kg with a mean level of 60.91 mg/kg. In canned tuna, histamine levels ranged from 6 to 420 mg/kg, while in canned mackerel the concentrations ranged from 5 to 121 mg/kg. Also, the mean histamine level in canned tuna was higher than in canned mackerel (mean values were 60.91 mg/kg and 42.94 mg/kg, respectively). Among the tested canned fish, 20% of samples had higher histamine levels than the maximum level prescribed by the FDA (histamine levels >50 mg/kg), indicating definite decomposition of the fish. Histamine levels lower than 10 mg/kg were found in 51.48% of canned fish, which indicated good-quality fish products. Only 6.67% of examined production lots of canned fish had histamine levels above the regulatory limit according to the EU standard.

Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the role of IL-33/ST2 pathway in a pathogenesis of acute inflammation and its effects on tissue damage, antioxidative capacity, magnesium concentration and cytokine profile in acutely inflamed tissue. Material and methods: Male mice were randomly divided in four groups: wild-type control group (WT-C), ST2 knockout control group (KO-C), wild-type inflammatory group (WT-I), and ST2 knockout inflammatory group (KO-I). Acute inflammation was induced in WT-I and KO-I by intramuscular injection of turpentine oil, while mice in WT-C and KO-C were treated with saline. After 12 h, animals were euthanized, and blood was collected for determination of creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate transaminase (AST) activity. The treated tissue was used for histopathological analysis, determination of volume density of inflammatory infiltrate (Vdii) and necrotic fiber (Vdnf), gene expression of interleukin (IL)-33, ST2, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-6, IL-12p35, and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), concentration of magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), selenium (Se), manganese (Mn) and reduced glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity. Results: Presence of inflammatory infiltration and necrosis in the treated tissue was histopathologically confirmed in WT-I and KO-I. Vdii was significantly higher in WT-I when compared to KO-I, whereas Vdnf did not significantly differ between WT-I and KO-I. CM and AST significantly increased in both inflammatory groups when compared to corresponding control groups. However, the values of CK and AST were significantly higher in WT-I than in KO-I. Mg in the treated tissue was significantly lower in WT-I in comparison to WT-C and KO-I, while there was no significant difference between KO-C and KO-I. There was no significant difference in Cu, Se, and Mn in the treated tissue between WT-C, KO-C, WT-I and KO-I. Gene expression of IL -33 in the treated tis

The aim of this study was to determine the amount of histamine in canned fish samples collected from Belgrade retail stores using ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry. In addition, the established levels were compared with the maximum levels set by US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Union (EU) in order to assess the risk of this toxic biogenic amine to the city population. Histamine was detected in 54.07% of analyzed canned fish, in concentrations ranging from 5 to 420 mg/kg with a mean level of 60.91 mg/kg. In canned tuna, histamine levels ranged from 6 to 420 mg/kg, while in canned mackerel the concentrations ranged from 5 to 121 mg/kg. Also, the mean histamine level in canned tuna was higher than in canned mackerel (mean values were 60.91 mg/kg and 42.94 mg/kg, respectively). Among the tested canned fish, 20% of samples had higher histamine levels than the maximum level prescribed by the FDA (histamine levels >50 mg/kg), indicating definite decomposition of the fish. Histamine levels lower than 10 mg/kg were found in 51.48% of canned fish, which indicated good-quality fish products. Only 6.67% of examined production lots of canned fish had histamine levels above the regulatory limit according to the EU standard.

Concentrations of cadmium (Cd) were measured in leg muscle and liver of pheasants (n=316) from 23 different Serbian regions under the Serbian National Residue Monitoring Program during 2013-2015. Levels of Cd in pheasant tissues were determined by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Most of the pheasants examined had Cd in their tissues. In the third year of the residue monitoring program, the Cd concentrations detected in leg muscles were nearly double the levels detected in the first year. The highest Cd levels in muscles were measured in pheasants from Podunavlje, Macva and Zlatibor districts. All leg muscle samples had Cd concentrations below permitted maximum residue levels (MRL=0.05 m kg-1). However, fifteen liver samples had Cd levels that exceeded the permitted MRL (0.50 mg kg-1). The number of non-compliant pheasant liver samples increased over the years. The lowest mean Cd level in pheasant livers was measured in birds from Morava district (0.035 mg kg-1), while the highest was in birds from Branicevo district (0.574 mg kg-1). This monitoring program shows that the Cd levels measured in pheasants, which are suitable bioindicators of environmental pollution, indicate that environmental pollution with Cd is increasing.

Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the role of the IL-33/ST2 pathway in pathogenesis of acute inflammation by investigating its possible role in alteration of iron and hematological parameters in experimental model of acute inflammation. Material and methods: Wild-type and ST2 knockout BALB/c mice were divided into four groups: wild-type control group, ST2-/- control group, wild-type inflammatory group, and ST2-/- inflammatory group. Acute inflammation was induced by intramuscular injection of turpentine oil, while control groups were injected with saline. After 12 h animals were anesthetized, and the treated tissue, blood and spleen were collected. Iron concentration in the treated tissue, hemoglobin blood concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), hematocrit, erythrocyte, neutrophil and lymphocyte blood count, and erythrocytes percentage in spleen were determined. Results: Iron concentration in the treated tissue was significantly higher in wild-type inflammatory group (WT-I) when compared to both, the wild-type control group (WT-C) and ST2-/- inflammatory group (KO-I). There was no significant difference in iron concentration between ST2-/- control group (KO-C) and the KO-I. MCH had significantly decreased in WT-I when compared to WT-C, while there was no significant difference between KO-C and KO-I. Hemoglobin blood concentration significantly increased in KO-I in comparison to KO-C, while it did not significantly differ between WT-I and KO-I. Erythrocyte count and hematocrit had significantly increased, while the percentage of erythrocytes in spleen decreased in both inflammatory groups when compared to their controls. Neutrophil count significantly decreased in WT-I, when compared to WT-C. Lymphocyte count decreased in both inflammatory groups when compared to their controls. Conclusion: Results of this study indicate that the IL-33/ST2 axis could have a role in the alteration of iron in acute inflammation, namely in an increase of iron concentra

Utvrđivanje značajnih faktora rizika za nastanak okluzije grafta kod femoropoplitealnog bajpasa. METODE. Retrospektivnom studijom tipa slučaj-kontrola obuhvaćeni su pacijenti kod kojih je urađen femoropoplitealni bajpas zbog arterijske bolesti donjih ekstremiteta od 2008. do 2011.godine u Kliničkom centru Kragujevac, Srbija. Slučajevi(n35) su bili pacijenti sa okluzijom grafta nakon femoropoplitealnog bajpasa, koja je zahtevali hiruršku intervenciju. Kontrolnu grupu (n70) činili su pacijenti bez okluzije grafta. Slučajevi i kontrole su usklađeni prema polu i starosti. REZULTATI. Značajan uticaj na okluziju grafta utvrđen je za vrstu femoropoplitealnog bajpasa, vrstu grafta, kardiovaskularna oboljenja, prethodne vaskularne postupke i preoperativni stadijum bolesti po Raderfordu. Značajan sinergistički uticaj utvrđen je za kombinaciju vrste bajpasa I vrste grafta, vrste grafta i prethodnih vaskularnih postupaka, vrste bajpasa i kardiovaskularnih oboljenja, vrste grafta I kardiovaskularnih oboljenja, vrste grafta I preoperativnog stadijuma bolesti po Raderfordu, vrste bajpasa i preoperativnog stadijuma bolesti po Raderfordu. Zaključci. Rezultat naše studije ukazuje da prateća kardiovaskularna oboljenja i uznapredovalost vaskularne bolesti treba uzeti u razmatranje zajedno sa vrstom grafta i operativnom procedurom kada se planira femoropoplitealni bajpas kod pacijenata sa vaskularnom bolešću donjih ekstremiteta., To identify significant risk factors for femoropopliteal bypass graft occlusions. METHODS. A retrospective case-control study included patients who had undergone femoropopliteal bypass due to lower extremity arterial disease at the Clinical Centre Kragujevac, Serbia, between 2008. and 2011. The cases (n  35) were patients with femoropopliteal bypass graft occlusion which required surgical intervention. The control group (n  70) consisted of patients without graft occlusion. The cases and controls were age and sex matched. RESULTS. Significant impact on graft occlusion was found for the form of femoropopliteal bypass, type of graft, cardiovascular disease, previous vascular procedures, preoperative disease stage according to Rutherford. A significant synergistic effect on graft occlusion was observed for the combination of form of bypass and type of graft, combination of type of graft and previous vascular procedures, combination of form of bypass and cardiovascular diseases, combination of type of graft and cardiovascular diseases, combination of type of graft and preoperative disease stage, and combination of form of bypass and preoperative disease stage. CONCLUSIONS. The results of our study suggest that concomitant cardiovascular diseases and severity of the vascular disease itself should always be taken into account together with type of the graft and type of the operative procedure when planning femoropopliteal bypass in a patient with lower extremity vascular disease.

The aim of this paper is to assess the closeness of agreement between results of ELISA and LC-MS/MS methods for determination of aflatoxin B-1 in corn and aflatoxin M-1 in milk. Samples of corn (n=100) and milk (n=250) were simultaneously analyzed using ELISA and LC-MS/MS methods, after the severe drought that affected Serbia in summer 2012 resulting in occurrence of aflatoxin B1 in corn and aflatoxin M-1 in milk. Regression analysis showed higher level of agreement between aflatoxin B-1 samples (R2=0.994), compared to aflatoxin M-1 samples (r(2)=0.920). However, both techniques were satisfactory in meeting the requirements for official control purposes.

Mackerel is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, but this fish may be contaminated with environmental pollutants. The aim of this study was to evaluate concentrations of non-dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyls (ndl-PCBs) in 160 samples of mackerel available on the Serbian market. Average and maximum ndl-PCB concentrations were 7.9 ng/g and 74 ng/g, respectively. A higher average level of ndl-PCBs was found in mackerel from Spain, but this was still three times lower than the permitted level. We conclude that levels of ndl-PCBs in mackerel available on the Serbian market are acceptable.

The aim of this paper is to assess the closeness of agreement between results of ELISA and LC-MS/MS methods for determination of aflatoxin B-1 in corn and aflatoxin M-1 in milk. Samples of corn (n=100) and milk (n=250) were simultaneously analyzed using ELISA and LC-MS/MS methods, after the severe drought that affected Serbia in summer 2012 resulting in occurrence of aflatoxin B1 in corn and aflatoxin M-1 in milk. Regression analysis showed higher level of agreement between aflatoxin B-1 samples (R2=0.994), compared to aflatoxin M-1 samples (r(2)=0.920). However, both techniques were satisfactory in meeting the requirements for official control purposes.

Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the role of the IL-33/ST2 pathway in pathogenesis of acute inflammation by investigating its possible role in alteration of iron and hematological parameters in experimental model of acute inflammation. Material and methods: Wild-type and ST2 knockout BALB/c mice were divided into four groups: wild-type control group, ST2-/- control group, wild-type inflammatory group, and ST2-/- inflammatory group. Acute inflammation was induced by intramuscular injection of turpentine oil, while control groups were injected with saline. After 12 h animals were anesthetized, and the treated tissue, blood and spleen were collected. Iron concentration in the treated tissue, hemoglobin blood concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), hematocrit, erythrocyte, neutrophil and lymphocyte blood count, and erythrocytes percentage in spleen were determined. Results: Iron concentration in the treated tissue was significantly higher in wild-type inflammatory group (WT-I) when compared to both, the wild-type control group (WT-C) and ST2-/- inflammatory group (KO-I). There was no significant difference in iron concentration between ST2-/- control group (KO-C) and the KO-I. MCH had significantly decreased in WT-I when compared to WT-C, while there was no significant difference between KO-C and KO-I. Hemoglobin blood concentration significantly increased in KO-I in comparison to KO-C, while it did not significantly differ between WT-I and KO-I. Erythrocyte count and hematocrit had significantly increased, while the percentage of erythrocytes in spleen decreased in both inflammatory groups when compared to their controls. Neutrophil count significantly decreased in WT-I, when compared to WT-C. Lymphocyte count decreased in both inflammatory groups when compared to their controls. Conclusion: Results of this study indicate that the IL-33/ST2 axis could have a role in the alteration of iron in acute inflammation, namely in an increase of iron concentra

Contemporary pharmacotherapy is based on a large number of very different therapeutic gents, and a widespread polypharmacy can lead that drugs interact among themselves i sense of augmentation or attenuation effects. Despite of thousands of published studies n drug interactions, a relatively small number is clinical important. Therefore, the importance of drug interactions primarily involves the knowledge or prediction of those situations when possible interactions have clinical important implications, as well as knowledge of measures which should be taken in that case for their avoidance or selection of safer, alternative treatment. To predict and control the possible consequences during co-administration of two or more drugs, besides knowledge on the pharmacological mechanisms involved in the occurrence of drug interactions, it is also necessary knowing the most vulnerable groups of patients as well as high-risk drugs. The aim of the study was to identify the frequency and type of potential drug-drug interactions (pDD Is) in ambulatory patients of the Health center Novi Sad, as well as to establish the predictive role of risk factors, those which are patient characteristics and those which are therapy characteristics for exposure to pDDIs. Cross sectional study was conducted. The analysis randomly included 10percents outpatients with polypharmacy (n=4467) who visited the Health center Novi Sad over I-month period (November1 -30, 2011). All drug combinations with potential for interactions were identified. Slightly more than 50percents of the patients at the Health center were exposed to pDDIs, and approximately 60 percents exposed patients had at least one clinical significant potential drug -drug interaction. Risk for exposure to pDDIs was increased by patient age and number of morbidity. Metabolic, circulatory, mental, nervous, diseases of respiratory an genitourinary system were predictors, while the gender was not risk factor for exposure o potential interacti

Crataegus nigra, crni glog, može biti žbun ili nisko drvo. Njegovo stanište su plavni, aluvijalni tereni kraj većih reka u Mađarskoj, Srbiji, Hrvatskoj. Sam rod Crataegus je vrlo bogat vrstama i mnoge od njih su detaljno fitohemijski i farmakološki ispitivane. Hemijskom karakterizacijom različitih vrsta roda Crataegus je utvrđeno prisustvo flavonoida, flavonoidnih glikozida, procijanidina, dok su farmakološka ispitivanja pokazala kardioprotektivno, antioksidativno, antimikrobno, gastroprotektivno delovanje. Međutim u dosadašnjim ispitivanjima vrste Crataegus nigra istraživanja su bila usmerena samo na botaničke i morfološke karakteristike. U literaturi nema podataka o hemijskom sastavu i farmakološkim osobinama ove vrste. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se odredi hemijski profil ove vrste gloga, kao i utvrđivanje biološke aktivnosti i farmakoloških efekata vodeno-etanolnog ekstrakta plodova C. nigra. Za predviđene analize pripremljen je ekstrakt plodova C. nigra sa 80% etanolom. Primenom referentne metodologije određen je sadržaj ukupnih fenola, flavonoida i procijanidina. Izvršena je identifikacija fenolnih jedinjenja pomoću 45 standardnih supstanci. U in vitro uslovima primenom DPPH testa određena je antioksidativna aktivnost ekstrakta. Ispitivanje farmakoloških efekata sprovedeno je primenom odgovarajućih metodologija pri čemu je određivan anksiolitički, hipnotički efekat i antimikrobna aktivnost etanolnog ekstrakta plodova crnog gloga., Crataegus nigra, black hawthorn, may grow either into shrubs or small trees. Its habitat is the alluvial flood plain along the larger rivers in Hungary, Serbia and Croatia. The genus Crataegus is very rich in species and many of them have been phytochemically and pharmacologically examined thoroughly. Chemical characterization of different species of Crataegus has revealed the presence of flavonoids, flavonoid glycoside, procyanidins, while pharmacological analysis has shown cardioprotective, antioxidative, antimicrobial, gastroprotective effects. However, the previous studies in Crataegus nigra species were focused only on botanical and morphological characteristics. In the literature, there is no data concerning the chemical composition and pharmacological properties of this species. The aim of this research is to determine the chemical profile of this hawthorn species, as well as to determine the biological activity and pharmacological effects of water-ethanol extracts of C. nigra fruits. For the planned analysis, C.nigra fruit extract was prepared in 80% ethanol. Applying reference methodology, the total content of phenols, flavonoids and procyanidins was determined. Phenolic compounds were identified using 45 standard substances. In vitro, antioxidant activity of the extract was determined using DPPH test. Studies on the pharmacological effects were carried out using appropriate methodologies while assessing anxiolytic effect, hypnotic effect and antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extract of black hawthorn fruit. The research findings showed the dominant presence of flavonoid glycosides, among which rutin, isoquercetin and hyperoside stand out by their quantity. The presence of numerous phenolic compounds and procyianidins was proved. The studied extract showed antioxidant effect. When compared with the examined standards (BHT, BHA and quercetin) it was weaker, but it ranked equal in antioxidant activities to other hawthorn species. C.nigra fruit ethanol ext

Cilj ove disertacije bio je da se ispita zastupljenost i tok kontaminacije kukuruza aflatoksinom B1 (AfB1, kao i obim i tok posledi;nog nalaza njegovog metabolita aflatoksina M1 (AfM1)u mleku, nakon ekstremne suše koja je u leto 2012pogodila jugoistočnu Evropu i Balkansko poluostrvo..., The aim of this doctoral dissertation is to investigate magnitude and course of maize contamination with aflatoxin B1 (AfB1), as well as magnitude and course of the findings of its metabolite - aflatoxin M1 (AfM1)in milk, after extreme drought that affected south-eastern Europe and Balkans...

In this work there was investigated the influence of selenium and deodinases blockers on juvenile rats body weight during three months. The experiment was carried out on 64 rats divided into eight groups with eight individual animals per group. Following groups were formed: 1. Se+PTU-IA- (control group), 2. Se+PTU+IA+, 3. Se+PTU+IA-, 4. Se+P-TU-IA+, 5. Se-PTU-IA-, 6. Se-PTU+IA+, 7. Se-PTU+IA- and 8. Se-PTU-IA+. The groups labeled (Se+) were selenium adequate and they were fed with food that contained 0.334 mg Se/kg. The groups labeled (Se-) were selenium deficient and obtained food with 0.031 mg Se/kg. As deiodinases blockers there were used propylthiouracil (PTU+) in a dose of 150 mg/L of drinking water and iopanoic acid (IA+) in a dose of 6 mg/100 g TM intraperitoneally. Body weight of experimental rats was measured every seven days. After three weeks of treatment there were taken blood samples of animals from all experimental groups and following parameters were determined: selenium concentration in blood, thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH) in blood plasma. Analysis of the samples showed that the animals from the groups treated with PTU had lower body weight in regard to the control group, as well as lower concentration of T3 and T4 in plasma. Selenium deficient rats had lower average body weight compared to the selenium adequate ones after three weeks, but there were no differences in thyroid hormones concentration. The lowest average body weight was noticed in selenium deficient rats groups treated with PTU., U okviru ogleda je ispitivan uticaj selena i blokatora dejodinaza na telesnu masu juvenilnih pacova tokom tri nedelje. Ogled je izveden na 64 pacova podeljenih u osam grupa od po 8 jedinki. Formirane su sledeće grupe: 1. Se+PTU-IA- (kontrolna grupa), 2. Se+PTU+IA+, 3. Se+PTU+IA-, 4. Se+PTU-IA+, 5. Se-PTU-IA-, 6. Se-PTU+IA+, 7. Se-PTU+IA- i 8. Se-PTU-IA+. Grupe sa oznakom (Se+) su bile selenadekvatne i dobijale su hranu koja je sadržala 0,334 mg Se/kg hrane. Grupe sa oznakom (Se-) su bile selendeficitne i dobijale su 0,031 mg mg Se/kg hrane. Kao blokatori dejodinaza su korišćeni propiltiouracil (PTU+) u dozi od 150 mg/L vode za piće i jopanoična kiselina (IA+) u dozi od 6 mg/100g t.m. intraperitonealno. Telesna masa oglednih pacova je merena svakih sedam dana. Nakon tri nedelje tretmana uzeti su uzorci krvi životinja iz svih oglednih grupa i određivani su sledeći parametri: koncentracja selena u punoj krvi, tiroksin (T4), trijodtironin (T3) i tireostimulirajući hormon (TSH) u krvnoj plazmi. Analiza je pokazala da su jedinke iz grupe tretiranih sa PTU imale nižu telesnu masu u odnosu na kontrolnu, kao i nižu koncentraciju T3 i T4 u plazmi. Selendeficitni pacovi su nakon tri nedelje imali nižu prosečnu telesnu masu u odnosu na selenadekvatne, ali nisu uočene razlike u koncentraciji tireoidnih hormona. Najniža prosečna telesna masa zabeležena je kod selendeficitnih grupa pacova tretiranih sa PTU.

In this work there was investigated the influence of selenium and deodinases blockers on juvenile rats body weight during three months. The experiment was carried out on 64 rats divided into eight groups with eight individual animals per group. Following groups were formed: 1. Se+PTU-IA- (control group), 2. Se+PTU+IA+, 3. Se+PTU+IA-, 4. Se+P-TU-IA+, 5. Se-PTU-IA-, 6. Se-PTU+IA+, 7. Se-PTU+IA- and 8. Se-PTU-IA+. The groups labeled (Se+) were selenium adequate and they were fed with food that contained 0.334 mg Se/kg. The groups labeled (Se-) were selenium deficient and obtained food with 0.031 mg Se/kg. As deiodinases blockers there were used propylthiouracil (PTU+) in a dose of 150 mg/L of drinking water and iopanoic acid (IA+) in a dose of 6 mg/100 g TM intraperitoneally. Body weight of experimental rats was measured every seven days. After three weeks of treatment there were taken blood samples of animals from all experimental groups and following parameters were determined: selenium concentration in blood, thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH) in blood plasma. Analysis of the samples showed that the animals from the groups treated with PTU had lower body weight in regard to the control group, as well as lower concentration of T3 and T4 in plasma. Selenium deficient rats had lower average body weight compared to the selenium adequate ones after three weeks, but there were no differences in thyroid hormones concentration. The lowest average body weight was noticed in selenium deficient rats groups treated with PTU., U okviru ogleda je ispitivan uticaj selena i blokatora dejodinaza na telesnu masu juvenilnih pacova tokom tri nedelje. Ogled je izveden na 64 pacova podeljenih u osam grupa od po 8 jedinki. Formirane su sledeće grupe: 1. Se+PTU-IA- (kontrolna grupa), 2. Se+PTU+IA+, 3. Se+PTU+IA-, 4. Se+PTU-IA+, 5. Se-PTU-IA-, 6. Se-PTU+IA+, 7. Se-PTU+IA- i 8. Se-PTU-IA+. Grupe sa oznakom (Se+) su bile selenadekvatne i dobijale su hranu koja je sadržala 0,334 mg Se/kg hrane. Grupe sa oznakom (Se-) su bile selendeficitne i dobijale su 0,031 mg mg Se/kg hrane. Kao blokatori dejodinaza su korišćeni propiltiouracil (PTU+) u dozi od 150 mg/L vode za piće i jopanoična kiselina (IA+) u dozi od 6 mg/100g t.m. intraperitonealno. Telesna masa oglednih pacova je merena svakih sedam dana. Nakon tri nedelje tretmana uzeti su uzorci krvi životinja iz svih oglednih grupa i određivani su sledeći parametri: koncentracja selena u punoj krvi, tiroksin (T4), trijodtironin (T3) i tireostimulirajući hormon (TSH) u krvnoj plazmi. Analiza je pokazala da su jedinke iz grupe tretiranih sa PTU imale nižu telesnu masu u odnosu na kontrolnu, kao i nižu koncentraciju T3 i T4 u plazmi. Selendeficitni pacovi su nakon tri nedelje imali nižu prosečnu telesnu masu u odnosu na selenadekvatne, ali nisu uočene razlike u koncentraciji tireoidnih hormona. Najniža prosečna telesna masa zabeležena je kod selendeficitnih grupa pacova tretiranih sa PTU.

In this work there was investigated the influence of selenium and deodinases blockers on juvenile rats body weight during three months. The experiment was carried out on 64 rats divided into eight groups with eight individual animals per group. Following groups were formed: 1. Se+PTU-IA- (control group), 2. Se+PTU+IA+, 3. Se+PTU+IA-, 4. Se+P-TU-IA+, 5. Se-PTU-IA-, 6. Se-PTU+IA+, 7. Se-PTU+IA- and 8. Se-PTU-IA+. The groups labeled (Se+) were selenium adequate and they were fed with food that contained 0.334 mg Se/kg. The groups labeled (Se-) were selenium deficient and obtained food with 0.031 mg Se/kg. As deiodinases blockers there were used propylthiouracil (PTU+) in a dose of 150 mg/L of drinking water and iopanoic acid (IA+) in a dose of 6 mg/100 g TM intraperitoneally. Body weight of experimental rats was measured every seven days. After three weeks of treatment there were taken blood samples of animals from all experimental groups and following parameters were determined: selenium concentration in blood, thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH) in blood plasma. Analysis of the samples showed that the animals from the groups treated with PTU had lower body weight in regard to the control group, as well as lower concentration of T3 and T4 in plasma. Selenium deficient rats had lower average body weight compared to the selenium adequate ones after three weeks, but there were no differences in thyroid hormones concentration. The lowest average body weight was noticed in selenium deficient rats groups treated with PTU., U okviru ogleda je ispitivan uticaj selena i blokatora dejodinaza na telesnu masu juvenilnih pacova tokom tri nedelje. Ogled je izveden na 64 pacova podeljenih u osam grupa od po 8 jedinki. Formirane su sledeće grupe: 1. Se+PTU-IA- (kontrolna grupa), 2. Se+PTU+IA+, 3. Se+PTU+IA-, 4. Se+PTU-IA+, 5. Se-PTU-IA-, 6. Se-PTU+IA+, 7. Se-PTU+IA- i 8. Se-PTU-IA+. Grupe sa oznakom (Se+) su bile selenadekvatne i dobijale su hranu koja je sadržala 0,334 mg Se/kg hrane. Grupe sa oznakom (Se-) su bile selendeficitne i dobijale su 0,031 mg mg Se/kg hrane. Kao blokatori dejodinaza su korišćeni propiltiouracil (PTU+) u dozi od 150 mg/L vode za piće i jopanoična kiselina (IA+) u dozi od 6 mg/100g t.m. intraperitonealno. Telesna masa oglednih pacova je merena svakih sedam dana. Nakon tri nedelje tretmana uzeti su uzorci krvi životinja iz svih oglednih grupa i određivani su sledeći parametri: koncentracja selena u punoj krvi, tiroksin (T4), trijodtironin (T3) i tireostimulirajući hormon (TSH) u krvnoj plazmi. Analiza je pokazala da su jedinke iz grupe tretiranih sa PTU imale nižu telesnu masu u odnosu na kontrolnu, kao i nižu koncentraciju T3 i T4 u plazmi. Selendeficitni pacovi su nakon tri nedelje imali nižu prosečnu telesnu masu u odnosu na selenadekvatne, ali nisu uočene razlike u koncentraciji tireoidnih hormona. Najniža prosečna telesna masa zabeležena je kod selendeficitnih grupa pacova tretiranih sa PTU.

Melamine is not approved for use in animal feed, although evidence of melamine poisoning in pigs has been found. Melamine in animal feed can induce nephrolithiasis, chronic kidney inflammation, bladder carcinoma and even death in animals. In September 2011, nine hundred 40-60-day-old piglets from a commercial finishing farm in Serbia developed anorexia, wasting, polydipsia and lethargy. At necropsy, the main macroscopic finding in ten necropsied piglets was observed on the kidneys. The kidneys were slightly enlarged and firm in consistency. The cortical surface was wrinkled, with a diffuse distribution of the yellow foci in the cortex and medulla. Microscopically, these yellow foci were accumulations of crystals located predominantly within the lumina of the dilated distal straight and convoluted tubules and collecting ducts. The crystals appeared variable and birefringent when viewed under polarized light. Two types of crystals were observed: the first type had several dark striations radiating from the eosinophilic round centre, while the second type consisted of pale green to brown irregular striated aggregates without an eosinophilic centre. In all cases, multifocally, there were moderate aggregates of lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages and multinucleated giant cells within the interstitium. From the clinical signs, necropsy findings, histochemical and toxicological results, it was concluded that melamine-contaminated feed was the primary cause of nephrotoxicity and death in the observed piglets. To our knowledge, this is the first report of melamine poisoning in pigs in Serbia.

Studija je dizajnirana kao retrospektivno kohorta studija, sa dve grupe: pacijenti sa psorijazom koji su imali celokupni režim lečenja i pacijenti sa psorijazom koji nisu bili istrajni u propisanom režimu lečenja. Poštovanje režima lečenja je od suštinskog značaja za uspešno lečenje psorijaze, a što može značajno poboljšati rezultate negepacijenata, uključujući i smanjenje ukupnih troškova lečenja. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se uporede klinički i troškovni ishodi kod ne-biološke terapije psorijaze. Pridržavanje propisanih režima mereno je na kraju perioda praćenja, kroz odnos između broja dnevnih zaliha lekova u toku jedne godine i broja dana u godini. Pacijenti su imali prepisani terapiski tretman koji odgovara njihovom kliničkom statusu, a prema važećim međunarodnim vodičima za psoriazu, za period od jedne godine, kroz četiri posete sa intervalima od tri meseca. Pacijenti kod kojih je taj odnos bio manji od 80% su svrstani u grupu neredovne terapije. Studija obuhvata 108 pacijenata, 61 njih (56,5%), su se pridržavali propisanog tretmana, a 47 (43,5%) nisu bili istrajni u poštovanju propisanog režima lečenja. Značajan pad PASI skora tokom studijskog perioda zabeležen je u pacijenata koji su istrajni u propisanoj terapiji (Hi-kvadrat = 61.085; df = 3, p <0.001). Troškovi su takođe značajno smanjeni u grupi pacijenata koji su istrajni (Hi-kvadrat = 17.432; df = 3, p = 0.001), Najveći pad je bio troškova kod posete 3. Smanjenje PASI skora i troškova je kod neistrajnih pacijenta u daleko manjem procentu. Pridržavanje i poštovanje propisanih režima lečenja dovodi do bržeg kliničkog poboljšanja i smanjenja troškova lečenja, a što umanjuje ukupnu potrošnju zdravstvenog sistema i društva. Ulaganjem u dodatna istraživanja psorijaze omogućiće efikasnije lečenje i ostvariti značajne uštede kako u zdravstvu tako i u privredi jer se smanjuje absentizam, a povećava produktivnost., The study was designed as a retrospective cohort study, with two groups: the patients with psoriasis adherent to the prescribed treatment regimen, and the patients with psoriasis non-adherent to the prescribed treatment regimen. The patients were prescribed a treatment regimen appropriate to their clinical status, according to current international guidances for psoriasis, and then followed for a period of one year, through four visits with intervals of three months. Results. The study enrolled 108 patients, 61 of them (56,5%) being adherent to the prescribed treatment, and 47 (43,5%) were non-adherent. Significant decrease of PASI score throughout the study period was noted in the patients adherent to prescribed therapy (Chi-square = 61,085; df=3; p<0,001). The costs also decreased significantly in the group of adherent patients (Chi-square = 17,432; df = 3; p = 0,001), and the drop of costs was the highest from the visit 3. The decrease in PASI score and costs was less rapid in non-adherent patients. Conclusion. Better treatment adherence leads to faster clinical improvement and more rapid decrease in costs of treatment, which diminish overall expenditure of the health system and society, leaving room for treating other diseases more efficiently. Therefore, health systems of developing countries should support additional research of causes of treatment non-adherence in patients with psoriasis, in order to minimize this fenomenon more efficiently, and make significant savings.

Nutritional benefits of fish can be attributed primarily to the content of high-quality proteins, vitamins, elements and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. On the other hand, fish and fishery products are susceptible to contamination by chemicals that have been recognized as ubiquitous environmental pollutants such as toxic elements and polychlorinated organic compounds. Fish consumption could be therefore considered as one of the major sources of human exposure to all above-mentioned environmental contaminants. This paper is focused on mercury (Hg) that enters the environment by both, natural means (such as volcanic activity, erosions and weathering, factors which contribute to the presence of Hg in water, soil and the atmosphere) and human activities - mining, fossil fuels combustion, industrial emissions, direct application of fertilizers and fungicides as well as disposal of solid waste. Total concentrations of Hg were measured in fish muscle and canned fish products available on Serbian market. Total of 651 samples were analyzed: 350 samples of marine fish (hake, mackerel, sprat, scorpanea, gilthead, salmon), 34 samples of freshwater fish (trout and carp) and 267 samples of canned fish products (tuna and sardines). Data were collected during 2011. For the purpose of intake assessment, we used the data obtained from the GEMS/Food Consumption Cluster Diets database. According to this source, estimated average weekly consumption of marine fish is 106.4 g/week, while freshwater fish and canned fish contribute to the consumption with 29.4 g and 18.2 g/week respectively. Mercury concentrations in marine fish were in the range of 0.005-0.208 μgg-1 (mean 0.040 μgg-1); in freshwater fish 0.005- 0.099 μgg-1 (mean 0.020 μgg-1) and in canned products they were in the range of 0.005-0.642 μgg-1 (mean 0.064 μgg-1). All analyzed samples contained mercury below the maximum level laid down by the European Union and Serbian regulation. The estimated weekly intake for total mer, Nutritivna korist od konzumacije ribe ogleda se, pre svega u sadržaju visoko vrednih proteina, vitamina, makro i mikroelemenata i omega-3 polinezasićenih masnih kiselina. Sa druge strane, riba i proizvodi od ribe su u značajnoj meri podložni hemijskoj kontaminaciji ubikvitarnim zagađivačima kao što su teški metal i polihlorovana organska jedinjenja. Zbog svega ovoga, konzumacija ribe se smatra jednim od najznačajnijih izvora izloženosti navedenim kontaminentima. U radu je ispitivana kontaminacija živom koja se u spoljašnjoj sredini može naći kao posledica prirodnih procesa (vulkanska aktivnost, erozija tla i klimatska dešavanja koja doprinose prisustvu žive u vodi, zemljištu i atmosferi), kao i aktivnosti čoveka - eksploatacija ruda, sagorevanje fosilnih goriva, emisija industrijskih gasova, direktna primena veštačkih đubriva i fungicida, kao i neadekvatno odlaganje čvrstog otpada. Sadržaj ukupne žive je određivan u svežoj i konzervisanoj ribi sa srpskog tržišta. Ispitan je 651 uzorak: 350 uzoraka morske ribe (oslić, skuša, sardela, škarpina, orada i losos), 34 uzorka slatkovodne ribe (šaran i pastrmka) i 267 uzoraka konzervisane ribe (tuna i sardela). Svi uzorci su analizirani tokom 2011. godine. Za procenu unosa korišćeni su podaci iz 'GEMS/Food Consumption Cluster Diets database'. Prema ovom izvoru, procenjena prosečna nedeljna konzumacija morske ribe iznosi 106,4 g, slatkovodne 29,4 g dok je ova vrednost za konzervisane proizvode od ribe 18,2 g. Sardžaj žive u morskoj ribi se kretao u opsegu od 0,005 do 0,208 μgg-1 (srednja vrednost 0,040 μgg-1); u slatkovodnoj ribi 0,005-0,099 μgg-1 (srednja vrednost 0,020 μgg-1), dok se u konzervisanim ribljim proizvodima sadržaj žive kretao od 0,005 do 0,642 μgg-1 (srednja vrednost 0,064 μgg-1). Nivo žive u svim ispitanim uzorcima je bio ispod maksimalno dozvoljenih vrednosti propisanih relevantnom legislativom EU kao i domaćim propisima. Procenjeni nedeljni unos žive baziran na srednjoj vrednosti žive u konzumiranoj ribi i p