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L'ocupació il·legal a Espanya ha experimentat un ràpid creixement en els últims anys, impulsada per la crisi immobiliària de 2008 i la crisi hipotecària de 2012. La falta d'habitatges a causa de desnonaments i l'augment dels preus de lloguer han portat a pràctiques il·legals que perjudiquen la societat i l'ordenament jurídic. El “Moviment Okupa” ha exacerbat aquest fenomen i col·laborat amb grups delictius. La propietat privada és fonamental en la legislació espanyola i la seva violació representa un perjudici per als propietaris i una amenaça als drets fonamentals. El sector de la construcció s'ha vist afectat negativament, incrementant costos, reduint la rendibilitat i generant problemes legals i de seguretat. És per això que a través d’aquest treball final de màsters l'investiguen els efectes en la seguretat, quantificar els costos econòmics, examinar les implicacions legals i proposar estratègies efectives per a prevenir l'ocupació il·legal.

This paper proposes a transactional approach to how the image of a subculture is co-produced through talk in the context of a face-to-face social encounter. A single-case micro-analysis of a talk about the squatting movement in Spain is developed. During the talk an interaction occurs between university students, one of whom is a squatter. Inspired by Goffman’s work on the presentation of the self in everyday life, we examined how co-participants engaged in the following: (1) the production of a working definition of squatting and squatters, (2) the critical examination of such definition, and (3) the repair of squatting and squatters’ image when it is spoiled. The analysed social encounter is regarded as an example of ‘mixed contact’ between members and non-members of youth (political) subculture. The discussion stresses the techniques of information control deployed by the subculturalist to manage the public image of squatters while performing dramaturgical loyalty to her membership groups. A transactional understanding of youth subculture is proposed., Depto. de Antropología Social y Psicología Social, Fac. de Ciencias Políticas y Sociología, TRUE, pub

Té per objecte establir els criteris d’actuació davant d’ocupacions sense títol de béns immobles de titularitat municipal, i és d’aplicació a tots els òrgans i entitats dependents de l’Ajuntament de Barcelona que tinguin adscrits o encomanada la gestió de béns immobles de titularitat municipal, ja siguin béns de domini públic com patrimonials.

The paper aims to reveal the politics of urban governance and the associated impact on the lives of disenfranchised migrants. It critically explores the urban governance structure and the nature of practices involved in the cycle of settlement, eviction, resistance and resettlement. The case of Nonadanga, located at the urban margin of Kolkata, India, was explored for this purpose. An ethnographic methodology comprising observation, semi-structured interviews and oral history was adopted for the research. Twelve squatter dwellers and four experts working in Nonadanga and Kolkata were interviewed for this purpose. A three-step data analysis comprising a narrative approach, thematic network analysis and validation was adopted. A critical review of inclusive practices, together with ethnographic survey findings, demonstrates that migrants live in a condi-tion the paper calls “partial rights”, which is a manifestation of the dialectics of inclusiveness prac-ticed by the urban governance structure and derived from the interaction between urban governance structure and migrants’ agency. By analyzing past development trends, the paper outlines possible future scenarios for migrants’ living conditions and discusses their impact on achieving the targeted Sustainable Development Goal 11 for inclusive cities by 2030.

In the late 1970s, Amsterdam’s squatted domain grew to comprise hundreds of buildings, and a city wide network of workspaces, bars, cultural venues and other infrastructure. The squatted domain, as it developed at the time, can be viewed as an urban commons. For a section of the squatting community, the whole was far greater than merely the sum of its parts, which led to the creation of a horizontal, city level organization. Commoning strategies applied at the city level were organizing squatting days, setting up a collective process for legalization, and promoting alternative urban development. However, evictions prompted confrontational action and a number of groups adopted a confrontational identity. Operating outside the city-level organization, autonomous action teams formed. They perfected the skills involved in the defense of squats, and had informal leaders. Nevertheless, groups with both prefigurative and confrontational collective identities worked together, despite the cooperation being tenuous. The upshot was that a large number of squatter collectives were never evicted, but that squats were legalized instead.

The present article aims to hold a debate about the intensification of land conflicts in Pará in the first decades of the Republic. It is intended to demonstrate that a large part of the land disputes were linked to the overlapping of tenure titles registered in municipal intendancies on the initiative of large landowners, farmers, merchants and heirs of sesmaria, acted as real local potentates in areas for decades held by families of small squatters. This is to point to a significant change that occurred in the early years of the Republic: the attribution given to the municipal councils to decide on the question of the lands belonging to their municipal patrimony. The analysis sought to understand the relations between property practices, their multiple interpretations in the light of the changes and continuities verified in the passage from the Empire to the Republic in the late nineteenth-century Pará, and the actions of small peasants-squatters with a view to ensuring their right to remain on lots of land where they held possession. Having as a theoretical-methodological horizon the realization of a social history of property, the questions formulated as a research problem were directed to the collation of a varied corpus of sources, among which are highlighted: state decrees and laws, news and articles published in the press, sesmaria letter, as well as protests, counter-protests and undersigned reproduced on the pages of the newspapers of the period., O Presente artigo tem por objetivo realizar um debate acerca da intensificação dos conflitos por terra no Pará nas primeiras décadas da República. Pretende-se demonstrar que grande parte das disputas por lotes de terras esteve vinculada a denúncias de sobreposição de títulos de posse registrados nas intendências municipais por iniciativa de grandes posseiros, fazendeiros, comerciantes e herdeiros de sesmaria, que agiram como verdadeiros potentados locais em áreas há décadas apossadas por famílias de pequenos posseiros. Trata-se de apontar para uma mudança significativa ocorrida já nos anos iniciais da República: a atribuição dada às câmaras municipais de decidir acerca da questão das terras pertencentes ao seu patrimônio municipal. A análise empreendida busca compreender as relações entre práticas de propriedade, suas múltiplas interpretações à luz das mudanças e continuidades verificadas na passagem do Império para a República no Pará de fins do século XIX, e as ações de pequenos lavradores-posseiros com vistas a assegurar seu direito a permanecer nos lotes de terras onde mantinham posse. Tendo como horizonte teórico-metodológico a realização de uma história social da propriedade, as questões formuladas enquanto problemática de pesquisa foram dirigidas ao cotejamento de um corpus variado de fontes, dentre as quais se destacam: decretos e leis estaduais, notícias e artigos publicados na imprensa, carta de sesmaria, bem como protestos, contraprotestos e abaixo-assinados reproduzidos nas páginas dos jornais do período.

Squatters have now become integral part of urban centers in most developing countries like Pakistan, with Lahore experiencing growth of such informal settlements at its peak. A myriad of issues and challenges associated with economic, social, spatial, environmental and political contexts within squatters has become a great hindrance towards home improvement and better life style. Tenure security brings a sense of homeownership to socioeconomically disadvantaged households. Recently, promotion of increased security of tenure of all whether living in formal or informal settlements has been affirmed by New Urban Agenda of Habitat III. Therefore, it is need of the time to look into present tenure types of squatters being offered by the city to solve problem of housing backlog and to provide promote inclusivity ensuring healthy, affordable and sustainable environment for all inhabitants.Proposed argument has got stronger foundation due to comparative analysis of squatter having secured land tenure with squatter of unsecure tenure. In this paper we explore that tenure security is one of the key factors which leads to resident’s stability, through case study approach by investigating two squatters based on their tenure types. The data collected through questionnaire will help us to identify other key factors associated with resident stability in squatters. Study reveals that limited secured tenure options and poor governance in present urban scenario projects as major obstacles in coping with urban sprawl and squatter settlements. Findings help us to understand the phenomena of inter-connection of land tenure security and residential stability of squatters in Lahore, suffering from housing shortage and informal settlements.

Ankara, Turkey

Accra, Ghana

Lagos, Nigeria

Stanley, Hong Kong, China

Cartagena, Spain

Alongside the policy of promoting real estate in land as a vehicle for driving accumulation and financing urban development, the Government of India introduced a policy to provide property rights to squatters as part of Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) programme, an urban poverty alleviation scheme. Based on ethnographic research carried out in the Kathputli Colony, a squatter settlement in Delhi, this article examines the politics of creating in-situ property rights under the RAY. The article illustrates the manner in which property rights are produced and reconfigured through contestations over their meaning and boundaries. The making of property at the Kathputli Colony constitutes a fluid and conflictual process, influenced by several actors, including urban planning authorities, courts, non-governmental organizations and colony residents. My analysis of the process reveals how the planning authority mobilized a language of legal rights for squatters as well as participatory planning instruments to facilitate the transformation of land held by squatters into upmarket residential and commercial real estate. I chart how these manoeuvres have been contested by Kathputli Colony residents in an ongoing struggle to obtain land rights. Yet, the political space to negotiate such rights is curtailed by changing definitions of property rights and by closed institutional and legal framework underpinning RAY.

Chapter 6 follows the political implications of slum residents’ positive identifications with private property, charting how the world-class aesthetic and the restructuring of Delhi’s economy created the structural and symbolic conditions out of which private property emerged as an exalted target and fetishized object. Focusing on residents’ experience of being alienated from the labor process, it examines how land, particularly private property, took on fantastical qualities in residents’ narratives, mobilizing new urban imaginaries and inhering the power to magically transform both self and city. Efforts to conjure a mental image of a better future through the lens of property ownership were simultaneously efforts to align oneself with the speculative promises of world-class development: to index propriety to property, rendering property a vehicle of upward mobility. While chapter 5 points to the openings for the aesthetic reappropriation of dominant norms, this chapter addresses how quickly economic uncertainty can close those openings.

Jabodetabek, the urban agglomeration consisting of DKI Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi, is the second fastest growing megacity on the planet (Robinson, 2011). Current projections show that Jabodetabek’s population will reach 38 million people in 2030 (Jakarta municipality, 2014). However, this growth will take place in a city that is facing major problems; all these issues are deeply interconnected and are seriously jeopardizing the city’s livability. (Kusno, 2010; Robinson, 2011; Silver, 2007). We believe these problems should be tackled with a radical reconsideration of Jakarta’s urban fabric. We propose the double the amount of inhabitants, going from Jakarta to Jajakarta. In 2030 Jakarta will have expended so much due to migration and population growth, and in this process overtaken many adjacent cities, that it will be called Jabodetabekasepususesuci (Jakarta municipality, 2014). An unpronounceable name for a megacity that has become so addictive to growth that it will become uncontrollable. The municipality will be left incapable in effectively managing the dramatically enlarged city. Stopping the urban sprawl will mean that the city center, known as DKI Jakarta, should increase its density; both in its inhabitants as in floor space, in order to be able to house the majority of the expected growth for all income classes. This change will require a new kind of urban fabric, in which the kampung is intensified., The Why Factory, Architecture, Architecture and The Built Environment

This research presents a historical study of the communicative practices of the squatters’ movement in Barcelona during the decades of the 80s and 90s from two perspectives: first, it pays attention to the relationship of the movement with the mainstream local newspapers; and secondly, it reconstructed the repertoire of alternative media projects deployed by activists at the time. The aim is to identify which political, social and communicative factors involved in the genesis of the squatters’ media and to what extent this process was influenced by the treatment received by squatting in the mass media. It also identifies the characteristics of the media squatters that differ from conventional media. Research results are based on empirical data collection in the city of Barcelona in a time period that stretched from late 2008 until mid-2010, La presente investigación presenta un estudio histórico de las prácticas comunicativas del movimiento okupa de Barcelona durante las décadas de los 80 y los 90 desde una doble perspectiva: por una parte, se presta atención a la relación del movimiento con la prensa dominante de su entorno y, por otra, se reconstruye el repertorio de proyectos mediáticos alternativos desplegado por los activistas en la época. El objetivo es identificar qué factores políticos, sociales y comunicativos intervinieron en la génesis de los medios okupas y en qué medida influyó en este proceso el tratamiento que recibió la okupación en los medios de comunicación de masas. Asimismo, se identifican las características de los medios okupas que los diferencian de los medios convencionales. Los resultados de la investigación se sustentan en la recolección de datos empíricos en la ciudad de Barcelona en un período temporal que se extendió desde finales del año 2008 hasta mediados de 2010

During the 18th century, the presence of "pueblos de españoles" and "villas" was multiplied in the Hispano-American Southern border. The importance of squatters in the formation of "pueblos de españoles" was more frequent in Buenos Aires countryside than in other jurisdictions, although little is known on its behavior. The objective of the article is to analyze the leeway for action of squatters to ask for legal land recognition for founding a town in Buenos Aires, to identify the mechanisms used and the difficulties found during the 18th and 19th centuries. The analysis of the case of the town of San Pedro allowed to pose several questions on the characteristics of the regulation of land rights particularly in towns and villages in a period that is often linked to changes in the rights and power relationships exercised in their implementation., Durante el siglo XVIII, se multiplicó la presencia de "pueblos de españoles" y villas en la frontera sur hispanoamericana. El protagonismo de ocupantes rurales en la formación de "pueblos de españoles" fue más frecuente en la campaña de Buenos Aires que en otras jurisdicciones, aunque poco se conoce sobre su proceder. El objetivo del artículo fue analizar las características de los ocupantes rurales y el rango de acción que tuvieron para solicitar el reconocimiento legal de terrenos para la formación de un pueblo en la campaña de Buenos Aires durante el siglo XVIII y parte del XIX. El análisis del caso del pueblo de San Pedro nos permitió profundizar la situación de los "ocupantes" y abrir varios interrogantes sobre la regulación de los derechos por la tierra, particularmente sobre los pueblos y villas, en un período que suele estar vinculado a transformaciones en los derechos y en las relaciones de poder ejercidas en su puesta en práctica.

This article discusses the management of conflicts arising from the invasion of Allotment Atlantic Coast, where lies the Sambaqui da Panaquatira, São José de Ribamar, Island of São Luís - MA. In 2008 the Superintendent of IPHAN Maranhão was informed about the existence of irregular housing on the Sambaqui da Panaquatira. In the research process multiple actors participated in the negotiations around the protection and preservation of this archaeological site, like the owners of Allotment, at São Jos de Ribamar, Attorney General's Office, Federal Ministry Pubic, Federal Court, Federal Police, beyond IPHAN - MA. The developments resulted in the preservation of archaeological and commitment not reoccupation Sambaqui area, as well as other advances., Este artigo discorre sobre a gestão dos conflitos decorrentes da invasão do Loteamento Costa Atlântica, onde se situa o Sambaqui do Panaquatira, município de São José de Ribamar, Ilha de São Luís - MA. Em 2008, a Superintendência do IPHAN no Maranhão foi informada sobre a existência de habitações irregulares sobre o Sambaqui da Panaquatira. No processo de investigação, múltiplos atores participaram da negociação em torno da proteção e preservação deste sítio arqueológico, a exemplo dos proprietários do Loteamento, Prefeitura de São José de Ribamar, Advocacia Geral da União, Ministério Púbico Federal, Justiça Federal, Polícia Federal, além do IPHAN - MA. Os desdobramentos resultaram na preservação do sítio arqueológico e o comprometimento da não reocupação da área do Sambaqui, bem como outros avanços., En este artículo se analiza la gestión de los conflictos derivados de la invasión de la área del Costa Atlántica, donde se encuentra el Concheiro Panaquatira, en São José de Ribamar, Isla São Luís - MA. En 2008 se informó a la Superintendencia de IPHAN Maranhão sobre la existencia de viviendas irregulares en lo Concheiro Panaquatira. En el proceso de investigación múltiples actores participaron en las negociaciones en torno a la protección y conservación de la zona arqueológica, al igual que los propietarios, Subdivisión de la Ciudad de San José de Ribamar, Procuraduría General de la Nación, Ministerio Público Federal, Tribunal Federal, la Policía Federal, así como IPHAN - MA. Los acontecimientos dieron lugar a la preservación del patrimonio arqueológico y el compromiso de no volver a ocupar la zona del Concheiro, así como otros avances.

Title: Slab City StoriesAuthor: Jessica Lum "Slab City Stories" is a multimedia visual journalism project documenting the people and residents of Slab City, a squatter community in southern California. The project can be viewed online at http://slabcitystories.com Slab City, located about two miles east of Niland, California, is home to a few dozen during blistering summers, but draws thousands during the temperate winter season. These migrating snowbirds seek the sun and warmth of the California desert, as well as the alternative lifestyle that flourishes here. Slab City is named for the remains of concrete foundations that dot the area, once part of the military naval reservation, Camp Dunlap. The site was decommissioned in 1956 and deeded to the state of California in 1961. Residents of “The Slabs,” as it is called, are squatters living in trailers and recreational vehicles in various stages of upkeep: broken-down or brand new "land yachts" worth several hundred thousands. Many people also build their own structures, tents and shacks. Most subsist off of food stamps or social security benefits: usually for retirement or disability. Some support themselves through barter, trade and odd jobs from other Slabbers, or Slab City residents. Slab City is a vibrant community, home to artists and musicians who create and display their work in places like East Jesus' art garden or Builder Bill's stage, The Range, which hosts a weekly open mic show every Saturday night. Residents join social clubs like the Oasis Club or Loners on Wheels where they meet for morning coffee, meals and happy hours. Others prefer to live on the edge of it all, because even in the desert, quiet can be hard to find.

While debating Senator Stephen A. Douglas in the fall of 1858, Abraham Lincoln declared the principle of popular sovereignty, as applied to the Kansas Territory, to be "nothing but a living, creeping lie from the time of its introduction till today."1 While Lincoln conceded the right of majorities to rule and to shape policy, he maintained that there were moral limits to this right-a line beyond which democratic majorities could not govern. This view contrasted sharply with that of Douglas, who argued that the ultimate source of authority was the will of the people, and that this authority was unlimited. The morality of democracy, according to Douglas, lay not in any particular result but in the process of decision making itself.2

El espacio urbano es, al menos en nuestra concepción actual, el hábitat natural de la civilización moderna. La mayoría de los problemas sufridos por la sociedad hoy en día están relacionados con su condición urbana, no importa si son económicos, tecnológicos o de naturaleza política. La ciudad se ha convertido hoy en un escenario de conflicto natural para el imaginario colectivo, al menos en la misma forma que se considera el medio más creativo o el emporio comercial principal. Pero hay una realidad profunda más allá de este icono simbólico: la historia es muy expresiva sobre el tema de la relación entre la seguridad, la sensación de seguridad y la evolución de la ciudad. Esto no es sólo asunto de interés para planteamientos académicos ligados a la investigación, es también reconocido como un gran problema por las Naciones Unidas y otras instituciones internacionales. La percepción general sobre la seguridad urbana no es, de hecho, una cuestión de interés científico, sino una raíz profunda de la ansiedad cotidiana. Hay una sensación difusa en la cultura contemporánea que vincula el futuro de la sostenibilidad social a una cuestión de control de la conducta antisocial en el entorno urbano. Por supuesto, esa sensación se fundamenta en el temor y puede abrir la puerta a un sistema muy peligroso basado en las tecnologías de vigilancia. Sólo por esta razón, es muy necesaria una reflexión acerca de las razones de porqué las ciudades no están cumpliendo con la función de garantizar la seguridad, o simplemente de proporcionar una sensación de seguridad de sus habitantes. Tratando de hacer este análisis, podemos encontrar por lo menos un factor de influencia obvia en el medio ambiente urbano: la estructura física de la ciudad. Y hay un par de disciplinas relacionadas con la estructura urbana: la planificación urbana y el diseño urbano. El propósito de este trabajo es describir algunos casos de la contribución de estas disciplinas a la falta de seguridad urbana, tomando ejemp, The urban space is, at least in our actual conception, the natural habitat for modern civilization. Most of the problems suffered nowadays by society are related with it´s urban condition, does not matters whether they are economical, technological or mainly political. The city itself has become nowadays in a natural conflict scenario for the collective imagination, at least in the same way that is considered the most creative environment or the main commercial emporium. But there is a deep reality beyond this symbolic icon; History is very expressive about the issue of the relation between security and safety and the city evolution. But this is not only subject of interest for several scholars, it is also recognised as a huge problem by the United Nations and other international institutions. The general perception about urban safety is not, indeed, like a question of scientific interest, but as a deep root of everyday anxiety. There is a diffuse feeling in contemporary culture that links the future of social sustainability to a matter of asocial behavior control in urban environment. Of course, that feeling in based in fears and can open the door to very dangerous system based in surveillance technologies. Just for this reason, is very necessary a reflexion about the reasons because the cities are failing with the function of providing security or merely a safety sensation to their inhabitants. Trying to make this analysis, we can find at least an obvious influence factor in the urban environment: urban physical structure. And there are a couple of domains related with urban structure: the urban planning and the urban design.The purpose of this paper is to describe some cases of the contribution of these domains to the urban lack of safety, taking examples from the past to understand our present, and perhaps our future.

Being one of the developing countries in Asia, squatters and housing are among the main subject of government focus in each development programme in Malaysia. This article focuses on the issue of squatters and housing and seeks to present on how the Malaysian government has work towards providing a quality life and affordable housing to its citizens. Nonetheless, undoubtedly Malaysia is facing a crisis of urban squatters which has become a challenge for the local authorities as well as the federal government. Discussion on this topic will relate to the application of relevant laws and regulations that affect the responsibilities of local authorities, planning authorities and other related government agencies.

This policy brief outlines a brief history of the land tenure system in Kenya from colonization to modern land management practices. Kenya has a mixed system of land tenure between resources held in common by the state and those traditionally owned by the people with limited accession and transfer rights. Special attention is given to the issue of squatters, or those disenfranchised by the current land tenure system and opportunities for collaborative processes between local formal and informal institutions are explored.

This policy brief outlines a brief history of the land tenure system in Kenya from colonization to modern land management practices. Kenya has a mixed system of land tenure between resources held in common by the state and those traditionally owned by the people with limited accession and transfer rights. Special attention is given to the issue of squatters, or those disenfranchised by the current land tenure system and opportunities for collaborative processes between local formal and informal institutions are explored.

The right to decent housing is violated not by eviction from squalid conditions but by being forced to settle in them in the first place

Department: Program in Museum Studies.

Since its national debut in 1987, Fresh Air with Terry Gross has been a highly acclaimed and much adored weekday magazine among public radio listeners. Each week, nearly 4.8 million people turn to Peabody Award-winning host Terry Gross for insightful conversations with the leading voices in contemporary arts and issues. The renowned program reaches a global audience, with over 620 public radio stations broadcasting Fresh Air, and 3 million podcast downloads each week. Fresh Air has broken the mold of 'talk show' by weaving together superior journalism and intimate storytelling from modern-day intellectuals, politicians and artists alike. Through probing questions and careful research, Gross's interviews are lauded for revealing a fresh perspective on cultural icons and trends. Her thorough conversations are often complemented by commentary from well-known contributors. Fresh Air is produced at WHYY-FM in Philadelphia and broadcast nationally by NPR., INT. 1: Photographer MARGARET MORTON has a new collection of photographs: "The Tunnel: The Underground Homeless of New York City," (Yale University Press). The community has existed for 20 years. The book's text is taken from the words of the people who live there. Terry also talks with BOB KALINSKI who lived underground for eight years, and recently left the tunnel to live in a homeless shelter. (THIS INTERVIEW CONTINUES INTO THE SECOND HALF OF THE SHOW). REV. : Linguist GEOFF NUNBERG on the long history of the word "suburbs." REV. : Poet ROBIN BECKER reads "The Roast Chicken" from her collection "All-American Girl."

The proliferation and apparent intransience of urban squatter settlements in Third World countries have produced numerous explanations of their cause, nature and solution. In Fiji, it is estimated that nearly one-fifth of the population of the Suva Urban Area were squatters in 1976 and that squatter numbers, in recent years, have increased by over 10 percent annually. These increases have occurred despite development plan objectives which aim to reduce regional and class disparities and a public housing programme which has housed about one-fifth of the urban area's population since the late 1950s. In the early 1960s many scholars supported the view that squatters were 'marginal' to the life of the city and this view is still held by many administrators, in Fiji and elsewhere. Studies commencing in the mid 1960s, however, have led to a revision of opinions on squatter marginality and the emergence of two major schools of thought among scholars. The Dependency School considers squatting a product of the type of urbanization experienced by Third World countries and sees no solution short of major changes to the 'system'; the Progressive Development (or Progressive Housing) School, on the other hand, sees squatting as a housing problem caused by the rate of Third World urbanization and inappropriate public housing programmes. The latter School advocates the encouragement of self-help activities among the poor to close the gap between housing supply and demand. The public housing programme in Fiji has been influenced by such arguments and during recent years there has been some official support for site and service, squatter upgrading and core housing schemes. The present work proceeds from a statement of major theoretical questions derived from the literature, and a description of urbanization and the housing situation in Fiji, to test the assumptions of the Marginality, Dependency and Progressive Development Schools. Data were obtained on urbanization and housing in Fi

Viewed from the Aztec Eagle train, owned by the Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México, while en route to Mexico City., This archival material has been provided for educational purposes. Ball State University Libraries recognizes that some historic items may include offensive content. Our statement regarding objectionable content is available at: https://dmr.bsu.edu/digital/about

The city is planning to build an equipment garage on the site where these brick and wood and paper shacks have been for many years.

Lamoreaux (left), Hennepin Avenue's squatter, is shown with his child, Leigh Andree, in his lap while seated at a table. His mother (right) serves a meal cooked over a kerosene stove. He has returned to his apartment after time in California to find that the property has been sold. The current owners have removed the front door to the apartment and turned off his gas and light.

Unemployed Alex Melen cooks on the stove of his own making, in an 8 x 20 foot shanty near Nicollet Island.