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The goal of achieving carbon neutrality for year 2045 puts Sweden on a road towards further implementation of renewable energy into their energy system. The goal of this degree project is to investigate how the implementation of renewable energy in Sweden is worked towards on a regional level but also to explore how this expansion might look for the Norra Småland Region. By conducting several semi-structured interviews with the energy agencies of Sweden as well as creating a model for the potential solar and wind power expansion in the Norra Småland Region, the authors aim to answer the questions of how the current work with expanding the renewable energy share in the Swedish energy system is conducted; what bottlenecks, problems and challenges exist and what tools, data, information and incentives might help further facilitate this work. Through the interviews conducted, this degree project encapsulates the different projects related to the subject of renewable energy which the various regions of Sweden work with. The degree project also provides a compilation of various challenges related to the projects as well as an insight into what tools and incentives are asked for by the regions with the goal of helping facilitate the work conducted. The degree project also provides a projection for how the future expansion of wind power and solar power might look in the Norra Småland Region based on the previous expansion trends, resulting in three individual projections with individual growth rates.

With the steady and rapid reliance on solar power as a viable alternative to traditional fuel-based energy, maintenance of solar panels is becoming an unavoidable issue for both producers and consumers. Machine learning techniques are useful in detecting solar panel faults and their life span. In recent years, Machine learning technology has emerged that helps to extract meaningful information and detect the fault in PV Systems. This paper reviews and involves identifying faulty features and predicting the fault in residential PV Systems that causes power degradation. We have built a linear regression model and performed hierarchical clustering to identify the faulty group of data, and from that faulty group, we identified that the features such as Radiation, Module Temperature, and IS values play an important role in the degradation of the power generation in the solar panels. Additionally, in this study fault prediction in a PV system has also been attempted. We evaluated the performance using 6 different models SVM, KNN, Naive Bayes Random Forest, Decision Tree and Logistic Regression. Finally, we concluded that the Random Forest, KNN and Decision Tree performed better in predicting with an accuracy of 99 %.

En hybridpark bestående av vind- och solkraft förbättrar vätgasproduktionens prestanda jämfört med ifall kraftslagen agerar separat och kan dela på samma infrastruktur. Detta examensarbete är en förstudie som granskar möjligheten för två vindkraftverk med en effekt på vardera 2 MW att kompletteras med en solcellspark för att bilda en hybridpark med vätgasproduktion. Förstudien undersöker dess tekniska, ekonomiska och tillståndsmässiga förutsättningar. Tre fall av vätgasproduktion granskas; 100 procent kontinuerlig produktion, 75 procent drift av produktionen med sex timmars produktionsstopp samt off-grid hybridpark med variabel produktion. De tre fallen studeras sedan utifrån dimensioneringen med endast vindkraft samt tre olika dimensioneringar av hybridparkskombinationer med solcellspark med 1, 2,5 och 5 MW effekt. Den tekniska slutsatsen är att hybridparken med 5 MW solcellspark bäst når målet att i största mån kunna använda egenproducerad el till vätgasproduktionen. Största mängden vätgas produceras i fall 1 vilket är 435 kg per dygn. I fall 2 produceras 326 kg per dygn, men det har ett större elöverskott vilket kan säljas till elnätet. För fall 3 produceras 278 kg vätgas där den kan garanteras att vara helt förnybar då endast egenproducerad el används. Den ekonomiska slutsatsen är att fall 3, där hybridparken med 5 MW solcellspark, ger bäst ekonomisk lönsamhet gällande produktionskostnad. Vidare bedöms det mer ekonomiskt gynnsamt att sälja vätgasen till industrin än att etablera en vätgastankstation. Utfallet gällande tillstånd för solcellsparken förmodas bli antingen ett godkännande om anmälan för samråd eller ett undersökningssamråd med en liten MKB, båda enligt 12:6 MB. Vätgasproduktionen kommer att prövas för miljötillstånd enligt miljöprövningsförordningen (2013:251) och går under anmälningsplikt. Det behövs även tillstånd enligt Sevesolagen och hos den lokala Räddningstjänsten samt riskanalys och riskutredning behöver göras. Ett undersöknings- och avgränsn, A hybrid power plant (HPP) existing of wind- and solar power improves the performance of the hydrogen production compared to the stand-alone alternative and can share infrastructure. This thesis views the possibility for two wind turbines with 2 MW power each to be combined with solar power to form a HPP with hydrogen production. The thesis investigates the plant’s technical, economic and permits conditions. It reviews three cases of hydrogen production; 100 percent continuous, 75 precent operation with six hours production stoppages and an off-grid HPP. The three different cases are then studied according to the dimensioning with only wind turbines and three different dimensioning for the HPP with 1, 2,5 and 5 MW solar park. The technical conclusion is that the HPP with 5 MW solar park best meet the goal to only use self-generated electricity. For case 1 the largest amount of hydrogen is produced, 435 kg by day. In case 2 the amount of hydrogen is 326 kg, but there is more electricity available which can be sold to the grid. For case 3 the hydrogen production produces 278 kg where the hydrogen is completely renewable because it’s only use electricity from the HPP. The economic conclusion is that case 3 with a HPP of 5 MW solar park and hydrogen production gives the best profitability considering production cost. It’s more economically favourable to sell the hydrogen to the industry than establishing a filling station. Permits for the solar park are presumed to be either an approval for notification to consultation or a survey consultation with a small environmental impact assessment (EIA), both according to 12:6 in MB. The hydrogen production will be assessed for environmental permits according to miljöprövningsförordningen (2013:251). Permits from the Seveso law and local fire department is needed and a risk- analysis and assessment. A survey- and a delimitation consultation should be done at the same time so Länsstyrelsen can make a decision if the activity will

The University of Oulu’s SINNI project investigated whether the existing and future building stock in sparsely populated areas can be utilized in the production of solar photovoltaic energy. The use of building groups in the vicinity of main roads and power lines was examined as possible platforms for Virtual power plants, and the production potential of solar electricity will be examined. The project investigated whether solar panels installed on the roofs and walls of buildings and in courtyards can be used to generate energy for the needs of changing energy consumption. The research object of the SINNI project is the villages and building groups of Rovaniemi, which are in the vicinity of main roads and power lines and form sufficiently cohesive groups from the point of view of energy production. The Rovaniemi Village Development Foundation and Napapiirin Energia ja Vesi Oy and Rovakaira Oy, which operate in the research area, are involved in the study and in the project steering group. A final report will be compiled on the studies, in which 1) SINNI villages will be defined, i.e. the energy production potential of the sites will be defined, 2) SINNI village indicators (land use, building stock, geographical features and energy potential) will be indicated so that similar impact on regional energy distribution and capacity and on carbon-neutral energy production. The project will result in the SINNI village type, which can be utilized in energy production planning, land use planning and investment plans etc., Tiivistelmä Oulun yliopiston SINNI-hankkeessa selvitetään, voidaanko haja-asutusalueilla olevaa ja sinne muodostuvaa rakennuskantaa hyödyntää hajautetun energian tuotannossa. Kantateiden ja voimalinjojen läheisyydessä olevien rakennusryhmien käyttötarkoitusta tarkastellaan mahdollisina Virtual power plant- alustoina, ja erityisesti tarkastellaan aurinkosähkön tuotantopotentiaalia. Hankkeessa selvitetään, voidaanko rakennusten kattoihin ja seiniin sekä pihapiireihin asennettujen aurinkopaneeleiden avulla tuottaa energiaa muuttuvan energiankulutuksen tarpeisiin. SINNI-hankkeen tutkimuskohteena ovat Rovaniemen kylät ja rakennusryhmät, jotka sijaitsevat kantateiden ja voimalinjojen läheisyydessä ja muodostavat riittävän yhtenäisiä ryhmiä energiantuotannon näkökulmasta. Tutkimusalueella toimivat Rovaniemen kylien kehittämissäätiö sekä Napapiirin Energia ja Vesi Oy sekä Rovakaira Oy ovat mukana selvitystyössä sekä hankkeen ohjausryhmässä. Selvityksistä kootaan loppuraportti, jossa määritellään SINNI-kylät eli määritellään kohteiden energiantuotantopotentiaali, osoitetaan SINNI-kylän indikaattorit (maankäyttö, rakennuskanta, maantieteelliset ominaisuudet ja energiapotentiaali), jotta vastaavia kohteita voidaan kehittää SINNI-periaatteen mukaisesti. Hankkeen tuloksena syntyy SINNI-kylätyyppi, jota voidaan hyödyntää energiantuotantosuunnittelussa, maankäytön suunnittelussa ja investointisuunnitelmissa.

Transport- och byggindustrin är en bidragande orsak till klimatkläget på grund av den betydande mängd växthusgaser som produceras. Att byta till elfordon är en metod för att minska de skadliga effekterna av klimatförändringarna. Under byggandet av nya vägar bidrar användningen av konventionella byggfordon som drivs av fossila bränslen till utsläppen av växthusgaser över hela världen. Följaktligen är behovet stort av att elektrifiera transport – samt konstruktionssekotorn. Som ett resultat har storleken på en potentiell mikronät som konstrueras med linjär optimering för att möta en statisk energiefterfrågan på en hypotetisk byggplats bedömts i denna studie. Det statiska energibehovet tillhandahölls från en fallstudie som syftade till att utvärdera en helt elektrifierad fordonsflotta för vägkonstruktionsindustrin. Studien utgörs av två delar. Den första delen undersöker installationskapaciteterna för komponenterna i det potentiella mikronätet, medan den andra delen bedömer påverkan av den maximala anslutningskapaciteten till elnätet. En optimeringsmodell konstruerades genom att använda Python Optimization Modeling Objects (PYOMO). Antaganden och begränsningar för utformningen av mikronätet baseras på riktlinjer från Ramboll och Trafikverket. Optimeringsmodellen gav en lösning som överensstämmer med energisystemets moderna kapacitet. Dock ansågs installationskapaciteterna för mikronätets komponenter vara opraktiska för den konceptuella byggplatsen. Metoden betonade behovet av verkliga data om belastningen som genereras av elektriska byggfordon (ECVs) samt data om anslutningen till elnätet., The transportation and construction industry produces a sizable amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs), which significantly contribute to the worldwide problem of climate change. A strategy for reducing the adverse impacts of climate change on the environment is to switch to an electric vehicle fleet. The use of traditional construction vehicles powered by fossil fuels during road construction contributes to global GHG emissions. Consequently, electrification is required in this sector. As a result, the size of a potential microgrid constructed with linear optimization to meet a static energy demand of a hypothetical construction site is assessed in this thesis. The static energy demand was provided from a case study objected to evaluating a fully electrified construction vehicle fleet. There are two parts to this thesis. The installation capacities of the potential microgrid's component parts are examined in the first section, and the impact of the maximum connection capacity to the electrical grid is assessed in the second. An optimization model was designed by utilizing Python Optimization Modeling Objects (PYOMO). Assumptions and delimitations considering the design of the microgrid are based on guidelines from Ramboll and the Swedish Transport Administration (STA). The optimization model yielded a solution that aligns with state-of-the-art energy system capacities. However, the installation capacities of the microgrid components were found to be impractical for the conceptual construction site. The methodology stressed the need for real-world data on load generated by Electric Construction Vehicles (ECVs) and data regarding electrical grid connection.

The rapid development in technology and changing food habits have drastically altered the cooking method in recent years. Electric ovens are dominating the cooking sector in bakeries, restaurants, and domestic cooking. India holds the second position in terms of revenue generated by the sales of cookers and ovens. The electrical energy requirements are also adding up with electricity-based cooking. In addition, solar energy-dependent solar cooking appliances are available in the market, but they come with their own set of merits and demerits. This paper discusses the new concept and development of an Electric-Solar hybrid cooking appliance. The implemented control mechanism in the fully-featured hybrid OTG (Oven, Toaster, & Griller) oven shows the simplicity and ease of using solar energy in conjunction with electrical energy. The experimental and numerical results show that the temperature distribution inside an electric-solar hybrid oven saves energy up to 51% and takes much less cooking time than electric ovens and solar cooking appliances when operating in hybrid mode. The STEPCO (Solar Thermal-Electric Powered Cooking Oven) oven has demonstrated potential for a relatively quick return on investment, with a payback period of around 2.3 years in hybrid mode and 3.7 years in solar mode. Experimental testing has shown that the hybrid mode of the STEPCO oven achieves an impressive efficiency of 63%, which is significantly higher than that of the electric and solar modes, which are only 35% and 4.0%, respectively. Additionally, the STEPCO oven has the environmental benefit of emitting very little CO2 during the cooking process when used in hybrid mode and zero CO2 emissions when used in solar mode. © 2023

The rapid global adoption of solar photovoltaic (PV) modules created the issue of recycling and disposal at their end of life. Several PV modules installed in the late 1980s or early 1990s have reached the end of their 30-year useful life and are now being removed as PV trash. This enormous amount of PV trash acknowledges recycling as a crucial and significant area in the value chain of PV industries. Hence, this study uses an end-of-life perspective to discuss the life cycle evaluation of two market-dominant PV technologies— c-Si and CdTe. This method examines recycling and avoided burden due to recovered material independently in order to determine the overall environmental benefit. The study concludes that recycling glass, metals like copper and aluminium, and semiconductor material from both c-Si and CdTe PV modules has a lower environmental effect than mining, providing, and refining the same components from original sources. © 2023 The Author(s)

In Sweden, the demand on the electrical grid is increasing with the shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. It is thereby important to optimize the charging stations for electrical vehicles connected to the grid. These charging stations can also include local energy generation and storage, which help decrease the demand on the grid, while supporting the charging of vehicles connected. This results in the creation of an energy node. In the thesis a model of an energy node is created using the programming language Python. Using data available on traffic flow, weather and energy prices, the model simulates the operation at a selected location, minute by minute over a year. Energy stored in the energy node is given a value depending on the grid electricity spot price when storing it and the efficiency of storage. This system is used to decide where to store energy generation that is leftover when vehicle loads are already matched, or if it is more profitable to sell the energy to the grid. When local generation is insufficient, it is possible to use the cheapest energy source out of the grid, hydrogen or battery storage. Using the simulation results, iterative optimization of the energy node subsystem power and energy rating is done to get a cost-effective system. Having optimized the subsystems for the chosen location, it is possible to use these values to simulate different results of interest. Here follows a list of some highlighted results: Poor dimensioning of truck charging spots resulted in 7.9 Mkr wasted in truck drivers salary due to being stuck in the energy node. While an increase of only one more charging spot resulted in only 9 Tkr wasted. Optimization resulted in around 2-3 MW installed power, 20-22 car charging spots and 3-4 truck charging spots depending on location for the future simulations. Some of the other results analyzed in the thesis are: full lifetime costs and visualization of daily/yearly operation.

The use of wind power has grown strongly in recent years and is expected to continue to increase in the coming decades. Solar power is also expected to increase significantly. In a power system, a continuous balance is maintained between total production and demand. This balancing is currently mainly managed with conventional power plants, but with larger amounts of wind and solar power, other sources will also be needed. Interesting possibilities include continuous control of wind and solar power, battery storage, electric vehicles, hydrogen production, and other demand resources with flexibility potential. The aim of this article is to describe and compare the different challenges and future possibilities in six systems concerning how to keep a continuous balance in the future with significantly larger amounts of variable renewable power production. A realistic understanding of how these systems plan to handle continuous balancing is central to effectively develop a carbon-dioxide-free electricity system of the future. The systems included in the overview are the Nordic synchronous area, the island of Ireland, the Iberian Peninsula, Texas (ERCOT), the central European system, and Great Britain., QC 20230818

På grund av energiomställningen, Sveriges mål om att ha en fossilfri elproduktion 2040 samt målet om nettonollutsläpp av växthusgaser 2045 förväntas en omfattande utbyggnad av förnybara energikällor ske. I denna rapport har därför elbehovet, potentialen för elproduktion, möjliga framtida systemproblem samt lösningar undersökts. Efter en omfattande litteraturstudie har det framkommit att elbehovet kommer att öka till det dubbla i Sverige och den största delen av detta ökade behov förväntas komma från vätgasproduktion för tillverkning av fossilfritt stål. Då antal parter som styr investerinsbesluten för de mest energikrävande projekten är få, råder stor osäkerhet kring hur stor denna ökning faktiskt kommer att bli. I det högsta fallet kan elbehovet uppgå till 370 TWh. Med antagandet att elektrifieringstakten i samhället är hög tillsammands med insikten att Sverige har ambitiösa energi- och klimatmål är det sannolikt att det inhemska elbehovet kommer ligga i närheten av 286 TWh. Utöver det förväntas effektbehovet och därmed effektbehovet under topplasttimmen öka markant. Det kommer med stor sannolikhet ligga i intervallet 42 - 49 GW. När det gäller utbyggnad av vattenkraft verkar det osannolikt med nybyggnation. Kärnkraftens potential och produktion i framtiden kommer bero på ett antal lagar om konstruktion av nya reaktorer, huruvida befintlig kärnkrafts livstid förlängs bortom 60 år samt möjligheten att hantera avfallet. Vindkraften spås bli det dominerande kraftslaget med en årsproduktion på upp till 157 TWh men där det finns ett antal flaskhalsar i form av ansökningsprocessen samt intressekonflikter med andra intressenter som påverkar utbyggnadstakten. Solkraftens potential bedöms vara god trots att Sverige har låg solpotential jämfört med många andra länder, detta då solkraften har få intressekonflikter med andra intressenter. Kraftvärmen kan öka sin elproduktion i det fall då antalet produktionstimmar ökar och värmekraften tar tillvara på spillvärmen. Denna potent, Sverige har ambitiösa mål för att bli mer hållbart, inklusive att ha en fossilfri elproduktion 2040 och nollutsläpp av växthusgaser 2045. Examensarbetet utforskar möjliga utmaningar som systemet kan ställas inför genom att titta på landets framtida elbehov och potentialen för de energikällor som kan byggas i Sverige. Rapporten visar att elbehovet kommer att fördubblas, främst på grund av det tillkommande behovet av den fossilfria stålproduktionen. Men det finns osäkerhet kring hur stor denna ökning exakt kommer att vara. Vindkraft förväntas bli den största energikällan, men det finns utmaningar med att bygga ut den då endast en liten del av Sveriges yta är tillgäglig för vindkraften. Dessutom visar det sig att en stor del av projekten inte godkönns i den långa ansökningsprocessen. Solkraft har också potential trots Sveriges låga solinstrålning. Detta beror främst på att den kan byggas på platser där andra energikällor inte får vara. En del av kärnkraften når slutet av sin livlängd och om inte mer kärnkraft byggs ut kan det uppstå problem med elnätets stabilitet. En lösning kan vara att offra en liten del av vindkraftenens produk- tion för att hjälpa till att stabilisera systemet. Detta sker genom att justera hastigheten med vilken vindturbinerna roterar. För att säkerställa att det alltid finns tillräckligt med el, även när det inte blåser eller solen inte lyser, behövs flexibilitet i systemet. Flexibilitet introduceras exempelvis genom energilagring samt genom tillfällig sänkning av förbrukningen. Sammanfattningsvis visar detta arbete att även om det finns utmaningar framför oss, finns det också lösningar som kan hjälpa Sverige att uppnå de satta hållbarhetsmålen men att denna omställning kräver en del investeringar i både utbyggnad samt flexibilitet.

This thesis explores the integration of hydrogen and battery energy storage systems as a means to enhance the management of wind and solar power in the pursuit of a greener grid. The objective of the study is to identify the potential benefits and challenges associated with hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) and their role in renewable energy integration. The thesis begins with a literature review, examining the energy system and markets, wind and solar power production, hydrogen energy storage system (H2ESS), and battery energy storage (BESS). This review serves as a foundation for the subsequent analysis and simulation. A simulation method is employed to evaluate the performance and techno-economic aspects of the HESS. The OpenModelica software is used to model power generation, energy storage systems, grid infrastructure, and other relevant components. An operational strategy for the HESS is developed, including a Scheduler algorithm, which is making decisions based on market patterns, and a Controller algorithm, which assures technical functionality and makes the renewable variable power production plannable. The economic decisions are made by the scheduler to maximise profit by either producing hydrogen, storing electricity, or delivering electricity to the grid. This is based on whichever market is momentarily most profitable. The scheduler dynamically adjusts the operation of the energy storage system to exploit price fluctuations and optimise revenue generation. The techno-economic dimensioning method is utilised to assess the economic viability of the storage solution. Investment appraisal is conducted at various levels, including system, solar power plant, battery, electrolyser and hydrogen storage, and fuel cell levels. A simple optimisation process is employed to determine the optimal dimensions of the storage solution. The results of the simulation and techno-economic analysis provide valuable insights. They demonstrate the potential of a HESS in impr, Unlocking the full potential of renewable energy, this study unveils an operational strategy leveraging hybrid energy storage systems to maximise profit by choosing between hydrogen production, electricity storage, and grid delivery based on market prices. Have you wondered how the green transition should be accelerated, especially seeing the problems we have with intermittency of renewable energy sources (RES)? Well, one solution for this is the increased development of hybrid energy storage systems (HESS), using both hydrogen and batteries. The research provided in our master’s thesis demonstrates that HESSs provide a means to make wind and solar production plannable within the hour and highlights the potential for hydrogen market development. By leveraging price variations, HESS can generate revenue and enhance the plannability of variable RES. The research is relevant due to the pressing need for climate action, the need for plannable energy production, the challenges posed by high electricity prices, and the growing demand for hydrogen gas. By making renewable energy production plannable, grid stability can improve while investments become more profitable, ultimately impacting your electricity security and wallet. Also, making HESS as profitable as possible contributes to the increased development of the hydrogen market, which can be a good solution to decarbonising hard-to-reach sectors such as transportation and industry. Alas, the solution addresses critical needs in the energy transition. The findings of the thesis have practical implications and point to potential future applications. One integral part of the study was to find sound dimensions for components in a HESS to enable technical functionality and economic viability. The optimised HESS configuration provides a blueprint for future investments in renewable energy systems. The system comprised of the appropriately set dimensions demonstrated a very high profitability, which highlights the economic be

We evaluate the conditions and consequences of union strategies in three industrial transitions in California, all driven by its globally influential climate policies: in construction (solar power plants), electricity (nuclear power retirement), and manufacturing (electric vehicles). Building on recent, global frameworks in environmental labor studies, we grow the field’s attention towards unions with workers transitioning between ‘sunset’ industries like fossil energy and ‘sunrise’ sectors like clean energy. Using original ethnographic and archival data, we analyze the conditions that shaped union strategies in transitions, and how these in turn impacted union power and coalitions. We argue that union strategies embraced climate transitions when they organized leverage to define a shift on their members’ terms, independently from employers, often by turning environmental regulation to the advantage of labor and its allies.

In order to lessen its negative effects on the environment and to maintain its future operations in a clear, renewable, and sustainable manner, the aviation industry has begun developing designs that are dependent on alternative energy sources but also friendly to the environment and conventional energy. Solar energy has been suggested as a potential remedy. Aerial vehicles driven by solar energy are viewed as essential to limiting the consequences of global warming. In this study, a MATLAB/Simulink environment is used to simulate a mathematical model of a solar-powered BLDC motor of a UAV. under photovoltaic (PV) array systems, the phrase "maximum power point tracking" (MPPT) is crucial to ensuring that, under specific circumstances, the connected systems receive the greatest power output. This study simulates "fuzzy logic control," one of the preferred MPPT methods, using a solar-powered BLDC motor for an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) design. The PV cell, MPPT, buck-boost converter, and BLDC motor models in the cascade structure are simulated, tested, and the results are compared to the DC motor technical data. As a result, despite changes in irradiance, the results of mathematical model simulation overlap with motor technical reference values. A mathematical model of a solar-powered BLDC motor for a UAV is created and simulated using the MATLAB/Simulink environment, in contrast to prior solar-powered BLDC motor literature efforts. The fuzzy logic control MPPT technique is preferred for adjusting the maximum power output at the solar cell, and a buck-boost converter structure is connected between the MPPT and the BLDC motor mathematical model. It is recommended for usage in solar-powered UAV designs in the future.

Machine learning algorithms for anomaly detection often assume training with historical data gathered under normal conditions, and detect anomalies based on large residuals at inference time. In real-world applications, labelled anomaly-free data is most often unavailable. In fact, a common situation is that the training data is contaminated with an unknown fraction of anomalies or faults of the same type we aim to detect. In this case, training residual-based models with the contaminated data often leads to increased missed detections and/or false alarms. While this challenge is rather common, in particular in technical fault detection setups, it is only rarely addressed in the scientific literature. In this paper we address this problem by introducing a data refinement algorithm that is capable of cleaning the contaminated training data in a fully unsupervised manner, and apply the algorithm to a problem of fault detection in grid-scale solar power plants. The data refinement framework is based on an original physics informed deep learning classification algorithm that would require healthy data as its input, in order to generate from it synthetic faulty data and train a binary classifier. We show that in order to achieve high fault detection performance, it is essential to avoid contamination of the original healthy data with unlabelled faults. To this end, we introduce an algorithm that isolates the healthy data in a fully unsupervised manner prior to training the binary classifier. We test our algorithm with field data from an operational solar power plant which includes contamination of unlabelled faulty data and demonstrate its high performance. In addition, we demonstrate the robustness of the proposed refinement method against an increasing fraction of faults in the training data.

The renewable generation capacity, particularly solar and wind power installations, has increased steadily in the Netherlands over the course of recent years. Due to the local, small-scale nature of these power plants (compared to conventional power plants), a large share of this generation capacity is installed into the medium- and low-voltage distribution grids. This trend acts as the source of several challenges for distribution system operators (DSOs) such as Stedin Netbeheer B.V. (a DSO in the Netherlands, supporting this project). One of the main problems is the fact that voltage limit violations, particularly upper voltage limit violations, become more frequent. Conventional voltage control schemes assume a unidirectional power flow (i.e., consumption only) in distribution grids and are unable to keep the limits in case a large share of generation capacity is installed. This is further complicated by the fact that underground cable networks, typical in Western European electricity distribution grids, have lines with large R/X ratios, which reduces the effectiveness of reactive power injection-based voltage control methods. This MSc project intends to solve the issue of voltage limit violations with a model predictive control (MPC) policy. The considered control actions coordinated by the model predictive controller are the switching of the on-load tap changer (OLTC) mechanism mounted to the primary substation’s transformer, setpoint adjustments of the low-level OLTC control relay, and the active power curtailment of larger photovoltaic plants. A linear, sensitivity-matrix-based model is used for the grid’s state prediction; and the sensitivity values are re-calculated at each sampling time step of the MPC. To avoid the curtailment of photovoltaic (PV) plants when not justified, a conditional curtailment logic is incorporated into the MPC policy: PV plants are only allowed to be curtailed if their local voltage magnitude is above a tuneable threshold., Mechanical Engineering | Systems and Control

"Energy, Environment and Society" is an opportunity for first-year students to make direct contributions to energy innovations at MIT and in local communities. The class takes a project-based approach, bringing student teams together to conduct studies that will help MIT, Cambridge and Boston to make tangible improvements in their energy management systems. Students will develop a thorough understanding of energy systems and their major components through guest lectures by researchers from across MIT and will apply that knowledge in their projects. Students are involved in all aspects of project design, from the refinement of research questions to data collection and analysis, conclusion drawing and presentation of findings. Each student team will work closely with experts including local stakeholders as well as leading technology companies throughout the development and implementation of their projects. Projects in this course center on renewable energy and energy efficiency.

The ongoing energy transition towards a fossil-free electricity production and sustainable future is essential to mitigate climate change and a matter of global concern. However, there are still knowledge gaps that presents challenges to the transition, one of which is opposing land-use interest and geographical placement of new electricity infrastructure. This study was conducted in collaboration with the Swedish Energy Agency and outsets from four potential development paths for a large-scale expansion of electricity production in Sweden, with focus on the energy sources onshore- or offshore wind power, and life-extended or new nuclear power. Within this setting the study utilizes a multimethod methodology. Firstly, the potential land-use based on installed power in each scenario was mapped out quantitatively. Secondly, the potential opposing land-use claims, the possible obstacles these claims entails for the co-existing prospects, and how the complex challenges with co-existence between national and local land-use interests could be solved in the future was examined though qualitative expert interviews. Even though the analysis shows that co-existence and land-use challenges mostly differ in the scenarios and between energy sources, the thesis concludes that possible prospects for co-existence between land-use interests align and that a more holistic approach might be beneficial to tackle issues. This since it was identified that co-existence will be challenging to achieve without clear political guidelines that promote a long-term and unbiased development for electricity production. Lastly, it was concluded that one approach to incentivize this is to create platforms where actors with conflicting land-use objectives can collaborate., Har du också noterat att fokuset på elproduktion och den återkommande användningen av orden energi- eller klimatomställning blivit allt vanligare i debatter och samtal de senaste åren? En av många anledningarna till detta är att utbyggnad av billig fossilfri elproduktion potentiellt skulle kunna vara del av lösningen på både den pågående elkrisen, ett sätt att mildra klimatförändringarna samt en förutsättning för att nå klimatmål. En viktig fråga att ställa sig är dock var ny elproduktion ska placeras och vilken påverkan det kommer ha på omgivningen och andra intressen? Detta skulle man kunna diskutera utifrån två utgångspunkter; där den gör mest nytta eller där det finns plats utan konkurrerande intressen. Hade detta varit samma platser i Sverige hade det varit förträffligt, så är dock ofta inte fallet. Problematiken gällande elproduktionens placering handlar nämligen till stor del om att det finns ett elunderskott i södra Sverige till följd av befolkningsmajoritet, vilket även begränsar tillgången på yta. Samtidigt finns det mer tillgänglig yta i norra Sverige, men många andra intressen för att använda marken till andra ändamål än elproduktion. Dessutom skulle en större utbyggnad av elproduktion i norr betyda att mer el måste transporteras söderut i ett elnät som redan har överföringsbegränsningar. När man pratar om dessa frågor brukar man använda termerna ’markanspråk’ som innebär ett territoriellt anspråk på mark, samt ’samexistens’ som i denna studie definierats som samhällets, olika intressenters och elsystemets möjlighet att existera och leva tillsammans. Denna studie utgick från fyra möjliga utvecklingsvägar som Energimyndigheten har undersökt som en del av ett regeringsuppdrag. De fyra utvecklingsvägarna ses som potentiella scenarier för hur en storskalig utbyggnad av elsystemet skulle kunna se ut. Dessa scenarier hade alla varsitt kraftslag i fokus; land- eller havsbaserad vindkraft, samt livstidsförlängd- eller ny kärnkraft. Studien utförde beräkningar fö

The expected increase of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles has motivated the emergence of a significant number of studies on Hydrogen Refuelling Stations (HRS). Some of the main HRS topics are sizing, location, design optimization, and optimal operation. On-site green HRS, where hydrogen is produced locally from green renewable energy sources, have received special attention due to their contribution to decarbonization. This kind of HRS are complex systems whose hydraulic and electric linked topologies include renewable energy sources, electrolyzers, buffer hydrogen tanks, compressors and batteries, among other components. This paper develops a linear model of a real on-site green HRS that is set to be built in Zaragoza, Spain. This plant can produce hydrogen either from solar energy or from the utility grid and is designed for three different types of services: light-duty and heavy-duty fuel cell vehicles and gas containers. In the literature, there is a lack of online control solutions developed for HRS, even more in the form of optimal online control. Hence, for the HRS operation, a Model Predictive Controller (MPC) is designed to solve a weighted multi-objective online optimization problem taking into account the plant dynamics and constraints as well as the disturbances prediction. Performance is analysed throughout 210 individual month-long simulations and the effect of the multi-objective weighting, prediction horizon, and hydrogen selling price is discussed. With the simulation results, this work shows the suitability of MPC for HRS control and its significant economic advantage compared to the rule-based control solution. In all simulations, the MPC operation fulfils all required services. Moreover, results show that a seven-day prediction horizon can improve profits by 57% relative to a one-day prediction horizon; that the battery is under-sized; or that the MPC operation strategy is more resolutive for low hydrogen selling prices.

This paper develops follows recent efforts in this journal to critique the concept of energy democracy by highlighting conceptual challenges of incorporating the ‘bad behavior’ of the nonliberal Other, where the bastion of ‘bad behavior’ is thought to be found in “Africa”. This article highlights liberal democratic assumptions of energy democracy through a review of relevant literature emerging from political theory, postcolonial studies and indigenous studies to develop a critique of energy democracy. Doing so requires using different vocabularies for analyzing the plurality of democratic practice and experience around the world that exceed liberal democratic norms. The authors draw on two existing concepts, “sociotechnical imaginaries” (STIMs) and “credibility economies” to investigate the collective governance strategies of subaltern energy polities, which may include nonhuman beings, authoritarian politics, or corruption and violence. We develop this analysis by comparing two African nation-states–Morocco and Tanzania–to show how the states and subaltern groups do (or do not) develop STIMs related to solar power. While international governance organizations often portray Morocco as authoritarian and Tanzania as corrupt, each state differently experienced colonization and decolonization, and practices different relationships with domestic subaltern groups. Whereas low-income citizens and indigenous groups seek integration into the Moroccan state’s STIM, the Maasai in Tanzania chart their own STIM separate from the state and international development groups. The intent is not to promote democratic relativism but rather to ask scholars and international energy-access practitioners to suspend their democratic disbelief when studying energy matters in so-called nonliberal contexts.

More sustainable generation and use of electricity are being achieved through a growing contribution from solar and wind power. These are intermittent sources with output evolving according to broad seasonal and diurnal patterns on which superimpose rather unpredictable changes due to weather, such as an appearance of cloud layers attenuating the amount of irradiance received by the surface. The integration of the solar production and the parameters that influence it creates a complex system where on continuous basis decisions need to be made on whether to store or forfeit excess solar electricity or whether to call on hydrocarbon-powered stations. All of this is to satisfy demand which is itself constantly changing with broad seasonal and diurnal trends. Thus, optimal decisions depend on a multitude of variables, from technical parameters of the devices to weather-related variables to predict demand on a timescale sufficient to adjust supply and decide on the best mix of technologies. Machine learning techniques are promising for the integration of renewable energies into the grid. Thus, this chapter proposes an efficient solution for grid management and control of the distribution of electrical energy while encouraging the integration of renewable energy. In particular, the proposed solution aims to be able to predict the production of intermittent sources such as the sun in our case so that its integration is more efficient. So, it will ensure that renewable and non-renewable sources are complementary at all times, offering then the best possible storage and production tools. All this is to ensure instantaneous energy balance.

Die chemische Industrie in der EU muss dringend Abstand von fossilen Ressourcen nehmen und zu erneuerbarem Kohlenstoff wechseln. Energie und Wärme, die industrielle Prozesse brauchen, können aus erneuerbaren Quellen wie Windkraft und Sonnenenergie stammen. Ebenso müssen fossile Rohstoffe, die in der Chemieindustrie benötigt werden, durch erneuerbare Alternativen ersetzt werden. Durch die Kopplung von Biomassepyrolyse mit Solarthermie wird beides ermöglicht. Die Dekarbonisierung durch Elektrifizierung der Industrie ist nicht ausreichend, um die Ziele des Pariser Klimaschutzabkommens zu erreichen. Ebenso muss die chemische Industrie defossilisiert werden. Da- für muss der Rohstoff für Chemikalien und Materialien aus erneuerbaren Quellen stammen, das heißt, aus Rezyklaten, Biomasse und CO₂. Das Pysolo-Projekt Bei der Auftaktveranstaltung des vier Jahre laufenden Horizon Europe Projekts „Pysolo“ (PYrolysis of biomass by concentra- ted SOLar pOwer) unter Leitung von Marco Binotti, Lehrstuhlinhaber am Department für Energie des Polytechnikums in Mailand, diskutierten mehr als 20 Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler aus Deutschland, Italien, Frankreich und Spanien, wie sich die Zusammenarbeit zum Gelingen des Projekts gestalten lässt. [...]

For confronting the majority of today’s mankind needles, this paper considers some under-developed and current methods or techniques for advancing solar (sunlight) energy harvesting. Usually, modern energy or power systems presume continuous accessibility of energy, but the energy of the sun or sunlight isn’t available or accessible at night time. So, storage of energy nowadays is an imperative concern. Moreover, the usage of current solar power is not so cheap it causes high production costs. Therefore, there is a need to introduce substantiate solar energy harvesting methods to improve efficiency and reduce costs. Therefore, this research highlighted that storage of solar energy can surely be increased by using flywheels or superconducting magnets, mimic. To uplift the storage of solar energy at night time antennas can be used. Moreover, solar energy efficiency can be surely increased by using gold nano-particles, changing solar panels connects ways.

In the field of Visible Light Sensing, light sensors are used to extract information from objects which do not actively communicate any information. Previous research within this field proposed the system called SolAR, and proved the possibility of using a solar cell as both a power source and an activity sensor. A wrist mounted solar cell generates more energy than it uses during operation, while achieving a high classification accuracy for different activities. While the wearer performs different activities, the power output of the solar cell fluctuates. In turn, these fluctuations are used to recognise activities. To extend on the concept of SolAR, this paper introduces a prototype to obtain data from different activities while performing day-to-day tasks. During these activities, ordinary actions are performed to emulate natural circumstances. Analysis of this data initially shows no significant drop in accuracy when compared to SolAR. Further examination shows significant differences in mislabelling rates when comparing to the results of SolAR., CSE3000 Research Project, Computer Science and Engineering

A rising number of novice rash drivers, indiscreet driving, and postponed admittance to emergency treatment to casualties has been a significant reason for passings. Instances of provocation, burglary in taxis are ascending with additional individuals utilizing cur-rent taxi administrations. Driver weariness checking, mishap anticipation measures, GPS-based area and closest clinic ready, savvy slowing mechanisms, brilliant airbags, and so forth are a portion of the highlights presently executed in a couple of the very good quality  extravagance level vehicles. There hasn't been an expense proficient model produced for the low-end financial plan vehicles. It is vital to give open wellbeing measures in the vehicle to limit the endanger of death toll. This undertaking plans to foster an expense productive brilliant vehicle framework that can assist with helping not many of the causes. This research paper is written to take care for all such things and come up with a novel idea.

The clean energy transitions require a large volume of minerals to handle its diverse technologies, such as solar photovoltaics (PV), wind turbines etc. Therefore, mineral importing countries concentrated on cleaner energy production confront an uprising trend in critical mineral prices due to thriving demands. We quest for the response of the top mineral importing countries' import demand for minerals to the clean energy transitions from 1996 to 2019 within the import-demand function analysis. Using the cross-sectional autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) method, our findings divulge a significantly positive response of mineral import demand to solar and wind energy productions in the long run. We also find that mineral price elasticity holds the Marshallian demand hypothesis in the mineral-laden solar energy generation while contradicting it in wind energy production. In addition, the oil price substitution effect does not sustain, whereas exchange rate depreciates mineral import demands in the long run. Therefore, our policy implications encompass optimizing the mineral resources for clean energy transitions to materialize the 21st century's global agenda of a decarbonized or net-zero emissions trajectory. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd

Power distribution to decentralized and remote communities secluded from centralized grid connections has always been a problem for utilities and governments worldwide. This situation is even more critical for the isolated communities in Russia due to the vast nature of the country. Therefore, the Russian government is formulating and implementing several strategies to develop its renewable energy sector. However, very little information is available on the possible performance of solar photovoltaic (PV) modules under Russian weather conditions for all year round. Thus, this study has been designed to fill that research gap by assessing the performance ratio (PR), degradation, energy loss prediction, and employment potential of PV modules in the Sverdlovsk region of Russia using the PVsyst simulation model. A side-by-side comparison of the fixed tilted plane and tracking horizontal axis East–West were analyzed. According to the results, the annual production probability (P) for the fixed PV module for a P50, P75, and P90 is 39.68 MWh, 37.72 MWh, and 35.94 MWh, respectively, with a variability of 2.91 MWh. In the case of the tracking PV module, the annual production probability for the P50, P75, and P90 is 43.18 MWh, 41.05 MWh, and 39.12 MWh, respectively, with a variability of 3.17 MWh. A PR of 82.3% and 82.6% is obtained for the fixed and tracking systems, respectively, while the PV array losses for the fixed and tracking orientations are 15.1% and 14.9%, respectively. The months of May to August recorded the highest array losses due to the high temperatures that are usually recorded within that period. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

The need to meet the world’s growing demand for energy in an environmentally sustainable manner has led to the exploration of various renewable energy (RE) resources for power gen-eration. The objective of this study is to examine the techno-economic potential of concentrated solar power plants (i.e., linear Fresnel reflector (LFR) and central receiver system (CRS) for electricity generation in Eastern African countries with a case study on Ethiopia. The study was conducted using the System Advisor Model (SAM). In order to estimate the economics of the two power plants, the Levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and the net present value (NPV) metrics were used. According to results obtained from the simulations, the LFR produced annual energy of 528 TWh at a capacity factor (CF) of 60.3%. The CRS also produced a total of 540 TWh at a CF of 61.9%. The LCOE (real) for the CRS is found to be 9.44 cent/kWh against 10.35 cent/kWh for the LFR. The NPV for both technologies is found to be positive for inflation rates of 2% and below. An inflation rate above 2% renders the two power plants financially impracticable. A real discount rate above 9% also renders both projects economically unviable. Based on the obtained results, the CRS system is identified as the best technology for electricity generation under the Jijiga climatic condition in Ethiopia. © 2022 by the authors. Li-censee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

Den globala utvecklingen som pågått sedan 1950-talet har resulterat i drastiska klimatförändringar vilket orsakat allvarliga miljöproblem. Dessa miljöproblem beror till stor del på en kraftig befolkningstillväxt. Befolkningstillväxten är starkt förknippad med ökade energibehov vilket ställer högre krav på hur energin produceras för att minska avtrycket på miljön. Ett tydligt steg i rätt riktning är tillämpningen av förnyelsebara energikällor. På den svenska marknaden är solkraft den energikälla som vuxit kraftigast de senaste åren. En av anledningarna till den kraftiga tillväxten är de statliga stimulanserna som givits. Sedan 2021 har de statliga stöden samtidigt dragits in vilket i synnerhet drabbar företag, däribland kommersiella fastighetsägare. Samtidigt kan det fortfarande finnas motiv för att investera i solceller, tack vare de positiva kostnadseffekter som en investering kan medföra. Det finns samtidigt oklarheter kring hur denna typ av investering påverkar värdet på fastigheter. Baserat på detta är studiens syfte att undersöka hur investeringar i solceller påverkar det ekonomiska värdet på kommersiella fastigheter samt hur detta värde maximeras med avseende på dimensionering respektive finansiering. Tidigare forskning inom området indikerar att det i huvudsak finns positiva samband mellan investeringar i solceller och värdet på fastigheter. Samtidigt berör dessa studier bostadsfastigheter på den internationella marknaden. Det finns således en begränsad forskning kring hur investeringar i solceller påverkar värdet på kommersiella fastigheter, inte minst på den svenska marknaden. För att uppfylla studiens syfte tillämpades, i första hand, en kvantitativ flerfallsstudie där 8 fastighetsobjekt undersöktes. Den kvantitativa data som samlades in om dessa objekt låg till grund för värderingen av dessa fastigheter. Värderingen, som baserades på “discounted cash flow method”, tillämpades för att tyd, The global development, which has been going on since the 1950s, has resulted in drastic climate changes, which has caused serious environmental issues. These environmental issues are mainly caused by a strong population growth. The population growth is participially associated with increased energy needs, which sets higher requirements on how energy is produced, in order to reduce the impact on the environment. A step in the right direction is the application of renewable energy sources. In the Swedish market, solar power has been the fastest growing energy source in recent years. One of the reasons for this growth has been the stimulations offered by the government. Since 2021, the stimulations have been withdrawn which particularly affects companies, including commercial property owners. However, there may still be motives for investing in solar cells, thanks to the positive cost effects that an investment may bring. At the same time, there are uncertainties about how much this type of investment can affect the property value. Based on that, the purpose of this study is to investigate how investments in solar cells affect the economic value of commercial properties and how this value can be maximized with respect to dimensioning and financing, respectively. Previous research within this field indicates that there are positive relationships between investments in solar cells and the value of properties. At the same time, these studies concern residential properties on the international market. Based on this, there is limited research on how investments in solar cells affect the value of commercial properties, especially in the Swedish market. To fulfill the purpose of the study, a quantitative multiple-case study was applied, in which 8 real estate objects were examined. The quantitative data collected about these objects was the basis for the valuation of the properties. The valuation, which was based on a discounted cash flow method, was applied to clarify how t

Though studies and experimentation have been done regarding solar UAVs, it appears that these studies have been primarily focused on the development of futuristic prototypes or proof-of-concept vehicles used under very controlled conditions and without regard to extensive practical applications. On the other hand, in this research we seek to examine the flying endurance benefits that may be achieved by equipping the Nimbus Pro VTOL small unmanned aerial aircraft with commercially available thin film photovoltaic cells. Typical miniature and micro UAVs that run on battery power have an endurance of thirty minutes to two hours, after which time they need to be retrieved so that the batteries can be recharged, or so that another single-use battery can be installed. The retrieve-prepare-relaunch cycle can be greater than the on-station time for the UAV, and greatly reduces the utility of these systems to the intelligence gatherer or war fighter. The focus of this research is to determine the estimation of the power consumption of the Nimbus Pro VTOL and the power generated from an array of solar cells installed on the wing of the aircraft. With that information, we can approximate the additional flight time gained by the installation of the solar array., LTJG, Peruvian Navy, Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

Energy insufficiency is disturbing the improvement of Bangladesh. Since the sun light is not available always and the breeze does not blow constantly, solar and wind power alone are weaker power sources. Coupling solar as well as wind power sources along with storage batteries making up the full duration of time in the absence of wind or sun light supplies a pragmatic shape of power generation. In Bangladesh, breeze is not available most of the places. Only in the coastal areas, wind is sufficient to produce electricity. However, sunlight is available all over the year here. Although solar and wind alone power station has installed here but solar-wind cascading power station has not been installed yet.

Solar power installations are increasing every year due to the decarbonization policy established around the world. Photovoltaic (PV) systems and specifically one-axis solar trackers are the most used type of installations in solar power plants. Those solar trackers are slender structures installed in open-air areas sometimes subjected to high speed winds. During the last years, failures in these structures are starting to appear, and most of them are related to a dynamic phenomenon called torsional galloping. The torsional galloping is an aeroelastic instability that presents very high deformation amplitudes and can be triggered at certain wind speeds and tilt angles of the solar tracker. In this paper, a failure investigation of a solar tracker due to torsional galloping is carried out. The broken structure has been analyzed in the field and a numerical model of the structure has been built up. The numerical model is used to identify the natural frequencies of the structure as well as the maximum stresses in the different pieces of the solar tracker. The numerical investigation confirmed that the cause of the failure was torsional galloping occurring for high speed winds and with a tilt angle of the solar tracker of 0 degrees., Postprint (updated version)

In response to the ever-increasing threat of the negative impacts of climate change, there has been a renewed international focus on the integration of renewable energy to meet their demands. One such project is located at Tezpur University in the state of Assam, India. In this project, a large PV project of 1 MWp capacity was installed in 2018, followed by a 91 kWh Li-ion battery system in 2020. While the system has been installed, an optimal operational algorithm (OA) is needed for the system to operate and meet the needs of the connected load. This thesis will consider several OAs for the battery system. The charging schedule for the system will be optimised based on data for the substation system. First, data from the electrical load and power outages with a time resolution of one minute were considered. Upon analysis of this data, an initial algorithm was proposed and its effectiveness was evaluated based on selected key performance indicators (KPIs). Next, a linear programming approach was used to optimise the battery charging schedule based on electricity cost, PV power production, and electric load. Based on the results of the optimisation, input from the proprietors of the energy management system, and results from the initial algorithm, a second advanced algorithm was created and its effectiveness was again evaluated based on the same KPIs. It was found that the two main goals within this project, initiating appropriate charging times to limit grid power usage while also maintaining sufficient energy reserves whenever a power outage occurs. While diesel usage cannot be completely eliminated, it can be greatly reduced for shorter power outages. Additionally, a high degree of load autonomy can be achieved before the diesel generator becomes necessary to activate., Som svar på det ständigt ökande hotet om klimatförändringens negativa effekter har det skett en förnyad internationell fokus på integrering av förnybar energi för att tillgodose deras behov. Ett sådant projekt finns på Tezpur University i delstaten Assam i Indien. Under detta projekt installerades ett stort solcellsprojekt med en kapacitet på 1 MWp under 2018, med följt av ett 91 kWh Li-ion-batterisystem under 2020. Medan systemet har installerats behövdes en optimal driftalgoritm för att systemet skulle kunna fungera och uppfylla behoven hos den anslutna lasten. I den här avhandlingen kommer flera driftalgoritmer för batterisystemet att diskuteras. Laddningsschemat för systemet kommer att optimeras utifrån data för understationssystemet. Först beaktades data från den elektriska belastningen med en minutupplösning och frekvensen av strömavbrott. Efter analys av dessa data samt föreslogs en första algoritm och dess effektivitet utvärderades utifrån utvalda nyckelindikatorer för prestanda. Därefter användes en metod för multivariabel linjär programmering för att optimera schemat för batteriladdning baserat på elkostnad, produktion av solcellseffekt och elektrisk belastning. På grundval av resultaten av optimeringen, input från ägarna till energihanteringssystemet och resultaten från den ursprungliga algoritmen skapades en andra avancerad algoritm och dess effektivitet utvärderades återigen utifrån samma nyckelindikatorer. Det visade sig att de två huvudmålen inom detta projekt, att initiera lämpliga laddningstider för att begränsa elanvändningen och samtidigt upprätthålla tillräckliga energireserver när ett strömavbrott inträffar. Dieselanvändningen kan inte helt elimineras, men den kan minskas avsevärt vid kortare strömavbrott. Dessutom kan en hög grad av lastautonomi uppnås innan dieselgeneratorn måste aktiveras.

The increasing energy demand, combined with the use of harmful non-renewable energy sources calls for the search of alternative methods to cover our energy need.Renewable energy can be harvested in different ways, through the movement of wind and water, biomass, or directly from the rays of the sun, as in the case of photovoltaic (PV) devices. Whilst crystalline silicon (c-Si) is the most common absorber used for solar cells, other technologies are emerging. Solar cells with copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) as an absorber have the possibility of being flexible, which is an advantage due to the many more application possibilities that appear compared to the rigid and heavy c-Si solar cells. CIGS solar cells have some long-term stability issues, especially regarding ingression of atmospheric species through the front contact layer. This calls for further research in the front contact of the CIGS solar cell, exploring alternative materials to prevent degradation. The front contact of a solar cell must be both optically transparent and conduct electricity. Transparent conductive oxides (TCO) are materials characterized by the ability to conduct electricity, while also possessing a certain degree of optical transparency. The combination of conductivity and transparency makes TCOs ideal as front contacts in solar cells. A very common TCO for front contacts in CIGS solar cells is aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) due to its low cost, good electrical conductivity and optical transparency. Because of its low resistance to degradation in humid environments more robust TCO alternatives, such as indium-doped tin oxide (ITO), are being investigated. Indium-doped tin oxide possesses similar electrical and optical properties as AZO, but better stability in humid environments.The ITO was deposited through RF magnetron sputtering, on a glass substrate to be able to measure optical properties. Initially, experiments focusing on oxygen content in the deposition atmosphere were do

Establishing sustainable and economical pathways for the deployment of variable renewable energy (VRE) is essential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and increasing energy security. However, due to VRE power output fluctuations, high shares of VRE are associated with increases in surplus power generation, which increases the cost of power supply. This paper examines the effects of power fluctuation mitigation measures on the integration of high shares of VRE in power supply systems. The paper takes a systematic approach to evaluate the effects of the geographical distribution of VRE locations, the increase in transmission capacity, and the introduction of large-scale battery storage while increasing the VRE share. The methodology used in this analysis is a linear programming-based power supply mix model which was developed to optimize installed capacities and operation patterns of a power supply system with geographically distributed VRE locations by minimizing the total cost of power supply. The developed methodology is applied to the power supply system of Hokkaido, Japan, as a case study. The results demonstrate that VRE shares of up to 40 % can be achieved by geographically distributing the VRE locations with no increase in the total cost of the power supply. This is because the geographical distribution of VRE locations suppresses the increase in surplus power generation. Further, achieving 40 % to 60 % VRE shares only requires an increase in the power transmission capacity. However, for higher VRE shares from 60 % to 80 %, a combination of the geographical distribution of VRE locations, transmission capacity increase, and the introduction of power storage are required to effectively minimize the amount of surplus power generated.

This paper presents a stochastic approach to assessing the hosting capacity for solar PV. The method is part of the optimal techniques for the integration of renewables. There are two types of uncertainties, namely aleatory and epistemic uncertainties. The epistemic and aleatory uncertainties influence distribution networks’ hosting capacity differently. The combination of the two uncertainties influences the planning of distribution networks. The study introduces and considers the epistemic probability distribution function (PDF). DSO does take levels of risk for a parameter violation when planning. Epistemic PDF is a range of values of the planning risk margin for quantifying the hosting capacity. The planning risk acknowledges that overvoltages may occur at weaker conceivable locations in a distribution network. In the paper, it has been shown that the number of customers who will be able to connect solar PV in future is influenced by the DSO’s planning risk margin. The DSO can be stricter or less strict in planning risk margin. It has been concluded that fewer customers can connect solar PV to a distribution network when a DSO takes a stricter planning risk. Alternatively, more customers can connect solar PV units for a less strict planning risk. How stricter or less strict the DSO is with the planning risk margin determines the investment needed for mitigation measures. The mitigation measures in the future will lead to not exceeding the overvoltage limit when solar PV is connected to the weaker conceivable points of the distribution network., Validerad;2023;Nivå 1;2023-01-01 (joosat);Funder: Skellefteå Kraft Elnät AB; Umeå Energi ABLicens full text: CC BY license

In this work develop a system that uses a combination of advancements in fuel cell technology, solar power, and hydroponics. The developed system effectively distributed in the agricultural sector, resulting in a drastic increase in urban farming and the enhancement of traditional rural farming methodologies. Hydroponic farming is a technique by which the crops are grown without soil, it benefits the environmental by eliminating erosion and water consumption by the crops, it also reduces the labor-intensive work involved in traditional framing technique. The introduction of automation in this hydroponic system and improve the monitoring of the consistency of the yield. The implementation of fuel cell technology and solar panels aids in reducing the carbon footprint of the system. As good as it sounds in efficiency and protecting the environment, it is challenging to get the right and ambient conditions for the plants to grow. Water and nutrients must be provided in a required ratio while being constantly monitored with the help of an array of sensors calibrated and coded with Raspberry Pi. The automated system helps us to maintain optimal conditions for plant growth. The primary power supply is provided by a fuel cell or even magnesium salt water fuel cell. which uses an anion exchange membrane to generate electricity to power the automation equipment for the hydroponics system. The function of solar cell is used to facilitate the fuel cell to generate hydrogen which then circulated to the fuel cell. This potentially replaces the need for setting up of massive external power source for electrolysis.

In this work, the simulation of a Concentrated PhotoVoltaic Thermal (CPVT) solar collector system has been done by means of Finite Volume Method. The system consists of a parabolic collector, which concentrates solar irradiance onto solar cells, which are refrigerated attaching them to a pipe which contains water. At the same time, water is warmed up. Numerical results were validated with experimental data obtained within the current eranet project for the Economic Cogeneration by Efficiently Concentrated SUNlight (ECOSUN). The idea of this project is to study how to take advantage of the residual heat produced by photovoltaic elements. The CPVT model is oriented to optimize the design for solar cooling applications. Finally, a 1D model is introduced to reduce the computational cost of the simulation for obtaining key parameters., Peer Reviewed, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::13 - Acció per al Clima, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::7 - Energia Assequible i No Contaminant, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura, Postprint (published version)

Climate change impacts the electric power system by affecting both the load and generation. It is paramount to understand this impact in the context of renewable energy as their market share has increased and will continue to grow. This study investigates the impact of climate change on the supply of renewable energy through applying novel metrics of intermittency, power production and storage required by the renewable energy plants as a function of historical climate data variability. Here we focus on and compare two disparate locations, Palma de Mallorca in the Balearic Islands and Cordova, Alaska. The main results of this analysis of wind, solar radiation and precipitation over the 1950–2020 period show that climate change impacts both the total supply available and its variability. Importantly, this impact is found to vary significantly with location. This analysis demonstrates the feasibility of a process to evaluate the local optimal mix of renewables, the changing needs for energy storage as well as the ability to evaluate the impact on grid reliability regarding both penetration of the increasing renewable resources and changes in the variability of the resource. This framework can be used to quantify the impact on both transmission grids and microgrids and can guide possible mitigation paths.

China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is an amalgam that addresses employability in Pakistan. The perception of creating millions of jobs in the next few years is vital for strengthening the relationship between China and Pakistan. This economic corridor aims to enhance job opportunities, which may increase the general public's education level and standard of living. This paper aims to estimate the perception of the employability impact of Bahawalpur's solar power project and Sahiwal's coal power plant within a radius of 15km2. This study measures the employability impact perceived by the workers through qualitative and descriptive procedures. The data is collected from employees of both the power plants. This study contributes to the existing literature, explains the negative and positive perceptions regarding CPEC projects, and is concluded in support of CPEC and suggests that uplifting to technical skills of the local labor force should be of utmost priority in such types of projects. The study also suggests developing a linkage between education institutes and industry to make the required skill set available to provide more abundant opportunities to the local employees.

Rising population, growing urbanization, diminishing fresh water supply, and climate change have been contributing to the planet’s deteriorating stocks of arable land. Intensive crop production in urban areas through vertical farming is considered a promising solution to help meet the increased demand for food in cities using non-arable land and in a more local and environmentally sustainable manner. In this study, we examined vertical farming as a potential solution to addressing the significant food insecurity in Sudan, Africa. Three types of vertical farms, each equipped with solar photovoltaics, were considered, namely: (1) warehouse vertical farm; (2) modular (shipping-container) vertical farm; and (3) greenhouse vertical farm. The specific objectives of the study were: (1) To design an appropriate embodiment for each of the three types of vertical farm as powered by solar photovoltaics to meet the annual demand for 66,000 kg of Yellow Potato and 79,200 heads of Rocket Arugula by the local grocery store Al-Anfal Supermarket in Sudan’s capital city of Khartoum; and (2) To assess the economic viability of each designed vertical farm embodiment as a business enterprise in Khartoum, Sudan. The conclusions of the study were as follows: (1) The greenhouse vertical farm was the most profitable case with a break-even period of 1.1 years and an estimated annual profit of $179,447; (2) The warehouse vertical farm was the second most profitable case with a break-even period of 1.3 years and an estimated annual profit of $166,924; (3) The modular shipping-container vertical farm was the last place with an estimated annual profit of $164,691 and breakeven point of 1.3 years; and, (4) Although requiring significant capital and operational investments, the foregoing three embodiments of vertical farming, powered by solar photovoltaics, to meet the annual demands for 66,000 kg of Yellow Potato and 79,200 heads of Rocket Arugula by the local grocery store Al-Anfal Supermarket i

Many key aspects of society, such as transport, housing and health care, have been significantly improved by the advent of a range of electricity applications, and the power generation for electricity applications has been a major field of research. Photovoltaic (PV) self-powered technologies are promising technologies for addressing applications' power supply challenges and alleviating conventional electricity load and environmental pollution. This study reviews solar energy harvesting (SEH) technologies for PV self-powered applications. First, the PV power generation and scenarios of PV self-powered applications are analyzed. Second, analysis of system design for PV self-powered applications is presented. Third, key components for PV self-powered applications, including maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques and power management (PM) systems are discussed in detail. Furthermore, numerous PV self-powered applications and utilizations of energy harvesting are summarized. Finally, some recommendations are proposed for further research.

The aim of the SOLETE dataset is to support researchers in the meteorological, solar and wind power forecasting fields. Particularly, co-located wind and solar installations have gained relevance due to the rise of hybrid power plants and systems. The dataset has been recorded in SYSLAB, a laboratory for distributed energy resources located in Denmark. A meteorological station, an 11 kW wind turbine and a 10 kW PV array have been used to record measurements, transferred to a central server. The dataset includes 15 months of measurements from the 1st June 2018 to 1st September 2019 covering: Timestamp, air temperature, relative humidity, pressure, wind speed, wind direction, global horizontal irradiance, plane of array irradiance, and active power recorded from both the wind turbine and the PV inverter. The data was recorded at 1 Hz sampling rate and averaged over 5 min and hourly intervals. In addition, there are three Python source code files accompanying the data file. RunMe.py is a code example for importing the data. MLForecasting.py is a self-contained example on how to use the data to build physics-informed machine learning models for solar PV power forecasting. Functions.py contains utility functions used by the other two.