Search

This paper explores how the sociopolitical, economic, and demographic transformations of the Middle Republican period affected rural settlement and landscape exploitation in Central Tyrrhenian Italy. Two lines of archaeological inquiry are pursued. The first concerns settlement data from three major survey projects: the South Etruria Survey, Rome Suburbium Project, and Pontine Region Project. Despite local variation, these surveys highlight two general changes firmly placed in the late 4th and 3rd centuries BC: an increase in rural site numbers and the rise of specialized commercial farms. The second topic concerns centuriation. It is argued that some field systems, including the centuriation of the Pontine plain, were laid out in the late 4th and early 3rd centuries to reclaim marginal landscapes. Labor-cost analyses suggest such projects involved substantial and sustained investment. The chapter then discusses the implications of these rural transformations in relation to urban contexts and the period’s broader history. Despite continuous warfare, Central Italy apparently witnessed demographic and economic growth, which in turn contributed to Rome’s expansion.

Biodiversity in the anthropocene is under threat, but under current trajectories of socio-economic development it is unlikely that current targets to halt the decline of biodiversity will be met. Climate change, sea/land-use change, pollution, direct exploitation of organisms and the invasion of alien species continue to directly drive global biodiversity change, with significant adverse impacts on species and ecosys- tems. These drivers are themselves driven by global patterns in the consumption and production of economic commodities, trade, governance, human population trends, and technological innovations. To better protect biodiversity, it is necessary to reduce uncertainty around future biodiversity change and to clearly delineate how changes may manifest themselves throughout the 21st century. Accordingly, the integration biodiversity models with models from socio-economic (and other) disciplines is critical for accurate representations of linkage between human and natural systems driving biodiversity change. However, established integrated assessment models are highly complex and typi- cally not designed for biodiversity assessments. Streamlined frameworks that can be used quickly by ecologists remain very rare and new methods are sorely needed to make integrated biodiversity modelling accessible to a wide range of applications. To fill this gap, this thesis innovates a new integrated modelling framework for bio- diversity assessments, coupling macro-economic, land-use and biodiversity modelling power. Our framework capitalizes on recent advances in computable general equilib- rium (CGE) modelling, bringing unprecedented power to parametrize the impacts of various socio-economic impacts and climate change on global commodity consumption and production patterns at very high commodity and temporal resolutions. Land-use changes caused by changes in the consumption and production of agricultural com- modities are spatially downscaled and resulting predicted land

Druga polovina 5. i veći deo 4. milenijuma pre nove ere na centralnom Balkanu označava se kao period prelaza iz kasnog neolita (tj. vinčanske kulture) u rani eneolit, i eneolitski period. Na osnovu značajnih promena u obrascima naseljavanja i veličini naselja, u pogrebnoj praksi i u materijalnoj kulturi, smatra se da je tokom prelaznog perioda došlo do razvoja novih obrazaca u društvenim odnosima i organizaciji, u ekonomiji i proizvodnji i u ideologiji postvinčanskih zajednica, koje su, za razliku od prethodnih velikih, dugotrajnih naselja, počele da osnivaju manje, relativno kratkotrajne naseobine, uglavnom na prethodno nenaseljenim lokacijama. Različiti faktori su predloženi kao pokretači ovih transformacija - društveni sukobi, invazije sa strane, klimatske promene, te pad raspoloživih prirodnih resursa i nedovoljno hrane. Za razmatranje eventualnih klimatskih promena tokom eneolita ne postoje nikakvi podaci, a doskora se veoma malo znalo i o ekonomiji zasnovanoj na biljkama i životinjama u postneolitskom periodu. Najjasnije formulisan zaključak o uzrocima raspada kasnoneolitskog društva, koji nalazi i najviše potpore u arheološkim saznanjima, jeste taj da su vinčanske zajednice dostigle granice održivosti zajedničkog života (u sociološkom smislu), što je dovelo do "fisije" i fragmentacije velikih zajednica na manje grupe. Sličan model kasnoneolitsko-ranoeneolitskih društvenih promena predložen je i za Karpatski basen - "popuštanje" društvene kohezije kao odgovor na moguće društvene tenzije. Pored promena i novih trendova koje nastupaju početkom i tokom eneolita na centralnom Balkanu, primetan je i visok stepen sličnosti/kontinuiteta u pojedinim aspektima života; na primer, pored manjih, razvijaju se i velika, dugotrajna eneolitska naselja, poput onih na lokalitetima Bubanj i Velika Humska Čuka u južnoj Srbiji. Dok su ovi i drugi aspekti eneolitskih zajednica u izvesnoj meri poznati i istraženi, proizvodnja hrane je doskora bila velika nepoznanica. Do sada je pak, In the central Balkans, the period from the second half of the 5th through the mid-3rd millennium BC is known as the Eneolithic. The earlier part of this period has been described as the transition between the Late Neolithic and Early Eneolithic and the time of transformations-societal, economic and ideological. Prevailing understanding of the archaeological record from this period is that the remarkable shifts in the settlement system reflect disintegration of the Neolithic society. What effect did this have on food economy? This question has not yet been addressed using the direct evidence of food production and consumption from archaeological sites. Although such evidence is scarce, it has in recent years been enlarged through new excavations, including those at the long-lasting site of Bubanj in southern Serbia. This paper combines the archaeobotanical and zooarchaeological datasets from Bubanj and examines the integrated evidence from a broader chronological and geographical perspective using the information from other Eneolithic and, also, Late Neolithic sites in Serbia. A picture of agricultural diversity emerges, perhaps reflecting diachronic changes in the production methods and choices. These may have been driven by the social and ecological factors that led to the cultural transformations during and after the transitional period.

Druga polovina 5. i veći deo 4. milenijuma pre nove ere na centralnom Balkanu označava se kao period prelaza iz kasnog neolita (tj. vinčanske kulture) u rani eneolit, i eneolitski period. Na osnovu značajnih promena u obrascima naseljavanja i veličini naselja, u pogrebnoj praksi i u materijalnoj kulturi, smatra se da je tokom prelaznog perioda došlo do razvoja novih obrazaca u društvenim odnosima i organizaciji, u ekonomiji i proizvodnji i u ideologiji postvinčanskih zajednica, koje su, za razliku od prethodnih velikih, dugotrajnih naselja, počele da osnivaju manje, relativno kratkotrajne naseobine, uglavnom na prethodno nenaseljenim lokacijama. Različiti faktori su predloženi kao pokretači ovih transformacija - društveni sukobi, invazije sa strane, klimatske promene, te pad raspoloživih prirodnih resursa i nedovoljno hrane. Za razmatranje eventualnih klimatskih promena tokom eneolita ne postoje nikakvi podaci, a doskora se veoma malo znalo i o ekonomiji zasnovanoj na biljkama i životinjama u postneolitskom periodu. Najjasnije formulisan zaključak o uzrocima raspada kasnoneolitskog društva, koji nalazi i najviše potpore u arheološkim saznanjima, jeste taj da su vinčanske zajednice dostigle granice održivosti zajedničkog života (u sociološkom smislu), što je dovelo do "fisije" i fragmentacije velikih zajednica na manje grupe. Sličan model kasnoneolitsko-ranoeneolitskih društvenih promena predložen je i za Karpatski basen - "popuštanje" društvene kohezije kao odgovor na moguće društvene tenzije. Pored promena i novih trendova koje nastupaju početkom i tokom eneolita na centralnom Balkanu, primetan je i visok stepen sličnosti/kontinuiteta u pojedinim aspektima života; na primer, pored manjih, razvijaju se i velika, dugotrajna eneolitska naselja, poput onih na lokalitetima Bubanj i Velika Humska Čuka u južnoj Srbiji. Dok su ovi i drugi aspekti eneolitskih zajednica u izvesnoj meri poznati i istraženi, proizvodnja hrane je doskora bila velika nepoznanica. Do sada je pak, In the central Balkans, the period from the second half of the 5th through the mid-3rd millennium BC is known as the Eneolithic. The earlier part of this period has been described as the transition between the Late Neolithic and Early Eneolithic and the time of transformations-societal, economic and ideological. Prevailing understanding of the archaeological record from this period is that the remarkable shifts in the settlement system reflect disintegration of the Neolithic society. What effect did this have on food economy? This question has not yet been addressed using the direct evidence of food production and consumption from archaeological sites. Although such evidence is scarce, it has in recent years been enlarged through new excavations, including those at the long-lasting site of Bubanj in southern Serbia. This paper combines the archaeobotanical and zooarchaeological datasets from Bubanj and examines the integrated evidence from a broader chronological and geographical perspective using the information from other Eneolithic and, also, Late Neolithic sites in Serbia. A picture of agricultural diversity emerges, perhaps reflecting diachronic changes in the production methods and choices. These may have been driven by the social and ecological factors that led to the cultural transformations during and after the transitional period.

Fast socio-economic development in agriculture and urbanization resulted in increasing nutrient export by rivers, causing coastal eutrophication in China. In addition, climate change may affect hydrology, and as a result, nutrient flows from land to sea. This study aims at a better understanding of how future socio-economic and climatic changes may affect coastal eutrophication in China. We modeled river export of total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) and phosphorus (TDP) in 2050 for six scenarios combining socio-economic pathways (SSPs) and Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). We used the newly developed MARINA 2.0 (Model to Assess River Inputs of Nutrients to seAs) model. We found that global change can make coastal eutrophication control in China more difficult. In 2050 coastal waters may be considerably more polluted or considerably cleaner than today depending on the SSP-RCP scenarios. By 2050, river export of TDN and TDP is 52% and 56% higher than in 2012, respectively, in SSP3-RCP8.5 (assuming large challenges for sustainable socio-economic development, and severe climate change). In contrast, river export of nutrients could be 56% (TDN) and 85% (TDP) lower in 2050 than in 2012 in SSP1-RCP2.6 (assuming sustainable socio-economic development, and low climate change). Climate change alone may increase river export of nutrients considerably through hydrology: We calculate 24% higher river export of TDN and 16% higher TDP for the SSP2 scenario assuming severe climate change compared to the same scenario with low climate change (SSP2-RCP8.5 vs. SSP2-RCP2.6). Policies and relevant technologies combining improved nutrient management and climate mitigation may help to improve water quality in rivers and coastal waters of China.

En México se pasó del corporativismo, emanado de la revolución de principios del siglo pasado, al neocorporativismo impulsado desde los organismos multilaterales. Mientras que el primero proponía un proyecto integrador apoyado en el Estado y su manejo del desarrollo económico, el segundo dio un giro al mercado bajo las premisas del neoliberalismo. Esas mutaciones supusieron la reordenación del entramado institucional y una mayor precariedad (inseguridad del trabajo y de la posición social), agregándose a la desigualdad característica de la sociedad corporativista (pobreza y pésima distribución de la riqueza). Implicaron además un deslizamiento hacia la lógica de la cohesión social, esto es, una integración basada en el mercado y en su corolario: la igualdad de oportunidades. Pero producen anomía y nuevas demandas de seguridad, con el riesgo de que la cuestión de la exclusión aferente a esas mutaciones sea reclasificada en objeto de la ley y del orden., Mexico moved from corporativism, which emerged from the revolution that took place at the turn of the last century, to neocorporativism, which has been promoted by the multilateral agencies. Whereas the former proposed an integration project based on the state and its handling of economic development, the latter focused on the market under the premises of neoliberalism. These changes resulted in the reordering of the institutional framework and greater precarity, both in terms of job and social status insecurity, that comes in addition to the inequality typical of the corporatist system, i.e. poverty and a dismal wealth redistribution. They also meant a shift towards the logic of social cohesion in which integration is founded on the market and on its corollary: the equality of opportunity. Nevertheless, they generate anomy and new demands for security that may take precedence over the issue of social exclusion inherent to those changes.

This study was conducted based on the socio-economic changes among South Malang’s residents due to the recognition of a new job opportunity, namely the role of migrant worker. The objective of this study is to describe the socio-economic changes in South Malang from a historical standpoint from the 1980s to 2015. In the 1980s, being a migrant worker as a job opportunity was popular, but in 2015, the number of migrant workers started to decrease drastically due to the changing of the economic direction. This study was conducted in eleven sub-districts in South Malang, which is known as the origin place of migrants, and where many of the residents have worked as migrant workers. The data used in this study was collected by interviewing and tracking the archives of the social economic development of the Malang District by way of various institutions. The results of this study indicate that the South Malang residents chose to work as migrant workers based on three main factors. First, are the internal factors that consist of the economic and infrastructure limitations. The external factor consist of the Oil Boom and Asian Miracle’s impact. Second, are the unproductive and costly environmental conditions which forced the residents to move out and find better life prospects. Third, is the socio-cultural context, where the society has only known about monetisation since the colonial era. The combination of these factors motivates the rural community of South Malang to work as migrant workers and this changed the socio-economic landscape of the region from plantations and subsistence agriculture to having a capitalist focus in the period 1980 to 2015. The positive impacts brought about by the presence of migrant workers in South Malang include economic progress, socio-economic welfare, and area improvement. On the other hand, the negative impacts include the increasing number of divorce cases, the cases of child abandonment, and the increase in the number of juvenile delinq

This paper presents a total survey of the characteristics and changes over time (1990–2010) within the entire population of Swedish non-industrial private forest owners (NIPF owners). By charting the changed demographic, socio-economic and geographic profile of the NIPF owners, it also provides a baseline for a discussion and analysis of potential implications for forest management, policy and values. NIPF owners differ in important ways from the general population of Sweden. However, the gap has narrowed over time with regard to, e.g., educational level and sex composition. The ongoing urbanization process is evident in the growing share of non-residential NIPF owners who live at a distance from their forest property and who differ from their residential (rural) peers through, e.g., higher education, higher income and a higher prevalence of co-ownership of their forest holdings. Although these changes might translate into updated views on forest values among NIPF owners, there could be a delay before this impacts on forest management practices and output., Plural

In den letzten Jahrzehnten sind abgelegene Bergregionen, speziell in Amerika und Europa, als neuer Lebensraum für Millionen Stadtbewohner immer attraktiver geworden. Dies ist vor allem in den Alpen relativ überraschend, da in den letzten Jahrzehnten große Teile von einer massiven Entvölkerung ("Landflucht") betroffen waren. Zwar gibt es immer noch Regionen die unter Abwanderung und einer überalternden Bevölkerung leiden, jedoch registrieren mittlerweile viele Gemeinden und Dörfer Zuwanderung und ein Bevölkerungswachstum. Das Phänomen hinter dieser demografischen Wende ist als Amenity Migration bekannt. In der kalifornischen Sierra Nevada und in den Französisch Alpen begann die Zuwanderung der so genannten "Stadtflüchtlinge" etwa zur gleichen Zeit, allerdings wurde es in Frankreich viel später (als demographischer Prozess) bemerkt und erforscht. Zuwanderung tritt nicht nur in einigen großen Tälern und tourismusintensiven Gebieten auf, sondern auch und gerade in den peripheren, hochgelegenen Regionen. Diese Wanderung führt zu einem dauerhaften, saisonalen sowie zwischenzeitlichen Bevölkerungsgewinn und ist der Hauptgrund für den Erhalt und den Aufschwung der Gemeinden in diesen Randbereichen. Darüber hinaus sind die neuen Bewohner verantwortlich für die Revitalisierung von Siedlungen und einiger Wirtschaftszweige. Die wichtigsten Fragen die diese Arbeit zu beantworten versucht konzentrieren sich rund um die Entstehung dieses Phänomens, die Ursprünge und Motivationen der neuen Zuwanderer sowie deren Auswirkungen auf die sozioökonomischen, demographischen und kulturellen Strukturen der Gemeinden. Die Arbeit schließt mit einer Gegenüberstellung des Amenity Migration Phänomens in der U.S. Sierra Nevada und den Europäischen Alpen., In the last decades remote mountain regions have become increasingly attractive to millions of urban residents, which is especially true for many American mountain ranges and the European Alps. This is particularly surprising in the Alps where large parts have been affected by mountain depopulation (“rural exodus”) over the last century. Although there are still regions that suffer from out-migration and an ageing population, many municipalities and villages now register in-migration and even population growth. The phenomenon behind this demographic turnaround is known as amenity migration. In the Californian Sierra Nevada and in the French Alps the in-migration of the so called “urban refugees” started around the same time, although it was noticed much later (as a demographic process) and scrutinized in France. In-migration not only occurs in some major valleys and tourism-intensive areas, but also and specifically in peripheral, high-altitude regions. This particular migration leads to permanent, seasonal as well as intermittent population gains and is the main reason for the recovery and extension of communities in these peripheral areas. Furthermore, the new residents are responsible for the revitalization of settlements and of some economic branches. The main questions this work wants to answer concentrate around the emergence of this phenomenon, the origins and motivations of the “new highlanders” as well as their effects on the socio-economic, demographic, and cultural structures of the communities. The thesis concludes with a comparison of the amenity migration phenomenon in the U.S. Sierra Nevada and the European Alps., Roland Löffler, Kumulative Dissertation aus fünf Artikeln, University of Innsbruck, Dissertation, 2016, OeBB, (VLID)1488422

This study analyzes how the migration pattern in Laos is influenced by the regionally differentiated modernization process, socioeconomic change, international migration and resettlement, by using census data from 1995 and 2005. Though Laos has experienced a rather dramatic socio-economic change during this period the inter-district and inter-province migration rate has decreased. But the empirical analyses show an increasing rural-urban migration and indicate a strong impact on migration from socio-economic changes. But internal migration patterns are also influenced by international migration patterns and resettlement of rural populations. Although socio-economic changes are major determinants to migration, also regional policies and opportunities for international migration are key factors influencing migration in developing countries.

In this article the socio-economic change of Islands and development policies in the Seto Inland Sea of Japan will be discussed. In the former half of this article, various problems particular to the islands will be sorted out. In order to examine the problems, it will be clarified that socio-economic changes in various relations between the mainland and the islands are generating many different problems today. In the latter half, a framework for the development of the islands is suggested, especially from the viewpoints of sustainable tourism development including a case of the Miyajima Island, and important measures to cope with those problems are discussed. Especially, the relationship between community and tourism is focussed here. In today's economy with its highly developed service sector the tourism industry has come to occupy an important position and is now an inseparable part of the fabric of many communities especially in the islands.

This study analyzes how the migration pattern in Laos is influenced by the regionally differentiated modernization process, socioeconomic change, international migration and resettlement, by using census data from 1995 and 2005. Though Laos has experienced a rather dramatic socio-economic change during this period the inter-district and inter-province migration rate has decreased. But the empirical analyses show an increasing rural-urban migration and indicate a strong impact on migration from socio-economic changes. But internal migration patterns are also influenced by international migration patterns and resettlement of rural populations. Although socio-economic changes are major determinants to migration, also regional policies and opportunities for international migration are key factors influencing migration in developing countries.

The chapter investigates whether there is a link between perceived socio-economic change and the development of extreme right-wing attitudes. A representative sample of 5,812 workers of eight European countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, and Switzerland) were invited to answer a phone questionnaire tapping the following areas: perceptions of change in job conditions during the last five years, evaluation of personal current socio-economic condition, organizational identification, collective relative deprivation, prejudice against immigrants, chauvinism, right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, political powerlessness, and affinity with extreme right-wing parties. Results show that two different pathways can lead from perceptions of change in job conditions to extreme right-wing party affinity. When changes are perceived as positive, people are more inclined to identify with their organization, which may favour social dominance orientation. In turn, a high level of social dominance orientation supports chauvinism, prejudice against immigrants and right-wing authoritarianism, which are psychosocial antecedents of affinity with extreme right-wing parties. On the contrary, when changes are perceived as negative, people are very likely to experience strong feelings of collective relative deprivation, which in turn predicts the following psychosocial antecedents of affinity with right-wing extremism: prejudice against immigrants, authoritarianism, and political powerlessness.

The report deals with the results of the survey carried out within the Siren project in 2003, a research programme funded by the European Union about the political consequences of the changes in labour market. The project started from the assumption that work was undergoing momentous changes all over Europe, which may foster people’s psychological and material uncertainty, and that the growth of extremist parties, ethnocentrism, and new racism has been traced back by several authors to widespread perceived uncertainty. The project involved eight European countries: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Switzerland. But for the Swiss sample, which included about 900 people, in all other countries samples included 700 participants each. Results showed a link between psychological reactions to change in job conditions and right-wing extremism.

Because of declining fertility, the proportion of the aged in the Indian population has risen. Although the rise has been modest, as shown by an increase in the population over 60 years of age from 5.5 to 7.0 per cent between 1951 and 1995, by the latter date, India’s experience with 65 million people of this age is unusual. The paper employs data on persons 65+ years of age drawn from the 42nd Round of the National Sample Survey, and for the analysis subdivides them into three age groups, 60-64, 65-69 and 70+. It is shown that, among population over 60 years of age, 10 per cent suffer from impaired physical mobility and 10 per cent are hospitalized at any given time, both proportions rising with increasing age. Of the population over 70 years of age, more than 50 per cent suffer from one or more chronic conditions. The very limited support provided to the old by goverment is brought out by the fact that even in Karnataka, one of the states with the most generous provision, only 15 per cent of persons over 65 years of age receive any type of pension.

Not supplied

This article attempts to analyze and explain the differences in fertility between the various regions of Kenya. Until recently, the country has experienced some of the highest fertility levels in the world, but lately the overall fertility has been declining fairly rapidly, especially in the central parts of the country. Kisii District in western Kenya has been selected for an in-depth analysis of the persistence of high fertility and its relationship with the socio-economic characteristics of the area. Demographic transition theory assumes that fertility transition is determined by the economic rationality of having children. This rationality is expressed in the direction of the intergenerational wealth flow, which, in traditional societies, is normally from the younger generation to the older, whereas the direction is reversed with economic development and Westernization. Of particular importance are the introduction of a monetary economy and the spread of education. The study finds fertility transition in process at different stages in the different regions of Kenya, depending on the particular socio-economic situation, but these differences are likely to even out in the future.