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Introduction: Insights into the mechanisms of protein homeostasis and proteasomal degradation have led to new strategies of redirecting the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) to reduce or eliminate proteins or survival factors key to malignant pathobiology, multiple myeloma (MM) in particular. These strategies have enabled researchers to target proteins that were previously considered difficult to modulate by pharmacological means. Areas covered: This review provides a brief overview of UPS biology, particularly the role of the CRL4CRBN E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, and summarizes current strategies for co-opting the UPS, including CELMoD compounds, SNIPERs, PROTACs, and degronimids. A detailed discussion is provided on lead CELMoD compounds iberdomide and mezigdomide, which are currently being evaluated in clinical trials in patients with MM. Expert opinion: Since a high proportion of patients develop drug resistance, it is vital to have novel therapeutic agents for treating relapsed patients with MM more effectively. It is encouraging that the expanding pathophysiological insight into cellular signaling pathways in MM increasingly translates into the development of novel therapeutic agents such as targeted protein degraders. This holds promise for improving outcomes in MM and beyond.

Since its national debut in 1987, Fresh Air with Terry Gross has been a highly acclaimed and much adored weekday magazine among public radio listeners. Each week, nearly 4.8 million people turn to Peabody Award-winning host Terry Gross for insightful conversations with the leading voices in contemporary arts and issues. The renowned program reaches a global audience, with over 620 public radio stations broadcasting Fresh Air, and 3 million podcast downloads each week. Fresh Air has broken the mold of 'talk show' by weaving together superior journalism and intimate storytelling from modern-day intellectuals, politicians and artists alike. Through probing questions and careful research, Gross's interviews are lauded for revealing a fresh perspective on cultural icons and trends. Her thorough conversations are often complemented by commentary from well-known contributors. Fresh Air is produced at WHYY-FM in Philadelphia and broadcast nationally by NPR., 1.) Writer and Young People's Poet Laureate JACQUELINE WOODSON. Her new book Another Brooklyn is written for adults and is inspired by her memories of growing up in Brooklyn in the 1970s. It is a finalist for this year's National Book Awards (to be announced in November). . Her memoir in verse Brown Girl Dreaming was awarded the National Book Award for Young People's literature in 2014 and has just been published in paperback. WOODSON is the author of a number of award-winning children's, middle school and young adult books. Her books After Tupac & D Foster, Feather, Show Way were awarded the Newbery Honor Medal. Her book Coming On Home Soon was awarded the Caldecott Honor, and she's won the Coretta Scott King award numerous times. (REBROADCAST from 8.9.16) (2.) We remember Civil rights attorney and law professor JACK GREENBERG. He died Wednesday at the age of 91. He was just out of law school--a white Jewish man from the Bronx when he joined the fledgling NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund (LDF). GREENBERG took over the helm of the LDF from his mentor Thurgood Marshall when Marshall was appointed to the Federal Court of Appeals. During GREENBERG'S tenure there, the LDF litigated some of the watershed cases of the civil rights struggle. He wrote the memoir of his 35 years at the LDF, Crusaders in the Courts: How a Dedicated Band of Lawyers Fought for the Civil Rights Revolution. (REBROADCAST from 5.24.94 AND 5.10.04)(3.) Film critic DAVID EDELSTEIN reviews the new documentary Tower about the University of Texas sniper shootings that took place Aug 1, 1966, resulting in the death of 16 people, and three dozen wounded.

Since its national debut in 1987, Fresh Air with Terry Gross has been a highly acclaimed and much adored weekday magazine among public radio listeners. Each week, nearly 4.8 million people turn to Peabody Award-winning host Terry Gross for insightful conversations with the leading voices in contemporary arts and issues. The renowned program reaches a global audience, with over 620 public radio stations broadcasting Fresh Air, and 3 million podcast downloads each week. Fresh Air has broken the mold of 'talk show' by weaving together superior journalism and intimate storytelling from modern-day intellectuals, politicians and artists alike. Through probing questions and careful research, Gross's interviews are lauded for revealing a fresh perspective on cultural icons and trends. Her thorough conversations are often complemented by commentary from well-known contributors. Fresh Air is produced at WHYY-FM in Philadelphia and broadcast nationally by NPR., (1.) Neurologist DR. FRANCES JENSEN {'YEN-sen"}, author of the new book The Teenage Brain. She's a professor and chair of the Department of Neurology at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, and was formerly a Harvard professor and Director of Translational Neuroscience at Boston Children's Hospital. (THIS INTERVIEW CONTINUES INTO THE SECOND HALF OF THE SHOW). (2.) Critic-at-large JOHN POWERS considers the unexpected success of the film American Sniper.

When the DC Sniper shootings occurred in 2002, local law enforcement (LE) agencies in the National Capital Region (NCR) did not have a framework in place to investigate a large-scale multijurisdictional investigation involving dozens of federal, state, and local LE agencies. As of 2013, the NCR still does not have a framework. This thesis used multiple sources of information and analysis to develop a list of recommendations directed to the NCR Police Chiefs Committee about how such a framework could be developed and what some of the features should be. The sources of information included lesson learned from the after-action analysis of the DC Sniper case by the Police Executive Research Forum, academic research on collaboration, the National Incident Management System, and input from 19 multijurisdictional and intergovernmental subject matter experts (SME) in the NCR, including SMEs from the LE, fire, fusion center, and public information disciplines. In February 2013, the NCR Police Chiefs Committee endorsed the recommendations and started the process to create a framework for managing a multijurisdictional investigation in the NCR.

Virtual practice environments can offer situated, realistic learning experiences if properly implemented. Serious Games delivered within these environments offer visually compelling experiences, but often suffer from a lack of realistic interactions with virtual characters such as teammates, adversaries, and other non-combatants. Artificially intelligent human behavior models-- intelligent agents--provide a variety of features not present in legacy computergenerated forces (CGF) systems; including goal-directed dynamic decision making, non-determinism, interactivity and transparency. Using a cognitive architecture, intelligent agents exhibiting these features can be brought to bear for virtual training environments to support both kinetic and non-kinetic small-unit training exercises. In partnership with the U.S. Army Research Lab's SFC Paul Ray Smith, Simulation & Training Technology Center (STTC), we have developed a suite of intelligent agents for virtual environments that can realistically engage human players in small-unit training scenarios. The centerpiece of this work is a knowledge-rich OPFOR sniper behavior capable of detecting and selecting friendly targets of opportunity, communicating with other insurgent support entities such as lookouts, and finding the appropriate escape path to avoid detection and capture. In addition to a sniper entity, we also developed agents to play supporting roles, including autonomous fire team agents and noncombatant townsfolk. In this paper, we describe in detail the challenges encountered during this effort and how intelligent agents can be exploited to improve training within systems such as the Dismounted Soldier Training System (DSTS). In addition, we outline the reusable integration architecture we developed to connect our agents to EDGE, a massively-multiplayer online virtual environment developed at STTC, and describe the design choices made to ensure that the architecture can be reused to connect both these agent, To appear in the Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation, and Education Conference (I/ITSEC) 2012, 3-6 Dec, Orlando, FL.

Wireless sensors can be worn on soldiers or installed on vehicles to form distributed sensor networks to locate the source of sniper fire. A two-step source localization process is proposed for this sniper detection task. The time difference of arrival (TDOA) for the acoustic signals received by the sensors is first estimated using the generalized cross correlation (GCC) method. The estimated TDOA values are then used by the hybrid spherical interpolation/maximum likelihood (SI/ML) estimation method to estimate the shooter location. A simulation model has been developed in MATLAB to study the performance of the hybrid SI/ML estimation method. A wireless sensor network is simulated in NS-2 to study the network throughput, delay and jitter. Simulation results indicate that the estimation accuracy can be increased by increasing the number of sensors or the inter-sensor spacing. The constraint of small inter-sensor spacing on wearable sensors is found to degrade the estimation accuracy, but vehicular configuration providing larger inter-sensor spacing can help improve the estimation accuracy. The sensor topology should be well represented in all three dimensions to obtain desired estimation accuracy. The estimation accuracy is not adversely affected by sensor node failures or location perturbations. The NS-2 simulation results indicate that the wireless sensor network has low delay and can support fast information exchange needed in counter-sniper applications., http://archive.org/details/sourcelocalizati109452689, Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

The sniper is a highly successful tool used by the enemy to create both physical and psychological effects on U.S. and Coalition forces. A single enemy sniper can pin down an entire company-sized element for an extended period of time, resulting in measurable disruptions in operations. This threat is as old as the rifle itself but has been somewhat shadowed by the proliferation of the Improvised Explosive Device (IED) over the past few years. Nevertheless, many resources are being dedicated to counter-sniper technology to include: permanently mounted radar systems, vehicle mounted systems, and shot detection systems worn by the individual Soldier to identify the point of origin (POO) of the small arms fire and thus the location of the sniper. This location is extremely helpful information, but knowledge of the sniper's location alone will not always be enough to regain freedom of maneuver. If the sniper is free to target, his target is not free to maneuver. This thesis explores the design requirements of weaponizing man-portable UAS at the tactical level in support of counter-sniper operations so that the sniper is not free to operate without risk. These systems are already commonly deployed on the battlefield, and if a scalable weapons system capability can be provided, it will immediately reduce the effectiveness of the adversary snipers., The original document contains color images.

The objective of this project is to develop a joint high dynamic range photography and high range resolution RADAR system on mobile platforms to provide predischarge threat warning in urban and mountain environments. This program expands upon the sensor and processing concepts of MTRI Counter RPG and Counter Sniper programs.

This report attempts to fuse Army needs, specific to threat detection, with available evidence from academia and military sources. The report provides viable routes for short-term enhancement of threat detection training and long-term goals of a research program dedicated to improving the Army's understanding of threat detection. This review found two major avenues of research, visual attention and visual memory that would benefit research and understanding of attention and threat detection for current and future operational environments. Based on the review, at least three sequential skills are discussed as necessary for understanding and improving threat detection: attentiveness, recognition, and action. These skills orient and guide the Soldier in operational settings from the basic perceptual process at the attentiveness stage up through higher-order reasoning at the action stage. Training formats are explored including still images and high-fidelity simulations, all of which could be scaffolded upon a deliberate practice framework.

This paper reports on the research conducted in the first year of a three-year study on the psychological well-being of snipers. The research began with an interview-based study of 19 snipers who had served in Afghanistan and who were still serving as snipers in Canadian army units. The results of this study show that the snipers had elevated scores on a generalized measure of psychological stress, but their scores were not as high as those of a sample of nonsnipers (from another study) who had served in Afghanistan. This finding suggests that the snipers were coping as well or better than regular soldiers. When asked about specific combat experiences, the differences were more dramatic, however. Snipers experienced more combat than the non-sniper group and expressed more concern over their combat experiences than the non-snipers. In contrast to these findings, the snipers also expressed high levels of satisfaction with their careers and stated that being a sniper had been a positive influence in their lives. Given the inconsistency of these findings, it is proposed that this research be expanded to include more standardized measures of possible outcomes and a larger sample during the second and third years of the project., Text in English; abstract and executive summary in English and French. The original document contains color images.

"The Scout Sniper Capability is being degraded across its full spectrum of capabilities as a result of a training deficiency of both operators and commanders. Further analysis identified the root causes spanning the DOTMLPF spectrum. The most significant finding was that no Scout Sniper Platoon has yet been identified to have deployed to either OIF or OEF with a full T/O of school trained MOS 0317s. Further, as a result of the current high operational tempo, units are unable to send selected Marines to the Basic and Advanced Scout Sniper Courses. Adding to this problem is a high attrition rate at the Basic Sniper Course, due in part to a failure of units to properly screen, select, and prepare Marines for the rigorous course. Analysis indicated that a lack of standardized unit proficiency training has contributed significantly to this problem."

This paper addresses real-time weapon classification by analysis of asynchronous acoustic data, collected from microphones on a sensor network. The weapon classification algorithm consists of two parts: (i) feature extraction from time-series data using Symbolic Dynamic Filtering (SDF), and (ii) pattern classification based on the extracted features using Language Measure (LM) and Support Vector Machine (SVM). The proposed algorithm has been tested on field data, generated by firing of two types of rifles. The results of analysis demonstrate high accuracy and fast execution of the pattern classification algorithm with low memory requirements. Potential applications include simultaneous shooter localization and weapon classification with soldier-wearable networked sensors., Sponsored in part by Office of Naval Research Grant No. N00014-09-1-0688, and by National Aeronautical and Space Administration Cooperative Agreement No. NNX07AK49A. Prepared in collaboration with the Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD. To be published in Measurement Science & Technology as Article MST/322622/RAP, v20 n12, Dec 2009. The original document contains color images.

This paper describes a novel sniper localization method for a network of sensors. This approach relies only on the time difference of arrival (TDOA) between the muzzle , and shock wave from multiple singlesensor nodes, relaxing the need for precise time synchronization across the network. This method is best suited where an array of sensors, on a per-node basis, is not feasible. We provide results from data collected in a field., See also ADM002187. Presented at the Army Science Conference (26th) held in Orlando, Florida on 1-4 December 2008. Published in the Proceedings of the Army Science Conference (26th), 2008. The original document contains color images.

Teammates: Greetings from Fort Leonard Wood, the home of our magnificent Army Engineer Regiment! While our Regiment is decisively engaged in simultaneous full-spectrum operations across the globe, we have embarked on a significant journey into the human dimension, which will have far-reaching, enduring, and strategic effects on our Regiment and Army. Launching this journey was the principle focus of ENFORCE 2008, which we recently held from 4-9 May in St. Louis and at Fort Leonard Wood. As in the past, the purpose of ENFORCE was to -- *Build the future of our Regiment. *Enhance learning and professional development. *Promote fellowship and esprit de corps. *Celebrate our achievements, traditions, and history. *Connect senior leaders, junior leaders, alumni, and Family into the regimental "circle of life." On top of all the learning and hard intellectual work, we had a great time of celebration, fellowship, competition, and remembrance. Highlights included- *World-Class Speakers, who stretched our brains, challenged our conventional thinking, and informed us. *Interaction with our world-class Industry Partners, who support and enable us with materiel and technology solutions and support. *Breakout Sessions with key leaders from around the world who came back to inform and educate us on the Stability Operations they are currently engaged in and responsible for. *Regimental Spirit Run, with plenty of pushups and flutter kicks. *Best Sapper Competition and awards (see article, page 31). *Commandant's Reception and Mega-Mixer, which pulled together senior leaders, junior leaders, alumni, and Family in a wonderful social event. *Tours of the world-class Counter Explosive Hazards Center and Military Construction (MILCON) Projects. *Chief of Engineers State of the Regiment Address (see article page 6). *Prayer Breakfast in the World War II chapel. *Remembrance Service, in honor of the 37 heroic fallen Sappers (see article, page 26)., ISSN 0046-1989.

Soldiers conducting ground operations must visually detect various dynamic and static threats. While enemy utilization of improvised explosive devices (IEDs) is a constant danger, there is also the requirement to detect the insurgent sniper threat. The U.S. Army has long identified enemy sniper activity as one of great importance to both our individual soldier's survivability and unit operational effectiveness. Specifically, the soldier's visual system and perceptual skills are immediately tasked with categorizing both the environment and any detected threat. This study utilized game engine technology to assess the ability to train subjects in visual target acquisition within a complex virtual environment. The prevalence of computer games within the training realm requires study as to the game engine's ability to support current operations and soldier training. The study's results determined that training improved a subject's target Hit Rate percentage 29% (p=.0001), in comparison to the control group, when presented scenes of increased difficulty. Historically, military-themed computer games have succeeded in providing strategic training value. This study indicates that military-themed computer games also assist with individual soldier skills training., The original document contains color images.

This book examines one manifestation of the general technical competition between terrorist groups and security organizations: the balance between the potential use by terrorists of advanced conventional weapons and the responses available to deter or counter them. Use of the term "advanced conventional weapons" is inclusive and broad: any new or unusual conventional weaponry developed for ordinary military forces. All weaponry is obviously designed to do damage, but new design features might enable new, or at least unfamiliar, terrorist attacks. At the same time, the usual limitation of weaponry to militaries implies that various controls could be applied. One example of this competition has received much attention: the balance between terrorist use of man-portable air defense systems (MANPADS) and U.S. responses. The November 2002 attacks in Mombasa, Kenya, using Russian-built MANPADS against an Israeli airliner, demonstrated that terrorists are able to acquire and use that type of advanced weaponry. In response, the United States has negotiated a multinational agreement that calls for imposing both technical and procedural use controls on new MANPADS, and also has started a pilot program within the Department of Homeland Security to demonstrate technical countermeasures suitable for protecting commercial aircraft from MANPADS. But MANPADS are only one of a long list of advanced conventional weapons that are potentially attractive to terrorists. This monograph explores a range of other weapons, both those still under development and those already available but relatively unused by terrorists. These weapons are as follows: sniper rifles and associated instrumentation, improved squad-level weapons of several types, long-range antitank missiles, large limpet mines, and precision indirect fire systems., ISBN 978-0-8330-3965-1

In Iraq, Marine Corps scout snipers have been widely and effectively used to kill the enemy. They are highly skilled warriors whose actions and capabilities displayed in combat are feared by the enemy. Scout snipers are a combat force multiplier for any unit, and their capability to provide precise, long-range fire has repeatedly proven itself on multiple battlefields. However, this success did not come easy. It was made possible by developing new tactics, techniques, and procedures that allowed the scout sniper to operate in the current environment. These tactics, techniques, and procedures need to be captured in current doctrine. Specifically, a scout sniper platoon's task organization needs to be reorganized to capitalize on increased firepower and flexibility when operating on today's battlefield.

The presence of snipers in modern conflicts leads to high insecurity for the soldiers. In order to improve the soldier's protection against this threat, the French-German Institute of Saint-Louis (ISL) and Rheinmetall Defence Electronics GmbH (RDE) work together to develop a helmet integrated acoustic array for the detection and localization of snipers .This paper summarizes the results obtained during the collaboration between RDE and the ISL concerning the detection and the localization of the Mach and muzzle waves generated by rifle shots. It summarizes the technical choices that have been made and explains the algorithms that have been presented in Meppen in November 2005. We built three prototypes which showed good performances. The measurements have been made in realistic conditions: helicopters and aircrafts flying near the arrays (sometimes, the distance microphones/vehicle was smaller than 100 meters), armoured vehicles passing near the arrays, 155mm calibre shots, etc. The estimation of the distance between the shooter and the arrays is made with two different techniques. The first one is usable when several arrays have detected the shot, and the second technique uses the information gathered by one head equipment alone. The results obtained with those two techniques will be discussed in the paper.More than 2000 shots have been detected and localized successfully in real-time. No false alarms have been observed., See also ADM202421. Presented at the Symposium on "Battlefield Acoustic Sensing for ISR Applications," held in Amsterdam, Netherlands, on 9-10 Oct 2006. Published in the proceedings of the symposium, Paper 7, RTO-MP-SET-107, p7-1 through 7-16, 2006. Prepared in cooperation with Rheinmetall Defence Electronics GmbH (RDE). The original document contains color images.

Acoustic signals of small arm's fire, the muzzle blast and the shock wave generated by a supersonic bullet in air, are difficult to mask and can be exploited for localization of the hidden sniper. The paper presents the system of acoustic measurements based on a number of both directional and omnidirectional microphones detecting the shock wave only, yielding exact solution for the sniper direction in spite of certain measurement errors in the directional measurements. The system has a self-correcting ability concerning the sound directional measurements which contributes to the system technical feasibility. Auxiliary muzzle blast measurements would yield the sniper position., See also ADM202421. Presented at the RTO Sensors and Electronics Technology Panel (SET) Symposium held at the Naval Barracks, Amsterdam, Netherlands, on 9-10 October 2006. Published in Battlefield Acoustic Sensing for ISR Applications, RTO-MP-SET-107, Paper no. 23, 2006.

The charge, which was proposed by JASON itself and approved by Dr. Steve Lubard (Technical Director, S&T, ONR) read as follows: Ever in the vanguard of our nation's military forces, the Marine Corps must fight to secure the peace in nontraditional terrain, such as urban areas, often under restrictive rules of engagement. Such operations demand sophisticated sensors and surveillance so that threats may be countered with force appropriate to the environment. JASON will review ongoing programs and promising technologies that may meet these needs". The JASON study focused on the following topic areas: squad-level communications; location, navigation, and maps; sensing through walls; countering snipers; and uses for UAVs. We will now summarize our principal findings and conclusions in each of these areas., The original document contains color images.

Since its national debut in 1987, Fresh Air with Terry Gross has been a highly acclaimed and much adored weekday magazine among public radio listeners. Each week, nearly 4.8 million people turn to Peabody Award-winning host Terry Gross for insightful conversations with the leading voices in contemporary arts and issues. The renowned program reaches a global audience, with over 620 public radio stations broadcasting Fresh Air, and 3 million podcast downloads each week. Fresh Air has broken the mold of 'talk show' by weaving together superior journalism and intimate storytelling from modern-day intellectuals, politicians and artists alike. Through probing questions and careful research, Gross's interviews are lauded for revealing a fresh perspective on cultural icons and trends. Her thorough conversations are often complemented by commentary from well-known contributors. Fresh Air is produced at WHYY-FM in Philadelphia and broadcast nationally by NPR., (1.) Economists ISABEL SAWHILL and BRIAN RIEDL ('REED-ul'). They will talk about the federal deficit: how we got there, and how we might get back into the black. Sawhill is a Senior Fellow and Vice President and Director of Economic Studies at the Brookings Institution. Brookings is a nonpartisan think tank located in Washington, DC. Brian Riedl is The Heritage Foundation's lead budget analyst. He is the Grover M. Hermann Fellow in Federal Budgetary Affairs at the Heritage Foundation, a conservative think tank also based in Washington. (2.) Sniper JACK COUGHLIN. His new book is 'Shooter: The Autobiography of the Top-Ranked Marine Sniper.' Coughlin is a gunnery Sergeant in the Marines. He grew up in a wealthy Boston suburb, and joined the Marines at age 19, spending the next 20 years behind the scope of a long-range rifle as a sniper. He has over sixty confirmed kills, 38 of which took place during Operation Iraqi Freedom.

The Air Force and the Department of Defense (DoD) are continually searching for ways to protect U.S. forces, both stateside and abroad. One continuing threat, especially in the current world environment, is gunfire from an unseen sniper. Designated areas, such as a forward deployed base or motorcade route, need to be continuously monitored for sniper fire. Once detected, these gunmen need to be located in real time. One possible method for accomplishing this task is to geolocate the audio signals generated using time-of-arrival (TOA) algorithms. These algorithms rely on direct-path measurements for accuracy. Multipath environments therefore pose a problem when measuring signals from the audio spectrum. The errors induced by a multipath environment can be reduced by introducing additional audio receivers to the detection system. By sampling all possible combinations of a minimum set of receivers (four), a more accurate location can be calculated. An accuracy of six meters can be achieved roughly 69 percent of the time, though most of the error occurs in the vertical component. An accuracy of six meters in the X/Y plane can be achieved approximately 97 percent of the time., The original document contains color images.

The Naval Research Laboratory and Maryland Advanced Development Laboratory (MADL) have worked on the detection of small arms gunfire using land-based systems and on detection of larger ordnance using airborne-based systems. The primary detection mechanism is the sensing of the muzzle flash in the Mid-Wave Infrared (3-5 um band). Improvements in algorithms and sensors have enabled real-time detection from wide angle cameras without loss of range performance. Shooting events are detected beyond the effective firing ranges of the weapons and with low false alarms. Post-detection imaging of shooters/snipers has been validated for day and night operations. The utility of these sensors is amplified by linking the data to other friendly forces. Network hardware and data protocols have been developed that permit the transmission of the sensor data at both local levels and to remote command stations in real time. This research in ordnance detection is being extended with the development of Gunfire Detection and Location units mounted on HMMWVs. This effort will provide these Operational Experimentation Articles for small-arms muzzle blast detection together with EO/IR/Acoustic adjuncts to enable warfighters to rapidly validate gunfire events and to properly engage enemy shooters. Day and night cameras as well as lasers are mounted on a commanded gimbal. This configuration provides 24-hour situational awareness to the operator when not engaged in gunfire detection and location. The operational experimentation will aid in the development of new CONOPS (concept of operations) for the warfighter. The system's capability to link hostile positions to other sensors and/or weapons enables a very rapid response to the counter the enemy. Further work in airborne detection and advanced systems is planned., Prepared in collaboration with Maryland Advanced Development Laboratory, Greenbelt, MD. Presented at the RTO SCI Symposium on Systems, Concepts and Integration (SCI) Methods and Technologies for Defence Against Terrorism, held in London, United Kingdom on 25-27 Oct 2004. Published in the proceedings, ADM201977, Systems, Concepts and Integration Methods and Technologies for Defence against Terrorism (Systemes, concepts, methodes d'integration et technologies pour la luttre contre le terrorisme), RTO-MP-SCI-158, paper 17. The original document contains color images.

This report provides a summary of the motivation, methodology and research results for two different projects supported under this effort. In Electrically integrated active compliant transmission (ACT) Actuation Technologies two different actuation approaches were developed, modeled, fabricated and experimentally validated: 1) a d31-approach based on the Recurve architecture that generates higher forces and 2) a d33-approach based upon a compliant mechanism that provides more amplified strain. A first-generation power amplifier was designed that efficiently swaps energy allowing low voltage batteries to produce high voltage drive signals. Both piezoceramic actuation systems were integrated into the INertially STAbilized Rifle (INSTAR) to eliminate aiming errors by stabilizing the barrel assembly providing a significant advancement in small arms. In the second project, Proof-of-Concept Investigation of Active Velcro Autonomous Docking of Micro- and Nano-Satellites, a new connection methodology, Smart Attachment Mechanism (SAM) technology, was invented, modeled and experimentally characterized that possesses the ability to actively connect two surfaces (engagement, retention, release) and effect relative planar motion between them (translation, rotation). This work laid the necessary foundation for further development of this unique paradigm which is useful for any unstable environment (space, fluidic, moving, vibration, etc) where active connection and motion is simultaneously required., The original document contains color images.

During the evolution of modern combat, the maximum effective range of most weapons has increased dramatically. Howitzers accurately fire in excess of 28 kilometers, tanks kill out to four kilometers, helicopter gunship missiles kill out to eight kilometers. The maximum range of infantry small arms engagements, however, has shrunk significantly over the past century. Some of the standard infantry rifles of World Wars I and II had sights that ranged out to more than 2,000 yards (1800 meters), and infantry soldiers trained to engage area targets even out to those ranges. But with the adoption of the smaller caliber, higher velocity .223 bullet as the infantry standard for many nations, the maximum training and hence effective range of infantry small arms has dropped off to 300 meters or less. Furthermore, while the infantry rifles of the World Wars were bolt action or semiautomatic, today s assault rifles are all capable of automatic fire. The bulk of small arms rounds fired in modern combat suppress rather than kill. Various sources estimate that 20,000 to 50,000 rounds are issued for each casualty produced in modern warfare. However, there are still riflemen who engage the enemy at 1,000 meters and beyond, and who produce a casualty for every one or two rounds expended., Published in Infantry, p7-11, Summer 2002.

This document is the second of two works that describe a needs-generation and evaluation methodology that was developed and implemented in support of the Military Operations in Urban Terrain (MOUT) Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD). The first work "The Incubator Process: Methodology" (IDA-D-2779) describes the methodology; this work describes the methodology as it has been applied to a proposed follow-on program to the MOUT ACTD. The follow-on program was intended to be a warrior-centric, Battalion Task Force and below (tactical level) program that supported the Army Interim Brigade and the Army's Chief of Staff vision of an Infantry-centric Objective Maneuver Force. Having learned from the experiences of the MOUT ACTD, the follow-on adopted a needs-based approach. Logical Decisions (LD) and Joint Conflict and Tactical Simulation (JCATS) are the two modeling and simulation (M & S) tools that were selected for incorporation into the application of the Incubator Process for the follow-on program. LD is a software decision support tool that was chosen to assist in creating Capability Assessment Process (CAP) models to determine to what degree a particular capability satisfies a warfighter need. JCATS is a multi-sided, interactive, single-entity-level combat simulation. It was chosen to provide an opportunity for force-on-force analyses based on its suitability to represent the characteristics and traits of an urban environment. The JCATS-specific support work involved identifying warfighter needs conducive to modeling and describing the M & S approach for each. The four warfighter needs analyzed were urban surveillance and detection, sniper detection, improved target designation, and enhanced casualty evacuation. In addition, three workshops have been held on warfighter needs definition and prioritization, warfighter needs development, and warfighter capabilities development. (8 tables, 10 figures), The publication of this IDA document does not indicate endorsement by the Department of Defense, nor should the contents be construed as reflecting the official position of that Agency. This material may be reproduced by or for the U.S. Government pursuant to the copyright license under the clause at DFARS 252.227.7013 (NOV 96). The original document contains color images. All DTIC reproductions will be in black and white.

Many future military operations are expected to occur in urban environments. These complex, 3D battlefields introduce many challenges to the dismounted warfighter. Better situational awareness is required for effective operation in urban environments. However, delivering this information to the dismounted warfighter is extremely difficult. For example, maps draw a user's attention away from the environment and cannot directly represent the three-dimensional nature of the terrain. To overcome these difficulties, we are developing the Battlefield Augmented Reality System (BARS). The system consists of a wearable computer, a wireless network system, and a tracked see-through head-mounted display (HMD). The computer generates graphics that, from the user's perspective, appear to be aligned with the actual environment. For example, a building could be augmented to show its name, a plan of its interior, icons to represent reported sniper locations, and the names of adjacent streets. This paper surveys the current state of development of BARS and describes ongoing research efforts. We describe four major research areas. The first is the development of an effective, efficient user interface for displaying data and processing user inputs. The second is the capability for collaboration between multiple BARS users and other systems. Third, we describe the current hardware for both a mobile and indoor prototype system. Finally, we describe initial efforts to formally evaluate the capabilities of the system from a user's perspective through scenario analysis. We also will discuss the use of the BARS system in STRICOM's Embedded Training initiative., Presented at the Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation and Education Conference (I/ITSEC-02) held in Orlando, Florida on 2-5 December 2002. Published in the Proceedings of the Interservice / Industry Training, Simulation, and Education Conference, p1-8, 2002. The original document contains color images.

Combating Terrorism Technology Support Office is presented, Pres. 12th Annual NDIA SO/LISC Symposium & Exhibition, 12-14 Feb 2001, Arlington VA. Viewgraphs only. This article is from ADA391108 12th Annual NDIA SO/LIC Symposium & Exhibition, 12-14 Feb 2001, Arlington VA. NDIA Event #1880

Locating the trajectory of an incoming projectile has important military and civilian applications. The origin of the trajectory can be used to locate sniper fire and the end-point can be used to determine target bit coordinates on appropriately instrumented target ranges used by armed forces as well as civilian agencies (police and sports). Such non-contact determination of bit coordinates can be integrated into a completely computerized instrumentation scoring system. All supersonic projectiles are accompanied by a bow wave often referred to as the "Mach Cone" which is virtually attached to the ogive of the projectile and which can be detected acoustically. When a distributed array of microphones detect the arrival of this cone, it is possible to calculate the position and angle of the trajectory from the microphone data. This paper discusses the analysis and models developed by the author, which enable computation of the trajectory from distributed arrays of acoustic microphones. The mathematical models described here can serve as the basis for an algorithmic procedure, which can be used to obtain the trajectory data in near real time. We also discuss the principal sources of error and the inherent limitations in accuracy of locating trajectories by this method., The original document contains color images.

Motion of the muzzle of a shoulder-fired weapon occurs during firing because of many factors, such as breathing, trigger pull, and flinching, and can also be introduced as a result of offhand shooting in less than stable shooting positions. This motion can have adverse effects on the capability of the weapon to hit a target because the shooter is unable to accurately position the muzzle of the weapon onto the target as the projectile exits the barrel. Electronic fire control offers the opportunity to extend the range and accuracy that can be achieved by a sniper or a long-range shooter with the implementation of a dynamic ballistic solution and a precise firing time selection. The Inertial Reticle Technology (IRT) has been developed at the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) as a novel solution to fire control for such applications. Therefore, to improve the accuracy of a shoulder-fired weapon, ARL applied the IRT to a rifle. This report presents the complete details of how the IRT was applied to a Remington 700 sniper rifle, along with analysis of long-range live-fire test data fired by a test engineer and an Army sniper.

Inexpensive contact and influence mines can deny the U.S. Navy access to littoral waters. Optical imagers are expensive and seriously degraded by turbidity. Traditional sonars lack the resolution to identify mines and they suffer from multipath reflections. Mine countermeasure operations must be covert and optical- and sonar-based systems are readily detected by conventional means. As an alternative, Lockheed Martin plans a Technology Demonstration in 2001 with a diver hand-held acoustical camera to detect these mines. There are 3-5 MEMS alternatives. A single imaging system supports all MEMS. Three stages of capability demonstrations maintain the application focus. Accomplishments: 1999 - 10 X 10 capability baseline established; 2000 - 32 X 64 sub array functionality and progress demonstration; 2001 - 128 X 128 imaging system demonstration. The briefing charts also depict the AIRS Test and Calibration Facility in Lexington, MA and the Integrated Sniper Location System (I-SLS), which uses both infrared and acoustic means to detect and locate hostile gunfire., Presented at the DARPA Air-Coupled Acoustic Microsensors Workshop held in Crystal City, VA, on 24-25 Aug 1999. The original document contains color images.

This paper describes an airborne deployment of the Viper sniper detection and counter fire system and several improvements that were incorporated after a review of comments from users of the fielded systems. The Viper sensor was flown aboard a T-34 aircraft and the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) Sparrow unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Infrared (IR) and visible video sequences were recorded for post processing. Algorithms for motion compensation, frame registration and target detection were then developed to run on the collected image data. No inertial attitude data were recorded and all motion compensation functions were made using image data. These experiments indicate that automatic detection of muzzle flash from an airborne platform is possible, and techniques that were developed for background estimation and false alarm reduction with a stationary sensor can apply with modifications to a moving sensor., The original document contains color images. Performed in collaboration with Maryland Advanced Development Laboratory, Greenbelt, MD.

An acoustic muzzle blast sensor has been developed and integrated with the Viper sniper detection system. The system uses an infrared (IR) camera and digital signal processing to detect the muzzle flash of a sniper's weapon. The IR detection is essentially instantaneous and gives the bearing to the target within 70 milliseconds of the shot. However, a single camera IR method can not reliably give a range to target. An acoustic sensor and associated signal processing algorithm have been developed to act as a simple filter to detect the acoustic signature of a rifle shot. The difference in the time of arrival between the infrared and the acoustic signatures is used for range determination. In addition to the ranging function, acoustic detection can be used to reject false IR muzzle flash detection caused by phenomena such as sun glints. A verification method is used where each IR detection opens a range gate and if there is an acoustic detection before the gate closes the IR detection is verified.

In order to assess the value added by the application of fire control technology to sniper weapons, "error budgets" are developed as a function of range for several sniper weapon systems. A system is comprised of the weapon and its associated ammunition as well as the type of fire control technology provided that weapon. For this study, a total of four weapon-ammunition combinations were used and three levels of fire control sophistication were examined. The "baseline system" consists of a two-person sniper team using a standard rifle, spotting scope, and laser range finder to make aiming corrections. The "cross-wind system" adds a laser crosswind sensing device and more accurate range finder incorporated into the spotting scope. The "fire control system" performs a full ballistic firing solution and presents a real-time corrected aim point to the shooter. One-sigma system errors and probabilities of hit against an E-silhouette target are calculated.

This report contains presentations made at the Small Arms Systems Section Annual Conference, Exhibition and Firing Demonstration held on 15-18 June 1998. Partial contents include: Update on the Activities of the Committee of Small Arms Producers (CSAP) 1997-1998; TACOM Mobility and Firepower for America's Army; Objective Sniper Weapon (OSW) Technology Program Course Correction; Lead Free, Short Range, Frangible and Tracer Small Arms Training Ammunition: A Quantum Advance in Technology; Fifty Caliber Match Ammunition; Small Arms Simulator; Advanced Lightweight Grenade Launchers; Surface Warfare Mounting Systems; and others.

This paper describes the technical evolution to a dismounted revolutionized Warfighter System by the year 2025. An enormous contributor to dominating maneuver, it will be critical for winning future battles. The technologies described comprise what the warfighter will wear, carry, and consume, and those which will improve, sustainability, survivability, and command and control. The process is the Land Warrior program which promises numerous improvements, especially in the C4I, arena around the year 2000. The second major building block is the Military Operations in Urban Terrain (MOUT) Advanced Concepts Technology Demonstration which will produce major improvements in weaponry (lethal and non-lethal), C4I, small unit operations, combat ID, and sniper detection between 2003-2005. The author then outlines technologies achievable by 2025 that either build on MOUT technologies or offer radical breakthroughs. The paper concludes the Warfighter System should be a top military priority and that it merits special developmental structures and procedures.

The objective of this effort was to explore the signatures and vulnerabilities of adversary light forces, to identify promising sensor and weapon technologies applicable to this target set, and to develop new concepts of operation that would bring together sensors, weapons, aircraft, and tactics to defeat this opponent. This report presents the results of that effort. It should be of interest to USAF personnel in operations, plans, intelligence, and acquisition billets.

The Inertial Reticle System (IRS) is a novel fire control system that improves the accuracy of direct-fire weapons by stabilizing the aim point rather than the weapon. Miniature inertial sensors measure weapon motion and drive an electronically generated reticle in opposition so that it appears to remain fixed relative to the target. The system senses when the actual aim point will cross the inertial reticle and then fires the weapon. The U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has equipped small-caliber weapons such as an M16 and a sniper rifle with the IRS. An IRS on a pistol-sized Objective Personal Weapon (OPW) would help achieve the OPW accuracy goals by reducing weapon pointing error. In addition, by enabling a shooter to preselect an aim point and maintain it despite weapon motion, the IRS would reduce collateral damage and aid in immediate incapacitation. An OPW, equipped with inertial sensors and a video sight, might function much like the current IRS. The target could be viewed on a weapon or helmet-mounted display. Miniaturization of components is the greatest technical barrier to fitting the IRS on an OPW. However, progress in electronics and work in micromachines make application of the IRS to an OPW feasible.

It has been proposed that a single staring infrared focal plane array sensor be used to measure the track of a sniper bullet and used to deduce the location of the shooter. This involves deducing the three dimensional track from the two dimensional information provided on the focal plane. This would be impossible in the absence of gravity or other forces since an infinite number of straight line, constant velocity three dimensional trajectories correspond to the same two dimensional track: a slowly moving object at short range leaves the same track as a more distant object moving more rapidly in a parallel direction. However, in the presence of gravity, the trajectory is curved and this curvature can be used, in principle, to distinguish the tracks. The proposed system has been partly demonstrated in simulation but no complete error analysis was done. This paper provides that error analysis and therefore gives bounds on the sensor performance required to reach any specified degree of performance.

This report considers error budgets and performance estimates for general-purpose (GP) and sniper rifles, and handheld laser range finders like the AN/PVS-6 (MELIOS); target distributions for GP and sniper rifles. The reason for performing this effort was to fill the void in error budgets and performance estimates for GP and sniper rifles and MELIOS. The main objective was to collect an extensive set of test data in a single source; document and publish author's original work with GP and sniper rifle error budgets, target distributions and hitting performance estimates. This report includes: Test data, error budgets and performance estimates for GP and sniper rifles; first error budget and 'hitting' performance estimates for MELIOS; and an assessment that performance of MELIOS in hands of troops is likely to be unsatisfactory. Keywords: Gunnery/ accuracy; Target acquisition; Hit probabilities/estimates; Gun sights/wind; Aiming/errors. Field tests; Wounds/incapacitation; Optical sights; Low light levels; Ricochet; Muzzlebrakes., See also AD-B117 714.

The single most important design factor faced by the cooling systems in tactical trucks is their vulnerability to exploding shells, sniper fire, and other projectiles. This project proposes to use heat pipes in radiators to transfer waste heat from the engine to the surrounding environment. In the phase I concept feasibility study, a computer program was developed to design a small scale heat pipe radiator module. Experimental tests were performed on this module to test the validity of the design methodology and to study the vulnerability characteristics of the heat pipe radiator for a wide range of operating parameters such as air velocity, coolant flow rates, and the number of heat pipes damaged. The results showed that a heat pipe radiator will provide the necessary limp home capability for tactical trucks even with 50% of the heat pipes damaged. Also, when the radiators are operating at less than peak capacity (slower vehicle speeds), the undamaged heat pipes substantially compensated for the damaged heat pipes adding to the reliability of the system.

The ICC is a personal camouflage net for soldiers which will be useful for patrols, snipers, and ambush situations. This study determined whether the ICC should have large or small Hogan incisions, and what color(s) best blended with the desert backgrounds. Ten U.S. Marines and two civilians subjectively evaluated seventy-four ICCs (thirty-seven different colors- half large and half small Hogan incisions) at five desert sites. The ICCs were ranked in groups of six, selecting four at a time, to reduce the number to the final six colors with associated incisions. The final six were subjected to paired comparison rankings which overcomes the problem of inconsistency of judgements given by the same observer. The data was analyzed statistically to determine preferred color with associated incision, establish confidence limits, and color grouping for each site and across all sites., Published in Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Conference on the Design of Experiments in Army Research Development and Testing, p181-191, 1987.

This report is a translation of the Russian language monthly journal ZARUBEZHNOYE VOYENNOYE OBOZRENIYE published in Moscow by the Ministry of Defense. CONTENTS: Following the Course of the 19th All-Union CPSU Conference; Principles of Rear Support of NATO Joint Forces; The Military Aspect in the Development of Bioengineering; NATO's European Group: On the Course of Militarization; Sniper Rifles in Armies of Capitalist Countries; New Procedure for Psychophysiological Selection of Pilots; NATO's Efforts to Create the Military Transport Airplane of the Future; Radar Identification Systems; Improvement of the Airspace Observation System in NATO D. Figurovskiy; Japanese Naval Aviation; Communication Equipment of "Ticonderoga" Class Guided Missile Cruisers; American SH-60F Antisubmarine Warfare Helicopter; Draft U.S. Military Budget for Fiscal Year 1989; Container Processing Capabilities of the Ports of European NATO Countries; Growth of Great Britain's Nuclear Missile Arsenal; New Sonar Station for Combat Swimmers; Articles Not Translated from ZARUBEZHNOYE VOYENNOYE OBOZRENIYE No. 8, August 1988; Publication Data.

During the reporting period the division had a threefold task in carrying out the United States policy of Vietnamization of this war: The improvement of those armed forces of the Government of Vietnam which were situated within the area of operational interest; the active, daily cooperation in matters of pacification with the officials and agencies of the Government of Vietnam; and the conduct of military operations, jointly and unilaterally, to rid the area of communist cadre, guerrillas, local force companies, main force and regular communist units which operated or had intruded into the area.