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Purpose: This research aims to determine the influence of emo demonstrations on smoking behavior among junior high school (SMP) teenagers in Sinjai Selatan District, Sinjai Regency (Theory of Planned Behavior Approach). Method: This research used a research method, namely quantitative research using a quasi-experimental design with a nonequivalent control group design. The location of research and sampling was in the Sinjai Regency area. Samples were taken using the Accidental Sampling technique with as many as 250 respondents from the intervention and control groups. Analysis was carried out using the paired sample T test if the data was normally distributed and if the data was not normally distributed then the Wilcoxon test. Results: Show that knowledge (p=0.319 to p=0.689), attitude (p=0.032 to p=0.004), subjective norms (p=0.000 to p=0.087), and behavioral control (p=0.000 to p=0.003). Conclusion: It can be said that there is no change in knowledge and subjective norms in junior high school (SMP) teenagers in South Sinjai District regarding smoking behavior after being given emotional demonstration education and there is a change in attitude and behavioral control in junior high school (SMP) teenagers in Sinjai District South regarding smoking behavior after being given emotional demonstration education.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic as a public health crisis has led to a significant increase in mental health difficulties. Smoking is strongly associated with mental health conditions, which is why the pandemic might have influenced the otherwise decline in smoking rates. Persons belonging to socioeconomically disadvantaged groups may be particularly affected, both because the pandemic has exacerbated existing social inequalities and because this group was more likely to smoke before the pandemic. We examined smoking prevalence in a French cohort study, focusing on differences between educational attainment. In addition, we examined the association between interpersonal changes in tobacco consumption and educational level from 2018 to 2021. Methods: Using four assessments of smoking status available from 2009 to 2021, we estimated smoking prevalence over time, stratified by highest educational level in the TEMPO cohort and the difference was tested using chi2 test. We studied the association between interpersonal change in smoking status between 2018 and 2021 and educational attainment among 148 smokers, using multinomial logistic regression. Results: Smoking prevalence was higher among those with low education. The difference between the two groups increased from 2020 to 2021 (4.8–9.4%, p < 0.001). Smokers with high educational level were more likely to decrease their tobacco consumption from 2018 to 2021 compared to low educated smokers (aOR = 2.72 [1.26;5.89]). Conclusion: Current findings showed a widening of the social inequality gap in relation to smoking rates, underscoring the increased vulnerability of persons with low educational level to smoking and the likely inadequate focus on social inequalities in relation to tobacco control policies during the pandemic.

Background: Smoking has become a worldwide problem and the more problematic is when the youth of any country is highly involved in consuming tobacco that is dangerous for the human being. The Indian youth is involved in smoking-like activities that are dangerous for them. Objectives: To analyze the role of new treatment ways including nicotine gum, nicotine patch, and nicotine replacement therapy backed by pharmaceutical interventions to eliminate smoking from Indian society. Method: The hypotheses of this study are formed on the basis of previous studies and the identification of gap in practices. This study is based on the cross-sectional data that was collected with the help of a questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale from the Indian pharma industry people. The sample size for this study was 340 with a response rate of 50%. Results: In this study, 179 valid questionnaires were collected back from the respondents, and according to the results, nicotine gum, nicotine patch, and nicotine replacement therapies have a significant (p<0.05) effect on smoker attitudes. Conclusion: This study concludes that pharmaceutical interventions are critical to stopping the smoking habit in Indian society, and this contribution is providing a solution to stop smoking by affecting the smoker’s attitude and smoking behavior.

Background: Data shows that smoking behavior in adolescents in Indonesia is a health problem that still deserves to be considered. Data shows that the prevalence of smoking in the population aged 10-18 in 2013-2018 in Indonesia has increased, namely Riskesdas 2013 (7.2%), Riskesdas 2016 (8.8%), and Riskesdas 2018 (9.1%). Pamekasan is one of the regencies in Indonesia that has a teen smoking rate of 25.64% (Riskesdas, 2018) with outdoor cigarette advertisements that are still scattered, especially in urban areas. Purpose: Analyzing the influence of cigarette advertising in Pamekasan Regency, by emphasizing comparisons in urban areas and village areas in Pamekasan Regency.. Method: This study is an observational study. In terms of time, the study was cross-sectional because the data collection, which includes free variables and bound variables, was conducted over a period of time. Sampling through online questionnaires by random methods. Results: There is a significant influence between the role of cigarette advertising on adolescent behavior in urban areas with a value of p = 0.029 (OR 2.718 95% CI 1,110-6,652). There was no influence on adolescents in rural areas. Conclusion: A communication message that can affect adolescent smoking behavior in urban areas is cigarette advertising, regardless of how many times the frequency of exposure.

Background: Data shows that smoking behavior in adolescents in Indonesia is a health problem that still deserves to be considered. Data shows that the prevalence of smoking in the population aged 10-18 in 2013-2018 in Indonesia has increased, namely Riskesdas 2013 (7.2%), Riskesdas 2016 (8.8%), and Riskesdas 2018 (9.1%). Pamekasan is one of the regencies in Indonesia that has a teen smoking rate of 25.64% (Riskesdas, 2018) with outdoor cigarette advertisements that are still scattered, especially in urban areas. Purpose: Analyzing the influence of cigarette advertising in Pamekasan Regency, by emphasizing comparisons in urban areas and village areas in Pamekasan Regency.. Method: This study is an observational study. In terms of time, the study was cross-sectional because the data collection, which includes free variables and bound variables, was conducted over a period of time. Sampling through online questionnaires by random methods. Results: There is a significant influence between the role of cigarette advertising on adolescent behavior in urban areas with a value of p = 0.029 (OR 2.718 95% CI 1,110-6,652). There was no influence on adolescents in rural areas. Conclusion: A communication message that can affect adolescent smoking behavior in urban areas is cigarette advertising, regardless of how many times the frequency of exposure.

Introduction: On April 1, 2017, California Proposition 56 (Prop 56) was implemented, increasing the excise tax on cigarettes by $2/pack. This study compares the association of Prop 56 with smoking prevalence and smoking intensity across racial/ethnic groups, further examining distinctions across income subgroups within each racial/ethnic group.Methods: The study used pooled cross-sectional data from the 2012-2018 California Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. We examined two outcomes: current smoking prevalence and smoking intensity conditional on current smoking. A two-part econometric model was used to estimate the association of Prop 56 with smoking prevalence and intensity using multiple logistic regression and multiple linear regression, respectively. The two-part model was run separately for all adults (full sample) and each racial/ethnic group. Within each racial/ethnic group, we ran stratified analyses by income subgroups.Results: The results indicated that Prop 56 was negatively associated with smoking prevalence among full-sample, Hispanic, White, and African American adults; and negatively associated with smoking intensity among full-sample and White smokers. Stratified analyses by race/ethnicity and income showed that Prop 56 was negatively associated with smoking prevalence among low-income full-sample and White adults and among middle-income smokers in the full, Hispanic, White, African American, and Asian samples. Prop 56 was negatively associated with smoking intensity among middle-income Hispanic and high-income White smokers. The association between Prop 56 and smoking intensity was positive among high-income African American smokers.Conclusion: Prop 56 was associated with a reduction in smoking prevalence across multiple racial/ethnic groups, particularly within the low- and middle-income subgroups.Policy implications: Our findings indicate that the reduction in smoking prevalence immediately following the implemen

Introduction: On April 1, 2017, California Proposition 56 (Prop 56) was implemented, increasing the excise tax on cigarettes by $2/pack. This study compares the association of Prop 56 with smoking prevalence and smoking intensity across racial/ethnic groups, further examining distinctions across income subgroups within each racial/ethnic group.Methods: The study used pooled cross-sectional data from the 2012-2018 California Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. We examined two outcomes: current smoking prevalence and smoking intensity conditional on current smoking. A two-part econometric model was used to estimate the association of Prop 56 with smoking prevalence and intensity using multiple logistic regression and multiple linear regression, respectively. The two-part model was run separately for all adults (full sample) and each racial/ethnic group. Within each racial/ethnic group, we ran stratified analyses by income subgroups.Results: The results indicated that Prop 56 was negatively associated with smoking prevalence among full-sample, Hispanic, White, and African American adults; and negatively associated with smoking intensity among full-sample and White smokers. Stratified analyses by race/ethnicity and income showed that Prop 56 was negatively associated with smoking prevalence among low-income full-sample and White adults and among middle-income smokers in the full, Hispanic, White, African American, and Asian samples. Prop 56 was negatively associated with smoking intensity among middle-income Hispanic and high-income White smokers. The association between Prop 56 and smoking intensity was positive among high-income African American smokers.Conclusion: Prop 56 was associated with a reduction in smoking prevalence across multiple racial/ethnic groups, particularly within the low- and middle-income subgroups.Policy implications: Our findings indicate that the reduction in smoking prevalence immediately following the implemen

Objective Adolescents show a steadily increasing inclination toward health risk behaviors, including smoking cigarettes. There is ample evidence that personality traits are related to smoking behavior. However, less is known about the stability of and change in these personality traits during early adolescence and whether smoking behavior affects the developmental trajectories. Moreover, less is known about the influence of gender on the course of personality. Method Longitudinal data of three waves were used from 1121 early adolescents. To measure personality, the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale was used. Individual growth curve models were conducted to measure the stability, mean-level change and individual differences in change for personality. Results Stability of personality was moderate for boys and ranged from moderate to high for girls. On average early adolescents became more impulsive and more sensation seeking over a period of 18 months. Furthermore, hopelessness for girls increased and the increase in sensation seeking was higher for girls than for boys. Third, smoking behavior was related to all personality traits, indicating that smoking adolescents are more anxious, hopeless, impulsive and sensation seeking than non-smoking adolescents. Conclusions Our results are in line with the disruption hypothesis, i.e., during early adolescence there is a dip in personality maturity. There are clear differences between girls and boys in stability of and change in personality traits. Besides, although smoking behavior is related to personality, the change in personality is probably related to other variables.

Целью данного исследования было изучение связи между личностными характеристиками и курительным поведением в двух различных культурных группах: в Шри-Ланке и России. Для измерения личностных качеств участников была использована опросник "Большая пятерка", и оценены уровень невротизма, добросовестности, экстраверсии, открытости опыту и приятность. Кроме того, баллы по состоянию и признакам тревожности были собраны с помощью State Trait Anxiety Inventory, а стресс измерялся с помощью Perceived Stress Scale. В ходе исследования была выдвинута гипотеза, что курильщики будут иметь более высокие показатели экстраверсии, невротизма, тревожности и стресса, а также более низкие показатели добросовестности и приятности, чем никогда не курившие в обеих выборках. Также было предположено, что личностные характеристики будут отличаться у курильщиков из России и Шри-Ланки. Данные были собраны из Шри-Ланки и России в общей сложности для 344 участников. Для исследования различий ANCOVA с возрастом в качестве ковариата была проведена между курящими в настоящее время и никогда не курившими в обеих выборках, а также между курильщиками в настоящее время из Шри-Ланки и России. Полученные результаты: как среди жителей Шри-Ланки, так и среди россиян показатели добросовестности были значительно ниже у курящих. Уровень удовлетворенности ниже у курильщиков в России; в Шри-Ланке не было обнаружено различий. Состояние тревоги выше у курильщиков в России, в то время как тревога выше у никогда некурящих в Шри-Ланке. Воспринимаемый стресс выше у курильщиков, нет различий в Шри-Ланке. Остальные особенности были незначительны в обеих группах. Кроме того, не было обнаружено никаких различий между курильщими Шри-Ланки и России, за исключением личностной тревожности, причем у Шри-ланкийцев личностная тревожность выше. В заключение следует отметить, что модели курения в разных культурах могут быть разными. Результаты также показывают, что российские и шри-ланкийские модели курения отличаются от того, чт, The aim of this study was to examine the association between personality characteristics and smoking behaviour in two distinct cultural groups, in SriLanka and Russia. To measure personality traits of the participants, the Big Five Inventory was used and scores for neuroticism, conscientiousness, extraversion, openness to experience, and agreeableness were collected. In addition, the scores for state and trait anxiety were collected using the State Trait Anxiety Inventory and stress was measured using the Perceived Stress Scale. The study hypothesized that current smokers would have higher extraversion, neuroticism, anxiety, and stress scores, and lower scores of conscientiousness and agreeableness, than never smokers in both samples. It also hypothesized that personality characteristics would differ between Russian and Sri Lankan current smokers. Data was collected from Sri Lanka and Russia for a total of 344 participants. To investigate the differences an ANCOVA with age as a covariate was run between current and never smokers in both samples and between SriLankan and Russian current smokers.

Smoking behavior is related to public health. Smoking is a behavior that has a tendency to begin during adolescence. Factors that are closely related to smoking behavior in adolescents are knowledge. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the level of knowledge about cigarettes and smoking behavior in adolescents in North State Vocational High Schools in 2019. The design used in this research is quantitative research with a cross sectional approach. The population in this study were male students at North Pagelaran Vocational High School 2018/2019 in 98 students. The sampling technique used in this study is total sampling. The sample in this study were 98 respondents. The results of univariate analysis revealed that respondents who had good knowledge were 62 respondents (63.3 percent) and respondents who were light smokers were 46 respondents (46.9 percent). There is a relationship between the level of knowledge about smoking in smoking behavior in adolescents in North State Vocational High School Year 2019 with a p-value of 0,001. For adolescents to start doing healthy behaviors such as exercising regularly as an effort to stop smoking or avoid smoking. Abstrak: Perilaku merokok berkaitan dengan kesehatan masyarakat.Merokok merupakan perilaku yang memiliki kecendrungan dimulai saat masa remaja. Faktor yang berkaitan erat dengan perilaku merokok pada remaja adalah pengetahuan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan tingkat pengetahuan tentang rokok dengan perilaku merokok pada remaja di SMKN Pagelaran Utara Tahun 2019. Desain yang digunakan dalam penelitan ini penelitian kuantitatif dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa laki-laki di SMKN Pagelaran Utara Tahun ajaran 2018/2019 sebanyak 98 siswa. Tekhnik sampling yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Total sampling. Sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 98 responden. Hasil Analisa univariat diketahui responden yang memiliki pengetahuan b

Smoking behavior is related to public health. Smoking is a behavior that has a tendency to begin during adolescence. Factors that are closely related to smoking behavior in adolescents are knowledge. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the level of knowledge about cigarettes and smoking behavior in adolescents in North State Vocational High Schools in 2019. The design used in this research is quantitative research with a cross sectional approach. The population in this study were male students at North Pagelaran Vocational High School 2018/2019 in 98 students. The sampling technique used in this study is total sampling. The sample in this study were 98 respondents. The results of univariate analysis revealed that respondents who had good knowledge were 62 respondents (63.3 percent) and respondents who were light smokers were 46 respondents (46.9 percent). There is a relationship between the level of knowledge about smoking in smoking behavior in adolescents in North State Vocational High School Year 2019 with a p-value of 0,001. For adolescents to start doing healthy behaviors such as exercising regularly as an effort to stop smoking or avoid smoking. Abstrak: Perilaku merokok berkaitan dengan kesehatan masyarakat.Merokok merupakan perilaku yang memiliki kecendrungan dimulai saat masa remaja. Faktor yang berkaitan erat dengan perilaku merokok pada remaja adalah pengetahuan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan tingkat pengetahuan tentang rokok dengan perilaku merokok pada remaja di SMKN Pagelaran Utara Tahun 2019. Desain yang digunakan dalam penelitan ini penelitian kuantitatif dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa laki-laki di SMKN Pagelaran Utara Tahun ajaran 2018/2019 sebanyak 98 siswa. Tekhnik sampling yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Total sampling. Sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 98 responden. Hasil Analisa univariat diketahui responden yang memiliki pengetahuan b

Smoking behavior is related to public health. Smoking is a behavior that has a tendency to begin during adolescence. Factors that are closely related to smoking behavior in adolescents are knowledge. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the level of knowledge about cigarettes and smoking behavior in adolescents in North State Vocational High Schools in 2019. The design used in this research is quantitative research with a cross sectional approach. The population in this study were male students at North Pagelaran Vocational High School 2018/2019 in 98 students. The sampling technique used in this study is total sampling. The sample in this study were 98 respondents. The results of univariate analysis revealed that respondents who had good knowledge were 62 respondents (63.3 percent) and respondents who were light smokers were 46 respondents (46.9 percent). There is a relationship between the level of knowledge about smoking in smoking behavior in adolescents in North State Vocational High School Year 2019 with a p-value of 0,001. For adolescents to start doing healthy behaviors such as exercising regularly as an effort to stop smoking or avoid smoking. Abstrak: Perilaku merokok berkaitan dengan kesehatan masyarakat.Merokok merupakan perilaku yang memiliki kecendrungan dimulai saat masa remaja. Faktor yang berkaitan erat dengan perilaku merokok pada remaja adalah pengetahuan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan tingkat pengetahuan tentang rokok dengan perilaku merokok pada remaja di SMKN Pagelaran Utara Tahun 2019. Desain yang digunakan dalam penelitan ini penelitian kuantitatif dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa laki-laki di SMKN Pagelaran Utara Tahun ajaran 2018/2019 sebanyak 98 siswa. Tekhnik sampling yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Total sampling. Sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 98 responden. Hasil Analisa univariat diketahui responden yang memiliki pengetahuan b

Background: Hypertension data based on age groups in Surabaya showed an increase in hypertension trends in the young age group. It is known that hypertension risk factors are gender, behavior or lifestyle, age, sex, race/ethnicity, genetics, effective stress management, and obesity. Of all these risk factors, behavioral factors or specifically referred to as lifestyle are closely related to hypertension morbidity in the aged 18-35 years. Objective: The aims of this study is to determine the determinants that most influence the incidence of hypertension in order to reduce the prevalence of hypertension at 18-35 years old in the western and eastern parts of the city of Surabaya. Method: This studi employed cross-sectional observational analysis using Chi Square and logistic regression. Sample of this studi were 404 respondents taken by Cluster Random Sampling, with inclusion criteria as follows: 18-35 years old, currently not in hypertension medication, never having a stroke and suffering from a heart condition. The respondent's blood pressure check is carried out before and after completing the questionnaire. Results: The results of research shows unfavorable behavior towards healthy lifestyle, smoking behavior, exercise, fast food consumption, stress, and sleep time have significant results on the incidence of hypertension. Of all factors, smoking behavior was the highest (p = 0,000; OR 14,366). Conclusion: To prevent an increase in the prevalence of hypertension in 18-35 years, it is necessary to implement regulation of non-smoking area.

Background: Hypertension data based on age groups in Surabaya showed an increase in hypertension trends in the young age group. It is known that hypertension risk factors are gender, behavior or lifestyle, age, sex, race/ethnicity, genetics, effective stress management, and obesity. Of all these risk factors, behavioral factors or specifically referred to as lifestyle are closely related to hypertension morbidity in the aged 18-35 years. Objective: The aims of this study is to determine the determinants that most influence the incidence of hypertension in order to reduce the prevalence of hypertension at 18-35 years old in the western and eastern parts of the city of Surabaya. Method: This studi employed cross-sectional observational analysis using Chi Square and logistic regression. Sample of this studi were 404 respondents taken by Cluster Random Sampling, with inclusion criteria as follows: 18-35 years old, currently not in hypertension medication, never having a stroke and suffering from a heart condition. The respondent's blood pressure check is carried out before and after completing the questionnaire. Results: The results of research shows unfavorable behavior towards healthy lifestyle, smoking behavior, exercise, fast food consumption, stress, and sleep time have significant results on the incidence of hypertension. Of all factors, smoking behavior was the highest (p = 0,000; OR 14,366). Conclusion: To prevent an increase in the prevalence of hypertension in 18-35 years, it is necessary to implement regulation of non-smoking area.

Smoking is one of the health risk behaviors that increasingly threatens young and even teenagers. Not only in public schools, but also the increasing number of Islamic boarding schools. Even in some Islamic boarding school activities, in addition to serving food, the boarding school also provides treats for cigarettes. This is a challenge that is still difficult to resolve, because the age of smokers is getting younger. This study aims to find out the relationship between knowledge and attitude with smoking behavior of students in Surabaya Al Jihad Islamic Boarding School. Method: This study was an analytic observational study with crossectional design. The population of this research is all students who live in Al Jihad Islamic Boarding School Surabaya. The study sample was 97 respondents who were selected by random sampling. Data collection is done by interviewing using a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the chi square test. This study shows that there is no significant relationship between knowledge (p = 0.885) and santriwan smoking behavior. But there is a significant relationship between attitudes and santriwan smoking behavior (p = 0.025). Strengthening the knowledge and attitudes of santrians regarding smoking is important, because this can affect the smoking behavior of santri in Islamic boarding schools. It is expected that the leaders and managers of Islamic Boarding Schools are committed to implementing a non-smoking area by providing warning bans on smoking around Islamic boarding schools, Merokok adalah salah satu bentuk perilaku berisiko kesehatan yang semakin mengancam kalangan usia muda bahkan remaja. Tidak di kalangan sekolah umum saja, namun lingkungan pondok pesantren juga semakin banyak yang berperilaku rokok. Bahkan di beberapa kegiatan pondok pesantren, selain menyajikan makanan, pihak pondok pesantren juga menyediakan suguhan rokok. Hal inilah yang menjadi tantangan yang masih sulit untuk diselesaikan, karena usia perokok semakin muda. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan pengetahuan dan sikap dengan perilaku merokok santriwan di Pondok Pesantren Al Jihad Surabaya. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian observasional analitik dengan desain crossectional. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh santriwan yang tinggal di Pondok Pesantren Al Jihad Surabaya. Sampel penelitian sebanyak 97 responden yang dipilih secara random sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara menggunakan kuesioner. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji chi square. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada hubungan signifikan antara pengetahuan (p=0,885) dengan perilaku merokok santriwan. Namun ada hubungan signifikan antara sikap dengan perilaku merokok santriwan (p=0,025). Penguatan pengetahuan dan sikap santriwan terkait merokok sangat penting, karena hal tersebut dapat mempengaruhi perilaku merokok santriwan di Pondok Pesantren. Diharapkan pimpinan dan pengelola Pondok Pesantren berkomitmen untuk menerapkan kawasan tanpa asap rokok dengan menyediakan poster peringatan larangan merokok di sekitar pondok pesantren.

Smoking is one of the health risk behaviors that increasingly threatens young and even teenagers. Not only in public schools, but also the increasing number of Islamic boarding schools. Even in some Islamic boarding school activities, in addition to serving food, the boarding school also provides treats for cigarettes. This is a challenge that is still difficult to resolve, because the age of smokers is getting younger. This study aims to find out the relationship between knowledge and attitude with smoking behavior of students in Surabaya Al Jihad Islamic Boarding School. Method: This study was an analytic observational study with crossectional design. The population of this research is all students who live in Al Jihad Islamic Boarding School Surabaya. The study sample was 97 respondents who were selected by random sampling. Data collection is done by interviewing using a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the chi square test. This study shows that there is no significant relationship between knowledge (p = 0.885) and santriwan smoking behavior. But there is a significant relationship between attitudes and santriwan smoking behavior (p = 0.025). Strengthening the knowledge and attitudes of santrians regarding smoking is important, because this can affect the smoking behavior of santri in Islamic boarding schools. It is expected that the leaders and managers of Islamic Boarding Schools are committed to implementing a non-smoking area by providing warning bans on smoking around Islamic boarding schools, Merokok adalah salah satu bentuk perilaku berisiko kesehatan yang semakin mengancam kalangan usia muda bahkan remaja. Tidak di kalangan sekolah umum saja, namun lingkungan pondok pesantren juga semakin banyak yang berperilaku rokok. Bahkan di beberapa kegiatan pondok pesantren, selain menyajikan makanan, pihak pondok pesantren juga menyediakan suguhan rokok. Hal inilah yang menjadi tantangan yang masih sulit untuk diselesaikan, karena usia perokok semakin muda. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan pengetahuan dan sikap dengan perilaku merokok santriwan di Pondok Pesantren Al Jihad Surabaya. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian observasional analitik dengan desain crossectional. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh santriwan yang tinggal di Pondok Pesantren Al Jihad Surabaya. Sampel penelitian sebanyak 97 responden yang dipilih secara random sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara menggunakan kuesioner. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji chi square. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada hubungan signifikan antara pengetahuan (p=0,885) dengan perilaku merokok santriwan. Namun ada hubungan signifikan antara sikap dengan perilaku merokok santriwan (p=0,025). Penguatan pengetahuan dan sikap santriwan terkait merokok sangat penting, karena hal tersebut dapat mempengaruhi perilaku merokok santriwan di Pondok Pesantren. Diharapkan pimpinan dan pengelola Pondok Pesantren berkomitmen untuk menerapkan kawasan tanpa asap rokok dengan menyediakan poster peringatan larangan merokok di sekitar pondok pesantren.

Background: There is substantial empirical evidence that negative mood triggers smoking behavior, and less support for the similar effect of positive mood. However, the relationship between the intensity of mood and smoking remains relatively under-researched. Objectives: The present study explored the association between mood intensity and smoking behavior. Methods: Seventy-three ad libitum smokers recorded their mood and concurrent number of smoked cigarettes three times daily for one week using electronic diary application. Real time assessment in natural environment enabled greater reliability, validity and generalizability of the collected data. Results: We analyzed results using withinsubjects approach and obtained significant growth trend in smoking behavior that concurred with the increase of mood intensity-smokers tended to increase their consumption of cigarettes when they were feeling either happy or sad in comparison to the situation when they were in neutral mood. Importance: These findings raise implications regarding the role of mood intensity in initiating smoking behavior.

Background: There is substantial empirical evidence that negative mood triggers smoking behavior, and less support for the similar effect of positive mood. However, the relationship between the intensity of mood and smoking remains relatively under-researched. Objectives: The present study explored the association between mood intensity and smoking behavior. Methods: Seventy-three ad libitum smokers recorded their mood and concurrent number of smoked cigarettes three times daily for one week using electronic diary application. Real time assessment in natural environment enabled greater reliability, validity and generalizability of the collected data. Results: We analyzed results using withinsubjects approach and obtained significant growth trend in smoking behavior that concurred with the increase of mood intensity-smokers tended to increase their consumption of cigarettes when they were feeling either happy or sad in comparison to the situation when they were in neutral mood. Importance: These findings raise implications regarding the role of mood intensity in initiating smoking behavior.

Diabetes mellitus is the 3rd highest Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) which causes death in Indonesia. The biggest cause of mortality and morbidity in type 2 diabetes mellitus is coronary heart disease. The incidence of coronary heart disease in diabetes mellitus is relatively high, 65% of people with diabetes mellitus die from coronary heart disease and stroke. This study aims to analyze differences in characteristics in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 with and without coronary heart disease in the Haji Public Hospital (RSU Haji) in 2016. This study is an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional study design. The subject of the study was the incidence of diabetes mellitus type 2 with and without coronary heart disease who underwent treatment in the outpatient installation of RSU Haji Surabaya in 2016. Samples were taken using the fixed-disease sampling method. The sample size was 42 people. Data analysis was performed using the Chi-square test. The results showed that smoking behavior (p = 0.00; PR = 7.85; 95% CI = 2.09–29.50) and hypertension (p = 0.002; PR = 3.51; 95% CI = 1, 42–8,67) has a significant difference in the incidence of diabetes mellitus type 2 with and without coronary heart disease. It was concluded that smoking behavior and hypertension can lead to complications of coronary heart disease in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 at RSU Haji Surabaya in 2016. Awareness is needed to conduct routine blood pressure checks and eliminate smoking as prevention of complications of coronary heart disease in people with diabetes mellitus type 2.

Diabetes mellitus is the 3rd highest Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) which causes death in Indonesia. The biggest cause of mortality and morbidity in type 2 diabetes mellitus is coronary heart disease. The incidence of coronary heart disease in diabetes mellitus is relatively high, 65% of people with diabetes mellitus die from coronary heart disease and stroke. This study aims to analyze differences in characteristics in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 with and without coronary heart disease in the Haji Public Hospital (RSU Haji) in 2016. This study is an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional study design. The subject of the study was the incidence of diabetes mellitus type 2 with and without coronary heart disease who underwent treatment in the outpatient installation of RSU Haji Surabaya in 2016. Samples were taken using the fixed-disease sampling method. The sample size was 42 people. Data analysis was performed using the Chi-square test. The results showed that smoking behavior (p = 0.00; PR = 7.85; 95% CI = 2.09–29.50) and hypertension (p = 0.002; PR = 3.51; 95% CI = 1, 42–8,67) has a significant difference in the incidence of diabetes mellitus type 2 with and without coronary heart disease. It was concluded that smoking behavior and hypertension can lead to complications of coronary heart disease in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 at RSU Haji Surabaya in 2016. Awareness is needed to conduct routine blood pressure checks and eliminate smoking as prevention of complications of coronary heart disease in people with diabetes mellitus type 2.

ObjectivesLittle is known about the degree of nicotine replacement across first-generation e-cigarette brands, how e-cigarettes are used, and if there is variation across brands in relevant smoking phenotypes. The objective of this project was to collect data that are critical to better understanding, use, and exposure when using e-cigarettes, which may then inform clinical trials and tobacco regulatory policy.MethodsTwenty-eight cigarette smokers were randomized to use one of 5 popular brands of e-cigarettes for a 10-day study. Day 1 (own cigarette brand) data established baseline levels for cotinine, carbon monoxide (CO), topography, cigarette liking, withdrawal, and craving. Participants returned on Days 5 and 10 to reassess these measures while exclusively using e-cigarettes.ResultsCompared to cigarette smoking, e-cigarettes provided significantly lower nicotine levels (25%-50%), reduced CO exposure, and lower ratings of liking (p < .05). Topography significantly differed between cigarette and e-cigarette sessions (p < .05). All brands significantly reduced withdrawal and craving (p < .05). There were no significant brand differences in outcome measures associated with exposure or use.ConclusionsE-cigarettes are not liked as much as cigarettes, provide significantly lower nicotine replacement, reduce CO exposure, and mitigate withdrawal and craving. The patterns of use significantly differ compared to cigarette smoking.

ObjectivesLittle is known about the degree of nicotine replacement across first-generation e-cigarette brands, how e-cigarettes are used, and if there is variation across brands in relevant smoking phenotypes. The objective of this project was to collect data that are critical to better understanding, use, and exposure when using e-cigarettes, which may then inform clinical trials and tobacco regulatory policy.MethodsTwenty-eight cigarette smokers were randomized to use one of 5 popular brands of e-cigarettes for a 10-day study. Day 1 (own cigarette brand) data established baseline levels for cotinine, carbon monoxide (CO), topography, cigarette liking, withdrawal, and craving. Participants returned on Days 5 and 10 to reassess these measures while exclusively using e-cigarettes.ResultsCompared to cigarette smoking, e-cigarettes provided significantly lower nicotine levels (25%-50%), reduced CO exposure, and lower ratings of liking (p < .05). Topography significantly differed between cigarette and e-cigarette sessions (p < .05). All brands significantly reduced withdrawal and craving (p < .05). There were no significant brand differences in outcome measures associated with exposure or use.ConclusionsE-cigarettes are not liked as much as cigarettes, provide significantly lower nicotine replacement, reduce CO exposure, and mitigate withdrawal and craving. The patterns of use significantly differ compared to cigarette smoking.

The health condition of the people due to smoking habits can be categorized as a "global public emergency". World tobacco consumption was found to kill one person every second, and there are 1.3 billion smokers in the world, one third comes from the global population aged 15 years and above. Each year, tobacco causes about 8.8% of deaths (4.9 million) and about 4.1% causes the disease (59.1%). If this trend is not turned around, then these figures will rise to 10 million deaths per year from 2020 or in early 2030 with 70% of deaths occur in developing countries. World No Tobacco Day May 31, 2012, the State Indonesia tops the list with the highest number of teen smokers in the world, namely 82.4%, (WHO, 2008).

The health condition of the people due to smoking habits can be categorized as a "global public emergency". World tobacco consumption was found to kill one person every second, and there are 1.3 billion smokers in the world, one third comes from the global population aged 15 years and above. Each year, tobacco causes about 8.8% of deaths (4.9 million) and about 4.1% causes the disease (59.1%). If this trend is not turned around, then these figures will rise to 10 million deaths per year from 2020 or in early 2030 with 70% of deaths occur in developing countries. World No Tobacco Day May 31, 2012, the State Indonesia tops the list with the highest number of teen smokers in the world, namely 82.4%, (WHO, 2008).

The health condition of the people due to smoking habits can be categorized as a "global public emergency". World tobacco consumption was found to kill one person every second, and there are 1.3 billion smokers in the world, one third comes from the global population aged 15 years and above. Each year, tobacco causes about 8.8% of deaths (4.9 million) and about 4.1% causes the disease (59.1%). If this trend is not turned around, then these figures will rise to 10 million deaths per year from 2020 or in early 2030 with 70% of deaths occur in developing countries. World No Tobacco Day May 31, 2012, the State Indonesia tops the list with the highest number of teen smokers in the world, namely 82.4%, (WHO, 2008).

type:Text, Objectives: Nicotine in cigarettes is metabolized primarily by CYP2A6-catalyzed oxidation. The CYP2A6*4 allele, in which CYP2A6 is a homozygous whole-deletion variant, completely lacks enzyme activity. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of CYP2A6*4 genetic polymorphism on smoking behavior and nicotine dependence in a general population of Japanese men. Methods: The subjects were 124 healthy Japanese men who gave informed consent to give saliva samples. The survey items included general information, smoking behaviors and nicotine dependence. The polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism method was used to analyze the genetic polymorphisms of CYP2A6. The subjects were classified into two groups: Group W (CYP2A6*4 absence: *1A/*1A, *1A/*1B and *1B/*1B) and Group D (CYP2A6*4 presence: *1B/*4A, *4A/*4A, *1A/*4A or *1B/*4D, and *1A/*4D). We analyzed the differences in the survey items between the two groups. Results: There were no significant differences in smoking behaviors between the two groups. However, Group D tended to have less difficulty in refraining from smoking after waking in the morning compared to Group W (p=0.051). Conclusions: CYP2A6*4 genetic polymorphisms may not strongly affect smoking behavior but may possibly have an effect on nicotine dependence.

Rökare får allt mer mindre utrymme att röka på och det blir allt mindre socialt accepterat att röka i dagens samhälle. Syftet med vår uppsats är att undersöka hur rökaren upplever samhällets normer och negativitet kring rökning, samt hur detta påverkar dem. Vår huvudsakliga frågeställning har varit ”Hur påverkas rökare av samhället nedvärderande syn på rökning?”, men även om det finns någon skillnad i deras rökningsbeteende beroende på social situation. Studien är gjord med hjälp av en kvalitativ metod i form av intervjuer, där vi intervjuat 6 rökare allt ifrån åldern 23-70. Vi har använt oss utav Goffmans intrycksstyrningoch Harveys rumsbegreppför att kunna förklara ur ett sociologiskt perspektiv hur rökaren upplever samhället och hur det påverkar denne. Vårt resultat har visat att rökare anpassar sig väldigt mycket till den sociala situationen, samt tar hänsyn till andra och att rökare kartlägger sin rökning grundat på tid, rum och social situation., Smokersgetincreasinglyless roomto smokeanditis becoming lesssociallyacceptable to smokeintoday's society.The purpose of ourpaper is to examinehowthe smokerexperiencingsocial normsandnegativity surroundingsmoking,andhow this affectsthem. Our mainresearch questionwas"How does the negative view on smoking in today’s society affect smokers?”, but also if there is any differenceintheir smokingbehaviordepending on thesocial situation.The study was conductedusinga qualitative approachin the form ofinterviews, wherewe interviewedsixsmokersranging fromages23-70. We have usedGoffman'spresentation of SelfandHarveysspace theory to explainfrom a sociological perspectivehowsmokersperceivesociety andhow it affectshim.Ourresults have shownthat smokers arevery adaptedtothe social situation, they are considerate andthat smokerscharttheir smokingbased on thetime, placeand social situation.

Rökare får allt mer mindre utrymme att röka på och det blir allt mindre socialt accepterat att röka i dagens samhälle. Syftet med vår uppsats är att undersöka hur rökaren upplever samhällets normer och negativitet kring rökning, samt hur detta påverkar dem. Vår huvudsakliga frågeställning har varit ”Hur påverkas rökare av samhället nedvärderande syn på rökning?”, men även om det finns någon skillnad i deras rökningsbeteende beroende på social situation. Studien är gjord med hjälp av en kvalitativ metod i form av intervjuer, där vi intervjuat 6 rökare allt ifrån åldern 23-70. Vi har använt oss utav Goffmans intrycksstyrningoch Harveys rumsbegreppför att kunna förklara ur ett sociologiskt perspektiv hur rökaren upplever samhället och hur det påverkar denne. Vårt resultat har visat att rökare anpassar sig väldigt mycket till den sociala situationen, samt tar hänsyn till andra och att rökare kartlägger sin rökning grundat på tid, rum och social situation., Smokersgetincreasinglyless roomto smokeanditis becoming lesssociallyacceptable to smokeintoday's society.The purpose of ourpaper is to examinehowthe smokerexperiencingsocial normsandnegativity surroundingsmoking,andhow this affectsthem. Our mainresearch questionwas"How does the negative view on smoking in today’s society affect smokers?”, but also if there is any differenceintheir smokingbehaviordepending on thesocial situation.The study was conductedusinga qualitative approachin the form ofinterviews, wherewe interviewedsixsmokersranging fromages23-70. We have usedGoffman'spresentation of SelfandHarveysspace theory to explainfrom a sociological perspectivehowsmokersperceivesociety andhow it affectshim.Ourresults have shownthat smokers arevery adaptedtothe social situation, they are considerate andthat smokerscharttheir smokingbased on thetime, placeand social situation.

Hypertension is a disease that causes morbidity and mortality in 20-50% of total deaths. Obesity and smoking are risk factors for hypertension. This study aims to determine the relationship between obesity, and smoking on the incidence of hypertension. The study was conducted with a cross-sectional design involving 75 people and was taken using simple randomization techniques from patients seeking treatment at the cardiology clinic in Public Hospital of Haji Surabaya in May 2014. The variables studied were gender, obesity, and smoking behavior. Smoking behavior that was studied consisted of smoking history, use of filters, duration of smoking, number of cigarettes, and types of cigarettes. Data were analyzed using Chi-Square test. The incidence of hypertension found in this study was 45 people (60%). 64.4% of people with hypertension are women. The analysis showed a significant relationship between obesity and the incidence of hypertension (p = 0.014) with a strong relationship of 0.299. History of smoking (p = 0.211), use of filters (p = 0.378), duration of smoking (p = 1,000), smoking criteria (p = 0.848) and types of cigarettes (p = 0.673) showed no significant relationship. The conclusion of this study is obesity is related to the incidence of hypertension.

Hypertension is a disease that causes morbidity and mortality in 20-50% of total deaths. Obesity and smoking are risk factors for hypertension. This study aims to determine the relationship between obesity, and smoking on the incidence of hypertension. The study was conducted with a cross-sectional design involving 75 people and was taken using simple randomization techniques from patients seeking treatment at the cardiology clinic in Public Hospital of Haji Surabaya in May 2014. The variables studied were gender, obesity, and smoking behavior. Smoking behavior that was studied consisted of smoking history, use of filters, duration of smoking, number of cigarettes, and types of cigarettes. Data were analyzed using Chi-Square test. The incidence of hypertension found in this study was 45 people (60%). 64.4% of people with hypertension are women. The analysis showed a significant relationship between obesity and the incidence of hypertension (p = 0.014) with a strong relationship of 0.299. History of smoking (p = 0.211), use of filters (p = 0.378), duration of smoking (p = 1,000), smoking criteria (p = 0.848) and types of cigarettes (p = 0.673) showed no significant relationship. The conclusion of this study is obesity is related to the incidence of hypertension.

The European Community Respiratory Health Survey is an international multicenter cohort study of asthma, allergy, and lung function that began in the early-1990s with recruitment of population-based samples of 20- to 44-year-old adults, mainly in Europe. The aims of the study are broad ranging but include assessment of the role of in utero exposure to tobacco smoke, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, and active smoking on the incidence, prevalence, and prognosis of allergy and asthma. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses looking at these associations have been conducted, sometimes only using information collected in one country, and on other occasions using information collected in all the participating centers. This article summarizes the results from these various publications from this large epidemiologic study.

This study's goal was to characterize physical and social environments of stand-alone bars associated with indoor smoking despite California's smokefree workplace law. In a random sample of 121 stand-alone bars in San Francisco, trained observers collected data on patrons, staff, neighborhood, indoor settings and smoking behaviors. Using bivariate (chi-square) and hierarchical linear modeling analyses, we identified four correlates of patrons' indoor smoking: 1) bars serving predominantly Asian or Irish patrons, 2) ashtrays, 3) bartender smoking, and 4) female bartenders. Public health officials charged with enforcement of smokefree bar policies may need to attend to social practices within bars, and heighten perceptions of consistent enforcement of smokefree workplace laws.

During adolescence young people are known to try out a range of risk behaviours, including smoking. Even though the detrimental health consequences of smoking are well known, the prevalence of smoking among Dutch adolescents remains high. Until today, efforts to control adolescent smoking are mainly focused on the prevention of smoking, whereas fewer efforts are made towards facilitating smoking cessation. Since the chance of a successful attempt to cease smoking diminishes the longer that people smoke, it is important that cessation interventions also focus on adolescents. However, compared to the many reports on predictors of smoking initiation, the literature addressing adolescent smoking cessation is rather limited, and the field is still considered to be underdeveloped. To facilitate the planning and development of programs to promote cessation among adolescents who smoke, the current thesis presents a number of studies that focus on identifying and studying potential determinants of smoking cessation, as well as determinants of important parameters of successful cessation such as readiness to quit smoking and undertaking quit attempts. Multiple levels of influence on the process of adolescent smoking cessation are considered and tested, including addiction, psychological and environmental factors. In addition, predictions and assumptions of several theories that are frequently used in explaining health behaviour, such as the Transtheoretical Model and Social Cognitive Theory, were tested in their applications to adolescent smoking cessation.

This study's goal was to characterize physical and social environments of stand-alone bars associated with indoor smoking despite California's smokefree workplace law. In a random sample of 121 stand-alone bars in San Francisco, trained observers collected data on patrons, staff, neighborhood, indoor settings and smoking behaviors. Using bivariate (chi-square) and hierarchical linear modeling analyses, we identified four correlates of patrons' indoor smoking: 1) bars serving predominantly Asian or Irish patrons, 2) ashtrays, 3) bartender smoking, and 4) female bartenders. Public health officials charged with enforcement of smokefree bar policies may need to attend to social practices within bars, and heighten perceptions of consistent enforcement of smokefree workplace laws.

Indonesia is the fifth largest country in the world for tobacco consumption. Objective of the study is to estimate the health and economic impact of smoking behavior in 2005. Data used include National Socio economic Survey 2004, National Health Survey 2004, Population Projection for 2005, Medical expenditures of diseases related to tobacco collected from central government hospitals in Jakarta and the Indonesian Abridged Life Table. Global Burden of Disease method is used to estimate the disease burden. The results show that in 2005, about 399,800 people died due to diseases related to tobaccoor about 26% of total deaths (1,539,288). About 3, 846,373 DALYs (productive years) were lost due to premature mortality and 1,502,900 DALYs were lost due to morbidity and disability. The macro-economic loss due to tobacco was estimated in the amount of 44 Trillion Rupiahs and total medical expenditure due to tobacco was estimated in the amount of 2 Trillion rupiahs. Average cigarette consumption per person per day was 11 sticks or 330 sticks per month. Total budget spent in one month was Rp. 165,000 or equal to 20 days of income, based on Regional Minimum Wages (in Jakarta) of Rp. 8, 000 per person per day. It is concluded that smoking behavior produces negative health and economic impact at macro level aswell as at individual level. Therefore Cost-effective policies to control tobacco as suggested in the Framework Convention of Tobacco Control can reduce the negative impact of smoking behavior.

Background. Children’s exposure to tobacco smoke is known to have adverse health effects, and most parents try to protect their children. Objective. To examine the effectiveness of parents’ precautions for limiting their children’s tobacco-smoke exposure and to identify variables associated to parents’ smoking behavior. Design and participants. Children, 2.5 to 3 years old, participating in All Babies in Southeast Sweden, a prospective study on environmental factors affecting development of immune-mediated diseases. Smoking parents of 366 children answered a questionnaire on their smoking behavior. Cotinine analyses were made on urine specimen from these children and 433 age-matched controls from nonsmoking homes. Results. Smoking behavior had a significant impact on cotinine levels. Exclusively outdoor smoking with the door closed gave lower urine cotinine levels of children than when mixing smoking near the kitchen fan and near an open door or indoors but higher levels than controls. Variables of importance for smoking behavior were not living in a nuclear family (odds ratio: 2.1; 95% confidence interval: 1.1–4.1) and high cigarette consumption (odds ratio: 1.6; 95% confidence interval: 1.2-2.1). An exposure score with controls as the reference group (1.0) gave an exposure score for outdoor smoking with the door closed of 2.0, for standing near an open door + outdoors of 2.4, for standing near the kitchen fan + outdoors of 3.2, for mixing near an open door, kitchen fan, and outdoors of 10.3, and for indoor smoking of 15.2. Conclusion. Smoking outdoors with the door closed was not a total but the most effective way to protect children from environmental tobacco-smoke exposure. Other modes of action had a minor effect.

Executive Summary The California Tobacco Surveys (CTS), along with other data sources, have helped document the progress and success of over a decade of tobacco control efforts in California. Some of the most important findings are highlighted below, with reference to Selected Key Findings (KF) appearing on the following pages that provide more detail. Since young people are the focus of this report, findings pertaining to adolescents and young adults are presented first.

Executive Summary The California Tobacco Surveys (CTS), along with other data sources, have helped document the progress and success of over a decade of tobacco control efforts in California. Some of the most important findings are highlighted below, with reference to Selected Key Findings (KF) appearing on the following pages that provide more detail. Since young people are the focus of this report, findings pertaining to adolescents and young adults are presented first.

Executive SummaryPREFACE The California Department of Health Services contracted with the University of California, San Diego, to conduct a series of California Tobacco Surveys and to provide an independent and scientific assessment of the progress of the California Tobacco Control Program. Any interpretations of data or conclusions expressed in this report are those of the authors and may not represent the views of the State of California.A primary goal of the Tobacco Control Program is to reduce smoking among California adults and adolescents. Assessment of Program progress in meeting this goal involves an examination of trends in per capita cigarette consumption and smoking prevalence. Program effects must be distinguished from differences resulting from changes in the demographic profile of the California population. Standardized prevalence estimates were computed to adjust for demographic changes. An effective program would lead to a more rapid decline in smoking than existed previously or that occurred in the rest of the United States. Moreover, the effect should persist over time.The analysis considered two periods in the Tobacco Control Program, suggested by changes in per capita cigarette consumption trends, standardized adult smoking prevalence estimates from the California Tobacco Surveys, and the relative level of funding for the Program and what the tobacco industry spends to promote smoking. Before fiscal year 1992-1993, the ratio of spending was 5: 1 in favor of the tobacco industry and subsequently it was 10:1. The higher ratio resulted from reduced funding for the Tobacco Control Program and increased tobacco industry expenditures.The first part of this executive summary presents a brief overview of the main evaluative outcomes relative to the California Tobacco Control Program: smoking behavior and exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke. Following this brief overview, trends in smoking behavior are discussed in more detail. Finally, other important f

Executive SummaryPREFACE The California Department of Health Services contracted with the University of California, San Diego, to conduct a series of California Tobacco Surveys and to provide an independent and scientific assessment of the progress of the California Tobacco Control Program. Any interpretations of data or conclusions expressed in this report are those of the authors and may not represent the views of the State of California.A primary goal of the Tobacco Control Program is to reduce smoking among California adults and adolescents. Assessment of Program progress in meeting this goal involves an examination of trends in per capita cigarette consumption and smoking prevalence. Program effects must be distinguished from differences resulting from changes in the demographic profile of the California population. Standardized prevalence estimates were computed to adjust for demographic changes. An effective program would lead to a more rapid decline in smoking than existed previously or that occurred in the rest of the United States. Moreover, the effect should persist over time.The analysis considered two periods in the Tobacco Control Program, suggested by changes in per capita cigarette consumption trends, standardized adult smoking prevalence estimates from the California Tobacco Surveys, and the relative level of funding for the Program and what the tobacco industry spends to promote smoking. Before fiscal year 1992-1993, the ratio of spending was 5: 1 in favor of the tobacco industry and subsequently it was 10:1. The higher ratio resulted from reduced funding for the Tobacco Control Program and increased tobacco industry expenditures.The first part of this executive summary presents a brief overview of the main evaluative outcomes relative to the California Tobacco Control Program: smoking behavior and exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke. Following this brief overview, trends in smoking behavior are discussed in more detail. Finally, other important f

Executive SummaryPREFACE The California Department of Health Services contracted with the University of California, San Diego, to conduct a series of California Tobacco Surveys and to provide an independent and scientific assessment of the progress of the California Tobacco Control Program. Any interpretations of data or conclusions expressed in this report are those of the authors and may not represent the views of the State of California.A primary goal of the Tobacco Control Program is to reduce smoking among California adults and adolescents. Assessment of Program progress in meeting this goal involves an examination of trends in per capita cigarette consumption and smoking prevalence. Program effects must be distinguished from differences resulting from changes in the demographic profile of the California population. Standardized prevalence estimates were computed to adjust for demographic changes. An effective program would lead to a more rapid decline in smoking than existed previously or that occurred in the rest of the United States. Moreover, the effect should persist over time.The analysis considered two periods in the Tobacco Control Program, suggested by changes in per capita cigarette consumption trends, standardized adult smoking prevalence estimates from the California Tobacco Surveys, and the relative level of funding for the Program and what the tobacco industry spends to promote smoking. Before fiscal year 1992-1993, the ratio of spending was 5: 1 in favor of the tobacco industry and subsequently it was 10:1. The higher ratio resulted from reduced funding for the Tobacco Control Program and increased tobacco industry expenditures.The first part of this executive summary presents a brief overview of the main evaluative outcomes relative to the California Tobacco Control Program: smoking behavior and exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke. Following this brief overview, trends in smoking behavior are discussed in more detail. Finally, other important f

Se estudia la relación entre variables sociodemográficas, médicas y psicológicas y el comportamiento de fumar y los intentos de dejar de fumar. La muestra (n=291) se ha extraído al azar de una población comunitaria rural de 4300 habitantes. Todas las variables se han medido con un único cuestionario, a través de entrevista personal domiciliaria. Mediante análisis discriminantes las variables sexo, consumo de bebidas alcohólicas y el uso de medicamentos son las que más explican estadísticamente el comportamiento de fumar. Sorprendentemente, sólo una variable, haber visitado al médico en los últimos 12 meses, se asoció, bivariadamente, con los intentos de dejar de fumar, y no se procedía, lógicamente, con el análisis multivariante. Por último, se discuten los hallazgos a la luz de la literatura internacional y nacional., Sociodemografical, medical and psychological variables and its relation with smoking behavior and attempts at smoking cessation were studied. The subjects (n=291) were chosen at random from a little community. A questionnaire was employed and administred by interview in household. The discriminant analysis showed that sex, alcohol intake and use of medicines explained the most of variance from smoking behavior. However, only one variable, visiting to physician at last twelve months, showed association with attempts at smoking cessation, and not discriminant analysis proceeded.

Se estudia la relación entre variables sociodemográficas, médicas y psicológicas y el comportamiento de fumar y los intentos de dejar de fumar. La muestra (n=291) se ha extraído al azar de una población comunitaria rural de 4300 habitantes. Todas las variables se han medido con un único cuestionario, a través de entrevista personal domiciliaria. Mediante análisis discriminantes las variables sexo, consumo de bebidas alcohólicas y el uso de medicamentos son las que más explican estadísticamente el comportamiento de fumar. Sorprendentemente, sólo una variable, haber visitado al médico en los últimos 12 meses, se asoció, bivariadamente, con los intentos de dejar de fumar, y no se procedía, lógicamente, con el análisis multivariante. Por último, se discuten los hallazgos a la luz de la literatura internacional y nacional., Sociodemografical, medical and psychological variables and its relation with smoking behavior and attempts at smoking cessation were studied. The subjects (n=291) were chosen at random from a little community. A questionnaire was employed and administred by interview in household. The discriminant analysis showed that sex, alcohol intake and use of medicines explained the most of variance from smoking behavior. However, only one variable, visiting to physician at last twelve months, showed association with attempts at smoking cessation, and not discriminant analysis proceeded.