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Prospective studies have failed to establish a causal relationship between animal fat intake and cardiovascular diseases in humans. Furthermore, the metabolic effects of different dietary sources remain unknown. In this four-arm crossover study, we investigated the impact of consuming cheese, beef, and pork meat on classic and new cardiovascular risk markers (obtained from lipidomics) in the context of a healthy diet. A total of 33 young healthy volunteers (23 women/10 men) were assigned to one out of four test diets in a Latin square design. Each test diet was consumed for 14 days, with a 2-week washout. Participants received a healthy diet plus Gouda- or Goutaler-type cheeses, pork, or beef meats. Before and after each diet, fasting blood samples were withdrawn. A reduction in total cholesterol and an increase in high density lipoprotein particle size were detected after all diets. Only the pork diet upregulated plasma unsaturated fatty acids and downregulated triglycerides species. Improvements in the lipoprotein profile and upregulation of circulating plasmalogen species were also observed after the pork diet. Our study suggests that, within the context of a healthy diet rich in micronutrients and fiber, the consumption of animal products, in particular pork meat, may not induce deleterious effects, and reducing the intake of animal products should not be regarded as a way of reducing cardiovascular risk in young individuals., Funding agency:The Norwegian Agriculture Agency 281297

Introduction of microbial contaminations in the dairy value chain starts at the farm level and the initial microbial composition may severely affect the production of high-quality dairy products. Therefore, understanding the farm-to-farm variation and longitudinal shifts in the composition of the bulk tank milk microbiota is fundamental to increase the quality and reduce the spoilage and waste of milk and dairy products. In this study, we performed a double experiment to study long- and short-term longitudinal shifts in microbial composition using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. We analyzed milk from 37 farms, that had also been investigated two years earlier, to understand the stability and overall microbial changes over a longer time span. In addition, we sampled bulk tank milk from five farms every 1–2 weeks for up to 7 months to observe short-term changes in microbial composition. We demonstrated that a persistent and farm-specific microbiota is found in bulk tank milk and that changes in composition within the same farm are mostly driven by bacterial genera associated with mastitis (e.g., Staphylococcus and Streptococcus). On a long-term, we detected that major shift in milk microbiota were not correlated with farm settings, such as milking system, number of cows and quality of the milk but other factors, such as weather and feeding, may have had a greater impact on the main shifts in composition of the bulk tank milk microbiota. Our results provide new information regarding the ecology of raw milk microbiota at the farm level.