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B-rich nanowires are grown on Ni coated oxidized Si(111) substrate using diborane as the gas precursor in a CVD process at 20 torr and 900°C. These nanowires have diameters around 20–100 nanometers and lengths up to microns. Icosahedron B12 is shown to be the basic building unit forming the amorphous B-rich nanowires as characterized by EDAX, XRD, XPS, and Raman spectroscopies. The gas chemistry at low [B₂H₆]/ [N₂] ratio is monitored by the in situ mass spectroscopy, which identified N₂ as an inert carrier gas leading to formation of the B-rich compounds. A nucleation controlled growth mechanism is proposed to explain the rugged nanowire growth of boron. The role of the Ni catalyst in the synthesis of the B-rich nanostructures is also discussed.

B-rich nanowires are grown on Ni coated oxidized Si(111) substrate using diborane as the gas precursor in a CVD process at 20 torr and 900°C. These nanowires have diameters around 20–100 nanometers and lengths up to microns. Icosahedron B12 is shown to be the basic building unit forming the amorphous B-rich nanowires as characterized by EDAX, XRD, XPS, and Raman spectroscopies. The gas chemistry at low [B₂H₆]/ [N₂] ratio is monitored by the in situ mass spectroscopy, which identified N₂ as an inert carrier gas leading to formation of the B-rich compounds. A nucleation controlled growth mechanism is proposed to explain the rugged nanowire growth of boron. The role of the Ni catalyst in the synthesis of the B-rich nanostructures is also discussed.

B-rich nanowires are grown on Ni coated oxidized Si(111) substrate using diborane as the gas precursor in a CVD process at 20 torr and 900°C. These nanowires have diameters around 20–100 nanometers and lengths up to microns. Icosahedron B12 is shown to be the basic building unit forming the amorphous B-rich nanowires as characterized by EDAX, XRD, XPS, and Raman spectroscopies. The gas chemistry at low [B₂H₆]/ [N₂] ratio is monitored by the in situ mass spectroscopy, which identified N₂ as an inert carrier gas leading to formation of the B-rich compounds. A nucleation controlled growth mechanism is proposed to explain the rugged nanowire growth of boron. The role of the Ni catalyst in the synthesis of the B-rich nanostructures is also discussed.

B-rich nanowires are grown on Ni coated oxidized Si(111) substrate using diborane as the gas precursor in a CVD process at 20 torr and 900°C. These nanowires have diameters around 20–100 nanometers and lengths up to microns. Icosahedron B12 is shown to be the basic building unit forming the amorphous B-rich nanowires as characterized by EDAX, XRD, XPS, and Raman spectroscopies. The gas chemistry at low [B₂H₆]/ [N₂] ratio is monitored by the in situ mass spectroscopy, which identified N₂ as an inert carrier gas leading to formation of the B-rich compounds. A nucleation controlled growth mechanism is proposed to explain the rugged nanowire growth of boron. The role of the Ni catalyst in the synthesis of the B-rich nanostructures is also discussed.

B-rich nanowires are grown on Ni coated oxidized Si(111) substrate using diborane as the gas precursor in a CVD process at 20 torr and 900°C. These nanowires have diameters around 20–100 nanometers and lengths up to microns. Icosahedron B12 is shown to be the basic building unit forming the amorphous B-rich nanowires as characterized by EDAX, XRD, XPS, and Raman spectroscopies. The gas chemistry at low [B₂H₆]/ [N₂] ratio is monitored by the in situ mass spectroscopy, which identified N₂ as an inert carrier gas leading to formation of the B-rich compounds. A nucleation controlled growth mechanism is proposed to explain the rugged nanowire growth of boron. The role of the Ni catalyst in the synthesis of the B-rich nanostructures is also discussed.

Formation of partially constrained precipitates such as hydride blisters and oxide nodules have been reported on surfaces of Zr-alloy components of pressurised heavy water reactors and is associated with a large increase in volume. Such a change in volume imposes large stresses in the material surrounding the precipitate and may facilitate stable crack growth through delayed hydride cracking. In this work, the stress field of the partially constrained precipitates with different depth and aspect ratio has been computed using a finite element method. The computed stress field is used to predict the region in the matrix in which radial hydride is likely to form and fracture, by taking into consideration grain-size, texture and multi-axial state of stress. For a hypothetical crack just below the precipitate, stress intensity factors are estimated using material properties for both unirradiated and irradiated pressure tube materials. The results are compared with the threshold stress intensity factors required for crack growth due to delayed hydride cracking.

The field experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications, assigning in 27 treatment combinations i.e. three sowing dates of Pop corn (Zea mays everta Sturt.)cv. V.L. Amber (15 Dec, 30 Dec and 15 Jan) arranged in main plots and three level of plant population (60000, 80000 and 100,000 plants ha-1) in sub plot. Three level of fertility (100:50:50, 150:65:65 and 200:85:85 kg of N: P2O5: K2O ha-1) apportioned in sub-sub plots at the Research farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU, Varanasi (U.P.) during late winter (rabi) seasons of 2009-10 and 2010-11 to study the influenced of planting time, fertility level and plant population on yield attributes, grain yield and economics of winter popcorn (Zea mays everta Sturt.) under late sown condition. The popcorn sown on 15th December recorded highest plant height, leaf-area index, dry matter, popcorn growth rate, yield attributes and yield of pop corn were significantly (P<0.05) affected and recorded highest benefit cost ratio (3.78). While, the maintenance of 80,000 popcorn plants/ha proved optimum for pop corn as it significantly (P<0.05) recorded highest number of kernel cob-1,grain yield (32.61 q/ha) and shelling percentage against density of 60,000 plants, while remained at par in straw yield over 100,000 plants. Application of 200: 85: 85 kg N: P2O5: K2O/ha significantly (P<0.05) increased growth, yield attributes and grain yield over 100: 50: 50 and 150: 65: 65 kg N: P2O5: K2O/ha and fetched the highest B: C ratio (3.14).

Studies conducted on the bionomics of the pteromalid parasitoid, Trichomalopsis apanteloctena Crawford indicate that the reproductive ability of the parasitoid is hindered by the male during oviposition period. The hindrance was caused by the male either by chasing for mating or by antennal encounters during oviposition. The mean fecundity of the female in the presence of male was lower and in the absence it is higher. The mean sex ratio was higher in isolated females than those females that were mixed with male.

This paper is concerned with two case histories of wastewater quality management in underground coal mines in the I1lawarra region. The first investigation briefly presents an analysis of mine water discharge having an extremely high concentration of suspended solids and consistently high barium concentrations, averaging 14.4 mg/l Barium, over the sampling period. A laboratory study of chemical precipitation processes has indicated that about 91% of barium could be removed by using ferric sulphate and lime. On the basis of the information obtained from the environmental audit process an alternative water treatment and reuse system incorporating 51% reduction in the water consumption with 32% less off-site discharge has been suggested (Thomas, 1995). The second case history is concerned with the storm water management at a mine situated in the Illawarra escarpment where only 20% of the wastewater generated in the colliery is discharged off -site. Computer modelling of the storm water system showed that 75% of the clean runoff becomes contaminated through poor management practices and causes the process wastewater treatment system to fail in wet weather. Suggested improvements include relatively simple alteration to the coal wash filtration dams which are expected to reduce the periods of inefficient operation of these dams by 95%. The use of storm water diversion channels and detention basins can reduce the overflow volumes by 70 -100 % for a ten year ARI (Average Recurrence Interval) storm event (Wingrove 1996).

The Bulli Coal Seam, located in the Illawarra Coalfield of New South Wales, has a long and varied history of sudden outbursts. From available information this problem has resulted in twelve fatalities over the last one hundred and one years, with over five hundred separate outburst incidents being identified. These incidents have varied in severity and intensity from the discharge of 1 to 2 tonne of coal, with a slight increase in gas emission, to the discharge of 200 to 400 tonne of coal with some 6,000 m3 of gas being liberated and large items of mining equipment being pushed 1 to 2 metres down the roadway. Geological features associated with these outbursts can be mapped on a regional and mine by mine basis, to provide some indication or warning. Similarly changes in gas content and gas composition can also be determined on a regional and mine by mine basis. However sudden geological changes (such as a 6.5 metre seam displacement within 15 metres) variations in gas content (such as 6 m3/tonne to 15 m3/tonne) and changes in gas composition (from 95% CH4 to 90% CO2) all within one mine does make the prediction or forecasting of outburst incidents exceedingly difficult. A review of the fatal outburst incidents in the Bulli seam can give valuable insight into how efficient coal mining, within the Bulli coal seam is now linked with the effective use of gas drainage techniques and the management of the outburst risk. The number of variables and "unknowns" associated with outbursts have required the development of fully documented procedures and systems, so that at all stages during the mining operation the risk of injury to mine workers is minimised. The main emphasis for these management systems is the prevention of outbursts by relieving gas pressures using drainage techniques to achieve specified threshold gas level to permit safe mining conditions.

This paper is concerned with two case histories of wastewater quality management in underground coal mines in the I1lawarra region. The first investigation briefly presents an analysis of mine water discharge having an extremely high concentration of suspended solids and consistently high barium concentrations, averaging 14.4 mg/l Barium, over the sampling period. A laboratory study of chemical precipitation processes has indicated that about 91% of barium could be removed by using ferric sulphate and lime. On the basis of the information obtained from the environmental audit process an alternative water treatment and reuse system incorporating 51% reduction in the water consumption with 32% less off-site discharge has been suggested (Thomas, 1995). The second case history is concerned with the storm water management at a mine situated in the Illawarra escarpment where only 20% of the wastewater generated in the colliery is discharged off -site. Computer modelling of the storm water system showed that 75% of the clean runoff becomes contaminated through poor management practices and causes the process wastewater treatment system to fail in wet weather. Suggested improvements include relatively simple alteration to the coal wash filtration dams which are expected to reduce the periods of inefficient operation of these dams by 95%. The use of storm water diversion channels and detention basins can reduce the overflow volumes by 70 -100 % for a ten year ARI (Average Recurrence Interval) storm event (Wingrove 1996).

The Bulli Coal Seam, located in the Illawarra Coalfield of New South Wales, has a long and varied history of sudden outbursts. From available information this problem has resulted in twelve fatalities over the last one hundred and one years, with over five hundred separate outburst incidents being identified. These incidents have varied in severity and intensity from the discharge of 1 to 2 tonne of coal, with a slight increase in gas emission, to the discharge of 200 to 400 tonne of coal with some 6,000 m3 of gas being liberated and large items of mining equipment being pushed 1 to 2 metres down the roadway. Geological features associated with these outbursts can be mapped on a regional and mine by mine basis, to provide some indication or warning. Similarly changes in gas content and gas composition can also be determined on a regional and mine by mine basis. However sudden geological changes (such as a 6.5 metre seam displacement within 15 metres) variations in gas content (such as 6 m3/tonne to 15 m3/tonne) and changes in gas composition (from 95% CH4 to 90% CO2) all within one mine does make the prediction or forecasting of outburst incidents exceedingly difficult. A review of the fatal outburst incidents in the Bulli seam can give valuable insight into how efficient coal mining, within the Bulli coal seam is now linked with the effective use of gas drainage techniques and the management of the outburst risk. The number of variables and "unknowns" associated with outbursts have required the development of fully documented procedures and systems, so that at all stages during the mining operation the risk of injury to mine workers is minimised. The main emphasis for these management systems is the prevention of outbursts by relieving gas pressures using drainage techniques to achieve specified threshold gas level to permit safe mining conditions.

Studies conducted on the bionomics of the pteromalid parasitoid, Trichomalopsis apanteloctena Crawford indicate that the reproductive ability of the parasitoid is hindered by the male during oviposition period. The hindrance was caused by the male either by chasing for mating or by antennal encounters during oviposition. The mean fecundity of the female in the presence of male was lower and in the absence it is higher. The mean sex ratio was higher in isolated females than those females that were mixed with male.

The Bulli Coal Seam, located in the Illawarra Coalfield of New South Wales, has a long and varied history of sudden outbursts. From available information this problem has resulted in twelve fatalities over the last one hundred and one years, with over five hundred separate outburst incidents being identified. These incidents have varied in severity and intensity from the discharge of 1 to 2 tonne of coal, with a slight increase in gas emission, to the discharge of 200 to 400 tonne of coal with some 6,000 m3 of gas being liberated and large items of mining equipment being pushed 1 to 2 metres down the roadway. Geological features associated with these outbursts can be mapped on a regional and mine by mine basis, to provide some indication or warning. Similarly changes in gas content and gas composition can also be determined on a regional and mine by mine basis. However sudden geological changes (such as a 6.5 metre seam displacement within 15 metres) variations in gas content (such as 6 m3/tonne to 15 m3/tonne) and changes in gas composition (from 95% CH4 to 90% CO2) all within one mine does make the prediction or forecasting of outburst incidents exceedingly difficult. A review of the fatal outburst incidents in the Bulli seam can give valuable insight into how efficient coal mining, within the Bulli coal seam is now linked with the effective use of gas drainage techniques and the management of the outburst risk. The number of variables and "unknowns" associated with outbursts have required the development of fully documented procedures and systems, so that at all stages during the mining operation the risk of injury to mine workers is minimised. The main emphasis for these management systems is the prevention of outbursts by relieving gas pressures using drainage techniques to achieve specified threshold gas level to permit safe mining conditions.

This paper is concerned with two case histories of wastewater quality management in underground coal mines in the I1lawarra region. The first investigation briefly presents an analysis of mine water discharge having an extremely high concentration of suspended solids and consistently high barium concentrations, averaging 14.4 mg/l Barium, over the sampling period. A laboratory study of chemical precipitation processes has indicated that about 91% of barium could be removed by using ferric sulphate and lime. On the basis of the information obtained from the environmental audit process an alternative water treatment and reuse system incorporating 51% reduction in the water consumption with 32% less off-site discharge has been suggested (Thomas, 1995). The second case history is concerned with the storm water management at a mine situated in the Illawarra escarpment where only 20% of the wastewater generated in the colliery is discharged off -site. Computer modelling of the storm water system showed that 75% of the clean runoff becomes contaminated through poor management practices and causes the process wastewater treatment system to fail in wet weather. Suggested improvements include relatively simple alteration to the coal wash filtration dams which are expected to reduce the periods of inefficient operation of these dams by 95%. The use of storm water diversion channels and detention basins can reduce the overflow volumes by 70 -100 % for a ten year ARI (Average Recurrence Interval) storm event (Wingrove 1996).

This paper is concerned with two case histories of wastewater quality management in underground coal mines in the I1lawarra region. The first investigation briefly presents an analysis of mine water discharge having an extremely high concentration of suspended solids and consistently high barium concentrations, averaging 14.4 mg/l Barium, over the sampling period. A laboratory study of chemical precipitation processes has indicated that about 91% of barium could be removed by using ferric sulphate and lime. On the basis of the information obtained from the environmental audit process an alternative water treatment and reuse system incorporating 51% reduction in the water consumption with 32% less off-site discharge has been suggested (Thomas, 1995). The second case history is concerned with the storm water management at a mine situated in the Illawarra escarpment where only 20% of the wastewater generated in the colliery is discharged off -site. Computer modelling of the storm water system showed that 75% of the clean runoff becomes contaminated through poor management practices and causes the process wastewater treatment system to fail in wet weather. Suggested improvements include relatively simple alteration to the coal wash filtration dams which are expected to reduce the periods of inefficient operation of these dams by 95%. The use of storm water diversion channels and detention basins can reduce the overflow volumes by 70 -100 % for a ten year ARI (Average Recurrence Interval) storm event (Wingrove 1996).

The Bulli Coal Seam, located in the Illawarra Coalfield of New South Wales, has a long and varied history of sudden outbursts. From available information this problem has resulted in twelve fatalities over the last one hundred and one years, with over five hundred separate outburst incidents being identified. These incidents have varied in severity and intensity from the discharge of 1 to 2 tonne of coal, with a slight increase in gas emission, to the discharge of 200 to 400 tonne of coal with some 6,000 m3 of gas being liberated and large items of mining equipment being pushed 1 to 2 metres down the roadway. Geological features associated with these outbursts can be mapped on a regional and mine by mine basis, to provide some indication or warning. Similarly changes in gas content and gas composition can also be determined on a regional and mine by mine basis. However sudden geological changes (such as a 6.5 metre seam displacement within 15 metres) variations in gas content (such as 6 m3/tonne to 15 m3/tonne) and changes in gas composition (from 95% CH4 to 90% CO2) all within one mine does make the prediction or forecasting of outburst incidents exceedingly difficult. A review of the fatal outburst incidents in the Bulli seam can give valuable insight into how efficient coal mining, within the Bulli coal seam is now linked with the effective use of gas drainage techniques and the management of the outburst risk. The number of variables and "unknowns" associated with outbursts have required the development of fully documented procedures and systems, so that at all stages during the mining operation the risk of injury to mine workers is minimised. The main emphasis for these management systems is the prevention of outbursts by relieving gas pressures using drainage techniques to achieve specified threshold gas level to permit safe mining conditions.

The Diophantine equationy2 = Dx4+1where is a positive integer has been studied by several mathematicians as can be seen from the Mordell’s book “Diophantine Equations” [1, chaps. 8, 28].

The Diophantine equationy2 = Dx4+1where is a positive integer has been studied by several mathematicians as can be seen from the Mordell's book "Diophantine Equations” [1, chaps. 8, 28].

The attenuation of precipitating electrons of energy 1

The heating of the electron component of a magnetoplasma due to localized time varying magnetic field perturbations has been studied by solving the relevant Boltzmann transport equation. The variation in electron temperature with pitch angle in chosen plasma models has been studied. The change in electron temperature with perturbation time in each of the plasma models has been shown. It is argued that these results may be helpful in interpreting and analyzing some observed geophysical and astrophysical features.

The general theory of energy attenuation of test charge particle in a cold and collisional plasma has been developed. The effects of collisions on plasma parameters have been brought about. The radiation characteristics of spiralling test particles have been discussed. In presence of collisions it is found that absorption is associated with radiation. Estimates of radiated and absorbed power by test charge of different energies have been made and the role of collision on the power spectrum has been studied. These effects are shown with the help of various graphs. Further, in the second part of the report the author has discussed the propagation of VLF waves radiated by Cerenkov process, specially in the whistler mode.

The perturbation in the velocity distribution function by the application of magnetic field, electric and electromagnetic field perturbation has been studied. Boltzmann transport equations are solved to obtain the relevant perturbations in the velocity distribution function. The rate of change of electron energy with time is calculated for various field perturbations. The heating of electron component of the fully ionized and weakly ionized magnetoplasma has also been studied. The effect of propagating and localized magnetic perturbation has been considered. Electron heating has been estimated for assumed magnitude and frequency of magnetic perturbation and magnetoplasma parameters. The study of localized electric field perturbation on the heating of electron component of the plasma has also been included. Adopting a simple model, the feasibility of devising laboratory experiment for electron heating has been discussed.

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