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The centrality of marriage to American identity dates back to the founding of the nation. Americans saw marriages by choice and for love as microcosms of their democracy in which the people chose their leaders and were bonded to them in a relationship of mutual trust and affection. During the era of mass migration to America from 1820-1924, the institution of marriage became a locus for debates over American identity. In myriad ways, American legal and societal norms made it clear that attaining full inclusion in the American polity meant interacting with the institution of marriage in a particularly American way. As Jews immigrated én masse to America in this period, they quickly understood that incorporating American legal and cultural norms with respect to marriage into their personal and communal lives was integral to their acculturation. Individual Jews adapted to the American milieu in certain ways, marrying for love (or at least pretending to do so), often at quintessentially American white weddings. However, such Jews simultaneously retained Jewish traditions and rituals both in spousal choice and in the celebration of their weddings, sometimes weaving their proud new American identities into those traditions and rituals. For their part, Jewish communal leaders worked tirelessly both within and outside the Jewish community to ensure that Jewish marriages were also American marriages. They exhorted their flocks to marry as respectable Americans, debated and changed Jewish marriage rituals to better fit American sensibilities, fought to attain legal imprimatur for rabbis to serve as marriage officiants on behalf of the state, weighed in on national conversations about issues related to marriage and divorce, and even worked with state authorities to punish those Jews whose behavior flouted American marriage norms and laws. Through their interactions with the American institution of marriage, American Jews simultaneously declared their Americanness and reshaped

Frank L. Shaw (Office of the Mayor), Los Angeles City Hall, 200 North Spring Street, Los Angeles, California, USA, letter, 1934 June 20, to Harry L. Hopkins (Federal Emergency Relief Administration), Walker-Johnson Building, 1734 New York Avenue Northwest, Washington, DC, USA. "This letter will be presented to you, with my compliments, by Col[onel] William M. Garland and Mr. Hamlin Garland of Los Angeles, who would appreciate the opportunity of presenting to you briefly the outline for a civic project which has met with much favor here in Los Angeles." -- first line. With envelope.

The Varsity Engineer: vol. 9, April 1915, Melbourne : Committee of the Melbourne University Engineering Society, 1910-1916, No. 1 (1910)-no. 10 (1916)

The Varsity Engineer: vol. 9, April 1915, Melbourne : Committee of the Melbourne University Engineering Society, 1910-1916, No. 1 (1910)-no. 10 (1916)

The Varsity Engineer: vol. 9, April 1915, Melbourne : Committee of the Melbourne University Engineering Society, 1910-1916, No. 1 (1910)-no. 10 (1916)

A key problem in evolutionary biology has been distinguishing the contributions of current and historical processes to the maintenance of genetic variation. Because alleles at self-recognition genes are under balancing selection, they exhibit extended residence times in populations and thus may provide unique insight into population demographic history. However, evidence for balancing selection and extended residence times has almost exclusively depended on identification of transspecific polymorphisms; polymorphisms retained in populations through speciation events. We present a broadly applicable approach for detecting balancing selection and apply it to the b1 mating type gene in the mushroom fungus Coprinus cinereus. The comparison of neutral molecular variation within and between allelic classes was used to directly estimate the strength of balancing selection. Different allelic classes are defined as encoding different mating compatibility types and are thus potentially subject to balancing selection. Variation within an allelic class, where all alleles have the same mating compatibility type, provided an internal standard of neutral evolution. Mating compatibility in this organism is determined by the complex A mating type locus, and b1 is one of several redundantly functioning genes. Consequently, we conducted numerical simulations of a model with two subloci and varying levels of recombination to show that balancing selection should operate at each sublocus. Empirical data show that strong balancing selection has indeed occurred at the b1 locus. The widespread geographic distribution of identical b1 alleles suggests that their association with differing A mating types is the result of recent recombination events., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Editors: Aug. 1859-July 1865, J. D. White, J. H. McQuillen, G. J. Ziegler.--Aug. 1865-Dec. 1871, J. H. McQuillen, G. J. Ziegler.--Jan. 1872-May 1891, J. W. White.--July 1891-Apr. 1930, E. C. Kirk (with L. P. Anthony, Dec. 1917-Apr. 1930).--May 1930-Dec. 1936, L. P. Anthony., Vols. 1-13 are called "new series.", Merged in Jan. 1937 with: Journal of the American Dental Association, ISSN 1048-6364, to form: Journal of the American Dental Association and dental cosmos, ISSN 0375-8451., The Dental cosmos; a monthly record of dental science: Vol. XLIV. [Vol. 44] : Vol 44 : Issue 4, Page(s) 399, (dlps) volume: ACF8385.0044.001, (dlps) article: acf8385.0044.001:132, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html

The digitization of this collection was funded by a gift from EBSCO Industries.

The digitization of this collection was funded by a gift from EBSCO Industries.