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The topics of racism and sexism have long been discussed but not as much when it comes to the interplay between them. People of Color (PoC) are in a situation where they have to endure both sexism and racism in their daily life. This study argues that the interplay between sexism and racism is more nuanced than previously thought and that the sexualization of PoC is a sort of oppression in itself. The normalization of sexualizing PoC is maintained through the systematic spreading of sexual stereotypes of different ethnicities in society and different media, with a specific focus on pornography, to be able to justify certain inappropriate behaviors towards PoC. Sweden is considered one of the most progressive and equal countries in the world, and therefore unlikely to sexualize PoC to a high extent. By exploring the experiences of the Swedish youth there was a possibility to discover the reality and see if even a country that is considered equal has a tendency to sexualize PoC. Through a dataset obtained by distributing a survey among the Swedish youth, it was possible to measure the level of sexualization for different ethnicities in Sweden. Measuring the sexualization was done through measuring stereotypes and people's perception of PoC in a sexual sense. The survey was answered by 217 people and was divided into 5 ethnicities; White, Asian, Middle Eastern, Black and Latinx. This study shows that among the Swedish youth, PoC are more sexualized than their White peers. There are beliefs of the sexual stereotypes of different ethnicities to be true and also shows that pornography has a significant part in upholding these stereotypes.

Female empowerment has long been a prominent social concern in Western culture. With the rise of social media, the quest for female empowerment has become embodied in self-presentational practices, occurring conspicuously throughout the Instagram fitness subculture: ‘fitspiration’. Here, female empowerment is merged with the body-centrality inherent to fitness, and the self-sexualization that has become characteristic of both photo-based social media in general, and fitspiration in particular. Meanwhile, an extensive body of research highlights numerous detrimental effects of self-sexualization on women. Evidently, something seems awry with the implied proposition ‘sexualization as empowerment’. Drawing on Friedrich Nietzsche’s philosophy of power and its relationship to human flourishing, this article aims to critically examine the conception of female empowerment expressed in fitspiration and to conceptualize a philosophically compelling reformulation of universal human empowerment. I argue that what is commonly conceived of as female empowerment in trends like fitspiration—delineated in its explicit relationship to sexualization—may be seriously flawed. Rejecting this understanding in favor of a Nietzschean universal alternative may prove beneficial to individuals both within and without the contemporary fitness culture.

Numerosas instituciones, grupos sociales y políticos están alertando de los riesgos asociados a la temprana sexualización de la infancia. Estos agentes apelan a la responsabilidad de los medios para evitar la creación de contenidos que puedan derivar en sexualización infantil y que son fácilmente accesibles para todos los públicos. Respondiendo a esta llamada y con un enfoque transcultural España-China, este trabajo se centra en analizar la percepción de sexualización de las niñas en los estilismos de moda difundidos desde los medios. Se ha realizado una encuesta a 750 estudiantes universitarios de Comunicación y Publicidad en España (N=449) y en China (N=301). Se han identificado cinco factores de sexualización latentes que confirman que la sexualización percibida en los estilismos de moda de niñas es un fenómeno multidimensional que se produce por el uso combinado de múltiples atributos sexualizantes. Se ha corroborado que el país de origen (España o China) se asocia con la percepción de sexualización y de los factores latentes sexualizantes identificados. Finalmente, se ha obtenido un modelo explicativo y de elevada eficacia predictiva de la percepción de este tipo de sexualización infantil en términos de los factores y del país de origen. Se concluye que es necesario reforzar la formación de los profesionales de la comunicación y de los menores para evitar la creación de imágenes de niñas sexualizadas a través de determinados códigos estilísticos., Many institutions, social and political groups are warning of the risks associated with the early sexualization of childhood. These agents appeal to the responsibility of the media to avoid creating content that may lead to childhood sexualization and that is easily accessible to all audiences. Responding to this demand and through a cross-cultural Spain-China approach, this work focuses on the analysis of the perception of girls’ sexualization in the fashion stylings disseminated by the media. A survey of 750 Communication and Advertising university students in Spain (N=449) and in China (N=301) was carried out. Five latent sexualization factors identified confirm that perceived sexualization in girls’ fashion styling is a multi-dimensional phenomenon that occurs from the combined use of multiple sexualizing attributes. The country of origin (Spain or China) has been associated with the perception of sexualization and the identified latent sexualizing factors. Finally, an explanatory and highly effective predictive model has been obtained for this type of childhood sexualization in terms of the factors and country of origin. Conclusions suggest that it is necessary to reinforce the training of communication professionals and minors to avoid creating images of sexualized girls through certain styling codes., Depto. de Marketing, Fac. de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, TRUE, pub

After its establishment, cinema had to compete with other popular forms of entertainment in Spain, such as musical theater and variety shows, in which the cuplé stood out. This article explores the presence and significance of cupletistas in silent films, examining the relationship between cinematic performance and music, the use of the artists’ sexualized bodies, and the performative dimension of cuplés to cinematic narrative., Tras su establecimiento, el cine compitió en España con otras formas de entretenimiento popular, como el teatro musical y las variedades, entre las que destacó el cuplé. Este artículo explora la presencia y el significado de las cupletistas en las películas mudas. Examina la relación entre la actuación cinematográfica y la música, el uso del cuerpo sexualizado de las artistas y la dimensión performativa de los cuplés en relación con la narrativa cinematográfica.

In this essay, we will investigate the vicissitudes that are produced in the process of having a sexual and sexed body in a feminine position, reading the writings of Catherine Millet. We will begin with the operation that constitutes a separate body from the body of the Other, and its consequences: the objectification, the fragmentation and the partial mortification of the body itself. We will continue to understand how the “waters of jouissance” that were separated from the body in the previous operation fall on certain parts of the body, sexualizing them. Lastly, we will explore how the feminine polarization of this sexual body is played from the subjective response to the first experiences of sexualized jouissance; the logical modality with which the subject try to order its relationship with jouissance and the consent to identifications with “approved” female semblances., En este trabajo recorreremos, a partir de los escritos de Catherine Millet, las vicisitudes que conlleva llegar a tener un cuerpo sexual y sexuado en posición femenina. Partiremos de la operación de constitución de un cuerpo separado respecto al cuerpo del Otro, y sus consecuencias: la objetualización, el troceamiento y la mortificación parcial del propio cuerpo. Pasaremos luego a entender cómo las “aguas del goce” que fueron separadas del cuerpo en la operación anterior recaen sobre ciertas partes del cuerpo, sexualizándolas. Por último, exploraremos como se juega la polarización femenina de este cuerpo sexual a partir de la respuesta subjetiva ante las primeras experiencias de goce sexualizado; la modalidad lógica con la que se intenta ordenar la relación con el goce y el consentimiento a la identificación con los semblantes femeninos “homologados”.

Detta projekt söker efter vägledande principer för en kunskapsproduktion kring fetischistisk sexualitet. Detta har utförts genom diskursanalytiska och genealogiska studier av hur fetischism konstrueras i olika sociokulturella sammanhang. Analysen indikerar att fetischistisk sexualitet existerar i en marginaliserad position i ett maktrelationellt landskap, där yttre grupper har olika incitament till att återge fetischism på bristfälliga, sexualiserande och andrafierande sätt. Detta medför olika problem vad gäller kunskapsproduktionen kring fetischistisk sexualitet och kan antas bidra till upprätthållandet av nuvarande sexualnormer. För att minimera dessa kunskapsproduktionsproblem föreslås åtta vägledande principer: En ansvarstagande kunskapsproduktion som utgår från subjektet; medvetenhet om stereotyper och om patologins kvardröjande ok; användande av icke-andrafierande terminologi; medvetenhet om könsorienteringsnormen; medvetenhet om politiserade begrepp; undvikande av låsning i subkulturell identitetspolitik; en förståelse för den abjektas möjligheter att tala; samt bruk av intrasektionell analys. Dessa principer kan förstås bidra till ett tillgängliggörande av forskningsfältet kring fetischism samt bidra till en allmän förståelse för sexualitet bortom kön., This project aims to find guiding principles for a knowledge production around fetishism. This has been conducted through discourse analysis and genealogical studies of the construction of fetishism in central contexts. The analysis indicates that fetishism is marginalised in a weave of power relations, where external interests have incitaments to vilify, sexualise and otherise fetishistic sexuality. This is understood to potentially cause various problems when it comes to knowledge production around fetishism. In order to minimise these problems, eight guiding principles are suggested: A knowledge production based in the subject; awareness of lingering pathological notions and stereotypes; usage of non-othering terminology; awareness of the sex/gender orientation norm; awareness of politicised definitions; awareness of subcultural identity politics; an understanding of the abject's ability to speak; and usage of intra-sectional analysis.

Feminist theory has extensively explored the sexualization of women’s images across time. Women are sexually objectified in music videos, TV series, ads, cinema, video games, and other types of audiovisual content. Scholarship has acknowledged, for instance, that women’s visual objectification in news, publicity, and cinema can lead to discrimination and gender-based violence. Audiovisual content is especially impactful, while digital content has a broader and more immediate reach than other types of content. On the one hand, the consumption of music videos and other digital content among minors is rising. On the other hand, music videos influence the normalization of gender violence and gender stereotypes in girls and boys. Despite its importance, until now, there is no conceptual framework of the sexualization of women in music videos. What elements compose the sexual objectification of women in music videos? What dimensions does it encompass? Can they be operationalized to serve as a basis for further analysis? Based on a literature review and analysis by three gender experts of five of the most popular music videos on YouTube in 2020, this article offers a new framework that can serve as a reference. This topic is especially relevant in the age of platforms because, once these videos are online in the public domain, they become the basis for biased algorithmic decision-making., La teoría feminista ha explorado la sexualización visual de las mujeres. Los estereotipos de género y la sexualización se encuentran en videos musicales, cine, series de televisión, anuncios, videojuegos y otros contenidos audiovisuales. El contenido audiovisual es especialmente impactante dado que la cosificación y sexualización de las mujeres en las noticias, la publicidad y la ficción puede conducir a la discriminación y la violencia de género. Entretanto, lo digital tiene un alcance más inmediato y amplio que otro tipo de contenidos. Por un lado, el consumo de los vídeos musicales y otros contenidos digitales entre menores está en aumento. Por otro, los videos musicales influyen en la normalización de la violencia de género y los estereotipos de género en las niñas y los niños. A pesar de su importancia, hasta ahora no existe un marco conceptual de la sexualización de las mujeres en los vídeos musicales. ¿Qué elementos componen este tipo de sexualización? ¿Qué dimensiones abarcan? ¿Pueden generar un marco teórico con variables observables que sirva para realizar otros estudios? Basándonos en una revisión de literatura y el análisis de tres expertas en género de cinco de los videos musicales más populares en YouTube en 2020, este artículo ofrece un marco que puede servir de referencia para futuros estudios sobre la influencia de los vídeos musicales. Este asunto es especialmente relevante en la era de las plataformas porque, una vez en el dominio público, estos vídeos sexualizantes se convierten en la base para una toma de decisiones algorítmicas sesgadas.

The objective of the present study was to examine gender stereotypes and sexualization in Italian television advertisements aimed at children. For this purpose, content analysis method was used to analyze 185 commercials broadcast from 6 pm to 8:30 pm over the three Italian television channels dedicated to children which attract the largest audience share. In order to allow comparison with previous research on gender stereotyping, two raters coded a series of variables common to similar investigations (i.e., verbs used in the ads, voice-over, voice-over message, setting, pace of the ads, activities performed by the main characters). Results indicate that gender stereotypes are still prevalent in Italian children's television commercials. Furthermore, although the level of sexualization of children is low, we found that girls tend to be more sexualized than boys, especially in terms of "adultification." Our findings provide an updated picture of children's advertising in Italy by also expanding the literature on gender role stereotyping and sexualization in television commercials.

This study examines how a Black plus-size woman social media influencer, @CurvyNyome, encounters censorship, dehumanization, sexualization, and body-shaming on Instagram. Social media, such as Instagram, have formed communication channels and opened avenues for people to be expressive, positive, hostile, or indifferent. The long history of the sexualization and dehumanization of Black women is rooted in centuries of oppression, which led the recipients of oppression to inadvertently adopt dehumanizing beliefs and behaviors (Burnette et al., 2017). The study’s significance is that Black plus-size women are often made to believe and feel that their body is not beautiful. Black women have struggled to be seen and experience many different emotions, feelings, highs, lows, and joys. Black women and their influence have been dismissed (Anderson et al., 2021). The central research questions of this study are: How do sociocultural factors impact a Black plus-size woman, model, and social media influencer on Instagram? How do dehumanization, sexualization, censorship, and body-shaming of Black plus- size SMI women evoke change on Instagram? How do social media emojis and hashtags impact messaging of a Black plus-size woman and social media influencer on Instagram? Content analysis, the means of researching the presence of particular words, themes, or concepts within some given qualitative data, will be utilized in this study. Specifically, the study focuses on Instagram as its leading research site due to the increasing prominence of Instagram use and its particular focus on visual content.

This qualitative study used in-depth interviews to explore adolescent girls’ perceptions of sexualized images they typically find when using social media. Twenty-four participants aged 14–17 years described sexualized images of females as normalized on social media. The interplay between gendered and social norms that endorsed and rewarded girls for posting sexualized images was seen to influence an expectation for girls to conform with their peers and post such images of themselves. They indicated sexualized images emphasize personal value on appearance and rejected this notion. However, participants also believed girls should be able to post sexualized images of themselves if they wanted to. There were tensions between whether girls’ sharing of sexualized images of themselves on social media would be interpreted as a display of confidence (socially acceptable) or attention seeking (socially unacceptable). Findings provide guidance for the development of health promotion programs to reduce potential harm from social media use by adolescent girls.

The purpose of this study was to better understand black women and bisexual women’s experiences of minority stress, divided into three categories: stigma consciousness, sexualization and microaggressions. We also looked at differences in perceived visibility and possibility to start a romantic relationship with (white) men. This was done using five Mann-Whitney U tests. Lastly two correlation studies were made; one concerning the correlations between minority stress and ability to start romantic relationships with (white) men, and one for the correlation between visibility and our other variables. To examine this a quantitative survey was used, which included 97 participants: 52 black straight women and 45 bisexual non-black women. The results showed a statistically significant difference between black women and bisexual women in stigma consciousness, ability to start a romantic relationship, and visibility, but none for sexualization or microaggressions. The ability to start a romantic relationship positively correlated with stigma consciousness for both groups, as well as sexualization and microaggressions for black women. Visibility gave a statistically significant, positive correlation with stigma consciousness and the ability to start a romantic relationship when we looked at both groups together, but no correlation was found for the groups separately., Syftet med denna studie var att få en bättre förståelse för svarta kvinnor och bisexuella kvinnors erfarenheter av minoritetsstress, uppdelat i tre kategorier: stigma consciousness, sexualisering och mikroaggressioner. Vi undersökte även skillnader i upplevd synlighet och möjlighet att inleda en romantisk relation med (vita) män. Detta gjordes med hjälp av fem Mann-Whitney U-test. Även två korrelationsstudier utfördes; en för sambandet mellan minoritetsstress och möjlighet att inleda en romantisk relation med (vita) män, och en för korrelationen mellan synlighet och våra andra variabler. För att undersöka detta användes en kvantitativ enkätundersökning med 97 respondenter: 52 svarta heterosexuella kvinnor och 45 bisexuella icke-svarta kvinnor. Resultatet visade en statistiskt signifikant skillnad mellan svarta kvinnor och bisexuella kvinnor gällande stigma consciousness, möjlighet att inleda en romantisk relation och synlighet, men inte gällande sexualisering eller mikroaggressioner. Möjligheten att inleda en romantisk relation korrelerade positivt med stigma consciousness för båda grupperna, samt med sexualisering och mikroaggressioner för svarta kvinnor. När vi analyserade båda grupperna ihop hade synlighet en statistiskt signifikant positiv korrelation till stigma consciousness och möjligheten att inleda en romantisk relation, men vi fann ingen korrelation med synlighet när vi analyserade grupperna separat.

Proponemos en este trabajo un examen crítico de la teoría de la cultura de masas del pensador francés Edgar Morin con el fin de progresar en la comprensión de la sexualización creciente de los productos culturales. La tendencia a la sexualización es consustancial al sector industrial de la cultura, bien por las funciones proyectivas esenciales de las producciones culturales, bien por las circunstancias y fines de la moderna producción cultural. La orientación a un público masivo lleva a emprender procesos de sincretización de los productos culturales, de modo que se introducen componentes diversos en todos ellos para ampliar y facilitar el consumo cotidiano, siendo la sexualidad uno de los factores básicos de sincretización. Además, se considera el análisis de la cultura de masas como resultado de la integración de la cultura popular moderna y la cultura burguesa. La base popular marca la tendencia a una orientación proyectiva-evasiva, que trata de experimentar una vida más intensa (y entre los factores que la facilitan se encuentra la satisfacción sexual). La base burguesa tiende, por el contrario, a la identificación con los personajes, a introducir imaginarios humanos realistas muy cercanos a los espectadores, lo que ha provocado la generalización del happy end en la cultura de masas y con ello la eliminación de los elementos trágicos en el imaginario. No obstante, siendo la tragedia necesaria a todo grupo humano, ha logrado encontrar expresión en el ámbito de las informaciones, especialmente en los sucesos, lo que permite entender la espectacularización de los delitos sexuales., In this paper we propose a critical analysis about the theory of the eroticization of mass culture outlined by Edgar Morin, emphasizing the relevance of his analytical perspective. According to this approach, the trend towards sexualisation of contents would be intrinsic to industrial cultures. On the one hand, due to its psychoanalytic influence, it is considered that every cultural production has found, in the projective psychosocial functions, a good part of their raison d’être, even though sexual or violent projections are masked or otherwise justified. On the other, because of some of the circumstances and purposes of modern industrial cultural production: first, we point out that the mass audience orientation leads to the implementation of syncretisation processes of cultural products, so that they introduce diverse components in all of them to expanding the mass media audience and facilitate daily consumption, being sexuality one of the basic factors of syncretisation; second, because the popular basis of culture will sharpen the projective-evasive orientation towards culture, so that products will show a more intense and perfect life in which secular satisfaction cannot be lacking; third, because the radicalization of the identification link to the characters derived from the bourgeois dominant of the cultural industry will force to remove the tragic aspects of the creations, leading to the displacement of these aspects to the field of information and events, which allows us to understand the performance of real sexual violence, amongst others.

Background: Adolescent girls appear more vulnerable to experiencing mental health difficulties from social media use than boys. The presence of sexualized images online is thought to contribute, through increasing body dissatisfaction among adolescent girls. Sexual objectification through images may reinforce to adolescent girls that their value is based on their appearance. This study explored how sexualized images typically found on social media might influence adolescent girls’ mental health, in positive and/or negative ways. Methods: In-depth interviews were conducted with girls aged 14–17 years (n = 24) in Perth, Western Australia. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Participants identified body image as a major concern, reporting negative appearance comparisons when viewing images on social media. Appearance comparisons were perceived to exacerbate adolescent girls’ appearance-based concerns. Comparisons also influenced adolescent girls’ efforts to change their appearance and seek validation on social media. The importance of awareness and education from a younger age about social media and its influence on body image was emphasized, as was the need for strategies to promote positive body image and counteract negative body image. Conclusion: The findings of this study have important implications for professionals working with adolescent girls and for the development of health promotion programs addressing social media use and body image concerns.

Tourism images and representations depict women in a stereotypical way where men and women are represented differently. Like much advertising, women in tourism promotional marketing are sexualized and exoticized. Destinations are promoted through the use of the female body. There are racial differences in how women are represented in tourism images where black women are exoticized. A country with a history of these types of representations is Jamaica, where the marketing of the country has had a gendered nature historically. These representations are conscious choices from agencies and they are meant to appeal to a certain gaze. Therefore this study is using Gaze theory and the ‘Other’ to explore how women and gender relations are depicted in photographs on the Jamaican Tourists Board’s website. The purpose is to reveal how women and gender relations are depicted in the photographs as it has effects on the social world. Through a visual content analysis this study finds that women are still being sexualized and objectified and black women are still exoticized. White women are overrepresented in couple and romance settings which continues to portray them as the true recipients of luxury and marriage. Even though there are continuities found from previously found representations that are based on gender and ethnic stereotypes, there are glimpses of change and inclusivity. Black women are increasingly being represented as tourists as well and both men and women are active agents in the images.

Detta examensarbete handlar om online grooming och utnyttjande av barn och riktar sig främst till barn i åldrarna 10-13. I dagens samhälle där majoriteten har egen mobiltelefon innan 10 års ålder är det extra viktigt att våga prata med barn om sex och övergrepp. Porr finns överallt och den skapar en farlig bild av sex och sexualitet. Vem som helst kan kontakta dig på nätet och alla är inte vem de påstår sig att vara. Genom att våga prata med barn om detta kan vi skydda dem från förövare och övergrepp. Förhoppningen med arbetet är att öppna för diskussion om ämnet och att barn ska våga söka hjälp om något liknande händer dem. Genom att ta del av detta arbete kan de förhoppningsvis också se varningssignalerna och undvika att hamna i liknande situationer. Du får följa mig när jag kommer fram till designval, illustrationer, typografi och form som tillslut landar i en bok riktad till barn som närmar sig ämnet grooming på ett annourlunda sätt än vad man ser i media., This thesis deals with the topic of child grooming and sexual exploitization and is first and foremost aimed at children between the ages of 10-13. In todays society where most children has their own phones before the age of 10, it's especially important to talk to them about sexual abuse. Porn is everywhere and can cause a harmful view of sex and sexuality. Anyone can contact you online and everyone isn't who they appear to be. By having conversations with children about these topics can we protect them against predators and abuse. The hopes for this project is to open up for conversation and for children to have the courage to seek help if they find themselves in a similar situation. By taking part of this project can they also hopefully recognize red flags and avoid these types of situations. You'll get to follow me when weighing different design options, illustrations and typography that in the end becomes a book for children that approaches the subject of grooming in an alternative way from what media shows us.

Kvinnors kroppar och sexualitet har historiskt kontrollerats och styrts, men att leva som kvinna i Sverige idag innebär ur många avseenden ökade friheter och rättigheter. Samtidigt finns det fortfarande en mängd potentiella utmaningar för kvinnor att förhålla sig till relaterat till kropp och sexualitet i en, vad som kan beskrivas som, allt mer sexualiserad kultur. Syftet med studien var att få en djupare förståelse för hur unga kvinnor i Sverige idag resonerar kring sexualisering av kvinnokroppen. Den teoretiska grunden vilar på socialkonstruktionism och Butlers performativa genusteorier. För att besvara syftet genomfördes två fokusgruppintervjuer och fem individuella djupintervjuer med tretton kvinnor i åldrarna 21–35 år. Resultatet visar att kvinnornas syn på sexualisering och självsexualisering har varierat beroende på vilken livsfas de befunnit sig i. Samtliga ansåg att sexualisering av kvinnor fortfarande är ett problem i Sverige idag och att de inte betraktar kvinnors sexualitet som frigjord. Självsexualisering beskrevs delvis som stärkande och möjliggörande för kvinnors sexuella frigjordhet, men problematiserades också., Women’s bodies and sexuality has historically been controlled and disciplined. However, for women in Swedish society today, there are greater possibilities to cater one’s freedom and civil rights. At the same time there are still several potential challenges for women to relate to in relation to body and sexuality, as the culture has become more sexualized than ever before. The main purpose of this study was to gain a deeper understanding about how young women in Sweden today reason about the sexualization of women’s bodies. The theoretical ground lies on social constructionism and Butler’s performative gender theories. Two focus groupinterviews and five individual in-depth interviews were implemented with thirteen women in the ages between 21 and 35 years to answer the study's main purpose. The result shows that the participants' view upon sexualization and self-sexualization has in great terms varied depending on where they have been in their life course. Every participant did consider sexualization to still be an issue for women in Sweden today, and did not consider women’s sexuality to be truly liberated. Self-sexualization was, in some ways, described as strengthening and enabling for women’s sexual liberation, but were also problematized.

Since the #MeToo movement of 2017, the modern media landscape reflects a set of two contradicting scripts in the media. The first is the dominant script where women are sexualized and encouraged to focus on their sexual appeal for men’s pleasure whereas men are encouraged to be sexual aggressors. The second is what I refer to as the Counter-Sexualization Script, wherein men are held accountable and punished for this same sexualization of women and women are valued outside of their sexualizing roles. Across three empirical studies, this dissertation investigated these cognitively inconsistent media messages. In Study 1, focus groups (n = 19) were conducted to conceptualize and develop items of the Counter-Sexualization Script. Three themes emerged in the focus groups: (1) Giving Women the Microphone, (2) Holding Predators Accountable, and (3) Consciousness Raising. These three themes served as the factors for the Counter-Sexualization Script measure. The identified themes informed 38 items for the Counter-Sexualization Script measure. In Study 2, I conducted factor analyses to examine if the Counter-Sexualization Script fit a three-factor structure with a separate sample of emerging adults (n = 605). Results indicated that the Counter-Sexualization Script fit a three-factor structure; 18 items were removed from the measure to improve model fit. The final Counter-Sexualization Script measure included 20 items and the three factors. Study 2 also established the convergent, predictive, and concurrent validity of the Counter-Sexualization Script measure. Results suggested that the Counter-Sexualization Script measure was uniquely distinct, yet negatively associated with similar concepts (e.g., self-objectification, sexism), demonstrated predictive ability with related concepts (e.g., heterosexual script endorsement, rape myth acceptance), and was positively associated with empathy towards rape victims; the Counter-Sexualization Script was not statistically associated wit

In Medieval manuscript images from 1200 to 1400, mermaids appear as supernatural female archetypes performing a variety of acts like standing idle, playing musical instruments, embodying sirens to lure sailors, and using weaponry.  These early images show mermaids with short or partially concealed hair and sagging breasts.  Medieval manuscript images begin depicting mermen in the 1400s, with the mermen performing acts like wielding weaponry, playing musical instruments, and raising phallic objects over their heads.  These mermen appear primarily clothed in cloth garments or metal armor with head coverings and weaponry.  As images of mermen appear, mermaids embrace a more decorative role with depictions of them primarily combing their hair and looking into mirrors while neglecting most of their previous actions.  Medieval mermen act as heroic entities of the Medieval merfolk species, consequently forcing Medieval mermaids to forfeit their agency and serve as sexual entities of the Medieval merfolk species.

Kvinnan är sexig, objektifierad och självförverkligande…? Studien undersöker företag som verkar inom underklädesbranschen för kvinnor och deras marknadskommunikation på Instagram. Ämnet är valt på grund av komplexiteten kring kvinnlig porträttering i reklam och på Instagram i relation till sexualisering. Syftet är att undersöka hur marknadskommunikation tillämpas idag och belysa frågan kring komplexiteten av sexualisering och feminism. För att undersöka detta tolkar vi marknadskommunikation och porträttering av kvinnor genom en semiotisk analys ur två olika feministiska perspektiv: radikalfeminism och postfeminism. Analysen presenterar två teman ur det empiriska materialet: kvinnor tillsammans och representation. Resultatet visade att kvinnor huvudsakligen sexualiserades och porträtterades enligt klassiska stereotyper, vilket kommunicerar kvinnan som ett objekt. Diskurser inom postfeminismen var tydliga i bildtexterna. Vidare fann vi att femvertising som strategi tillämpades vid sidan av traditionell reklam och normativa kroppstyper. Slutsatsen av denna studie är att organisationerna har en spretig och paradoxal kommunikation, vilket förstärker och bekräftar komplexiteten inom fenomenet. Keywords: sexualization, branding, femvertising, radical feminism, postfeminism, semiotic analysis, Instagram market communication Number of characters, including spaces: 96 177

This article intends to outline a theoretical framework to address the processes of autosexualization of girls and adolescents in digital social networks from a socio-semiotic perspective. The increasing use of digital platforms such as Instagram, Facebook, Snapchat and TikTok in everyday life, produces new human environments to project, manage and validate personal identities. These activities involve self-representation processes in which individuals stylize themselves,  as they  shape the self that is represented according to aesthetic and ethical codes. recognized as carriers of a positive cultural value (although such recognition does not always occur consciously ). One of the codes involved in such stylizations is related to sensuality, the result of a ‘sexualization of culture’ that encourages sexualization and self-sexualization practices as a way to obtain social confirmation, especially by women, adolescents and girls., Este artículo busca delinear un marco teórico para abordar los procesos de autosexualización de niñas y adolescentes en redes sociales digitales desde una perspectiva sociosemiótica. Con la normalización del uso de plataformas digitales como Instagram, Facebook, Snapchat y TikTok en la vida cotidiana, los individuos disponen de nuevos entornos para proyectar, gestionar y validar sus identidades personales. Estas actividades implican procesos de autorrepresentación en los que los individuos se estilizan a sí mismos, es decir, moldean el yo que es representado según códigos estéticos y éticos que reconocen como portadores de un valor cultural positivo (aunque tal reconocimiento no ocurra siempre de manera consciente). Uno de los códigos intervinientes en tales estilizaciones es el asociado a la sensualidad, resultado de una ‘sexualización de la cultura’ que fomenta prácticas de sexualización y autosexualización como forma de obtener valor social, especialmente por parte de mujeres, adolescentes y niñas.

Instagram is the millennials’ favourite social network. Its community regulations prohibit nudes, except in cases of mastectomies, breastfeeding, paintings and sculptures. Its artificial intelligence only detects percentages of skin in photographs. Lacking semantic intelligence, its algorithms do not discover other forms of hypersexualization. In this subterfuge, children and girls show their bodies dressed and reified, in school uniforms, surrounded by children's elements. They recreate the Lolita myth and get millions of followers. This paper describes this dark phenomenon to investigate: the hashtags that use this new form of pornography not censurable by the algorithms; the objective and subjective perceptions of those photographs; and a proposal for gender intervention. The reserach contains two phases: a longitudinal bibliographic exploration, which delves into Instagram and its conditions of use, personal identity and narrative, and semantic intelligence to read photographs; and an inquiry that correlates the reciprocity of hashtags, its normal denotation and its hypersexualized connotation. The results are arranged around two modalities: children who are not of legal age to have an account and girls who are of legal age to have an account. The quantitative part includes: hashtag, account name, country and followers. The qualitative part explores: description of the elements of the photographs, normal meanings and implicit pornographic meanings. It is concluded that it is necessary to: detect other hashtags that describe other pornographies; expand this prospect internationally; extrapolate this research to other social networks, such as YouTube and TikTok; share the results with social networks and the Security Forces; monitor the use of social networks by parents; training in educational settings; acquisition of semantic intelligence by social networks and minors., Instagram es la red social favorita de los millennials. Sus normas comunitarias prohíben los desnudos, salvo en casos de mastectomías, lactancia materna, cuadros y esculturas. Su inteligencia artificial solo detecta porcentajes de piel en fotografías. Al no poseer inteligencia semántica, sus algoritmos no descubren otras formas de hipersexualización. En este subterfugio, niñas y chicas muestran sus cuerpos vestidos y cosificados, con uniformes escolares, rodeadas de elementos infantiles. Recrean el mito de Lolita y consiguen millones de seguidores. Este trabajo describe este oscuro fenómeno para investigar: los hashtags que emplean esa nueva forma de pornografía no censurable por los algoritmos; las percepciones objetivas y subjetivas de esas fotografías; y una propuesta de intervención en materia de género. El trabajo contiene dos fases: una exploración bibliográfica longitudinal, que ahonda en Instagram y sus condiciones de uso, la identidad personal y narratividad, y la inteligencia semántica para leer fotografías; y una indagación que correlaciona la reciprocidad de los hashtags, su denotación normal y su connotación hipersexualizada. Los resultados se ordenan en torno a dos modalidades: niñas que no tienen edad legal para tener una cuenta y chicas que sí tienen edad legal para tener una cuenta. La parte cuantitativa recoge: etiqueta, nombre de la cuenta, país y seguidores. La parte cualitativa explora: descripción de los elementos de las fotografías, significados normales y significados pornográficos implícitos. Se concluye que es necesario: detectar otros hashtags que describan otras pornografías; ampliar esta prospectiva internacionalmente; extrapolar esta investigación a otras redes sociales, como YouTube y TikTok; compartir los resultados con las redes sociales y las Fuerzas y Cuerpos de Seguridad; monitorizar el uso de las redes sociales por parte de los progenitores; formación en los entornos educativos; adquisición de inteligencia semántica por parte de

The sexual revolution was a movement in the United States that challenged traditional ways of thinking about sexuality. The heart of the revolution was the "radical" idea that women, just like men, had sexual needs and were able to enjoy sex. In the name of the revolution, feminists demanded women’s right to the same sexual freedom as men had been given. The revolution led to the normalization and increased acceptance of sex outside of marriage, as well as birth control. However, despite these achievements, some feminists believed that the achievements occurred at the expense of women. Although the sexual revolution was intended to lead to female liberation, some people argue that the revolution instead resulted in other forms of female oppression. To investigate this further, this study analyzed three different works of feminists with different views on the revolution and its consequences. This study will discuss the following topics: pornography and sexualization. These have been analyzed in relation to various theories of autonomy. Finally, this study will discuss how the subjects affects women's rights contained in the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). The questions in this study are answered throughout by using the method of critique of ideas. The method is based on the ideology that the authors themselves claim to defend as their own, in this essay it is the values of feminism. The critique is thus internal in the sense that no other values, other than those already stated in the material, are used in the assessment. Products that are marketed using the female body are often packaged with feminist messages, which is a well-known paradox in feminism. Women today have achieved some success by being able to represent themselves as sexual subjects, but that does not mean that the sexualization that permeates the culture should be mixed with "girl power" or other feminist slogans. It is time to stop accepting obj

Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur framställningen av femininitet och sexualitet hos unga tjejer porträtteras och hur denna porträttering kan kopplas till myter i samhället gällande femininitet och sexualitet. Detta med utgångspunkt i frågeställningarna: ”Vilka myter om unga tjejers femininitet och sexualitet framträder i filmen Snyggingar utifrån huvudkaraktären Amy?” och ”Hur iscensätts dessa myter i filmen och vilka betydelser får det för hur unga tjejers femininitet och sexualitet porträtteras?”. Studien kommer att använda sig av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Studiens teoretiska ramverk består av begrepp inom den feministiska teorin vilka är objektifieringsteorin, Lolita, den manliga blicken och den kvinnliga blicken. Ramverket består dessutom av semiotiska analysverktyg som bland annat denotation, konnotation och myt. Den semiotiska och kvalitativa innehållsanalysen utfördes på totalt fyra scener från filmen Snyggingar från 2020. Resultatet visade att filmens porträttering av karaktärerna, kameravinklarna, mise–en–scéne och hyperboler används som verktyg för att belysa problematiken kring objektifiering och sexualisering av unga tjejer. Filmen åskådliggör utifrån framställningen av karaktärerna även de krav och förväntningar som ställs på unga tjejer utifrån samhällets normer och värderingar. Amy porträtteras med en nästintill konstant strävan efter att nå den kvinnliga femininiteten och sexualiteten men hennes barnsliga beteende återspeglas även till viss del.

Childhood are increasingly present in certain digital media, where commercial messages directly appeal to children’s participation, enabling them to express their identity and establishing relations with their peers, who become opinion leaders. The aim of this exploratory qualitative research is to analyse a child’s perception towards sexualized girls depicted in fashion advertising in a digital environment. The investigation conducts a qualitative methodology among Spanish girls between 8 and 11 years old corresponding to the target audience of fashion brands advertising that has been categorized in different levels as sexualizing. The results point out that girls generally reject the images of their peers and models whenever they are portrayed more sexualized because the style does not correspond to real life and does not seem chosen by the girls depicted. Furthermore, girls associate the combination of sexualizing contexts, postures and gestures with personality traits negatively considered -self-centred, defiant, rebel, sad, alone-and are afraid of the normalization among children of make-up and certain behaviours not keeping with their age. In light of the results, the study recommends an ethical reflection by advertisers that use an adult style transgressive and the study of images that depict boys., As crianças estão presentes cada vez mais em algum meios digitais, onde as mensagens comerciais apelam diretamente à sua participação, permitindo-lhes expressar a sua identidade e estabelecer relações com os seus pares, que se tornam líderes de opinião. O objetivo deste estudo exploratório inicial, pioneiro no formato digital em Espanha, é analisar a perceção que as raparigas têm de outras raparigas sexualizadas na publicidade de moda e na Internet, e os valores que lhes associam. A metodologia utilizada foi um estudo exploratório qualitativo de uma amostra de raparigas espanholas entre os 8 e os 11 anos de idade, correspondente ao público-alvo das marcas de moda cuja publicidade foi classificada, em diferentes graus, como sexualizada. Os resultados indicam que as raparigas rejeitam essas imagens de modelos quando são retratadas de uma forma mais sexualizada porque não corresponde à vida real e não parece ser um estilo escolhido, mas sim um estilo imposto. Além disso, associam a combinação de cenários, posturas e gestos sexuais a traços de personalidade que entendem como negativos - egoístas, desafiadores, rebeldes, isolados, tristes - e, expõem o medo da normalização do uso de um tipo de roupa, maquilhagem e comportamentos não condizentes com a sua idade. À luz dos resultados, recomenda-se a reflexão ética dos anunciantes que utilizam o estilo adulto transgressivo na moda infantil e o estudo das imagens das crianças., Los niños están presentes cada vez más en determinados medios digitales, donde los mensajes comerciales apelan directamente a su participación, facilitando expresar su identidad y establecer relaciones con sus iguales, que se convierten en líderes de opinión. El objetivo de este estudio exploratorio inicial y pionero en el formato digital en España es conocer la percepción que tienen las niñas sobre otras niñas sexualizadas en la publicidad de moda y en Internet, y los valores que asocian a ellas. La metodología empleada ha sido un estudio exploratorio cualitativo a una muestra de niñas españolas entre 8 y 11 años que corresponde al público objetivo de marcas de moda cuya publicidad ha sido categorizada en distintos grados como sexualizante. Los resultados señalan que las niñas rechazan aquellas imágenes de las modelos cuando son representadas de una forma más sexualizada porque no se corresponde con la vida real y no parece un estilo elegido sino impuesto. Además, las entrevistadas asocian la combinación de escenarios, posturas y gestos sexualizantes con rasgos de la personalidad que entienden como negativos –egoísta, desafiante, rebelde, aislada, triste-y, exponen el temor de que se normalice el uso de un tipo de ropa, maquillaje y comportamientos no acordes con su edad. A la luz de los resultados, se recomienda la reflexión ética de publicitarios que usan el estilo transgresor adulto en moda infantil y el estudio de imágenes de niños.

Despite the growing interest in the experiences of transgender individuals, the phenomenon of fetishization of transgender bodies and identities has been overlooked. The present study was aimed at investigating the experiences of fetishization of transgender and nonbinary (TGNB) people. Participants in the current study represent a sample of 142 TGNB volunteers from the community who answered the prompt: “If you feel comfortable, could you describe your experience of being fetishized?” Using thematic analysis, we developed three overarching themes relevant to the experiences of fetishization of TGNB participants: (1) context of fetishization; (2) negative experiences of fetishization; and (3) positive or ambiguous experiences of fetishization. The results demonstrated that, in most cases, fetishization was understood by TGNB people as a negative experience of sexual objectification, although some individuals experienced fetishization as a positive experience, perceiving the sexual desire of the other person or living it as a kink. Consistent with the integrated theory of dehumanization, the results demonstrated that both sexual objectification and minority stress contributed to participants’ understanding of fetishization for TGNB individuals. Implications for clinical work with TGNB individuals are discussed.

Este trabajo de fin de grado se ha realizado para poder mostrar cómo la mujer desde los inicios de la industria pop comercial se ha cosificado y sexualizado con el único fin de poder vender más cantidad de discos en el siglo XXI y así enriquecer a sus firmas discográficas a través del video musical y cómo las artistas que comenzaron sus carreras musicales más entrado en el 2010 en adelante remarcan su derecho a no vender su cuerpo y muestran su empoderamiento en sus videoclips. Este estudio se ha realizado a partir de una muestra no probabilística intencional de 158 videoclips de seis artistas mundialmente conocidas, Rihanna, Beyoncé, Shakira, Ariana Grande, Dua Lipa y Taylor Swift; he querido dividir la muestra en tres y tres, según su nivel de sexualización y su recorrido musical. Después de analizar la muestra, he podido observar que hay un cambio sustancial entre las artistas de antes y después del 2010, ya que, las pre-2010 es sus videoclips muestran una sexualización clara e intencionada, mientras que por el contrario en los videos de las artistas cuya carrera comenzó más cercana a esta década, no hay una cosificación aparente., This final degree project has been carried out in order to show how women since the beginning of the commercial pop industry have been objectified and sexualized with the sole purpose of being able to sell more records in the 21st century and thus enrich his record labels through the music video and how the artists who started their music careers more in 2010 onwards emphasize their right not to sell their bodies and show their empowerment in their video clips. This study has been carried out using an intentional non-probability sample of 158 video clips from six world-famous artists, Rihanna, Beyoncé, Shakira, Ariana Grande, Dua Lipa and Taylor Swift; I wanted to divide the sample into three and three, according to their level of sexualization and their musical journey. After analyzing the sample, I have been able to observe that there is a substantial change between the artists from before and after 2010, since the pre-2010s in their video clips show a clear and intentional sexualization, while on the contrary in the videos of For the artists whose career began most early this decade, there is no apparent reification.

[ES] El proyecto que he llevado a cabo, se titula Free the nipple, en referencia directa a la activista y cineasta Lina Esco, quien inició un movimiento en el que cuestionaba la convención de considerar indecente la exposición de los pechos de la mujer, al contrario que la exposición del torso del hombre. Se trata de una intervención de arte público participativo, desde una perspectiva de género. La motivación surge principalmente, a raíz de la censura de los pezones femeninos en las redes sociales, y en concreto en Instagram. El objetivo principal del proyecto es crear una instalación en el espacio público que invite a los y las espectadoras a la reflexión sobre la censura del cuerpo femenino, así como a la normalización del mismo. La intervención ha sido realizada mediante la técnica de moldes de alginato positivados en escayola a partir de la participación voluntaria de más de 15 mujeres., [EN] The project that I have carried out is entitled Free the nipple, in direct reference to the activist and filmmaker Lina Esco, who started a movement in which she questioned the convention of considering indecent exposure of women's breasts, unlike exposing the man's torso. It is a participatory public art intervention, from a gender perspective. The motivation arises mainly, as a result of the censorship of the female nipples on social networks, and specifically on Instagram. The main objective of the project is to create an installation in the public space that invites the public to reflect on the censorship of the female body, as well as to normalize it. The public intervention has been carried out using the plaster-positive alginate mold technique, with the voluntary participation of more than 15 women.

[ES] En este trabajo hemos planteado un sistema para detectar situaciones inapropiadas de menores de edad en imágenes, tanto en situaciones de violencia, como en situaciones sexuales. Para conseguir esto trabajaremos con dos redes neuronales, la primera para conseguir distinguir a personas adultas de personas menores de edad en las diferentes imágenes. Una vez obtenido esto pasaremos a la detección de situaciones inapropiadas. Para poder hacer realizar esto hemos recopilado distintos conjuntos de datos que cumplan los requisitos planteados. El objetivo de este trabajo es detectar imágenes tanto en redes sociales como en internet de menores de edad en situaciones inapropiadas, y que después dichas imágenes puedan ser retiradas., [EN] In this project we propose a system to detect inaproppiate situations of children and youngers in images, in violence situations as well as sexual situations. To achieve this we will create three neural networks. The first one will difference between adults and children/youngers in the different images. The next step will be to distinguish inappropiate situations. The last one will be able to distinguish violent situations. In order to do this, we have collected different data sets that fulfil the stated requirements. The objective of this work is to detect images on social networks and on the Internet of children/youngers in inappropriate situations, and then these images can be removed., [CA] En aquest treball hem plantejat un sistema per detectar situacions inapropiades de menors d’edat en imatges, tant en situacions de violència com en situacions sexuals. Per aconseguir això treballarem amb tres xarxes neuronals. La primera s’empra per aconseguir distinguir persones adultes de persones menors d’edat en les diferents imatges. Una vegada obtingut això passarem a la detecció de situacions inapropiades. Finalment s’ha diferenciar si es troba en una situació de sexualització. Per poder fer realitzar això hem recopilat diferents conjunts de dades que compleixin els requisits plantejats. L’objectiu d’aquest treball és detectar imatges tants en xarxes socials com a internet de menors d’edat en situacions inapropiades, i que després aquestes imatges puguin ser retirades.

[ES] A partir de la investigación sobre la dualidad del desnudo, en este caso femenino, como algo erótico y como algo no erótico para nuestra sociedad, se hace una reflexión sobre la importancia de la actitud del cuerpo expuesto y las intenciones que este tiene frente a la contraria mirada del espectador. Tras una previa exploración de las características de la tradición cultural vinculadas con el erotismo y como se proyecta la historia en la percepción individual de los cuerpos, se emplean varias técnicas plásticas con las que se desarrollan diferentes proyectos para poder estudiar como nuestra mirada percibe los diferentes objetos que se encuentran en nuestro alrededor, todos ellos dentro de un entorno de carácter erótico. Todo ello con finalidad de desplazar el foco del erotismo del cuerpo femenino y poder abrir un camino de simbologías o iconografías nuevas dejando atrás la imagen directa del cuerpo. Nuestro estudio pretende desarrollar una mirada crítica desde el punto de vista del erotismo mediante composiciones pictóricas o artísticas que nos ayuden a entender el origen del erotismo a la par de crear una dualidad entre la imagen explicita, cuerpo desnudo, como algo no erótico e imagen implícita, evocaciones a partir de objetos varios, como algo erótico., [EN] Introduction to the study of the perception of eroticism of the female body today. Research on the duality between nudity, in this female case, as something erotic and as something non-erotic for our society. A sample of the importance of the attitude of the exposed body and the intentions it has in the face of the opposing gaze of the viewer. After a previous exploration of the characteristics of cultural tradition linked to eroticism and as history is projected into the perception of bodies, different plastic techniques are employed to develop different projects to be able to study how our gaze perceives the different objects that are around us within an environment of erotic caracter. All this in order to remove the focus of the eroticism of the female body and to be able to open a path of new symbologies or iconography leaving behind the direct image of the body. Developing a critical view from the point of view of eroticism through picotrical or artistic composition that help us understand the origin of eroticism while creating a duality between the explicit image, naked body, as something non-erotic and implicit image, various object, as something erotic.

The objective of this study is to observe how women and their bodies are being objectified and sexualized through famous designer companies’ Instagram accounts. More specifically, this study is interested in defining which certain aspects of an image contribute to a dehumanizing and degrading view of the female sex, but also how women are being cognitively affected by this. To be able to specify which parts of an image confirm this specific viewpoint the study used a multimodal critical discourse analysis (MDCA) in combination with elements of a feminist critical discourse analysis. The two methods are considered useful for these types of studies due to their semiotic and feministic approaches that focus on depicting which connotative characteristics are present in images. In order to confirm the problematic aspects of the material in this study, results from previous scientific articles and theories were used in order to confirm or contradict this study’s research questions. In the end the analytical results confirm that the women present in the images that were selected for this study were being objectified and sexualized. The women in the pictures often wore tightly fitting clothes, underwear or were naked, which presented their bodies in a way which made them easily objectified by the observer and/or the male gaze, which means that the observer in fact could gain a sexual satisfaction through watching the women that were being portrayed. The results of this demonstrates the problematic aspects of female portrayal in media and why it could potentially be harmful

Many institutions, social and political groups are warning of the risks associated with the early sexualization of childhood. These agents appeal to the responsibility of the media to avoid creating content that may lead to childhood sexualization and that is easily accessible to all audiences. Responding to this demand and through a cross-cultural Spain-China approach, this work focuses on the analysis of the perception of girls’ sexualization in the fashion stylings disseminated by the media. A survey of 750 Communication and Advertising university students in Spain (N=449) and in China (N=301) was carried out. Five latent sexualization factors identified confirm that perceived sexualization in girls’ fashion styling is a multi-dimensional phenomenon that occurs from the combined use of multiple sexualizing attributes. The country of origin (Spain or China) has been associated with the perception of sexualization and the identified latent sexualizing factors. Finally, an explanatory and highly effective predictive model has been obtained for this type of childhood sexualization in terms of the factors and country of origin. Conclusions suggest that it is necessary to reinforce the training of communication professionals and minors to avoid creating images of sexualized girls through certain styling codes., Numerosas instituciones, grupos sociales y políticos están alertando de los riesgos asociados a la temprana sexualización de la infancia. Estos agentes apelan a la responsabilidad de los medios para evitar la creación de contenidos que puedan derivar en sexualización infantil y que son fácilmente accesibles para todos los públicos. Respondiendo a esta llamada y con un enfoque transcultural España-China, este trabajo se centra en analizar la percepción de sexualización de las niñas en los estilismos de moda difundidos desde los medios. Se ha realizado una encuesta a 750 estudiantes universitarios de Comunicación y Publicidad en España (N=449) y en China (N=301). Se han identificado cinco factores de sexualización latentes que confirman que la sexualización percibida en los estilismos de moda de niñas es un fenómeno multidimensional que se produce por el uso combinado de múltiples atributos sexualizantes. Se ha corroborado que el país de origen (España o China) se asocia con la percepción de sexualización y de los factores latentes sexualizantes identificados. Finalmente, se ha obtenido un modelo explicativo y de elevada eficacia predictiva de la percepción de este tipo de sexualización infantil en términos de los factores y del país de origen. Se concluye que es necesario reforzar la formación de los profesionales de la comunicación y de los menores para evitar la creación de imágenes de niñas sexualizadas a través de determinados códigos estilísticos.

Objectification occurs when a person is perceived and/or treated like an object. With the present work, we overview the available measures of objectification and present a series of studies aimed at investigating the validity of the task of inverted body recognition proposed by Bernard and colleagues (2012), which might potentially be a useful cognitive measure of objectification. We conducted three studies. Study 1 (N = 101) is a direct replication of Bernard et al.’s study: participants were presented with the same photos of sexualized male and female targets used in the original research. Study 2a (N = 100) is a conceptual replication: we used different images of scantily dressed male and female models. Finally, in Study 2b (N = 100), we investigated a boundary condition by presenting to participants photos of the same models as in Study 2a, but fully dressed and non-sexualized. Using mixed-effects models for completely-crossed classified data structures, we investigated the relationship between the inversion effect and the stimulus’ asymmetry, sexualization and attractiveness, and the perceivers’ self-objectification, sexism, and automatic woman-human association. Study 1 replicated the original results, showing a stronger inversion effect for male photos. However, no difference between male and female stimuli emerged in either Study 2a or 2b. Moreover, the impact of the other variables on the inversion effect was highly unstable across the studies. These aspects together indicate that the inversion effect depends on the specific set of stimuli and limits the generalizability of results collected using this method.

Objectification theory suggests that sexualization has significant dehumanizing consequences for how perceivers see women. To date, research has mostly documented how sexualized bodies in the mass media are objectified and dehumanized. The purpose of the present work was to test the novel cosmetics dehumanization hypothesis (CDH), that is, that subtler manifestations of sexualization, such as heavy makeup, might influence the way people attribute humanness-related traits to women. Across four experiments, 1000 participants (mostly from the United Kingdom and United States) were asked to evaluate women’s faces with or without heavy makeup. Consistent with the CDH, results showed that faces with makeup were rated as less human while using complementary indicators of dehumanization: They were perceived as possessing less humanness, less agency, less experience (Experiment 1), less competence, less warmth, and less morality (Experiments 2–4) than faces without makeup. This pattern of results was observed for faces of both models (Experiments 1–2) and ordinary women (Experiments 3–4). In Experiment 4, we manipulated the part of the face that wore makeup (eye makeup vs. lipstick) and found that faces with eye makeup were attributed the least amount of warmth and competence. A meta-analysis based on Experiments 2–4 confirmed the robustness of the findings, which were not moderated by either participant gender or sexual orientation. Whereas prior studies suggested that a focus on faces may serve as an antidote for objectification and related dehumanization, the present set of experiments indicates that this strategy might not always be effective., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Recent research has examined the sexualization–objectification link (i.e. whether sexualized individuals are appraised as if they were objects rather than persons). This research has found that sexualized individuals are more likely to be processed and categorized as if they were objects and are also perceived as possessing fewer humanlike traits than nonsexualized individuals. In addition, sexualization prompts negative behaviors such as social exclusion. Altogether, these findings shed light on mechanisms that might underlie violence toward sexualized individuals., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

People perceive and treat women as sex objects in social exchanges. The interactionprocesses through which women are objectified, however, have rarely been considered.To address this gap in the literature, we propose the Social Interaction Model ofObjectification (SIMO). Rooted in social exchange and objectification theories, the SIMOpredicts objectifying behaviours stemming from sexual goals between men and women.We propose that the behavioural dynamics of objectification can be understood througha series of goal-based exchange processes that are shaped by patriarchy. Articulating theSIMO and its predictions for behaviour in social interactions, we describe the scant socialpsychological studies in this area. Not only is the SIMO useful for understandingobjectifying interaction processes, but it can be used to understand why womensometimes evaluate objectification positively as well as instances of sexual violence.Finally, we discuss critical directions for future research and provide promisingmethodological approaches for testing the SIMO., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Although competitive dance is a common form of training and performance for young dancers in the United States, there is little academic research on how this type of training and performance might impact the minds and bodies of the dancers who participate. Through interviews with five former competitive dancers, and a psychologist and dancer, Dr. Christina Donaldson, I explore how practices within competitive dance might impact the dancers who participate. This research explores the impact of competitive dance on college undergraduate dance major’s perceptions of their own body, and how those perceptions might impact their choices as performers, choreographers, and educators. In collaboration with the dancers, I created a choreographic work inspired by this research, and in the last chapter Idiscuss the creation and presentation of this work.

Fokus ligger på modeinriktad reklam som analyseras enligt utvalda kriterier, vilket placerar studien inom ramarna för textilt management. Studien avser att introducera läsaren till ämnet genom att ge en bakgrund till det valda ämnet och att motivera relevansen av studien. Därefter leder problemformuleringen fram till en presentation av syftet och forskningsfrågorna i denna studie. Studiens syfte är att beskriva och undersöka hur kvinnors porträttering som sexobjekt i lyxvarumärkens modereklam påverkar konsumentens attityd till dessa varumärken. Även skillnader mellan påverkan på manliga och kvinnliga konsumenter undersöktes inom ramen för studien. För att samla in det empiriska materialet användes bildanalys och en online-enkät-undersökning. Bildanalysen bestod av fem olika reklambilder från fem olika lyxvarumärken som sedan analyserades utifrån valda kriterier för att betygsätta hur sexualiserade de var. Online-enkäten baserades sedan på dessa reklambilder och frågor om varumärken utformades med inspiration från tidigare forskning. Urvalet bestod av konsumenter av kläder i Sverige, ett stratifierat slumpmässigt urval som kombinerades med snöbollsurval. Studiens resultat pekar på att de övergripande svaren sammantaget är att sexualiserande reklam påverkar konsumenten negativt och gör så att denne får en sämre bild av varumärket och ändrar sina köpvanor för det aktuella varumärket. Dock kommer studien fram till att det ändå är förvånansvärt många konsumenter som ändå inte bryr sig om att ett varumärke använder sig av sexualiserande reklam. De skillnader som framkom mellan män och kvinnor är att kvinnor verkar vara mer medvetna om sexualisering i reklam än män och det är betydligt fler kvinnor än män som anger att de ämnar ändra sitt beteende så att den motsvarar deras attityd mot ett varumärke. För vidare forskning rekommenderar vi att undersöka problemet ur ett företagsperspektiv, för att förstå hur de varumärken som använder sig av den här typen av reklam tänker., The focus of the study is fashion oriented advertising that has been analysed according to chosen criteria, which puts the study within the frames of textile management. The study aims to introduce the reader and give a background to the subject of choice by motivating the relevance of the study. Thereafter the problem formulation leads to a presentation of the purpose and research questions of the study. The purpose of the study is to describe and examine how women's portrayal as sex objects in luxury brand advertising affects consumers attitude toward a brand. Also differences between effects on men and women were examined. To gather the empirical findings we used an image analysis method and and an online-survey. The image analysis was made up of five different advertising images from luxury brands, that were later analysed with chosen criteria to grade an image based on how sexualised it was. The online-survey was based on these analyzed images, thereafter questions about brands were formed with inspiration from earlier studies. The sample was made up by Swedish clothing consumers, a stratified random sampling that we combined with snowball sampling. The findings of the study points to a majority of the participants being negatively affected by sexualised advertising. Which makes the consumers attitude toward a brand negative and changes their buying habits. Although the study also find that there are surprisingly many consumers who will continue buying products from a brand that use sexualised advertising, even though the consumers claim to have been negatively influenced. The differences that were found between men and women were that women seem to be more aware of sexualised advertising than men, and that there are far more women who intend to change their buying behavior to match their attitude toward a brand. A much larger portion of men answered that sexualised advertising do not affect their perception of the brand, compared to women. Although some of the

Tidigare forskning fastställer att medias användning av en sexualiserad kvinna påverkar uppfattningen av hennes kompetens. Det här arbetet har därför undersökt huruvida uppfattningen av en spelhjältinna, baserad på Lara-fenomenet av Jansz & Martis (2007), påverkas av sexualiserade kontra icke-sexualiserade gestaltningar av hennes kläder. Studien har med hjälp av enkäter granskat 4 utländska studenters mediekonsumtion för att se om detta hade ett inflytande på deras tolkningar av hjältinnans kvaliteter. Informanterna fick betrakta 2D bilder på en hjältinna i 4 olika kläd-förhållanden och bedöma hennes kvaliteter under gruppintervjuer. Resultatet visar att mediekonsumtion hade ett inflytande på deltagarnas ideal och att kvaliteterna smart, stark och attraktiv dömdes primärt efter hjältinnans anpassning till spelmiljön. 3 av 4 deltagare valde att spela som karaktären i förhållandet neutral underdel eftersom kläderna visade anpassning till spelmiljön och representerade ett aktuellt skönhetsideal. Framtida arbete bör undvika exponering för spelets klimat eller miljö för att se om andra resonemang förekommer., Previous research determines that media’s use of a sexualized woman affects the perception of her competence. This work has therefore investigated whether the perception of a game heroine, based on the Lara-phenomenon by Jansz & Martis (2007), is influenced by sexualized versus non-sexualized designs of her clothes. With the help of surveys, the study has examined 4 foreign students' media consumption to see if this had an influence on their interpretations of the heroine's qualities. The informants had to watch 2D images of a heroine in 4 different clothing conditions and assess her qualities during group interviews. The result shows that media consumption had an influence on the participants' ideals and that the qualities smart, strong and attractive were judged primarily by the heroine's adaptation to the gaming environment. 3 out of 4 participants chose to play as the character in the neutral bottom condition because the clothes showed adaptation to the gaming environment and represented a current beauty ideal. Future work should avoid exposure to the game's climate or environment to see if other reasoning occur.

The study captured young women’s experience of sexualization in advertising and examined the different coping strategies they adopt to tackle sexualization in everyday life efficiently. The study was grounded in a qualitative method with an epistemological approach of a critical realist nature. Thematic analysis and semantic coding was used to interpret the data. Seven semi-structured interviews were carried out with female university students at Lund University in April 2019. A qualitative method puts emphasis on human experience and the critical realist approach further lies in assumptions about a ‘real’ existing world that is independent of our perception of it. Regarding to this approach, phenomena in the world can be captured through our sense and need to be interpreted in order to be understood. Our main findings were that women’s experiences of sexualization in advertising have adverse effects on their wellbeing. Another significant contribution made was the different coping strategies used by these women, such as selectively controlling exposure for sexualized pictures on social media, and experiences of habituation when it came to advertising in general. The coping strategies are essential because they could potentially be used by other women struggling to tackle sexualized advertisements, hence make a contribution to increasing the overall wellbeing of young women. A question raised in light of our results was whether marketers should be using sex to sell. Finally, we formulated suggestions for research to quantitatively investigate the coping strategies found in this study, their frequency of use and their contribution to wellbeing amongst individuals., Syftet med studien var att undersöka unga kvinnors upplevelser av sexualisering i reklam samt vilka hanteringssätt de använde sig av för att hantera detta i sitt vardagliga liv. Undersökningen grundades i kvalitativ metod med en kritisk realistisk ansats där tematisk analys och semantisk kodning tillämpades för att bearbeta datan. Sju kvinnliga studenter vid Lunds Universitet deltog i semi-strukturerade intervjuer i april 2019. Kvalitativ metod betonar betydelsen av människors upplevelser och den kritiskt realistiska ansatsen innebar vidare en tanke om världen som reellt existerande men där tolkning krävs för att få tillgång till den. Ett av de viktigaste fynden i studien var kvinnornas upplevelser av att sexualisering i reklam hade negativa effekter på deras välmående, vilket även gick i linje med tidigare forskning på området. Ett annat viktigt bidrag var de hanteringsstrategier som kvinnorna använde sig av för att hantera sexualisering. Dessa var sådana som att selektera bland sexualiserade bilder de exponeras för på sociala medier samt upplevelser av habituering när det kom till reklam generellt. Strategierna har betydelse eftersom att de skulle kunna användas av andra kvinnor som upplever att de behöver hitta sätt för att hantera sexualiserad reklam. Därmed kan de bidra till ökat välmående hos unga kvinnor. En fråga som uppstod i ljuset av dessa resultat var huruvida marknadsförare bör använda sig av sex för att sälja. Slutligen formulerades önskemål för framtida forskning såsom att kvantitativt undersöka de framträdande hanteringssätten, hur ofta de används samt vilket bidrag de har till individers välmående.

In this essay the aim will be to reflect on the connection between colonization and feminization of the conquered territory, considering that in the asymmetric scheme of patriarchal domination, the territory or nation includes and incorporates gender, and gender is the sexual center of recognition in the construction of territorial and colonial identities. The analysis will refer to the intersections between sex and race, fundamental elements in the dichotomous domination-oppression mechanism, which is very strong in the colonial conquest phase. Colonialism emerges, therefore, as a masculine and phallocentric dimension, in which the female body becomes the center of production of the sexualization of the body inscribed within a social and public racial reproductive process. Feminism, especially the postcolonial theoretical horizon, has reflected on the connection of colonialism with racism and sexism, as elements aimed at a process of othering the 'other world' with a connotation of permanence. In this perspective, the categorization of the "Third World" woman – as a sexually oppressed woman – is interpreted in a post-modern key of colonizing misogyny that has influences in today's society, and this conceptualization is linked to the opposition between "western" feminism and "non-western" feminism., In questo saggio si cercherà di riflettere sul legame tra colonizzazione e femminilizzazione del territorio conquistato, considerando che nello schema asimmetrico della dominazione patriarcale, il territorio o la nazione include il genere, incorpora il genere, e il genere è il fulcro sessuale di riconoscimento nella costruzione delle identità territoriali e coloniali. L’analisi si riferirà alle intersezioni tra sesso e razza, elementi fondamentali nel meccanismo dicotomico di dominazione-oppressione, determinante nella fase di conquista coloniale. Il colonialismo emerge, quindi, come una dimensione maschile e fallocentrica, in cui il corpo femminile diventa il centro di produzione della sessualizzazione del corpo inscritto all’interno di un processo riproduttivo sociale e pubblico razziale. Il femminismo, in particolare l’orizzonte teorico postcoloniale, ha riflettuto sulla connessione del colonialismo con il razzismo e il sessismo, quali elementi diretti ad un processo di alterizzazione dell’“altro mondo” con connotazione di permanenza. In quest’ottica, la categorizzazione della donna del “Terzo Mondo” – in quanto donna oppressa sessualmente – viene interpretata in una chiave post-moderna della misoginia colonizzatrice che ha influssi nella società attuale, concettualizzazione che sembra essersi traslata nell’opposizione tra femminismo “occidentale” e femminismo “non occidentale”.

A growing body of research documents the adverse effects of sexualized appearance on people’s attitudes toward women victims of blatant forms of gender violence. However, the impact of sexualization of women victims of subtle forms of gender violence and the moderating role of people’s conservativism on victim blaming remain under-investigated. In the current study, we examined the effects of sexualization on blame attribution to victims of a stranger harassment incident, considering the moderating role of participants’ Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA). Two hundred and thirty-six participants (31.8% male; Mage = 30.52, SD = 12.70) completed an RWA scale and then read a fictitious Facebook’s post where the victim herself described the stranger harassment episode that happened down the street (vs. at a house party). The post was presented with a sexualized (vs. non-sexualized) portrayal of the victim. Finally, participants rated the severity of the episode and expressed to what extent they blamed the victim. As predicted, harassment at the house party (vs. down the street) was perceived as less severe, and sexualized (vs. non-sexualized) victims were blamed to a greater extent. Our major results revealed that people’s RWA synergizes with the victim’s sexualization in shaping blame attribution. People with an average and a high level of RWA tend to blame to a greater extent the sexualized victim of stranger harassment, while blame attributions did not change according to victim’s sexualization for people with a low level of RWA.

In Western culture, sexualization and appearance focus have become the predominant features in the representation not only of women but also of children. If women's sexualization and appearance focus have long been subject to academic inquiry, only recently research has been dedicated to the consequences of sexualization and appearance focus in childhood. This article aims to provide the first comprehensive review of the existing empirical investigations on the effects of sexualization and appearance focus in childhood. I look first at the prevalence and the characteristics of early sexualization and appearance focus. I then examine the consequences associated with early sexualization and appearance focus, distinguishing between the individual and intrapersonal level (how children see themselves) and the interpersonal and relational level (how children are perceived). These growing bodies of research provide consistent evidence that early sexualization and appearance focus can produce the same well-documented effects found in the adult population. I finally discuss some limitations with the existing research and provide future research directions.

In Western cultures, the sexualization of children has increased over the past decades. In two studies, we investigated the consequences of children’s sexualization for their peers’ willingness to provide help in a case of bullying. In both studies, children (total N = 396; ages 7 to 11 years) were randomly assigned to view either a sexualized or non-sexualized target and answered questions about the target’s traits and treatment. Our findings provide evidence that early sexualization exposes preadolescent children to the dehumanizing consequences associated with adult women’s sexualization. We found that sexualized targets were perceived as less than fully human in terms of both human nature and human uniqueness (Studies 1 and 2) and that, among girls, human nature ratings mediated the association between sexualization and reduced helping intentions toward both male (Study 2) and female targets (Studies 1 and 2).

Human bodies are sometimes cognitively objectified, i.e. processed less configurally and more analytically, in a way that resembles how most objects are perceived. Whereas how people process images of sexualized bodies appearing in the mass media has been well documented; whether subtler manifestations of sexualization, such as wearing makeup, might elicit cognitive objectification of ordinary women’s faces, remains unclear. The present paper aims at filling this gap. We hypothesized that faces wearing makeup would be processed less configurally than faces wearing no makeup. Sixty participants took part in a face recognition task, in which faces wearing or not wearing makeup were presented. In regards to faces with no makeup, people recognized face parts better in the context of whole faces than in isolation, which served as evidence of configural processing. In regards to faces wearing makeup, face parts were recognized equally well when presented in isolation vs. in the context of whole faces; evidence of a lower configural processing. That pattern of results was driven by eye makeup (vs. lipstick). Implications for research on objectification and sexualization are discussed., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Research has shown that sexualized people are perceived as possessing fewer traits of a human being. Most scholars have argued that these effects are driven by revealing clothing, with targets wearing swimsuits or lingerie being perceived as possessing less mind and less humanness in comparison with nonsexualized targets. However, revealing clothing in these studies was often confounded with other sexualizing factors, such as posture suggestiveness, and, so, the aspects which lead people to perceive women in object-like ways remain unclear. This article begins to fill this gap by examining the role of two key sexualizing factors, namely revealing clothing and posture suggestiveness, on objectification-related traits. After exposure to a picture of a woman, 223 participants were asked to indicate the extent to which this woman possessed warmth, competence, and morality. For competence and warmth, we found an interaction between revealing clothing and posture suggestiveness: Posture suggestiveness caused less attribution of warmth and competence to women wearing revealing clothing, but not for women wearing less revealing clothing. For morality, we found that women in suggestive (vs. nonsuggestive) postures were perceived as possessing less morality, regardless of the type of clothing. The implications of these findings for the field are discussed., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Recent research found that sexualized bodies are visually processed similarly to objects. This article examines the effects of skin-to-clothing ratio and posture suggestiveness on cognitive objectification. Participants were presented images of upright versus inverted bodies while we recorded the N170. We used the N170 amplitude inversion effect (larger N170 amplitudes for inverted vs. upright stimuli) to assess cognitive objectification, with no N170 inversion effect indicating less configural processing and more cognitive objectification. Contrary to Hypothesis 1, skin-to-clothing ratio was not associated with cognitive objectification (Experiments 1-3). However, consistent with Hypothesis 2, we found that posture suggestiveness was the key driver of cognitive objectification (Experiment 2), even after controlling for body asymmetry (Experiment 3). This article showed that high (vs. low) posture suggestiveness caused cognitive objectification (regardless of body asymmetry), whereas high (vs. low) skin-to-clothing ratio did not. The implications for objectification and body perception literatures are discussed., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Wonder Woman fue especial desde su mismo nacimiento. Su creador deseaba poner en valor lo femenino, y su solución fue crear a Diana de Themyscira, una guerrera amazona que rápidamente se convirtió en un icono de poder femenino y de lucha feminista. Sin embargo, fue creada por un hombre, para una industria masculina. Por ello cabe plantearse hasta qué punto el personaje de Wonder Woman representa los ideales feministas o la defensa de los intereses de las mujeres, en lugar de encarnar las fantasías masculinas. Se decidió analizar la representación de la amazona en las portadas sus cómics más recientes, y compararlas con otra super -heroína, Supergirl. Y con otros superhéroes masculinos: Superman y Batman. El análisis de las portadas permite conocer cuál es la primera impresión que la industria desea mostrar de Wonder Woman y qué la hace especial respecto a otros personajes femininos y masculinos, Wonder Woman was special from birth. Her creator wanted people to value the “femenine characteristics and abilities”, and his solution was to create Diana de Themyscira, an Amazonian warrior who quickly became an icon of women power and feminism. However, she was created by a man, for a male industry. For this reason, it’s proper to analize if the character of Wonder Woman really represents feminist ideals or the defense of women's interests, instead of embodying male fantasies. It was decided to analyze the representation of the Amazon on the covers of his most recent comics and compare them with another superhero, Supergirl. And with other male superheroes: Superman and Batman. The analysis of the covers allows to know what is the first impression the industry wants to show of Wonder Woman, and what makes her special facing other female and male characters

This research will study cultural appropriation that is presentable in 2010th music videos by famous artists/bands like Coldplay, Beyoncé, Lana Del Rey, No Doubt and Iggy Azalea. The term cultural appropriation is about the taking over of practices, artistic forms or themes from usually a minority culture. The focus will lay on two different cultures, Indian culture and Native American culture. I will with the help of researchers like Erich Hatala Matthes and James. O Young argue the harms of cultural appropriation, where I will include bell hooks to supports my arguments. My task will also be to enlighten the common behavior traits that show occurring cultural appropriation in music videos. Deeply analysis of these music videos will help me reach my concluded arguments about the harms of cultural appropriation. Every music video will focus on three concepts and they are, romanticization, sexualization and exotification. With tracing these concepts, I will argue the differences of the cultural appropriation Indian culture and Native American culture experiences.