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Nordic hamstring exercise is performed to prevent knee flexor muscle strain injuries and used to assess their injury risks. However, what exactly Nordic hamstring strength indicates is not clear. We investigated the relationship between Nordic hamstring strength and maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque of the knee flexors measured by an isokinetic dynamometer. Sixteen healthy young men who had not experienced hamstring strain injuries participated in the study. In Nordic hamstring, each participant was instructed to lean forward as far as possible in 3 s (approximately 30/s), and force at the ankle joint of the dominant leg was measured during the movement. The force was multiplied by lower leg length and converted into torque. MVC torque of the knee flexors was measured isometrically at 30, 45, 60, and 90 knee flexion joint angles, and concentrically and eccentrically at 30/s and 60/s in 10–90 knee flexion for the dominant leg in a prone position. Correlations among the dependent variables were assessed using Pearson’s correlation coefficients. Peak Nordic hamstring torque ranged 96.8–163.5 Nm, and peak MVC eccentric torque ranged 50.7–109.4 Nm at 30/s and 59.2–121.2 Nm at 60/s. No significant correlations were evident between the peak Nordic hamstring torque and peak eccentric knee flexion torque (r = 0.24–0.3, p = 0.26–0.4). This was also the case for the Nordic hamstring torque and MVC torque of isometric (r = −0.03–0.1, p = 0.71–0.92) and concentric contractions (r = 0.28–0.49, p = 0.053–0.29). These results show that Nordic hamstring strength is not associated with the knee flexor torque measured by an isokinetic dynamometer. It may be that other factors than static and dynamic hamstring strengths affect Nordic hamstring strength.

Nordic hamstring exercise is performed to prevent knee flexor muscle strain injuries and used to assess their injury risks. However, what exactly Nordic hamstring strength indicates is not clear. We investigated the relationship between Nordic hamstring strength and maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque of the knee flexors measured by an isokinetic dynamometer. Sixteen healthy young men who had not experienced hamstring strain injuries participated in the study. In Nordic hamstring, each participant was instructed to lean forward as far as possible in 3 s (approximately 30/s), and force at the ankle joint of the dominant leg was measured during the movement. The force was multiplied by lower leg length and converted into torque. MVC torque of the knee flexors was measured isometrically at 30, 45, 60, and 90 knee flexion joint angles, and concentrically and eccentrically at 30/s and 60/s in 10–90 knee flexion for the dominant leg in a prone position. Correlations among the dependent variables were assessed using Pearson’s correlation coefficients. Peak Nordic hamstring torque ranged 96.8–163.5 Nm, and peak MVC eccentric torque ranged 50.7–109.4 Nm at 30/s and 59.2–121.2 Nm at 60/s. No significant correlations were evident between the peak Nordic hamstring torque and peak eccentric knee flexion torque (r = 0.24–0.3, p = 0.26–0.4). This was also the case for the Nordic hamstring torque and MVC torque of isometric (r = −0.03–0.1, p = 0.71–0.92) and concentric contractions (r = 0.28–0.49, p = 0.053–0.29). These results show that Nordic hamstring strength is not associated with the knee flexor torque measured by an isokinetic dynamometer. It may be that other factors than static and dynamic hamstring strengths affect Nordic hamstring strength.

Background: Unilateral resistance training increases the strength of the contralateral non-trained homologous muscles known as the cross-education effect. We tested the hypothesis that unilateral eccentric resistance training (ET) would induce greater and longer-lasting cross-education effect when compared with concentric resistance training (CT). Methods: Young (20–23 y) participants were allocated to ET (5 males, 4 females) or CT (5 males, 4 females) group that performed unilateral progressive ET or CT of the elbow flexors, twice a week for 5 weeks (10 sessions) followed by a 5-week detraining, and control group (7 males, 6 females) that did not perform any training. Maximum voluntary isometric contraction torque of the elbow flexors (MVIC), one-repetition maximum of concentric dumbbell curl (1-RM), and biceps brachii and brachialis muscle thickness (MT) were measured from the trained and non-trained arms before, several days after the last training session, and 5 weeks later. A ratio between the trained and non-trained arms for the change in MVIC or 1-RM from pre- to post-training (cross-body transfer ratio) was compared between ET and CT groups. Results: The control group did not show significant changes in any variables. Both ET and CT increased (P < 0.05) MVIC (22.5 ± 12.3 % vs. 26.0 ± 11.9 %) and 1-RM (28.8 ± 6.6 % vs. 35.4 ± 12.9 %) of the trained arm without a significant difference between groups. MVIC was maintained after detraining for ET but returned to the baseline for CT, and 1-RM was maintained after detraining for both ET and CT. For the non-trained arm, MVIC (22.7 ± 17.9 % vs. 12.2 ± 10.2 %) and 1-RM (19.9 ± 14.6 % vs. 24.0 ± 10.6 %) increased similarly (P > 0.05) after ET and CT, and MVIC returned to the baseline after detraining, but 1-RM was maintained for both groups. An increase (P < 0.05) in MT was found only after ET for the trained arm (7.1 ± 6.1 %). The cross-body transfer ratio for MVIC was greater (P < 0.05) for ET (90.9 ± 46.7 %) than C

The present study compared two unilateral arm curl resistance exercise protocols with a different starting and finishing elbow joint angle in the same ROM for changes in elbow flexors strength and muscle thickness of the trained and non-trained arms. Thirty-two non-resistance trained young adults were randomly assigned to one of the three groups: extended joint training (0°-50°; EXT, = 12); flexed joint training (80°-130°; FLE, = 12); and non-training control ( = 8). The exercise training was performed by the dominant arms twice a week for 5 weeks with gradual increases in the training volume over 10 training sessions, and the non-dominant (non-trained) arms were investigated for the cross-education effect. Maximal voluntary contraction torque of isometric (MVC-ISO), concentric (MVC-CON), and eccentric contractions (MVC-ECC), and thickness (MT) of biceps brachii and brachialis of the trained and non-trained arms were assessed at baseline and 4-8 days after the last training session. The control group did not show significant changes in any variables. Significant ( < 0.05) increases in MVC-ISO torque (16.2 ± 12.6%), MVC-CON torque (21.1 ± 24.4%), and MVC-ECC torque (19.6 ± 17.5%) of the trained arm were observed for the EXT group only. The magnitude of the increase in MT of the trained arm was greater ( < 0.05) for EXT (8.9 ± 3.9%) than FLE (3.4 ± 2.7%). The cross-education effect was evident for MVC-ISO (15.9 ± 14.8%) and MVC-CON (16.7 ± 20.0%) torque of the EXT group only. These results suggest that resistance training at the extended elbow joint induces greater muscle adaptations and cross-education effects than that at flexed elbow joint.

The effects of anti-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antibody on rumen fermentation and LPS activity were investigated during subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) challenge. Eleven Holstein cattle (164 ± 14 kg) were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square design. Cattle were fed a roughage diet on days −11 to −1 (pre-challenge) and day 2 (post-challenge), and a high-grain diet on days 0 and 1 (SARA challenge). For 14 days, 0-, 2-, or 4-g of anti-LPS antibody was administered once daily through a rumen fistula. Ruminal pH was measured continuously, and rumen fluid and blood samples were collected on days −1, 0, 1, and 2. Significantly lower ruminal LPS activity on day 1 was observed in the 2- and 4-g groups than those in the 0-g group. In addition, significantly higher 1-hr mean ruminal pH on SARA challenge period (days 0 and 1) was identified in the 4-g group than in the 0-g group. However, rumen fermentation measurements (total volatile fatty acid [VFA], VFA components, NH3-N and lactic acid) and peripheral blood metabolites (glucose, free fatty acid, beta-hydroxybutyrate, total cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transferase) were not different among the groups during the experimental periods. Therefore, anti-LPS antibody administration mitigates LPS release and pH depression without the depression of rumen fermentation and peripheral blood metabolites during SARA challenge in Holstein cattle.

We investigated changes in the predicted functions of the rumen bacterial community in Japanese Black beef cattle during fattening. Nine cattle were fed a high-concentrate diet during the early, middle, and late fattening stages consecutively (10–14, 15–22, and 23–30 months of age, respectively). The rumen fluid and solid samples collected at each stage were subjected to sequencing analyses. The sequencing results were clustered and classified into operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Representative sequences and a raw counting table for each OTU were submitted to the Piphillin website. The predicted functions were revealed by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database as the ratio of the total sequence. In the early stage, “Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites” was significantly higher in the fluid fraction than in the solid fraction. “Two-component system” in the middle stage was significantly lower and “Purine metabolism” in the late stage was significantly higher in the fluid fraction than those in the solid fraction. The fluid fraction was significantly correlated with acetic acid, propionic acid, and bacterial metabolism, such as “Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites” and “Sugar metabolism.” Moreover, the solid fraction was correlated with “Purine metabolism” and “Biosynthesis of secondary metabolism”. These results suggest that the rumen bacterial community in Japanese Black beef cattle adapts to changes in rumen conditions by altering their functions in response to a long-term high-grain diet.

Anti-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antibody administration has the potential benefits of neutralizing and consequently controlling rumen-derived LPS during subacute ruminal acidosis. Four Holstein bulls were used in this crossover study with a 2-week wash-out period. Anti-LPS antibody (0 or 4 g) was administered once daily for 14 days. Significantly lower ruminal LPS and higher 1-h mean ruminal pH were identified in the 4 g group. However, blood metabolites, acute-phase proteins, cytokines, and hepatic transcriptomes were not different between the two groups. Therefore, anti-LPS antibody administration mitigated ruminal LPS release and pH depression without accompanying responses in acute-phase inflammation or hepatic transcriptomic expression.

Anti-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antibody administration has the potential benefits of neutralizing and consequently controlling rumen-derived LPS during subacute ruminal acidosis. Four Holstein bulls were used in this crossover study with a 2-week wash-out period. Anti-LPS antibody (0 or 4 g) was administered once daily for 14 days. Significantly lower ruminal LPS and higher 1-h mean ruminal pH were identified in the 4 g group. However, blood metabolites, acute-phase proteins, cytokines, and hepatic transcriptomes were not different between the two groups. Therefore, anti-LPS antibody administration mitigated ruminal LPS release and pH depression without accompanying responses in acute-phase inflammation or hepatic transcriptomic expression.

Background: Unilateral resistance training increases the strength of the contralateral non-trained homologous muscles known as the cross-education effect. We tested the hypothesis that unilateral eccentric resistance training (ET) would induce greater and longer-lasting cross-education effect when compared with concentric resistance training (CT). Methods: Young (20–23 y) participants were allocated to ET (5 males, 4 females) or CT (5 males, 4 females) group that performed unilateral progressive ET or CT of the elbow flexors, twice a week for 5 weeks (10 sessions) followed by a 5-week detraining, and control group (7 males, 6 females) that did not perform any training. Maximum voluntary isometric contraction torque of the elbow flexors (MVIC), one-repetition maximum of concentric dumbbell curl (1-RM), and biceps brachii and brachialis muscle thickness (MT) were measured from the trained and non-trained arms before, several days after the last training session, and 5 weeks later. A ratio between the trained and non-trained arms for the change in MVIC or 1-RM from pre- to post-training (cross-body transfer ratio) was compared between ET and CT groups. Results: The control group did not show significant changes in any variables. Both ET and CT increased (P < 0.05) MVIC (22.5 ± 12.3 % vs. 26.0 ± 11.9 %) and 1-RM (28.8 ± 6.6 % vs. 35.4 ± 12.9 %) of the trained arm without a significant difference between groups. MVIC was maintained after detraining for ET but returned to the baseline for CT, and 1-RM was maintained after detraining for both ET and CT. For the non-trained arm, MVIC (22.7 ± 17.9 % vs. 12.2 ± 10.2 %) and 1-RM (19.9 ± 14.6 % vs. 24.0 ± 10.6 %) increased similarly (P > 0.05) after ET and CT, and MVIC returned to the baseline after detraining, but 1-RM was maintained for both groups. An increase (P < 0.05) in MT was found only after ET for the trained arm (7.1 ± 6.1 %). The cross-body transfer ratio for MVIC was greater (P < 0.05) for ET (90.9 ± 46.7 %) than C

The present study compared two unilateral arm curl resistance exercise protocols with a different starting and finishing elbow joint angle in the same ROM for changes in elbow flexors strength and muscle thickness of the trained and non-trained arms. Thirty-two non-resistance trained young adults were randomly assigned to one of the three groups: extended joint training (0°-50°; EXT, = 12); flexed joint training (80°-130°; FLE, = 12); and non-training control ( = 8). The exercise training was performed by the dominant arms twice a week for 5 weeks with gradual increases in the training volume over 10 training sessions, and the non-dominant (non-trained) arms were investigated for the cross-education effect. Maximal voluntary contraction torque of isometric (MVC-ISO), concentric (MVC-CON), and eccentric contractions (MVC-ECC), and thickness (MT) of biceps brachii and brachialis of the trained and non-trained arms were assessed at baseline and 4-8 days after the last training session. The control group did not show significant changes in any variables. Significant ( < 0.05) increases in MVC-ISO torque (16.2 ± 12.6%), MVC-CON torque (21.1 ± 24.4%), and MVC-ECC torque (19.6 ± 17.5%) of the trained arm were observed for the EXT group only. The magnitude of the increase in MT of the trained arm was greater ( < 0.05) for EXT (8.9 ± 3.9%) than FLE (3.4 ± 2.7%). The cross-education effect was evident for MVC-ISO (15.9 ± 14.8%) and MVC-CON (16.7 ± 20.0%) torque of the EXT group only. These results suggest that resistance training at the extended elbow joint induces greater muscle adaptations and cross-education effects than that at flexed elbow joint.

In sports and clinical settings, roller massage (RM) interventions are used to acutely increase range of motion (ROM); however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Apart from changes in soft tissue properties (i.e., reduced passive stiffness), neurophysiological alterations such as decreased spinal excitability have been described. However, to date, no study has investigated both jointly. The purpose of this trial was to examine RM’s effects on neurophysiological markers and passive tissue properties of the plantar flexors in the treated (ROLL) and non-treated (NO- ROLL) leg. Fifteen healthy individuals (23 ± 3 years, eight females) performed three unilateral 60-s bouts of calf RM. This procedure was repeated four times on separate days to allow independent assessments of the following outcomes without reciprocal interactions: dorsiflexion ROM, passive torque during passive dorsiflexion, shear elastic modulus of the medial gastrocnemius muscle, and spinal excitability. Following RM, dorsiflexion ROM increased in both ROLL (+19.7%) and NO-ROLL (+13.9%). Similarly, also passive torque at dorsiflexion ROM increased in ROLL (+15.0%) and NO-ROLL (+15.2%). However, there were no significant changes in shear elastic modulus and spinal excitability (p > 0.05). Moreover, significant correlations were observed between the changes in DF ROM and passive torque at DF ROM in both ROLL and NO-ROLL. Changes in ROM after RM appear to be the result of sensory changes (e.g., passive torque at DF ROM), affecting both rolled and non-rolled body regions. Thus, therapists and exercise professionals may consider applying remote treatments if local loading is contraindicated.

Motion smoothness is critical in transmitting implicit information of body action, such as aesthetic qualities in dance performances. We expected that the perception of motion smoothness would be characterized by great intersubject variability deriving from differences in personal backgrounds and attitudes toward expressive body actions. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging and a humanoid robot to investigate the effects of the motion smoothness of expressive body actions and the intersubject variability due to personal attitudes on perceptions during dance observation. The effect of motion smoothness was analyzed by both conventional subtraction analysis and functional connectivity analyses that detect cortical networks reflecting intersubject variability. The results showed that the cortical networks of motion- and body-sensitive visual areas showed increases in activity in areas corresponding with motion smoothness, but the intersubject variability of personal attitudes toward art did not influence these active areas. In contrast, activation of cortical networks, including the parieto-frontal network, has large intersubject variability, and this variability is associated with personal attitudes about the consciousness of art. Thus, our results suggest that activity in the cortical network involved in understanding action is influenced by personal attitudes about the consciousness of art during observations of expressive body actions.

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency has been investigating scramjet engines in Kakuda Space Center using RamJet Engine Test Facility (RJTF) et al. The engine tested at the flight condition of Mach 6 showed very steep fuel distribution. The fuel injected from the vertical injector on the side wall stays near the side wall and the top wall along the engine. The steep fuel distribution is an obstacle for the engine performance completion. In order to solve the problem, the authors are focusing the influence of cowl shock wave on the fuel distribution. In the result of simulation by visualizing the stream lines in CFD, the effective stream lines are found useful for the fuel spreading. In this paper the authors describe results of trial combustion in two engine configurations including the improved configuration., 会議情報: 第48回流体力学講演会/第34回航空宇宙数値シミュレーション技術シンポジウム (2016年7月6日-8日. 金沢歌劇座), 金沢市, 石川, 形態: カラー図版あり, Meeting Information: 48th Fluid Dynamics Conference /the 34th Aerospace Numerical Simulation Symposium (July 6-8, 2016. The Kanazawa Theatre), Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan, Physical characteristics: Original contains color illustrations

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) has been investigating scramjet engines in Kakuda Space Center using RamJet Engine Test Facility (RJTF) et al. The engine tested at the flight condition of Mach 6 showed very steep fuel distribution. The authors are researching the influence of cowl shock wave on the fuel distribution by using CFD based on RJTF tests, and have found advantages of strut in the engine. Here describe the authors the result of virtual experiments for optimization trial of fuel distribution in the engine by means of tracing back along streamlines in the view point where to set the fuel injection points in order to let the fuel go into high mass flux area in the engine., 会議情報: 第47回流体力学講演会/第33回航空宇宙数値シミュレーション技術シンポジウム (2015年7月2日-3日. 東京大学生産技術研究所), 目黒区, 東京, 形態: カラー図版あり, Meeting Information: 47th Fluid Dynamics Conference /the 33rd Aerospace Numerical Simulation Symposium (July 2-3, 2015. Institute of Industrial Science , the University of Tokyo), Meguro, Tokyo, Japan, Physical characteristics: Original contains color illustrations

Kakuda Space Propulsion Laboratory of National Aerospace Laboratory replaced the supercomputing system dubbed Numerical Space Engine in March of 2002, and a Web Super Computing Environment (WSCE) technology was introduced into the new Numerical Space Engine. The technology is made tailored for the research purpose and research characteristics of Kakuda Space Propulsion Laboratory that mainly carries experimental research on space propulsion engines. The WSCE is a web-based interface technology which provides a user interface for high performance computing (HPC). On this WSCE, to set up applications, to handle files and to visualize numerical results can be carried out as easily as on the Windows. A user, therefore, can use HPC just like using the Windows. The WSCE consists of several user interfaces; WSCE program manager, WSCE Explorer, WSCE Editor, WSCE Telnet Terminal, Analytical Data Base and so on. By providing the web-based interface technology, a computing environment where a user can use the Numerical Space Engine effectively and easily has been built., JAXA Special Publication, 宇宙航空研究開発機構特別資料

To improve combustion efficiency and the inlet start condition, a scramjet model with a ramp combined with a single strut was tested under Mach 8 flight conditions at the Ramjet Engine Test Facility of the Ramjet Propulsion Research Center. The attached ramp shielded some of the fuel injectors. The fuel flow rate from the open injectors to the flow path was designated as the effective fuel flow rate. In the tests, a combustion efficiency of 90 percent was attained with vertical injection of hydrogen fuel. The thrust increase was 590 N at the effective equivalence ratio of 1.3. However, because the engine geometry was not optimized, a sufficient increase in thrust was not attained. The high temperature and high pressure necessary for ignition and combustion were achieved by the ramp. When the pressure in the isolator was 160 times that of the free-stream air due to combustion, the inlet was in the started condition despite the high pressure. This improved started condition was attained by using the ramp to increase the pressure in the inlet., ラムジェットエンジン試験設備(RJTF)におけるマッハ8条件での始動性および燃焼性能を改善するために、ストラットに加えてランプを取り付けたスクラムジェットエンジン模型の試験を行った。燃料を垂直噴射した時に、エンジン出口での燃焼効率は約90％であった。当量比1.3の条件時に、590Nの推力増加を測定した。しかしながら最適化されていないエンジン形状であったために、十分な推力増加は得られなかった。着火および燃焼に必要な高い温度および圧力が、ランプの装着によって達成された。燃焼器内圧が、エンジンに流入する気流圧力の160倍に達した場合にも、インレットは始動状態を保つことができた。これはランプを用いてインレット内圧力を上昇させた効果による。, Technical Report of National Aerospace Laboratory, 航空宇宙技術研究所報告

Accelerating research and development work on advanced space engines, such as scramjet engines and reusable rocket engines, requires cooperation in experiments and calculations. In addition to the existing large scale experimental facilities at the Kakuda Space Propulsion Laboratory, such as the Ramjet Engine Test Facility (RJTF) and High Enthalpy Shock Tunnel (HIEST), a new super computing system was introduced in March of 1997. The system is a numerical simulator for space propulsion engines, dubbed the Numerical Space Engine (NSE). The NSE system employs the new concept of a virtual engine test bed allowing researchers to simulate easily a virtual space engine exactly like in an engine test bed. This is made possible by new computational technology such as real-time visualization, steering, and multimedia technologies. The NSE system was replaced in March 2002 with an NEC SX6/64CPU. This paper provides an overview of the replaced Numerical Space Engine., JAXA Research and Development Memorandum, 宇宙航空研究開発機構研究開発資料

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) has been investigating scramjet engines in Kakuda Space Center using Ram Jet Engine Test Facililty (RJTF) et al. The engine performance tested at the flight condition of Mach 6 in RJTF showed very important characteristics depending on internal geometry. The authors found in the result of CFD research that there was a hot area caused by 3-dimensional interaction of the shock wave from cowl leading edge and the shock wave from strut leading edge and that the area "hot triagle" contributes to intensive combustion transition. Two engine configurations are compared to the engine configuration with 5/5 height strut that showed good thrust performance in the engine test. One is a configuration with tail-tapered strut (5/5 height) that are intended to reduce the engine inflow drag first, and the other one is a configuration with boat-tail strut (5/5 height) that has a finite width at its tail edge to produce fuel residence time in the recirculation region after itself. CFD is carried out in the case of the two configurations to solve the inner air flow, and the drag and the residence time are made clear. It is found that the configuration with boat-tail srut not only can reduce drag but also produce the finite residence time in the recirculation region., Physical characteristics: Original contains color illustrations, Meeting Information: 43rd Fluid Dynamics Conference / Aerospace Numerical Simulation Symposium 2011 (July 7-8, 2011. Waseda University, International Conference Center), Tokyo Japan, 形態: カラー図版あり, 会議情報: 第43回流体力学講演会/航空宇宙数値シミュレーション技術シンポジウム2011 (2011年7月7日-8日. 早稲田大学国際会議場) 東京

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency has been investigating scramjet engines in Kakuda Space Center using RamJet Engine Test Facility (RJTF) et al since National Aerospace Laboratory days. The engine performance tested at the flight condition of Mach 6 in RJTF showed very important characteristics depending on internal geometry. Recently Sato and others found in the result of CFD research that there was a hot area caused by 3-dimensional interaction of the shock wave from cowl leading edge and the shock wave from strut leading edge and that the area covered fuel injection area. This hot area named "hot triangle" can bring the good transition from weak combustion to intensive combustion in the engine. It is very important to consider the hot triangle when engine geometry is designed. The hot triangle was realized in the engine configuration equipped with a 5/5-height strut, that is, "the original-height strut". Once the hot triangle is kept, some part of the strut which does not contribute the hot triangle can be cut off. In this report the authors propose inverted struts which have shorter height than the original one but attached on the cowl. The authors used CFD method to find hot triangles which may appear in an inverted 1/5-height and an inverted 2/5-height strut. It is found that the inverted 2/5-height strut gives the same effect as the original one. According to this result, the shorter strut can give smaller drag and increase the net thrust of the engine., Original contains color illustrations, Meeting Information: 18 June-19 June, 2009, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 形態: カラー図版あり, 会議情報: 平成21年6月18-19日. 宇宙航空研究開発機構調布航空宇宙センター

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) has been investigating scramjet engines in Kakuda Space Center using Ram Jet Engine Test Facility (RJTF) et al. The engine tested at the flight condition of Mach 6 in RJTF showed very important characteristics depending on internal geometry. CFD has been carried out to solve the inner air flow, and some concepts for the design method have been found by the authors. This time, mass flux (density times velocity) distributions in the engine inner flow is calculated for two engine configurations. One is an engine configuration with rectangular-tailed strut which showed the good performance in the engine test at RJTF, and the other one is a virtual engine configuration with boat-tail strut which will be an improved configuration of the former. CFD results showed that the mass flux distribution is better than that of configuration with rectangular-tailed strut. Discussion on the better fuel distribution is described based on the result of mass flux distributions in the two engine configurations in this paper., 会議情報: 第45回流体力学講演会/航空宇宙数値シミュレーション技術シンポジウム2013 (2013年7月4日-5日. タワーホール船堀), 東京, 形態: カラー図版あり, Meeting Information: 45th Fluid Dynamics Conference / Aerospace Numerical Simulation Symposium 2013 (July 4-5, 2013. Tower Hall Funabori), Tokyo, Japan, Physical characteristics: Original contains color illustrations

A lot of disaster by liquefaction have been reported in area along the shore of Japan. In particular, liquefaction has occurred in the wide area in the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011. Various approaches for the liquefaction analysis have been proposed up to present. Among these approaches, the subloading surface model is formulated in the framework of the plasticity model and thus it is expected to provide a highly pertinent simulation of cyclic loading behaviour of materials. Further, the explicit constitutive equation of soils has been formulated to describe the cyclic loading behaviour with the cyclic mobility [1]. In this study, the validity of the liquefaction analysis by the subloading surface model is examined by comparing the simulation by the subloading surface model with the actual record for the acceleration wave in the ground surface to the input of the actual data of the acceleration wave in the soil ground base. The actual data used in the simulation was recorded in the Kushiro earthquake in 1993.

Proceedings of the Horiba International Conference "New Direction of Ocean Research in the Western Pacific" : Past, Present and Future of UNESCO/IOC/WESTPAC Activity for 50 years and the JSPS Project "Coastal Marine Science", Section I: Research Articles/Harmful microalgae

Proceedings of the Horiba International Conference "New Direction of Ocean Research in the Western Pacific" : Past, Present and Future of UNESCO/IOC/WESTPAC Activity for 50 years and the JSPS Project "Coastal Marine Science", Section I: Research Articles/Harmful microalgae

Motion smoothness is critical in transmitting implicit information of body action, such as aesthetic qualities in dance performances. We expected that the perception of motion smoothness would be characterized by great intersubject variability deriving from differences in personal backgrounds and attitudes toward expressive body actions. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging and a humanoid robot to investigate the effects of the motion smoothness of expressive body actions and the intersubject variability due to personal attitudes on perceptions during dance observation. The effect of motion smoothness was analyzed by both conventional subtraction analysis and functional connectivity analyses that detect cortical networks reflecting intersubject variability. The results showed that the cortical networks of motion- and body-sensitive visual areas showed increases in activity in areas corresponding with motion smoothness, but the intersubject variability of personal attitudes toward art did not influence these active areas. In contrast, activation of cortical networks, including the parieto-frontal network, has large intersubject variability, and this variability is associated with personal attitudes about the consciousness of art. Thus, our results suggest that activity in the cortical network involved in understanding action is influenced by personal attitudes about the consciousness of art during observations of expressive body actions., journal article

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An angle-resolved photoemission study of the NdB6(110) clean surface has been done in order to investigate in detail the surface electronic structure. From the dependence of the valence-band photoemission spectra on the surface condition and the exciting photon energy, we found additional peaks corresponding to the surface states on the NdB6(110) surface. These surface states are located at around 1.8 eV in binding energy. The dispersion relations of these surface states were determined along the Γ + ̄-M̄ symmetry line in the surface Brillouin zone and it is found that the energy dispersion for the present surface state is about 250 meV. From the photon energy dependence and the analogy of these observations with previous results for the LaB6(110) clean surface, it is concluded that the present surface states have the same specifications as those of the LaB6(110) surface and are ascribed to the B 2p dangling bonds of the surface B framework.

Sato, S., Yoshida, R., Kiyono, R., Yahata, K., Yasaka, K., Nosaka, K., & Nakamura, M. (2021). Cross-education and detraining effects of eccentric vs. concentric resistance training of the elbow flexors. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 13, article 105. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-021-00298-w

Sato, S., Yoshida, R., Kiyono, R., Yahata, K., Yasaka, K., Nunes, J. P., . . . Nakamura, M. (2021). Joint angles in elbow flexor unilateral resistance exercise training determine its effects on muscle strength and thickness of trained and non-trained arms. Frontiers in Physiology, 12(1506). https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.734509