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Na₁/₂Bi₁/₂TiO₃‐based materials have been earmarked for one of the first large‐volume applications of lead‐free piezoceramics in high‐power ultrasonics. Zn²⁺‐doping is demonstrated as a viable route to enhance the thermal depolarization temperature and electromechanically harden (1‐y)Na₁/₂Bi₁/₂TiO₃‐yBaTiO₃ (NBT100yBT) with a maximum achievable operating temperature of 150 °C and mechanical quality factor of 627 for 1 mole % Zn²⁺‐doped NBT6BT. Although quenching from sintering temperatures has been recently touted to enhance TF‐R, with quenching the doped compositions featuring an additional increase in TF‐R by 17 °C, it exhibits negligible effect on the electromechanical properties. The effect is rationalized considering the missing influence on conductivity and therefore, negligible changes in the defect chemistry upon quenching. High‐resolution diffraction indicates that Zn²⁺‐doped samples favor the tetragonal phase with enhanced lattice distortion, further corroborated by ²³Na Nuclear Magnetic Resonance investigations.

Na₁/₂Bi₁/₂TiO₃‐based materials have been earmarked for one of the first large‐volume applications of lead‐free piezoceramics in high‐power ultrasonics. Zn²⁺‐doping is demonstrated as a viable route to enhance the thermal depolarization temperature and electromechanically harden (1‐y)Na₁/₂Bi₁/₂TiO₃‐yBaTiO₃ (NBT100yBT) with a maximum achievable operating temperature of 150 °C and mechanical quality factor of 627 for 1 mole % Zn²⁺‐doped NBT6BT. Although quenching from sintering temperatures has been recently touted to enhance TF‐R, with quenching the doped compositions featuring an additional increase in TF‐R by 17 °C, it exhibits negligible effect on the electromechanical properties. The effect is rationalized considering the missing influence on conductivity and therefore, negligible changes in the defect chemistry upon quenching. High‐resolution diffraction indicates that Zn²⁺‐doped samples favor the tetragonal phase with enhanced lattice distortion, further corroborated by ²³Na Nuclear Magnetic Resonance investigations.

Na₁/₂Bi₁/₂TiO₃‐based materials have been earmarked for one of the first large‐volume applications of lead‐free piezoceramics in high‐power ultrasonics. Zn²⁺‐doping is demonstrated as a viable route to enhance the thermal depolarization temperature and electromechanically harden (1‐y)Na₁/₂Bi₁/₂TiO₃‐yBaTiO₃ (NBT100yBT) with a maximum achievable operating temperature of 150 °C and mechanical quality factor of 627 for 1 mole % Zn²⁺‐doped NBT6BT. Although quenching from sintering temperatures has been recently touted to enhance TF‐R, with quenching the doped compositions featuring an additional increase in TF‐R by 17 °C, it exhibits negligible effect on the electromechanical properties. The effect is rationalized considering the missing influence on conductivity and therefore, negligible changes in the defect chemistry upon quenching. High‐resolution diffraction indicates that Zn²⁺‐doped samples favor the tetragonal phase with enhanced lattice distortion, further corroborated by ²³Na Nuclear Magnetic Resonance investigations.

Na₁/₂Bi₁/₂TiO₃‐based materials have been earmarked for one of the first large‐volume applications of lead‐free piezoceramics in high‐power ultrasonics. Zn²⁺‐doping is demonstrated as a viable route to enhance the thermal depolarization temperature and electromechanically harden (1‐y)Na₁/₂Bi₁/₂TiO₃‐yBaTiO₃ (NBT100yBT) with a maximum achievable operating temperature of 150 °C and mechanical quality factor of 627 for 1 mole % Zn²⁺‐doped NBT6BT. Although quenching from sintering temperatures has been recently touted to enhance TF‐R, with quenching the doped compositions featuring an additional increase in TF‐R by 17 °C, it exhibits negligible effect on the electromechanical properties. The effect is rationalized considering the missing influence on conductivity and therefore, negligible changes in the defect chemistry upon quenching. High‐resolution diffraction indicates that Zn²⁺‐doped samples favor the tetragonal phase with enhanced lattice distortion, further corroborated by ²³Na Nuclear Magnetic Resonance investigations.

Tailoring the electromechanical properties of a material without altering the original composition is an emerging phenomenon for the optimization of functional properties. Post-sintering annealing with varying maximum temperatures, cooling rates, and atmospheres can influence the crystallographic phases, domain structures, conductivity, mechanical properties, and the temperature stability of the electromechanical properties. K1/2Bi1/2TiO3 (KBT) is a high-temperature stable >280 °C A-site complex perovskite piezoelectric and is critical for high-temperature applications. However, the influence of annealing conditions on crystal structure, domain structure, and functional properties is not well-known. This work demonstrates the effect of annealing cooling rate and maximum temperature on the macroscopic electromechanical response as well as the crystal and domain structure. It is shown that the room-temperature state of KBT can be reversibly switched between the ferroelectric and relaxor state, where the slow cooling from 900 °C favors the stabilization of the relaxor state and quenching induces the ferroelectric state. Importantly, the quenched sample showed a stable piezoelectric coefficient up to 368 °C in the depolarization temperature, an increase of 78 °C. The origin of ferroelectric-relaxor state change is proposed to be related to the A-site cation redistribution and the associated change in the crystal structure and domain structure., RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy

Imidazole-doped nanocrystalline cellulose (CNC-Im) is a new proton conductor based on imidazole-functionalized nanocrystalline cellulose with a conductivity of approximately 10⁻¹ S/m at 160 °C. Its conductivity is possible due to the transport of protons from imidazoles. The dynamics of local processes were studied by ¹⁵N and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy under the conditions of ¹H⁻¹⁵N and ¹H⁻¹³C cross-polarization (CP) and magic angle spinning (MAS) and by heteronuclear correlation (HETCOR) spectroscopy. The ¹⁵N and ¹³C NMR spectra showed the coexistence of two fractions of imidazole molecules: slowly reorienting and exchanging protons and fast reorienting and fast exchanging protons. Analysis based on the two-phase model enabled the determination of the energy distribution of imidazole tautomerization, whose maximum value is 38 kJ/mol. The HETCOR experiment allowed determination of the binding of nitrogen protons from imidazoles to cellulose hydroxyl groups and possibly residual water. NMR studies conducted on the ¹³C isotope confirmed the reorientation of imidazoles. The proton transport in CNC-Im was shown to consist in the exchange of protons between imidazoles via the OH groups of cellulose and residual water conditioned by the reorientation of imidazole rings. The described proton transport leads to the observed conductivity in CNC-Im, assuming the dissociation of imidazole into anion and cation additionally.

This paper provides the methods through which the first version of the Harmonized Latin American Innovation Surveys database (LAIS) was built. LAIS, which is made freely available through the Inter-American Development Bank, contains nearly 690 variables and 119,900 observations at the firm level from 30 national innovation surveys conducted between 2007 and 2017 in 10 Latin American countries, increasing the number of countries of the region with publicly available microdata. This paper describes how, starting from significantly different survey methods and questionnaires between countries, criteria were applied to identify and select variables from different surveys measuring the same underlying concept. It also discusses and guides how differences in survey methodologies may affect comparisons even after the harmonization of variables. LAIS includes data on innovation activities expenditures, sources of information and collaborations for innovation, innovation obstacles, outputs and effects, protection of innovation results, and general firm characteristics. Since LAIS significantly decreases the cost of making data comparisons between countries, it will allow more scholars to research innovation in Latin American firms and to tackle long-standing unanswered questions about the importance of framework conditions in LAC for innovation decisions in firms. The dataset and supporting documentation are available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004040

Imidazole-doped nanocrystalline cellulose (CNC-Im) is a new proton conductor based on imidazole-functionalized nanocrystalline cellulose with a conductivity of approximately 10⁻¹ S/m at 160 °C. Its conductivity is possible due to the transport of protons from imidazoles. The dynamics of local processes were studied by ¹⁵N and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy under the conditions of ¹H⁻¹⁵N and ¹H⁻¹³C cross-polarization (CP) and magic angle spinning (MAS) and by heteronuclear correlation (HETCOR) spectroscopy. The ¹⁵N and ¹³C NMR spectra showed the coexistence of two fractions of imidazole molecules: slowly reorienting and exchanging protons and fast reorienting and fast exchanging protons. Analysis based on the two-phase model enabled the determination of the energy distribution of imidazole tautomerization, whose maximum value is 38 kJ/mol. The HETCOR experiment allowed determination of the binding of nitrogen protons from imidazoles to cellulose hydroxyl groups and possibly residual water. NMR studies conducted on the ¹³C isotope confirmed the reorientation of imidazoles. The proton transport in CNC-Im was shown to consist in the exchange of protons between imidazoles via the OH groups of cellulose and residual water conditioned by the reorientation of imidazole rings. The described proton transport leads to the observed conductivity in CNC-Im, assuming the dissociation of imidazole into anion and cation additionally.

Imidazole-doped nanocrystalline cellulose (CNC-Im) is a new proton conductor based on imidazole-functionalized nanocrystalline cellulose with a conductivity of approximately 10⁻¹ S/m at 160 °C. Its conductivity is possible due to the transport of protons from imidazoles. The dynamics of local processes were studied by ¹⁵N and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy under the conditions of ¹H⁻¹⁵N and ¹H⁻¹³C cross-polarization (CP) and magic angle spinning (MAS) and by heteronuclear correlation (HETCOR) spectroscopy. The ¹⁵N and ¹³C NMR spectra showed the coexistence of two fractions of imidazole molecules: slowly reorienting and exchanging protons and fast reorienting and fast exchanging protons. Analysis based on the two-phase model enabled the determination of the energy distribution of imidazole tautomerization, whose maximum value is 38 kJ/mol. The HETCOR experiment allowed determination of the binding of nitrogen protons from imidazoles to cellulose hydroxyl groups and possibly residual water. NMR studies conducted on the ¹³C isotope confirmed the reorientation of imidazoles. The proton transport in CNC-Im was shown to consist in the exchange of protons between imidazoles via the OH groups of cellulose and residual water conditioned by the reorientation of imidazole rings. The described proton transport leads to the observed conductivity in CNC-Im, assuming the dissociation of imidazole into anion and cation additionally.

This paper provides the methods through which the first version of the Harmonized Latin American Innovation Surveys database (LAIS) was built. LAIS, which is made freely available through the Inter-American Development Bank, contains nearly 690 variables and 119,900 observations at the firm level from 30 national innovation surveys conducted between 2007 and 2017 in 10 Latin American countries, increasing the number of countries of the region with publicly available microdata. This paper describes how, starting from significantly different survey methods and questionnaires between countries, criteria were applied to identify and select variables from different surveys measuring the same underlying concept. It also discusses and guides how differences in survey methodologies may affect comparisons even after the harmonization of variables. LAIS includes data on innovation activities expenditures, sources of information and collaborations for innovation, innovation obstacles, outputs and effects, protection of innovation results, and general firm characteristics. Since LAIS significantly decreases the cost of making data comparisons between countries, it will allow more scholars to research innovation in Latin American firms and to tackle long-standing unanswered questions about the importance of framework conditions in LAC for innovation decisions in firms. The dataset and supporting documentation are available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004040

Imidazole-doped nanocrystalline cellulose (CNC-Im) is a new proton conductor based on imidazole-functionalized nanocrystalline cellulose with a conductivity of approximately 10⁻¹ S/m at 160 °C. Its conductivity is possible due to the transport of protons from imidazoles. The dynamics of local processes were studied by ¹⁵N and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy under the conditions of ¹H⁻¹⁵N and ¹H⁻¹³C cross-polarization (CP) and magic angle spinning (MAS) and by heteronuclear correlation (HETCOR) spectroscopy. The ¹⁵N and ¹³C NMR spectra showed the coexistence of two fractions of imidazole molecules: slowly reorienting and exchanging protons and fast reorienting and fast exchanging protons. Analysis based on the two-phase model enabled the determination of the energy distribution of imidazole tautomerization, whose maximum value is 38 kJ/mol. The HETCOR experiment allowed determination of the binding of nitrogen protons from imidazoles to cellulose hydroxyl groups and possibly residual water. NMR studies conducted on the ¹³C isotope confirmed the reorientation of imidazoles. The proton transport in CNC-Im was shown to consist in the exchange of protons between imidazoles via the OH groups of cellulose and residual water conditioned by the reorientation of imidazole rings. The described proton transport leads to the observed conductivity in CNC-Im, assuming the dissociation of imidazole into anion and cation additionally.

Imidazole-doped nanocrystalline cellulose (CNC-Im) is a new proton conductor based on imidazole-functionalized nanocrystalline cellulose with a conductivity of approximately 10⁻¹ S/m at 160 °C. Its conductivity is possible due to the transport of protons from imidazoles. The dynamics of local processes were studied by ¹⁵N and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy under the conditions of ¹H⁻¹⁵N and ¹H⁻¹³C cross-polarization (CP) and magic angle spinning (MAS) and by heteronuclear correlation (HETCOR) spectroscopy. The ¹⁵N and ¹³C NMR spectra showed the coexistence of two fractions of imidazole molecules: slowly reorienting and exchanging protons and fast reorienting and fast exchanging protons. Analysis based on the two-phase model enabled the determination of the energy distribution of imidazole tautomerization, whose maximum value is 38 kJ/mol. The HETCOR experiment allowed determination of the binding of nitrogen protons from imidazoles to cellulose hydroxyl groups and possibly residual water. NMR studies conducted on the ¹³C isotope confirmed the reorientation of imidazoles. The proton transport in CNC-Im was shown to consist in the exchange of protons between imidazoles via the OH groups of cellulose and residual water conditioned by the reorientation of imidazole rings. The described proton transport leads to the observed conductivity in CNC-Im, assuming the dissociation of imidazole into anion and cation additionally.

Na 1/2Bi 1/2TiO 3-based materials have been earmarked for one of the first large-volume applications of lead-free piezoceramics in high-power ultrasonics. Zn 2+-doping is demonstrated as a viable route to enhance the thermal depolarization temperature and electromechanically harden (1-y)Na 1/2Bi 1/2TiO 3-yBaTiO 3 (NBT100yBT) with a maximum achievable operating temperature of 150 °C and mechanical quality factor of 627 for 1 mole % Zn 2+-doped NBT6BT. Although quenching from sintering temperatures has been recently touted to enhance T F-R, with quenching the doped compositions featuring an additional increase in T F-R by 17 °C, it exhibits negligible effect on the electromechanical properties. The effect is rationalized considering the missing influence on conductivity and therefore, negligible changes in the defect chemistry upon quenching. High-resolution diffraction indicates that Zn 2+-doped samples favor the tetragonal phase with enhanced lattice distortion, further corroborated by 23Na Nuclear Magnetic Resonance investigations., RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy

Na 1/2Bi 1/2TiO 3-based materials have been earmarked for one of the first large-volume applications of lead-free piezoceramics in high-power ultrasonics. Zn 2+-doping is demonstrated as a viable route to enhance the thermal depolarization temperature and electromechanically harden (1-y)Na 1/2Bi 1/2TiO 3-yBaTiO 3 (NBT100yBT) with a maximum achievable operating temperature of 150 °C and mechanical quality factor of 627 for 1 mole % Zn 2+-doped NBT6BT. Although quenching from sintering temperatures has been recently touted to enhance T F-R, with quenching the doped compositions featuring an additional increase in T F-R by 17 °C, it exhibits negligible effect on the electromechanical properties. The effect is rationalized considering the missing influence on conductivity and therefore, negligible changes in the defect chemistry upon quenching. High-resolution diffraction indicates that Zn 2+-doped samples favor the tetragonal phase with enhanced lattice distortion, further corroborated by 23Na Nuclear Magnetic Resonance investigations., RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy

Land treatment of farm dairy effluent (FDE) on small areas of intensive of dairy farms has enriched soils with nutrients particularly K. Solving the problem solely by increasing the area allocated for land treatment requires large investment in pump, pipes and irrigator infrastructure. A less costly strategy, of sowing and grazing a summer turnip on the land treatment area in order to redistribute K to the pasture area is evaluated in this thesis. A survey (February 2006) showed that in the Manawatu region turnip crop yields (8 to 17t DM.ha⁻¹) provided profitable feed for dairy cows, were a suitable re-grassing strategy and if harvested, removed 350 to 700 kg K ha⁻¹ from the soil. In the summer of 2005/06, a turnip (Brassica rapa cv. Barkant) trial was established after permanent pasture on a Pallic soil (pH 6.5, Olsen P 35.2 ug. g⁻¹, exchangeable K⁺ 0.7, Ca²⁺ 6.3, Mg²⁺ 1.4 me/ 100 g soil). The following treatments pre-plant fertiliser only (38 kg N ha⁻¹, 25 kg P ha⁻¹) and 25 kg K ha⁻¹), pre-plant fertiliser plus side-dressed urea at 40 DAS (46 kg N ha⁻¹) and pre-plant fertiliser plus 5 x 10 mm FDE applications (57kgha⁻¹) all produced similar final dry matter yields (8 t DM ha⁻¹) at 100 days after sowing (DAS). Leaf was the largest component of dry matter and had higher K concentrations (4.6 and 6.8% K in the control and FDE treatments respectively) than bulb (3 and 4 %K in the control and FDE treatments respectively). The ratio of leaf to bulb dry matter however varied for each different treatment. Side-dressed urea and FDE treatments produced the largest leaf biomass and reached maximum yields earlier by 75 DAS and 64 DAS, respectively and generated more K removal at harvest (339, 428 & 537 kg K ha-⁻ at 75 DAS and 316, 372 & 490 kg K ha-⁻ at 100 DAS for pre-plant only, urea & FDE treatments, respectively). The lack of yield response to N partially resulted from crop uptake of between 107 and 114 kg N ha-⁻ from mineralisable soil N. The dynamic N crop model N-able

El acoso y la violencia sexual, están definidos como un problema sistémico dentro de la sociedad. Por más de que existen diferentes estudios del tema, es necesario hacer una investigación más rigurosa que permita encontrar cuáles son las causas de este fenómeno. En este estudio se pretende hacer una recopilación del tema, teniendo en cuenta algunos factores que parecen influir de manera directa e indirecta en el tema de violencia sexual. En primer lugar, se tiene en cuenta el concepto de violencia, que se considera una gran carga en esta problemática. Como segundo punto, se focaliza el tema de violencia en Colombia, específicamente de violencia sexual en las universidades y cuáles son las diferentes características que se presentan con esta. Como tercer punto, se hace énfasis en el tema de acoso sexual, sus manifestaciones, las consecuencias y la reglamentación de este. Por último, se hace una conclusión en donde se evidencian cuáles son los fenómenos y el estado en el que se encuentra el acoso sexual dentro de las universidades en Bogotá. Ya dentro del marco de la Pontifica Universidad Javeriana, se realiza una matriz con objetivos, en donde se plantean acciones pertinentes para visibilizar, educar, y lograr la reducción de este fenómeno.