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The increasing energy demand and diminishing fossil fuel sources have called for the exploration of new energy sources. To satisfy growing global energy demand and accomplish sustainable energy development goals, biomass plays an essential role in present and future energy. Pyrolysis holds considerable potential approaches among biomass conversion technologies. This study presents a critical review of the effect of the key pyrolysis parameters from lignocellulosic biomass to product distribution. The lignocellulosic biomass composition and pyrolysis conversion behavior of every single component was discussed in detail. On top of that, CO2-based benefits, economic assessment, and technical orientation for biofuel production from biomass are included. The carbon and hydrogen content of biomass is critical for producing high-quality bio-oil. When compared to other energy crops and agricultural residues, pyrolysis of clean wood and polar demonstrated the best bio-oil production. The increased cellulose and hemicellulose content aiding in the synthesis of bio-oil, but the high concentration of lignin results in more biochar. The article delves into product upgrading via several routes such as physical, chemical, and catalytic. From the review, considering factors such as pyrolysis technologies, energy demand, and bio-oil yields, greenhouse potential benefits needs to be evaluated, and this needs to be done on an individual basis. In terms of production cost, the current cost of biomass feedstock can range between $50 to $97/ton, which is approximately 30−54% of the liquid fuel production cost. A wide range of studies covering different aspects of biomass pyrolysis technology, from reactor configuration and the heating source to single and poly-step pyrolysis processes, have been carried out in the search for solutions in optimizing the current technologies. Thus, expanding and improving awareness of the lignocellulosic biomass in the pyrolysis technology would play an im

The increasing energy demand and diminishing fossil fuel sources have called for the exploration of new energy sources. To satisfy growing global energy demand and accomplish sustainable energy development goals, biomass plays an essential role in present and future energy. Pyrolysis holds considerable potential approaches among biomass conversion technologies. This study presents a critical review of the effect of the key pyrolysis parameters from lignocellulosic biomass to product distribution. The lignocellulosic biomass composition and pyrolysis conversion behavior of every single component was discussed in detail. On top of that, CO2-based benefits, economic assessment, and technical orientation for biofuel production from biomass are included. The carbon and hydrogen content of biomass is critical for producing high-quality bio-oil. When compared to other energy crops and agricultural residues, pyrolysis of clean wood and polar demonstrated the best bio-oil production. The increased cellulose and hemicellulose content aiding in the synthesis of bio-oil, but the high concentration of lignin results in more biochar. The article delves into product upgrading via several routes such as physical, chemical, and catalytic. From the review, considering factors such as pyrolysis technologies, energy demand, and bio-oil yields, greenhouse potential benefits needs to be evaluated, and this needs to be done on an individual basis. In terms of production cost, the current cost of biomass feedstock can range between $50 to $97/ton, which is approximately 30−54% of the liquid fuel production cost. A wide range of studies covering different aspects of biomass pyrolysis technology, from reactor configuration and the heating source to single and poly-step pyrolysis processes, have been carried out in the search for solutions in optimizing the current technologies. Thus, expanding and improving awareness of the lignocellulosic biomass in the pyrolysis technology would play an im

© 2017 The Authors. A cubic shaped copper(II)hexacyanoferrate was prepared by wet chemical method by mixing an equimolar concentration of CuCl 2 with K 3 [Fe(CN) 6 ] 2 in the presence of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA). The X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, elementa l analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermal gravimetric analysis were used to confirm the formation of PDDA stabilized copper(II)hexacyanoferrate nanocubes (PDDA@copper(II)hexacyanoferrate nanocubes). The electrocatalytic behavior of the PDDA@copper(II)hexacyanoferrate nanocubes modified screenprinted carbon electrode (SPCE) towards electrochemical oxidation of hydrazine was studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The CV results revealed that PDDA@copper(II)hexacyanoferrate nanocubes modified SPCE exhibits an enhanced electrocatalytic activity and lower oxidation potential towards hydrazine than bare SPCE. Under optimized conditions, amperometric i-t method was used for the determination hydrazine, and PDDA@copper(II)hexacyanoferrate nanocubes modified SPCE can able to detect hydrazine in the linear concentration ranges from 0.03 to 533.6 μM with a detection limit of 10 nM. The PDDA@copper(II)hexacyanoferrate nanocubes modified SPCE is highly selective in the presence of potentially active interfering compounds including high concentration of ascorbic acid. In addition, the developed hydrazine sensor shows acceptable practicality with excellent long-term stability towards the detection of hydrazine.

© 2017 An amperometric nitrobenzene (NB) sensor has been developed based on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with the composite of chitin hydrogel stabilized graphite (GR-CHI) composite. The physicochemical characterization confirmed the formation of GR-CHI composite and was formed by the strong interaction between GR and CHI. Furthermore, GR-CHI composite modified GCE was used to study the electrochemical reduction behavior of NB by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and compared with GR and CHI modified GCEs. The CV results confirmed that GR-CHI composite modified electrode has high catalytic ability and lower reduction potential toward NB than other modified electrodes due to the combined unique properties of exfoliated GR and CHI. The GR-CHI composite modified electrode can be able to detect the NB in the linear response range from 0.1 to 594.6 µM with the lower detection limit of 37 nM by amperometric i–t method. The selectivity of the sensor is evaluated in the presence of nitroaromatic, biologically active and dihydroxybenzene compounds. The sensor shows appropriate practicality and good repeatability toward detection of NB in lab water samples.

© 2017 An amperometric nitrobenzene (NB) sensor has been developed based on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with the composite of chitin hydrogel stabilized graphite (GR-CHI) composite. The physicochemical characterization confirmed the formation of GR-CHI composite and was formed by the strong interaction between GR and CHI. Furthermore, GR-CHI composite modified GCE was used to study the electrochemical reduction behavior of NB by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and compared with GR and CHI modified GCEs. The CV results confirmed that GR-CHI composite modified electrode has high catalytic ability and lower reduction potential toward NB than other modified electrodes due to the combined unique properties of exfoliated GR and CHI. The GR-CHI composite modified electrode can be able to detect the NB in the linear response range from 0.1 to 594.6 µM with the lower detection limit of 37 nM by amperometric i–t method. The selectivity of the sensor is evaluated in the presence of nitroaromatic, biologically active and dihydroxybenzene compounds. The sensor shows appropriate practicality and good repeatability toward detection of NB in lab water samples.

The recovery of nickel from spent nickel catalyst for the preparation of nickel hydroxide was studied. Nickel was extracted from the spent catalyst by acid leaching with 1 mol/L sulfuric acid at 90 C. Purified nickel solution was used in the preparation of nickel hydroxide. Three different methods, namely urea hydrolysis, conventional, and hydrothermal methods, of precipitation using NaOH were employed to get various nickel hydroxides samples named as Ni(OH) 2-U, Ni(OH)2-C, and Ni(OH)2-H, respectively. Hydrothermal treatment induced better crystallinity in the Ni(OH)2 compared with conventional method. Both Ni(OH)2-C and Ni(OH) 2-H samples have mixed phases of β-Ni(OH)2 and α*-Ni(OH)2·0.75H2O phases, whereas Ni(OH)2-U has only α*-Ni(OH) 2·0.75H2O. TEM image of Ni(OH)2-U sample shows rod-like Ni(OH)2 structures. Among all, Ni(OH)2-U shows the best electrochemical activity.

Blue dust is a high grade soft haematite material containing 96.14% Fe2O3 transformed into magnetite (Fe3O4), when it is subjected to planetary ball milling in the presence of iron powder as reducing reagent. X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and laser particle size analysis have been used to characterise samples collected at various milling times to study phase evolution, particle size distribution and morphology of particles. X-ray diffraction studies show the formation of magnetite phase at the optimum milling time of 40 hours. Vibrating sample magnetometry showed that samples obtained after 40 hours of milling time have saturation magnetisation of 14.757 emu/g whereas the starting material had only 1.0425 emu/g., 18 refs., Blue dust is a high grade soft haematite material containing 96.14% Fe2O3 transformed into magnetite (Fe3O4), when it is subjected to planetary ball milling in the presence of iron powder as reducing reagent. X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and laser particle size analysis have been used to characterise samples collected at various milling times to study phase evolution, particle size distribution and morphology of particles. X-ray diffraction studies show the formation of magnetite phase at the optimum milling time of 40 hours. Vibrating sample magnetometry showed that samples obtained after 40 hours of milling time have saturation magnetisation of 14.757 emu/g whereas the starting material had only 1.0425 emu/g.

Supplies of high grade Indian iron ore are limited, necessitating investigation into ways of upgrading low grade ores such as banded haematite quartzite, banded magnetite quartzite and banded haematite jasper. The separation of fine iron particles from banded haematite quartzite ore by selective magnetic coating was studied in a laboratory. The ore, from the Hospet area of Karnatica, India, assayed 38.9% Fe and 42.5% SiO2. The major mineral phases were haematite and quartz, with minor amounts of goethite and magnetite. The surface of the haematite particles were coated by a synthetic mixture of magnetite and sodium oleate, and magnetic separation was then used to produce a concentrate containing 62.3% Fe and 8.5% SiO2. The effects of changing pH, magnetic intensity and additions of magnetite-sodium oleate were investigated in order to maximise Fe grade and recovery., Supplies of high grade Indian iron ore are limited, necessitating investigation into ways of upgrading low grade ores such as banded haematite quartzite, banded magnetite quartzite and banded haematite jasper. The separation of fine iron particles from banded haematite quartzite ore by selective magnetic coating was studied in a laboratory. The ore, from the Hospet area of Karnatica, India, assayed 38.9% Fe and 42.5% SiO2. The major mineral phases were haematite and quartz, with minor amounts of goethite and magnetite. The surface of the haematite particles were coated by a synthetic mixture of magnetite and sodium oleate, and magnetic separation was then used to produce a concentrate containing 62.3% Fe and 8.5% SiO2. The effects of changing pH, magnetic intensity and additions of magnetite-sodium oleate were investigated in order to maximise Fe grade and recovery.

The characteristics were studied of iron ores from the Joda-Barbil region of the Jamda-Koira valley, which is one of the most important sources of iron ore in India. The presence of different forms of goethite and their compositional variation with respect to Fe, Al2O3, SiO2, and P were investigated in relation to the possibilities for beneficiating the ores for use in iron- and steel-making. Optical microscopy studies showed three dominant goethite textural types, colloform-banded vitreous, massive vitreous and earthy or ochreous goethite. The vitreous goethite is hard and crystalline, while the ochreous goethite is clayey and consists of ultrafine crystallites, often intimately admixed with kaolinite and gibbsite. The ochreous goethite would contribute to the generation of a significant amount of fines during processing. EPMA studies indicated that ochreous and colloform-banded goethite contains more alumina than does massive vitreous goethite, and that colloform- banded goethite has higher phosphorus contents., The characteristics were studied of iron ores from the Joda-Barbil region of the Jamda-Koira valley, which is one of the most important sources of iron ore in India. The presence of different forms of goethite and their compositional variation with respect to Fe, Al2O3, SiO2, and P were investigated in relation to the possibilities for beneficiating the ores for use in iron- and steel-making. Optical microscopy studies showed three dominant goethite textural types, colloform-banded vitreous, massive vitreous and earthy or ochreous goethite. The vitreous goethite is hard and crystalline, while the ochreous goethite is clayey and consists of ultrafine crystallites, often intimately admixed with kaolinite and gibbsite. The ochreous goethite would contribute to the generation of a significant amount of fines during processing. EPMA studies indicated that ochreous and colloform-banded goethite contains more alumina than does massive vitreous goethite, and that colloform- banded goethite has higher phosphorus contents.